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Pokrajac NT, Singh AP. Spotting the band. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2412259121. [PMID: 39102561 PMCID: PMC11331082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2412259121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nenad T. Pokrajac
- Discovery Sciences, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Cambridge, MA02139
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2
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Yang CW, You Y, Sun JL, Shi B, Jia ZL. Integrated Analysis of the Association Between Variants at PAX7 and NSCL/P in the Han Population. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2024; 61:1275-1282. [PMID: 36919448 DOI: 10.1177/10556656231163398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Paired box 7 (PAX7) has been considered as a candidate gene for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate (NSCL/P). However, there is no research for the XXX, and previous studies concentrated on limited variants. This study aimed to conduct sufficiently dense and powerful scans of variants at PAX7 and explored the roles of variants at PAX7 in NSCL/P among the XXX. DESIGN Targeted region sequencing was performed to thoroughly screen variations, followed by a two-phase association analysis. 159 NSCL/P cases and 542 controls were analyzed in phase 1. Then in phase 2, the validation study was performed using 1626 cases and 2255 controls. We also explored the roles of variants at PAX7 gene in NSCL/P subtypes. Additionally, indirect associations were found by calculating LD and haplotypes. SETTING The study was conducted in XXX. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS 159 NSCL/P cases and 542 controls were analyzed in phase 1. Then in phase 2, the validation study was performed using 1626 cases and 2255 controls. INTERVENTIONS Blood samples were collected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES To explore the association analysis between variants at PAX7 and NSCL/P in XXX. RESULTS The results showed that rs2236810, rs114882979 and rs2236804 were significantly associated with NSCL/P, which were predicted to have regulatory functions. Besides, variants at PAX7 function differently in the NSCL/P subtypes. We also discovered a PAX7 missense variant, NM_001135254 p.A369 V (NM_002584.2:c.1106C > T). CONCLUSIONS In summary, we confirmed 3 SNPs at PAX7 were significantly associated with NSCL/P in XXX and identified a missense variant, NM_001135254 p.A369 V (NM_002584.2:c.1106C > T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue You
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Mendes J, Guimarães AR, Ribeiro JM, Oliveiros B, Mesquita LA, Fernandes MH, do Vale FJF, Silva HC. Role of MTHFR, IRF6, PAX7 and TP63 SNPs in susceptibility to non-syndromic orofacial cleft, a candidate gene study in a Portuguese population. Orthod Craniofac Res 2024. [PMID: 39049717 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-syndromic orofacial cleft (NSOC) is a complex phenotype, involving multiple genetic and environmental factors. Association studies exploring the genetic susceptibility to this prevalent oral malformation show variability of results in different populations. Using a candidate gene approach, we aimed to verify the role of four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the susceptibility to NSOC in Portuguese patients. METHODS A total of 254 non-consanguineous individuals of Portuguese were recruited, including 120 patients with NSOC and 134 controls. About 92% of these patients had non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) and 8% had only non-syndromic cleft palate (NSCP). SNPs in the MTHFR (rs1801133), IRF6 (rs642961), PAX7 (rs742071) and TP63 (rs9332461) genes were studied, using a real-time approach with TaqMan probes. Allelic, genotypic, dominant, recessive and over-dominant models were explored using a chi-squared test. Adjusted p-value was calculated for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR). RESULTS All SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. For MTHFR, IRF6, and PAX7 SNPs, no statistically significant difference was highlighted for any of the evaluated models. For TP63 SNP, data fitted an over-dominant model, with a protective effect for heterozygotes (OR 1.897; CI 95% [1.144-3.147]; p < .016, when comparing controls vs. cases), but significance was lost when applying adjusted p-value for multiple comparisons (4 × 5 tests). CONCLUSION In this Portuguese population, there was no evidence of an association between the evaluated SNPs and NSOC. For TP63 SNP, the possibility of a protective effect of heterozygotes should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Mendes
- Institute of Medical Genetics/UCGenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Joana Martins Ribeiro
- Institute of Medical Genetics/UCGenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Oliveiros
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Alcides Mesquita
- Institute of Medical Genetics/UCGenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | - Henriqueta Coimbra Silva
- Institute of Medical Genetics/UCGenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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4
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Shaw T, Barr FG, Üren A. The PAX Genes: Roles in Development, Cancer, and Other Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1022. [PMID: 38473380 PMCID: PMC10931086 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Since their 1986 discovery in Drosophila, Paired box (PAX) genes have been shown to play major roles in the early development of the eye, muscle, skeleton, kidney, and other organs. Consistent with their roles as master regulators of tissue formation, the PAX family members are evolutionarily conserved, regulate large transcriptional networks, and in turn can be regulated by a variety of mechanisms. Losses or mutations in these genes can result in developmental disorders or cancers. The precise mechanisms by which PAX genes control disease pathogenesis are well understood in some cases, but much remains to be explored. A deeper understanding of the biology of these genes, therefore, has the potential to aid in the improvement of disease diagnosis and the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Shaw
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Frederic G Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aykut Üren
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20001, USA
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5
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Santarelli P, Rosti V, Vivo M, Lanzuolo C. Chromatin organization of muscle stem cell. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 158:375-406. [PMID: 38670713 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The proper functioning of skeletal muscles is essential throughout life. A crucial crosstalk between the environment and several cellular mechanisms allows striated muscles to perform successfully. Notably, the skeletal muscle tissue reacts to an injury producing a completely functioning tissue. The muscle's robust regenerative capacity relies on the fine coordination between muscle stem cells (MuSCs or "satellite cells") and their specific microenvironment that dictates stem cells' activation, differentiation, and self-renewal. Critical for the muscle stem cell pool is a fine regulation of chromatin organization and gene expression. Acquiring a lineage-specific 3D genome architecture constitutes a crucial modulator of muscle stem cell function during development, in the adult stage, in physiological and pathological conditions. The context-dependent relationship between genome structure, such as accessibility and chromatin compartmentalization, and their functional effects will be analysed considering the improved 3D epigenome knowledge, underlining the intimate liaison between environmental encounters and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philina Santarelli
- INGM Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Rosti
- INGM Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Vivo
- Università degli studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Chiara Lanzuolo
- INGM Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Milan, Italy.
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6
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Goida J, Pilmane M. The presence and distribution of various genes in postnatal CLP-affected palatine tissue. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 46:1. [PMID: 38227085 DOI: 10.1186/s40902-024-00412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide cleft lip with or without a cleft palate (CL/P) is the most common craniofacial birth defect. Apart from changes in facial appearance, additionally affected individuals often suffer from various associated comorbidities requiring complex multidisciplinary treatment with overall high expenses. Understanding the complete pathogenetic mechanisms of CL/P might aid in developing new preventative strategies and therapeutic approaches, help with genetic counselling, and improve quality of life. Many genes have been associated with the development of orofacial clefts; however, the majority require further research. Based on the role of PAX7, PAX9, SHH, SOX3, WNT3A, and WNT9B in orofacial development, the intention was to use chromogenic in situ hybridization to detect the six genes in postnatal CLP-affected palatine tissue and compare their distribution within the tissue samples. RESULTS Statistically significant differences in the distribution of PAX7, PAX9, WNT3A, and WNT9B were observed. In total, 19 pairs of moderate to very strong positive correlations were noted. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the cleft-affected palatine epithelium primarily seem to be associated with the PAX7 gene; however, PAX9, WNT3A, WNT9B, and SOX3 role seems to be more limited. Whilst connective tissue changes seem to depend on PAX7 only, SHH seems to participate individually and indistinctly. Numerous positive correlations reflect the complicating interactions of the pathways and their components in the orofacial cleft morphopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Goida
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV-1010, Latvia.
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV-1010, Latvia
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7
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Whitlock JM. Muscle Progenitor Cell Fusion in the Maintenance of Skeletal Muscle. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:257-279. [PMID: 37996682 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses a resident, multipotent stem cell population that is essential for its repair and maintenance throughout life. Here I highlight the role of this stem cell population in muscle repair and regeneration and review the genetic control of the process; the mechanistic steps of activation, migration, recognition, adhesion, and fusion of these cells; and discuss the novel recognition of the membrane signaling that coordinates myogenic cell-cell fusion, as well as the identification of a two-part fusogen system that facilitates it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred M Whitlock
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shrive National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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8
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Mademtzoglou D, Geara P, Mourikis P, Relaix F. Pax7 haploinsufficiency impairs muscle stem cell function in Cre-recombinase mice and underscores the importance of appropriate controls. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:294. [PMID: 37833800 PMCID: PMC10576335 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since its introduction as a genetic tool, the Cre-lox system has been widely used for molecular genetic studies in vivo in the context of health and disease, as it allows time- and cell-specific gene modifications. However, insertion of the Cre-recombinase cassette in the gene of interest can alter transcription, protein expression, or function, either directly, by modifying the landscape of the locus, or indirectly, due to the lack of genetic compensation or by indirect impairment of the non-targeted allele. This is sometimes the case when Cre-lox is used for muscle stem cell studies. Muscle stem cells are required for skeletal muscle growth, regeneration and to delay muscle disease progression, hence providing an attractive model for stem cell research. Since the transcription factor Pax7 is specifically expressed in all muscle stem cells, tamoxifen-inducible Cre cassettes (CreERT2) have been inserted into this locus by different groups to allow targeted gene recombination. Here we compare the two Pax7-CreERT2 mouse lines that are mainly used to evaluate muscle regeneration and development of pathological features upon deletion of specific factors or pathways. We applied diverse commonly used tamoxifen schemes of CreERT2 activation, and we analyzed muscle repair after cardiotoxin-induced injury. We show that consistently the Pax7-CreERT2 allele targeted into the Pax7 coding sequence (knock-in/knock-out allele) produces an inherent defect in regeneration, manifested as delayed post-injury repair and reduction in muscle stem cell numbers. In genetic ablation studies lacking proper controls, this inherent defect could be misinterpreted as being provoked by the deletion of the factor of interest. Instead, using an alternative Pax7-CreERT2 allele that maintains bi-allelic Pax7 expression or including appropriate controls can prevent misinterpretation of experimental data. The findings presented here can guide researchers establish appropriate experimental design for muscle stem cell genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Perla Geara
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Creteil, France
| | | | - Frederic Relaix
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Creteil, France.
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, IMRB, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
- EFS, IMRB, F-94010, Creteil, France.
- AP-HP, Hopital Mondor, Service d'histologie, F-94010, Creteil, France.
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9
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Liu L, Yin L, Yuan Y, Tang Y, Lin Z, Liu Y, Yang J. Developmental Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle during the Embryonic Stage in Chinese Yellow Quail ( Coturnix japonica). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2317. [PMID: 37508093 PMCID: PMC10376076 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The quail is an important research model, and the demand for quail meat has been increasing in recent years; therefore, it is worthwhile investigating the development of embryonic skeletal muscle and the expression patterns of regulatory genes. In this study, the expression of MyoD and Pax7 in the breast muscle (m. pectoralis major) and leg muscle (m. biceps femoris) of quail embryos on days 10 through 17 were determined using qRT-PCR. Paraffin sections of embryonic muscle were analyzed to characterize changes over time. Results showed that MyoD and Pax7 were expressed in both breast and leg muscles and played a significant role in embryonic muscle development. Compared to breast muscle, leg muscle grew faster and had greater weight and myofiber size. The findings suggested that embryonic day 12 (E12) may be a key point for muscle development. Correlation analysis showed that MyoD expression was significantly negatively correlated with muscle and embryo weight, whereas Pax7 gene expression had no significant correlation with these characteristics. These fundamental results provide a theoretical basis for understanding the characteristics and transition points of skeletal muscle development in quail embryos and an important reference for farmers raising quail from eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lingqian Yin
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yaohan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhongzhen Lin
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yiping Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiandong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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10
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Khan MI, CS P, Srinath N, Neela PK, Mohiuddin MK. Genetic Analysis of the Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms rs880810, rs545793, rs80094639, and rs13251901 in Nonsyndromic Oral Clefts: A Case–Parent Trio Study. Glob Med Genet 2023; 10:34-37. [PMID: 36998643 PMCID: PMC10049805 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1764399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral clefts, including cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip and palate (CLP), are the most common types of congenital anomalies of the human face. Various genetic and environmental factors play a role in developing oral clefts. Several studies have shown the association of the
PAX7
gene and the 8q24 region with these oral clefts in different populations worldwide. However, there are no reported studies on the possible connection between the
PAX7
gene and the 8q24 region nucleotide variants and the risk of developing nonsyndromic oral clefts (NSOC) in the Indian population. Hence, this study aimed to test the possible association between
PAX7
gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs880810, rs545793,rs80094639, and rs13251901 of the 8q24 region using a case-parent trio design. Forty case-parent trios were selected from the CLP center. Genomic DNA was isolated from the cases and their parents. The rs880810, rs545793, rs80094639, and rs13251901 were genotyped by the MassARRAY technique. PLINK software was used for statistical analysis. All the SNPs were tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No statistical significance was found with any SNPs, as none of the genotyped SNPs showed a
p
-value of less than 0.05. Hence, the rs880810, rs545793, and rs80094639 of the
PAX7
gene, and rs13251901 of the 8q24 region are not associated with NSOC in the Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamad Irfanulla Khan
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, The Oxford Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Address for correspondence Mahamad Irfanulla Khan, BDS, MDS Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, The Oxford Dental CollegeBangalore, Karnataka, 560068India
| | - Prashanth CS
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, D.A Pandu Memorial R.V Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - N. Srinath
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen K. Neela
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Telangana, India
| | - Mohammed K. Mohiuddin
- Multi-Disciplinary Research Unit, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Khan MI, C.S P, Mustak MS, Nizamuddin S. Maternal Transmission of the PAX7 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms among Indian Cleft Trios. Glob Med Genet 2023; 10:6-11. [PMID: 36703778 PMCID: PMC9873478 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P) is one of the most common congenital anomalies of the human face with a complex etiology involving multiple genetic and environmental factors. Several studies have shown the association of the paired box 7 ( PAX7 ) gene with CL/P in different populations worldwide. However, the current literature reveals no reported case-parent trio studies to evaluate the association between the PAX7 gene and the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NSCL/P) in the Indian population. Hence, the purpose of this study was to assess the PAX7 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the etiology of NSCL/P among the Indian cleft trios. Forty Indian case-parent trios of NSCL/P were included. The cases and their parents' genomic DNA were extracted. The SNPs rs9439714, rs1339062, rs6695765, rs742071, and rs618941of the PAX7 gene were genotyped using the Agena Bio MassARRAY analysis. The allelic transmission disequilibrium test was performed using PLINK software while pair-wise linkage disequilibrium by the Haploview program. The SNP rs9439714 showed evidence of association ( p -value = 0.02, odds ratio = 3) with NSCL/P. Considering the parent-of-origin effects, the SNPs rs9439714 and rs618941 showed an excess maternal transmission of allele C at rs9439714 ( p -value = 0.05) and G allele at rs618941 ( p -value = 0.04). The results of the present study suggested that the SNPs rs9439714 and rs618941 showed an excess maternal transmission of alleles suggestive of the possible role of the PAX7 gene involvement in the etiology of NSCL/P in the Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamad Irfanulla Khan
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, The Oxford Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India,Address for correspondence Mahamad Irfanulla Khan, BDS, MDS Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, The Oxford Dental CollegeBangalore, Karnataka, 560068India
| | - Prashanth C.S
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, DAPM R.V Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammed S. Mustak
- Department of Applied Zoology Mangalore University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sheikh Nizamuddin
- Department of Urology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Khan MI, CS P, Srinath N. Role of PAX7 Gene rs766325 and rs4920520 Polymorphisms in the Etiology of Non-syndromic Cleft Lip and Palate: A Genetic Study. Glob Med Genet 2022; 9:208-211. [PMID: 35846106 PMCID: PMC9286873 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-syndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) is one of the most common birth defects in humans with an overall prevalence of ∼1 in 700 live births around the world. The etiology of NSCLP is complex involving multiple genes, environmental factors, and gene-to-gene interactions. Several genome-wide associations (GWA) studies have shown the association of the paired box 7 (
PAX7
) gene in the etiology of cleft lip and palate in different populations worldwide. However, there are no reported studies on the association between the rs766325 and rs4920520 polymorphisms and the risk of developing NSCLP in the Indian population. Hence, the present study aimed to test for the probable association between rs766325 and rs4920520 polymorphisms among NSCLP Indian population using a case-parent trio design. Forty case-parent trios were selected from the cleft lip and palate center based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Genomic DNA was isolated from the cases and their parents. The rs766325 and rs4920520 polymorphisms of the
PAX7
gene were analyzed for their association using the MassARRAY analysis. The statistical analysis was done using the PLINK software. The rs766325 and rs4920520 polymorphisms were tested for the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. None of the polymorphisms showed any statistical significance. Hence, the rs766325 and rs4920520 polymorphisms of the
PAX7
gene were found to be not associated with NSCLP in the Indian case-parent trios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamad Irfanulla Khan
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, The Oxford Dental College, Bengaluru, India
| | - Prashanth CS
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, DAPM R. V. Dental College, Bengaluru, India
| | - Narasimhamurty Srinath
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, India
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Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a dynamic, multipotent, vertebrate-specific population of embryonic stem cells. These ectodermally-derived cells contribute to diverse tissue types in developing embryos including craniofacial bone and cartilage, the peripheral and enteric nervous systems and pigment cells, among a host of other cell types. Due to their contribution to a significant number of adult tissue types, the mechanisms that drive their formation, migration and differentiation are highly studied. NCCs have a unique ability to transition from tightly adherent epithelial cells to mesenchymal and migratory cells by altering their polarity, expression of cell-cell adhesion molecules and gaining invasive abilities. In this Review, we discuss classical and emerging factors driving NCC epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration, highlighting the role of signaling and transcription factors, as well as novel modifying factors including chromatin remodelers, small RNAs and post-translational regulators, which control the availability and longevity of major NCC players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Crystal D. Rogers
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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14
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Steele RE, Sanders R, Phillips HM, Bamforth SD. PAX Genes in Cardiovascular Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7713. [PMID: 35887061 PMCID: PMC9324344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian heart is a four-chambered organ with systemic and pulmonary circulations to deliver oxygenated blood to the body, and a tightly regulated genetic network exists to shape normal development of the heart and its associated major arteries. A key process during cardiovascular morphogenesis is the septation of the outflow tract which initially forms as a single vessel before separating into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. The outflow tract connects to the aortic arch arteries which are derived from the pharyngeal arch arteries. Congenital heart defects are a major cause of death and morbidity and are frequently associated with a failure to deliver oxygenated blood to the body. The Pax transcription factor family is characterised through their highly conserved paired box and DNA binding domains and are crucial in organogenesis, regulating the development of a wide range of cells, organs and tissues including the cardiovascular system. Studies altering the expression of these genes in murine models, notably Pax3 and Pax9, have found a range of cardiovascular patterning abnormalities such as interruption of the aortic arch and common arterial trunk. This suggests that these Pax genes play a crucial role in the regulatory networks governing cardiovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simon D. Bamforth
- Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK; (R.E.S.); (R.S.); (H.M.P.)
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15
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Pax3 Hypomorphs Reveal Hidden Pax7 Functional Genetic Compensation in Utero. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10020019. [PMID: 35645295 PMCID: PMC9149870 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pax3 and Pax7 transcription factors are paralogs within the Pax gene family that that are expressed in early embryos in partially overlapping expression domains and have distinct functions. Significantly, mammalian development is largely unaffected by Pax7 systemic deletion but systemic Pax3 deletion results in defects in neural tube closure, neural crest emigration, cardiac outflow tract septation, muscle hypoplasia and in utero lethality by E14. However, we previously demonstrated that Pax3 hypomorphs expressing only 20% functional Pax3 protein levels exhibit normal neural tube and heart development, but myogenesis is selectively impaired. To determine why only some Pax3-expressing cell lineages are affected and to further titrate Pax3 threshold levels required for neural tube and heart development, we generated hypomorphs containing both a hypomorphic and a null Pax3 allele. This resulted in mutants only expressing 10% functional Pax3 protein with exacerbated neural tube, neural crest and muscle defects, but still a normal heart. To examine why the cardiac neural crest appears resistant to very low Pax3 levels, we examined its paralog Pax7. Significantly, Pax7 expression is both ectopically expressed in Pax3-expressing dorsal neural tube cells and is also upregulated in the Pax3-expressing lineages. To test whether this compensatory Pax7 expression is functional, we deleted Pax7 both systemically and lineage-specifically in hypomorphs expressing only 10% Pax3. Removal of one Pax7 allele resulted in partial outflow tract defects, and complete loss of Pax7 resulted in full penetrance outflow tract defects and in utero lethality. Moreover, combinatorial loss of Pax3 and Pax7 resulted in severe craniofacial defects and a total block of neural crest cell emigration from the neural tube. Pax7Cre lineage mapping revealed ectopic labeling of Pax3-derived neural crest tissues and within the outflow tract of the heart, experimentally confirming the observation of ectopic activation of Pax7 in 10% Pax3 hypomorphs. Finally, genetic cell ablation of Pax7Cre-marked cells is sufficient to cause outflow tract defects in hypomorphs expressing only 10% Pax3, confirming that ectopic and induced Pax7 can play an overlapping functional genetic compensational role in both cardiac neural crest lineage and during craniofacial development, which is normally masked by the dominant role of Pax3.
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16
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Linkage and association of PAX7 polymorphisms (rs742071, rs766325, and rs4920520) with the risk of non-syndromic cleft lip with/without cleft palate: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Meta Gene 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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17
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Iyyanar PPR, Wu Z, Lan Y, Hu YC, Jiang R. Alx1 Deficient Mice Recapitulate Craniofacial Phenotype and Reveal Developmental Basis of ALX1-Related Frontonasal Dysplasia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:777887. [PMID: 35127681 PMCID: PMC8815032 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.777887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of ALX1 function causes the frontonasal dysplasia syndrome FND3, characterized by severe facial clefting and microphthalmia. Whereas the laboratory mouse has been the preeminent animal model for studying developmental mechanisms of human craniofacial birth defects, the roles of ALX1 in mouse frontonasal development have not been well characterized because the only previously reported Alx1 mutant mouse line exhibited acrania due to a genetic background-dependent failure of cranial neural tube closure. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, we have generated an Alx1-deletion mouse model that recapitulates the FND craniofacial malformations, including median orofacial clefting and disruption of development of the eyes and alae nasi. In situ hybridization analysis showed that Alx1 is strongly expressed in frontonasal neural crest cells that give rise to periocular and frontonasal mesenchyme. Alx1del/del embryos exhibited increased apoptosis of periocular mesenchyme and decreased expression of ocular developmental regulators Pitx2 and Lmxb1 in the periocular mesenchyme, followed by defective optic stalk morphogenesis. Moreover, Alx1del/del embryos exhibited disruption of frontonasal mesenchyme identity, with loss of expression of Pax7 and concomitant ectopic expression of the jaw mesenchyme regulators Lhx6 and Lhx8 in the developing lateral nasal processes. The function of ALX1 in patterning the frontonasal mesenchyme is partly complemented by ALX4, a paralogous ALX family transcription factor whose loss-of-function causes a milder and distinctive FND. Together, these data uncover previously unknown roles of ALX1 in periocular mesenchyme development and frontonasal mesenchyme patterning, providing novel insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of ALX1-related FND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P. R. Iyyanar
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Zhaoming Wu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Yu Lan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Rulang Jiang,
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18
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Khan M, Prashanth CS, Mustak M, Nizamuddin S, Tejasvi A. Parental transmission effects of the PAX7 Polymorphisms among non-syndromic cleft lip palate: A case-parent trio study. JOURNAL OF INDIAN ACADEMY OF ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jiaomr.jiaomr_50_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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19
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Esteves de Lima J, Relaix F. Master regulators of skeletal muscle lineage development and pluripotent stem cells differentiation. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:31. [PMID: 34595600 PMCID: PMC8484369 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the skeletal muscles of the body and their associated stem cells originate from muscle progenitor cells, during development. The specification of the muscles of the trunk, head and limbs, relies on the activity of distinct genetic hierarchies. The major regulators of trunk and limb muscle specification are the paired-homeobox transcription factors PAX3 and PAX7. Distinct gene regulatory networks drive the formation of the different muscles of the head. Despite the redeployment of diverse upstream regulators of muscle progenitor differentiation, the commitment towards the myogenic fate requires the expression of the early myogenic regulatory factors MYF5, MRF4, MYOD and the late differentiation marker MYOG. The expression of these genes is activated by muscle progenitors throughout development, in several waves of myogenic differentiation, constituting the embryonic, fetal and postnatal phases of muscle growth. In order to achieve myogenic cell commitment while maintaining an undifferentiated pool of muscle progenitors, several signaling pathways regulate the switch between proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. The identification of the gene regulatory networks operating during myogenesis is crucial for the development of in vitro protocols to differentiate pluripotent stem cells into myoblasts required for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, EnvA, EFS, AP-HP, IMRB, 94010, Creteil, France.
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20
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Yoshioka H, Li A, Suzuki A, Ramakrishnan SS, Zhao Z, Iwata J. Identification of microRNAs and gene regulatory networks in cleft lip common in humans and mice. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1881-1893. [PMID: 34104955 PMCID: PMC8444451 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of cleft lip with/without cleft palate (CL/P), one of the most frequent craniofacial birth defects worldwide, is complicated by contributions of both genetic and environmental factors. Understanding the etiology of these conditions is essential for developing preventive strategies. This study thus aims to identify regulatory networks of microRNAs (miRNAs), transcriptional factors (TFs) and non-TF genes associated with cleft lip (CL) that are conserved in humans and mice. Notably, we found that miR-27b, miR-133b, miR-205, miR-376b and miR-376c were involved in the regulation of CL-associated gene expression in both humans and mice. Among the candidate miRNAs, the overexpression of miR-27b, miR-133b and miR-205, but not miR-376b and miR-376c, significantly inhibited cell proliferation through suppression of CL-associated genes (miR-27b suppressed PAX9 and RARA; miR-133b suppressed FGFR1, PAX7, and SUMO1; and miR-205 suppressed PAX9 and RARA) in cultured human and mouse lip mesenchymal cells. Taken together, our results suggest that elevated expression of miR-27b, miR-133b and miR-205 may play a crucial role in CL through the suppression of genes associated with CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yoshioka
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Aimin Li
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Sai Shankar Ramakrishnan
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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21
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Florkowska A, Meszka I, Nowacka J, Granica M, Jablonska Z, Zawada M, Truszkowski L, Ciemerych MA, Grabowska I. PAX7 Balances the Cell Cycle Progression via Regulating Expression of Dnmt3b and Apobec2 in Differentiating PSCs. Cells 2021; 10:2205. [PMID: 34571854 PMCID: PMC8472244 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX7 transcription factor plays a crucial role in embryonic myogenesis and in adult muscles in which it secures proper function of satellite cells, including regulation of their self renewal. PAX7 downregulation is necessary for the myogenic differentiation of satellite cells induced after muscle damage, what is prerequisite step for regeneration. Using differentiating pluripotent stem cells we documented that the absence of functional PAX7 facilitates proliferation. Such action is executed by the modulation of the expression of two proteins involved in the DNA methylation, i.e., Dnmt3b and Apobec2. Increase in Dnmt3b expression led to the downregulation of the CDK inhibitors and facilitated cell cycle progression. Changes in Apobec2 expression, on the other hand, differently impacted proliferation/differentiation balance, depending on the experimental model used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Iwona Grabowska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (A.F.); (I.M.); (J.N.); (M.G.); (Z.J.); (M.Z.); (L.T.); (M.A.C.)
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22
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Viaut C, Weldon S, Münsterberg A. Fine-tuning of the PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network by multiple microRNAs controls embryo myogenesis. Dev Biol 2021; 469:68-79. [PMID: 33080252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), short non-coding RNAs, which act post-transcriptionally to regulate gene expression, are of widespread significance during development and disease, including muscle disease. Advances in sequencing technology and bioinformatics led to the identification of a large number of miRNAs in vertebrates and other species, however, for many of these miRNAs specific roles have not yet been determined. LNA in situ hybridisation has revealed expression patterns of somite-enriched miRNAs, here we focus on characterising the functions of miR-128. We show that antagomiR-mediated knockdown (KD) of miR-128 in developing chick somites has a negative impact on skeletal myogenesis. Computational analysis identified the transcription factor EYA4 as a candidate target consistent with the observation that miR-128 and EYA4 display similar expression profiles. Luciferase assays confirmed that miR-128 interacts with the EYA4 3'UTR. In vivo experiments also suggest that EYA4 is regulated by miR-128. EYA4 is a member of the PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH (PSED) network of transcription factors. Therefore, we identified additional candidate miRNA binding sites in the 3'UTR of SIX1/4, EYA1/2/3 and DACH1. Using the miRanda algorithm, we found sites for miR-128, as well as for other myogenic miRNAs, miR-1a, miR-206 and miR-133a, some of these were experimentally confirmed as functional miRNA target sites. Our results reveal that miR-128 is involved in regulating skeletal myogenesis by directly targeting EYA4 with indirect effects on other PSED members, including SIX4 and PAX3. Hence, the inhibitory effect on myogenesis observed after miR-128 knockdown was rescued by concomitant knockdown of PAX3. Moreover, we show that the PSED network of transcription factors is co-regulated by multiple muscle-enriched microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Viaut
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Shannon Weldon
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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23
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Abstract
The resident stem cell for skeletal muscle is the satellite cell. On the 50th anniversary of its discovery in 1961, we described the history of skeletal muscle research and the seminal findings made during the first 20 years in the life of the satellite cell (Scharner and Zammit 2011, doi: 10.1186/2044-5040-1-28). These studies established the satellite cell as the source of myoblasts for growth and regeneration of skeletal muscle. Now on the 60th anniversary, we highlight breakthroughs in the second phase of satellite cell research from 1980 to 2000. These include technical innovations such as isolation of primary satellite cells and viable muscle fibres complete with satellite cells in their niche, together with generation of many useful reagents including genetically modified organisms and antibodies still in use today. New methodologies were combined with description of endogenous satellite cells markers, notably Pax7. Discovery of the muscle regulatory factors Myf5, MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4 in the late 1980s revolutionized understanding of the control of both developmental and regerenative myogenesis. Emergence of genetic lineage markers facilitated identification of satellite cells in situ, and also empowered transplantation studies to examine satellite cell function. Finally, satellite cell heterogeneity and the supportive role of non-satellite cell types in muscle regeneration were described. These major advances in methodology and in understanding satellite cell biology provided further foundations for the dramatic escalation of work on muscle stem cells in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise N. Engquist
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Peter S. Zammit
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Correspondence to: Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK. E-mail:
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24
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Florkowska A, Meszka I, Zawada M, Legutko D, Proszynski TJ, Janczyk-Ilach K, Streminska W, Ciemerych MA, Grabowska I. Pax7 as molecular switch regulating early and advanced stages of myogenic mouse ESC differentiation in teratomas. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:238. [PMID: 32552916 PMCID: PMC7301568 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pluripotent stem cells present the ability to self-renew and undergo differentiation into any cell type building an organism. Importantly, a lot of evidence on embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation comes from in vitro studies. However, ESCs cultured in vitro do not necessarily behave as cells differentiating in vivo. For this reason, we used teratomas to study early and advanced stages of in vivo ESC myogenic differentiation and the role of Pax7 in this process. Pax7 transcription factor plays a crucial role in the formation and differentiation of skeletal muscle precursor cells during embryonic development. It controls the expression of other myogenic regulators and also acts as an anti-apoptotic factor. It is also involved in the formation and maintenance of satellite cell population. Methods In vivo approach we used involved generation and analysis of pluripotent stem cell-derived teratomas. Such model allows to analyze early and also terminal stages of tissue differentiation, for example, terminal stages of myogenesis, including the formation of innervated and vascularized mature myofibers. Results We determined how the lack of Pax7 function affects the generation of different myofiber types. In Pax7−/− teratomas, the skeletal muscle tissue occupied significantly smaller area, as compared to Pax7+/+ ones. The proportion of myofibers expressing Myh3 and Myh2b did not differ between Pax7+/+ and Pax7−/− teratomas. However, the area of Myh7 and Myh2a myofibers was significantly lower in Pax7−/− ones. Molecular characteristic of skeletal muscles revealed that the levels of mRNAs coding Myh isoforms were significantly lower in Pax7−/− teratomas. The level of mRNAs encoding Pax3 was significantly higher, while the expression of Nfix, Eno3, Mck, Mef2a, and Itga7 was significantly lower in Pax7−/− teratomas, as compared to Pax7+/+ ones. We proved that the number of satellite cells in Pax7−/− teratomas was significantly reduced. Finally, analysis of neuromuscular junction localization in samples prepared with the iDISCO method confirmed that the organization of neuromuscular junctions in Pax7−/− teratomas was impaired. Conclusions Pax7−/− ESCs differentiate in vivo to embryonic myoblasts more readily than Pax7+/+ cells. In the absence of functional Pax7, initiation of myogenic differentiation is facilitated, and as a result, the expression of mesoderm embryonic myoblast markers is upregulated. However, in the absence of functional Pax7 neuromuscular junctions, formation is abnormal, what results in lower differentiation potential of Pax7−/− ESCs during advanced stages of myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Florkowska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Igor Meszka
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zawada
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Diana Legutko
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz J Proszynski
- Laboratory of Synaptogenesis, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Present Address: Lukasiewicz Research Network - PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Janczyk-Ilach
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wladyslawa Streminska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria A Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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25
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Hwang M, Lee EJ, Chung MJ, Park S, Jeong KS. Five transcriptional factors reprogram fibroblast into myogenic lineage cells via paraxial mesoderm stage. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:1804-1816. [PMID: 32579865 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1780384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is hard to supply satellite cells as a cell source for therapy of muscle degenerative disease since the sampling of muscle tissue is very invasive to a patient with muscular disease. Direct conversion allows us to get specific cell types by transduction of defined transcriptional factors. To induce myogenic direct conversion, we transduced five transcriptional factors including Pax3, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, and Esrrb into mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We found that the transduction of the five transcriptional factors induced myogenic direct conversion of fibroblast. We revealed that the transduced cells with the five transcriptional factors were converted to myogenic lineage cells through a paraxial mesoderm-like stage. The expression level of myogenic-related genes of the transduced cells gradually increased as the passage increased. The induced myogenic lineage cells differentiated into muscle fibers in virto and in vivo. The current study revealed that the five transcription factors generated myogenic lineage cells from fibroblast via a paraxial mesoderm stage. The induced myogenic lineage cells may have a potential being applied as cell source for degenerative muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyul Hwang
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Chung
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Center, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - SunYoung Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Center, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Jeong
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Center, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Republic of Korea
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26
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Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Functional Skeletal Muscle Progenitors. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 10:1505-1521. [PMID: 29742392 PMCID: PMC5995754 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle harbors quiescent stem cells termed satellite cells and proliferative progenitors termed myoblasts, which play pivotal roles during muscle regeneration. However, current technology does not allow permanent capture of these cell populations in vitro. Here, we show that ectopic expression of the myogenic transcription factor MyoD, combined with exposure to small molecules, reprograms mouse fibroblasts into expandable induced myogenic progenitor cells (iMPCs). iMPCs express key skeletal muscle stem and progenitor cell markers including Pax7 and Myf5 and give rise to dystrophin-expressing myofibers upon transplantation in vivo. Notably, a subset of transplanted iMPCs maintain Pax7 expression and sustain serial regenerative responses. Similar to satellite cells, iMPCs originate from Pax7+ cells and require Pax7 itself for maintenance. Finally, we show that myogenic progenitor cell lines can be established from muscle tissue following small-molecule exposure alone. This study thus reports on a robust approach to derive expandable myogenic stem/progenitor-like cells from multiple cell types. MyoD and small molecules reprogram fibroblasts to myogenic progenitors termed iMPCs iMPCs self-renew and express key satellite cell and myoblast markers iMPC growth is driven by Pax7+ cells and requires Pax7 gene function Transplanted iMPCs engraft and sustain muscle regeneration in vivo
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27
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Gaczkowska A, Biedziak B, Budner M, Zadurska M, Lasota A, Hozyasz KK, Dąbrowska J, Wójcicki P, Szponar-Żurowska A, Żukowski K, Jagodziński PP, Mostowska A. PAX7 nucleotide variants and the risk of non-syndromic orofacial clefts in the Polish population. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1608-1618. [PMID: 31173442 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The etiology of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P) is multifactorial, heterogeneous, and still not completely understood. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations between common and rare PAX7 nucleotide variants and the risk of this common congenital anomaly in a Polish population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Eight top nsCL/P-associated PAX7 variants identified in our cleft genome-wide association study (GWAS) were selected for replication analysis in an independent group of patients and controls (n = 247 and n = 445, respectively). In addition, mutation screening of the PAX7 protein-coding region was conducted. RESULTS Analysis of the pooled data from the GWAS and replication study confirmed that common PAX7 nucleotide variants are significantly associated with the increased risk of nsCL/P. The strongest individual variant was rs1339062 (c.586 + 15617T > C) with a p-value = 2.47E-05 (OR = 1.4, 95%CI: 1.20-1.64). Sequencing analysis identified a novel synonymous PAX7 substitution (c.87G > A, p.Val29Val) in a single patient with nsCLP. This transition located in the early exonic position was predicted to disrupt potential splice enhancer elements. CONCLUSION Our study confirmed that PAX7 is a strong candidate gene for nsCL/P. Nucleotide variants of this gene contribute to the etiology of nsCL/P in the homogenous Polish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gaczkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Biedziak
- Clinic of Craniofacial Anomalies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Margareta Budner
- Eastern Poland Burn Treatment and Reconstructive Center, Leczna, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Lasota
- Department of Jaw Orthopedics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamil K Hozyasz
- Institute of Health Sciences, State School of Higher Education, Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Justyna Dąbrowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Wójcicki
- Plastic Surgery Clinic, Medical University in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szponar-Żurowska
- Clinic of Craniofacial Anomalies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kacper Żukowski
- Department of Cattle Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Paweł P Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adrianna Mostowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Indencleef K, Roosenboom J, Hoskens H, White JD, Shriver MD, Richmond S, Peeters H, Feingold E, Marazita ML, Shaffer JR, Weinberg SM, Hens G, Claes P. Six NSCL/P Loci Show Associations With Normal-Range Craniofacial Variation. Front Genet 2018; 9:502. [PMID: 30410503 PMCID: PMC6210408 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Orofacial clefting is one of the most prevalent craniofacial malformations. Previous research has demonstrated that unaffected relatives of patients with non-syndromic cleft lip with/without cleft palate (NSCL/P) show distinctive facial features, which can be an expression of underlying NSCL/P susceptibility genes. These results support the hypothesis that genes involved in the occurrence of a cleft also play a role in normal craniofacial development. In this study, we investigated the influence of genetic variants associated with NSCL/P on normal-range variation in facial shape. Methods: A literature review of genome wide association studies (GWAS) investigating the genetic etiology of NSCL/P was performed, resulting in a list of 75 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in 38 genetic loci. Genotype data were available for 65 of these selected SNPs in three datasets with a combined sample size of 7,418 participants of European ancestry, whose 3D facial images were also available. The effect of each SNP was tested using a multivariate canonical correlation analysis (CCA) against 63 hierarchically-constructed facial segments in each of the three datasets and meta-analyzed. This allowed for the investigation of associations between SNPs known to be involved in NSCL/P and normal-range facial shape variations in a global-to-local perspective, without preselecting specific facial shape features or characteristics. Results: Six NSCL/P SNPs showed significant associations with variation in normal-range facial morphology. rs6740960 showed significant effects in the chin area (p = 3.71 × 10−28). This SNP lies in a non-coding area. Another SNP, rs227731 near the NOG gene, showed a significant effect in the philtrum area (p = 1.96 × 10−16). Three SNPs showed significant effects on the shape of the nose. rs742071 (p = 8.71 × 10−14), rs34246903 (p = 6.87 × 10−12), and rs10512248 (p = 8.4 × 10−9). Respectively, these SNPs are annotated to PAX7, MSX1, and PTCH1. Finally, rs7590268, an intron variant of THADA, showed an effect in the shape of the supraorbital ridge (p = 3.84 × 10−7). Conclusions: This study provides additional evidence NSCL/P-associated genetic variants influence normal-range craniofacial morphology, with significant effects observed for the chin, the nose, the supraorbital ridges and the philtrum area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijne Indencleef
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jasmien Roosenboom
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hanne Hoskens
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie D White
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Mark D Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Stephen Richmond
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John R Shaffer
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Greet Hens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Tichy ED, Sidibe DK, Greer CD, Oyster NM, Rompolas P, Rosenthal NA, Blau HM, Mourkioti F. A robust Pax7EGFP mouse that enables the visualization of dynamic behaviors of muscle stem cells. Skelet Muscle 2018; 8:27. [PMID: 30139374 PMCID: PMC6107960 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-018-0169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pax7 is a transcription factor involved in the specification and maintenance of muscle stem cells (MuSCs). Upon injury, MuSCs leave their quiescent state, downregulate Pax7 and differentiate, contributing to skeletal muscle regeneration. In the majority of regeneration studies, MuSCs are isolated by fluorescence-activated sorting (FACS), based on cell surface markers. It is known that MuSCs are a heterogeneous population and only a small percentage of isolated cells are true stem cells that are able to self-renew. A strong Pax7 reporter line would be valuable to study the in vivo behavior of Pax7-expressing stem cells. Methods We generated and characterized the muscle properties of a new transgenic Pax7EGFP mouse. Utilizing traditional immunofluorescence assays, we analyzed whole embryos and muscle sections by fluorescence microscopy, in addition to whole skeletal muscles by 2-photon microscopy, to detect the specificity of EGFP expression. Skeletal muscles from Pax7EGFP mice were also evaluated in steady state and under injury conditions. Finally, MuSCs-derived from Pax7EGFP and control mice were sorted and analyzed by FACS and their myogenic activity was comparatively examined. Results Our studies provide a new Pax7 reporter line with robust EGFP expression, detectable by both flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Pax7EGFP-derived MuSCs have identical properties to that of wild-type MuSCs, both in vitro and in vivo, excluding any positional effect due to the transgene insertion. Furthermore, we demonstrated high specificity of EGFP to label MuSCs in a temporal manner that recapitulates the reported Pax7 expression pattern. Interestingly, immunofluorescence analysis showed that the robust expression of EGFP marks cells in the satellite cell position of adult muscles in fixed and live tissues. Conclusions This mouse could be an invaluable tool for the study of a variety of questions related to MuSC biology, including but not limited to population heterogeneity, polarity, aging, regeneration, and motility, either by itself or in combination with mice harboring additional genetic alterations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13395-018-0169-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David K Sidibe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher D Greer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas M Oyster
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Panteleimon Rompolas
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nadia A Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.,Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Helen M Blau
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Foteini Mourkioti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Penn Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Musculoskeletal Regeneration Program, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Musculoskeletal Regeneration Program, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Penn Institute of Regenerative Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 112A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA.
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30
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The axolotl genome and the evolution of key tissue formation regulators. Nature 2018; 554:50-55. [PMID: 29364872 DOI: 10.1038/nature25458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Salamanders serve as important tetrapod models for developmental, regeneration and evolutionary studies. An extensive molecular toolkit makes the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) a key representative salamander for molecular investigations. Here we report the sequencing and assembly of the 32-gigabase-pair axolotl genome using an approach that combined long-read sequencing, optical mapping and development of a new genome assembler (MARVEL). We observed a size expansion of introns and intergenic regions, largely attributable to multiplication of long terminal repeat retroelements. We provide evidence that intron size in developmental genes is under constraint and that species-restricted genes may contribute to limb regeneration. The axolotl genome assembly does not contain the essential developmental gene Pax3. However, mutation of the axolotl Pax3 paralogue Pax7 resulted in an axolotl phenotype that was similar to those seen in Pax3-/- and Pax7-/- mutant mice. The axolotl genome provides a rich biological resource for developmental and evolutionary studies.
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31
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32
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Murach KA, Fry CS, Kirby TJ, Jackson JR, Lee JD, White SH, Dupont-Versteegden EE, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Starring or Supporting Role? Satellite Cells and Skeletal Muscle Fiber Size Regulation. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 33:26-38. [PMID: 29212890 PMCID: PMC5866409 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00019.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent loss-of-function studies show that satellite cell depletion does not promote sarcopenia or unloading-induced atrophy, and does not prevent regrowth. Although overload-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy is normally associated with satellite cell-mediated myonuclear accretion, hypertrophic adaptation proceeds in the absence of satellite cells in fully grown adult mice, but not in young growing mice. Emerging evidence also indicates that satellite cells play an important role in remodeling the extracellular matrix during hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Murach
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | - Tyler J Kirby
- The Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Janna R Jackson
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jonah D Lee
- Environment, Health, and Safety, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sarah H White
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Esther E Dupont-Versteegden
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John J McCarthy
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky;
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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33
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Padilla-Benavides T, Nasipak BT, Paskavitz AL, Haokip DT, Schnabl JM, Nickerson JA, Imbalzano AN. Casein kinase 2-mediated phosphorylation of Brahma-related gene 1 controls myoblast proliferation and contributes to SWI/SNF complex composition. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18592-18607. [PMID: 28939766 PMCID: PMC5682968 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.799676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is modulated in part by chromatin-remodeling enzymes that control gene accessibility by altering chromatin compaction or nucleosome positioning. Brahma-related gene 1 (Brg1), a catalytic subunit of the mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling enzymes, is required for both myoblast proliferation and differentiation, and the control of Brg1 phosphorylation by calcineurin, PKCβ1, and p38 regulates the transition to differentiation. However, we hypothesized that Brg1 activity might be regulated by additional kinases. Here, we report that Brg1 is also a target of casein kinase 2 (CK2), a serine/threonine kinase, in proliferating myoblasts. We found that CK2 interacts with Brg1, and mutation of putative phosphorylation sites to non-phosphorylatable (Ser to Ala, SA) or phosphomimetic residues (Ser to Glu, SE) reduced Brg1 phosphorylation by CK2. Although BRG1-deleted myoblasts that ectopically express the SA-Brg1 mutant proliferated similarly to the parental cells or cells ectopically expressing wild-type (WT) Brg1, ectopic expression of the SE-Brg1 mutant reduced proliferation and increased cell death, similar to observations from cells lacking Brg1. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of CK2 increased myoblast proliferation. Furthermore, the Pax7 promoter, which controls expression of a key transcription factor required for myoblast proliferation, was in an inaccessible chromatin state in the SE-Brg1 mutant, suggesting that hyperphosphorylated Brg1 cannot remodel chromatin. WT-, SA-, and SE-Brg1 exhibited distinct differences in interacting with and affecting expression of the SWI/SNF subunits Baf155 and Baf170 and displayed differential sub-nuclear localization. Our results indicate that CK2-mediated phosphorylation of Brg1 regulates myoblast proliferation and provides insight into one mechanism by which composition of the mammalian SWI/SNF enzyme complex is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita Padilla-Benavides
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and
| | - Brian T Nasipak
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and
| | - Amanda L Paskavitz
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and
| | - Dominic T Haokip
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and
| | - Jake M Schnabl
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and
| | - Jeffrey A Nickerson
- the Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Anthony N Imbalzano
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and
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34
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Rajgara RF, Lala-Tabbert N, Marchildon F, Lamarche É, MacDonald JK, Scott DA, Blais A, Skerjanc IS, Wiper-Bergeron N. SOX7 Is Required for Muscle Satellite Cell Development and Maintenance. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1139-1151. [PMID: 28943254 PMCID: PMC5639291 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells are skeletal-muscle-specific stem cells that are activated by injury to proliferate, differentiate, and fuse to enable repair. SOX7, a member of the SRY-related HMG-box family of transcription factors is expressed in quiescent satellite cells. To elucidate SOX7 function in skeletal muscle, we knocked down Sox7 expression in embryonic stem cells and primary myoblasts and generated a conditional knockout mouse in which Sox7 is excised in PAX3+ cells. Loss of Sox7 in embryonic stem cells reduced Pax3 and Pax7 expression. In vivo, conditional knockdown of Sox7 reduced the satellite cell population from birth, reduced myofiber caliber, and impaired regeneration after acute injury. Although Sox7-deficient primary myoblasts differentiated normally, impaired myoblast fusion and increased sensitivity to apoptosis in culture and in vivo were observed. Taken together, these results indicate that SOX7 is dispensable for myogenesis but is necessary to promote satellite cell development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashida F Rajgara
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Neena Lala-Tabbert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - François Marchildon
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Émilie Lamarche
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jennifer K MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Daryl A Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexandre Blais
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ilona S Skerjanc
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Nadine Wiper-Bergeron
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Gard C, Gonzalez Curto G, Frarma YEM, Chollet E, Duval N, Auzié V, Auradé F, Vigier L, Relaix F, Pierani A, Causeret F, Ribes V. Pax3- and Pax7-mediated Dbx1 regulation orchestrates the patterning of intermediate spinal interneurons. Dev Biol 2017. [PMID: 28625870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are key orchestrators of the emergence of neuronal diversity within the developing spinal cord. As such, the two paralogous proteins Pax3 and Pax7 regulate the specification of progenitor cells within the intermediate neural tube, by defining a neat segregation between those fated to form motor circuits and those involved in the integration of sensory inputs. To attain insights into the molecular means by which they control this process, we have performed detailed phenotypic analyses of the intermediate spinal interneurons (IN), namely the dI6, V0D, V0VCG and V1 populations in compound null mutants for Pax3 and Pax7. This has revealed that the levels of Pax3/7 proteins determine both the dorso-ventral extent and the number of cells produced in each subpopulation; with increasing levels leading to the dorsalisation of their fate. Furthermore, thanks to the examination of mutants in which Pax3 transcriptional activity is skewed either towards repression or activation, we demonstrate that this cell diversification process is mainly dictated by Pax3/7 ability to repress gene expression. Consistently, we show that Pax3 and Pax7 inhibit the expression of Dbx1 and of its repressor Prdm12, fate determinants of the V0 and V1 interneurons, respectively. Notably, we provide evidence for the activity of several cis-regulatory modules of Dbx1 to be sensitive to Pax3 and Pax7 transcriptional activity levels. Altogether, our study provides insights into how the redundancy within a TF family, together with discrete dynamics of expression profiles of each member, are exploited to generate cellular diversity. Furthermore, our data supports the model whereby cell fate choices in the neural tube do not rely on binary decisions but rather on inhibition of multiple alternative fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Gard
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Gloria Gonzalez Curto
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Youcef El-Mokhtar Frarma
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Elodie Chollet
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Duval
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France; Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS URA 2578, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Valentine Auzié
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Auradé
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Myologie (CRM), GH Pitié Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM IMRB U955-E10, UPEC - Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médicine, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Lisa Vigier
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- INSERM IMRB U955-E10, UPEC - Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médicine, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Causeret
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France.
| | - Vanessa Ribes
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France.
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Guo Q, Li D, Meng X, Liu T, Shi J, Hao Y, Jiao X, Lv K, Hu T, Song T. Association between PAX7 and NTN1 gene polymorphisms and nonsyndromic orofacial clefts in a northern Chinese population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6724. [PMID: 28489749 PMCID: PMC5428583 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (NSOC) are the most common orofacial congenital defect with a complex etiology. Genome-wide association studies have identified paired box protein 7 (PAX7) and netrin-1 (NTN1) as candidate susceptibility genes for NSOC in both European and Asian populations. Here, possible associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near PAX7 and NTN1 were investigated in relation to risk of NSOC in a northern Chinese population. METHODS A total of 602 individuals with NSOC and 510 controls were recruited from northern China. Polymerase chain reaction-ligation detection reactions were used to analyze 4 SNPs (rs742071, rs6659735, rs766325, and rs4920520) of PAX7 and 2 SNPs (rs9904526 and rs9788972) of NTN1. Investigations of polymorphisms and risk of NSOC were conducted by using the PLINK software. RESULTS NTN1 rs9788972 AG was found to be associated with an increased risk of NSOC compared to the GG homozygous genotype (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.11-1.86, P = .006). When the multifactor dimensionality reduction method was applied, NTN1 rs9788972 still exhibited an increased risk for NSOC (P = .008). In contrast, SNPs in PAX7 were not associated with any increased risk of NSOC. CONCLUSION NTN1 rs9788972 is identified as a risk locus for NSOC susceptibility in a northern Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- Scientific Research Management Office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, China
| | | | | | | | - Jinna Shi
- Scientific Research Management Office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, China
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Helinska A, Krupa M, Archacka K, Czerwinska AM, Streminska W, Janczyk-Ilach K, Ciemerych MA, Grabowska I. Myogenic potential of mouse embryonic stem cells lacking functional Pax7 tested in vitro by 5-azacitidine treatment and in vivo in regenerating skeletal muscle. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 96:47-60. [PMID: 28017376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of skeletal muscle relies on the presence of satellite cells. Satellite cells deficiency accompanying some degenerative diseases is the reason for the search for the "replacement cells" that can be used in the muscle therapies. Due to their unique properties embryonic stem cells (ESCs), as well as myogenic cells derived from them, are considered as a promising source of therapeutic cells. Among the factors crucial for the specification of myogenic precursor cells is Pax7 that sustains proper function of satellite cells. In our previous studies we showed that ESCs lacking functional Pax7 are able to form myoblasts in vitro when differentiated within embryoid bodies and their outgrowths. In the current study we showed that ESCs lacking functional Pax7, cultured in vitro in monolayer in the medium supplemented with horse serum and 5azaC, expressed higher levels of factors associated with myogenesis, such as Pdgfra, Pax3, Myf5, and MyoD. Importantly, skeletal myosin immunolocalization confirmed that myogenic differentiation of ESCs was more effective in case of cells lacking Pax7. Our in vivo studies showed that ESCs transplanted into regenerating skeletal muscles were detectable at day 7 of regeneration and the number of Pax7-/- ESCs detected was significantly higher than of control cells. Our results support the concept that lack of functional Pax7 promotes proliferation of differentiating ESCs and for this reason more of them can turn into myogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Helinska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Krupa
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Archacka
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Areta M Czerwinska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wladyslawa Streminska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Janczyk-Ilach
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria A Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland.
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38
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Liu JA, Cheung M. Neural crest stem cells and their potential therapeutic applications. Dev Biol 2016; 419:199-216. [PMID: 27640086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a remarkable transient structure generated during early vertebrate development. The neural crest progenitors have extensive migratory capacity and multipotency, harboring stem cell-like characteristics such as self-renewal. They can differentiate into a variety of cell types from craniofacial skeletal tissues to the trunk peripheral nervous system (PNS). Multiple regulators such as signaling factors, transcription factors, and migration machinery components are expressed at different stages of NC development. Gain- and loss-of-function studies in various vertebrate species revealed epistatic relationships of these molecules that could be assembled into a gene regulatory network defining the processes of NC induction, specification, migration, and differentiation. These basic developmental studies led to the subsequent establishment and molecular validation of neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) derived by various strategies. We provide here an overview of the isolation and characterization of NCSCs from embryonic, fetal, and adult tissues; the experimental strategies for the derivation of NCSCs from embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and skin fibroblasts; and recent developments in the use of patient-derived NCSCs for modeling and treating neurocristopathies. We discuss future research on further refinement of the culture conditions required for the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into axial-specific NC progenitors and their derivatives, developing non-viral approaches for the generation of induced NC cells (NCCs), and using a genomic editing approach to correct genetic mutations in patient-derived NCSCs for transplantation therapy. These future endeavors should facilitate the therapeutic applications of NCSCs in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Aijia Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Martin Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Czerwinska AM, Nowacka J, Aszer M, Gawrzak S, Archacka K, Fogtman A, Iwanicka-Nowicka R, Jańczyk-Ilach K, Koblowska M, Ciemerych MA, Grabowska I. Cell cycle regulation of embryonic stem cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking functional Pax7. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2931-2942. [PMID: 27610933 PMCID: PMC5105925 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1231260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax7 plays a key role during embryonic myogenesis and in adult organisms in that it sustains the proper function of satellite cells, which serve as adult skeletal muscle stem cells. Recently we have shown that lack of Pax7 does not prevent the myogenic differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. In the current work we show that the absence of functional Pax7 in differentiating embryonic stem cells modulates cell cycle facilitating their proliferation. Surprisingly, deregulation of Pax7 function also positively impacts at the proliferation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Such phenotypes seem to be executed by modulating the expression of positive cell cycle regulators, such as cyclin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areta M Czerwinska
- a Department of Cytology , Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Joanna Nowacka
- a Department of Cytology , Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Magdalena Aszer
- a Department of Cytology , Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Sylwia Gawrzak
- a Department of Cytology , Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Karolina Archacka
- a Department of Cytology , Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Anna Fogtman
- b Laboratory of Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Roksana Iwanicka-Nowicka
- b Laboratory of Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland.,c Department of Systems Biology , Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jańczyk-Ilach
- a Department of Cytology , Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Marta Koblowska
- b Laboratory of Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland.,c Department of Systems Biology , Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Maria A Ciemerych
- a Department of Cytology , Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- a Department of Cytology , Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
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40
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Kowalski K, Archacki R, Archacka K, Stremińska W, Paciorek A, Gołąbek M, Ciemerych MA, Brzoska E. Stromal derived factor-1 and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor treatment improves regeneration of Pax7-/- mice skeletal muscles. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016; 7:483-96. [PMID: 27239402 PMCID: PMC4863826 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skeletal muscle has the ability to regenerate after injury. This process is mediated mainly by the muscle specific stem cells, that is, satellite cells. In case of extensive damage or under pathological conditions, such as muscular dystrophy, the process of muscle reconstruction does not occur properly. The aim of our study was to test whether mobilized stem cells, other than satellite cells, could participate in skeletal muscle reconstruction. METHODS Experiments were performed on wild-type mice and mice lacking the functional Pax7 gene, that is, characterized by the very limited satellite cell population. Gastrocnemius mice muscles were injured by cardiotoxin injection, and then the animals were treated by stromal derived factor-1 (Sdf-1) with or without granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) for 4 days. The muscles were subjected to thorough assessment of the tissue regeneration process using histological and in vitro methods, as well as evaluation of myogenic factors' expression at the transcript and protein levels. RESULTS Stromal derived factor-1 alone and Sdf-1 in combination with G-CSF significantly improved the regeneration of Pax7-/- skeletal muscles. The Sdf-1 and G-CSF treatment caused an increase in the number of mononucleated cells associated with muscle fibres. Further analysis showed that Sdf-1 and G-CSF treatment led to the rise in the number of CD34+ and Cxcr4+ cells and expression of Cxcr7. CONCLUSIONS Stromal derived factor-1 and G-CSF stimulated regeneration of the skeletal muscles deficient in satellite cells. We suggest that mobilized CD34+, Cxcr4+, and Cxcr7+ cells can efficiently participate in the skeletal muscle reconstruction and compensate for the lack of satellite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kowalski
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - Rafał Archacki
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - Karolina Archacka
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Anna Paciorek
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - Magdalena Gołąbek
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - Maria A Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - Edyta Brzoska
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
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Nord H, Dennhag N, Muck J, von Hofsten J. Pax7 is required for establishment of the xanthophore lineage in zebrafish embryos. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1853-62. [PMID: 27053658 PMCID: PMC4884075 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-12-0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A conceptually novel role for Pax7 is found in zebrafish pigment formation. Absence of Pax7 leads to an expansion of the embryonic and larval melanophore lineage and a depletion of xanthophores, suggesting a model in which Pax7 is involved in early chromatophore specification processes. The pigment pattern of many animal species is a result of the arrangement of different types of pigment-producing chromatophores. The zebrafish has three different types of chromatophores: black melanophores, yellow xanthophores, and shimmering iridophores arranged in a characteristic pattern of golden and blue horizontal stripes. In the zebrafish embryo, chromatophores derive from the neural crest cells. Using pax7a and pax7b zebrafish mutants, we identified a previously unknown requirement for Pax7 in xanthophore lineage formation. The absence of Pax7 results in a severe reduction of xanthophore precursor cells and a complete depletion of differentiated xanthophores in embryos as well as in adult zebrafish. In contrast, the melanophore lineage is increased in pax7a/pax7b double-mutant embryos and larvae, whereas juvenile and adult pax7a/pax7b double-mutant zebrafish display a severe decrease in melanophores and a pigment pattern disorganization indicative of a xanthophore- deficient phenotype. In summary, we propose a novel role for Pax7 in the early specification of chromatophore precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nord
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nils Dennhag
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joscha Muck
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonas von Hofsten
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden Department for Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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42
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Czerwinska AM, Grabowska I, Archacka K, Bem J, Swierczek B, Helinska A, Streminska W, Fogtman A, Iwanicka-Nowicka R, Koblowska M, Ciemerych MA. Myogenic Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells That Lack a Functional Pax7 Gene. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:285-300. [PMID: 26649785 PMCID: PMC4761802 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax7 plays a key role during embryonic myogenesis and sustains the proper function of satellite cells, which serve as adult skeletal muscle stem cells. Overexpression of Pax7 has been shown to promote the myogenic differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. However, the effects of the absence of functional Pax7 in differentiating embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have not yet been directly tested. Herein, we studied mouse stem cells that lacked a functional Pax7 gene and characterized the differentiation of these stem cells under conditions that promoted the derivation of myoblasts in vitro. We analyzed the expression of myogenic factors, such as myogenic regulatory factors and muscle-specific microRNAs, in wild-type and mutant cells. Finally, we compared the transcriptome of both types of cells and did not find substantial differences in the expression of genes related to the regulation of myogenesis. As a result, we showed that the absence of functional Pax7 does not prevent the in vitro myogenic differentiation of ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areta M Czerwinska
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Archacka
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Bem
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Swierczek
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anita Helinska
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wladyslawa Streminska
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Fogtman
- 2 Laboratory of Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roksana Iwanicka-Nowicka
- 2 Laboratory of Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland .,3 Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Koblowska
- 2 Laboratory of Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland .,3 Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria A Ciemerych
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
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43
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Joanisse S, Parise G. Cytokine Mediated Control of Muscle Stem Cell Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 900:27-44. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27511-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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44
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Chihara D, Romer AI, Bentzinger CF, Rudnicki MA, Krauss RS. PAX7 is required for patterning the esophageal musculature. Skelet Muscle 2015; 5:39. [PMID: 26635949 PMCID: PMC4668666 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-015-0068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mammalian esophageal musculature is unique in that it makes a transition from smooth to skeletal muscle, with most of this process occurring after birth. In order to better understand the mechanisms that control esophageal musculature development, we investigated the roles in this process of the paired box transcription factor, PAX7, a principal regulator of skeletal myogenic progenitor cells. Previous studies showed that Pax7 is important for determining the esophageal muscle composition. Results We characterized the postnatal development of the esophageal musculature in Pax7−/− mice by analyzing morphology, muscle composition, and the expression of markers of myogenesis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Pax7−/− mice displayed megaesophagus with a severe defect in the postnatal developmental process whereby esophageal smooth muscle is replaced by skeletal muscle. Pax7−/− esophagi have substantially reduced skeletal muscle, most likely due to diminished proliferation and premature differentiation of skeletal muscle precursor cells. This impaired the proximal-to-distal progression of skeletal myogenesis and indirectly affected the patterning of the smooth muscle-containing portion of the esophageal musculature. Conclusions Postnatal patterning of the esophageal musculature appears to require robust, PAX7-dependent cell proliferation to drive the proximal-to-distal progression of skeletal myogenesis. This process in turn influences distal smooth muscle morphogenesis and development of the mature pattern of the esophageal musculature. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13395-015-0068-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Chihara
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Anthony I Romer
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029 USA ; Graduate School of Biological Sciences, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ; Present address: Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, HHSC 1602, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - C Florian Bentzinger
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8L6 ON Canada ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8M5 ON Canada ; Present address: Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Campus, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Rudnicki
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8L6 ON Canada ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8M5 ON Canada
| | - Robert S Krauss
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029 USA ; Graduate School of Biological Sciences, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
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Padilla-Benavides T, Nasipak BT, Imbalzano AN. Brg1 Controls the Expression of Pax7 to Promote Viability and Proliferation of Mouse Primary Myoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2990-7. [PMID: 26036967 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Brg1 (Brahma-related gene 1) is a catalytic component of the evolutionarily conserved mammalian SWI/SNF ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes that disrupt histone-DNA contacts on the nucleosome. While the requirement for the SWI/SNF enzymes in cell differentiation has been extensively studied, its role in precursor cell proliferation and survival is not as well defined. Muscle satellite cells constitute the stem cell pool that sustains and regenerates myofibers in adult skeletal muscle. Here, we show that deletion of Brg1 in primary mouse myoblasts derived from muscle satellite cells cultured ex vivo leads to a cell proliferation defect and apoptosis. We determined that Brg1 regulates cell proliferation and survival by controlling chromatin remodeling and activating transcription at the Pax7 promoter, which is expressed during somite development and is required for controlling viability of the satellite cell population. Reintroduction of catalytically active Brg1 or of Pax7 into Brg1-deficient satellite cells rescued the apoptotic phenotype and restored proliferation. These data demonstrate that Brg1 functions as a positive regulator for cellular proliferation and survival of primary myoblasts. Therefore, the regulation of gene expression through Brg1-mediated chromatin remodeling is critical not just for skeletal muscle differentiation but for maintaining the myoblast population as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita Padilla-Benavides
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Brian T Nasipak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Anthony N Imbalzano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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46
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Buckingham M, Relaix F. PAX3 and PAX7 as upstream regulators of myogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:115-25. [PMID: 26424495 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Like other subclasses within the PAX transcription factor family, PAX3 and PAX7 play important roles in the emergence of a number of different tissues during development. PAX3 regulates neural crest and, together with its orthologue PAX7, is also expressed in parts of the central nervous system. In this chapter we will focus on their role in skeletal muscle. Both factors are key regulators of myogenesis where Pax3 plays a major role during early skeletal muscle formation in the embryo while Pax7 predominates during post-natal growth and muscle regeneration in the adult. We review the expression and functions of these factors in the myogenic context. We also discuss mechanistic aspects of PAX3/7 function and modulation of their activity by interaction with other proteins, as well as the post-transcriptional and transcriptional regulation of their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Buckingham
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS URA 2578, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- INSERM U955 IMRB, Team 10, 94000 Creteil, France; UPEC Paris Est-Creteil University, Faculty of Medicine, F-94000 Creteil, France; Etablissement Français du Sang, 94017 Creteil, France; Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, 94700 Maison Alfort, France.
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47
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Monsoro-Burq AH. PAX transcription factors in neural crest development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:87-96. [PMID: 26410165 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The nine vertebrate PAX transcription factors (PAX1-PAX9) play essential roles during early development and organogenesis. Pax genes were identified in vertebrates using their homology with the Drosophila melanogaster paired gene DNA-binding domain. PAX1-9 functions are largely conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, in particular during central nervous system and neural crest development. The neural crest is a vertebrate invention, which gives rise to numerous derivatives during organogenesis, including neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, craniofacial skeleton and mesenchyme, the heart outflow tract, endocrine and pigment cells. Human and mouse spontaneous mutations as well as experimental analyses have evidenced the critical and diverse functions of PAX factors during neural crest development. Recent studies have highlighted the role of PAX3 and PAX7 in neural crest induction. Additionally, several PAX proteins - PAX1, 3, 7, 9 - regulate cell proliferation, migration and determination in multiple neural crest-derived lineages, such as cardiac, sensory, and enteric neural crest, pigment cells, glia, craniofacial skeleton and teeth, or in organs developing in close relationship with the neural crest such as the thymus and parathyroids. The diverse PAX molecular functions during neural crest formation rely on fine-tuned modulations of their transcriptional transactivation properties. These modulations are generated by multiple means, such as different roles for the various isoforms (formed by alternative splicing), or posttranslational modifications which alter protein-DNA binding, or carefully orchestrated protein-protein interactions with various co-factors which control PAX proteins activity. Understanding these regulations is the key to decipher the versatile roles of PAX transcription factors in neural crest development, differentiation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Monsoro-Burq
- Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Centre Universitaire, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, F-91405 Orsay, France; Institut Curie Research Division, Centre Universitaire, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, F-91405 Orsay, France; UMR 3347 CNRS, U1021 Inserm, Université Paris Saclay, Centre Universitaire, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, F-91405 Orsay, France.
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48
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Prescott SL, Srinivasan R, Marchetto MC, Grishina I, Narvaiza I, Selleri L, Gage FH, Swigut T, Wysocka J. Enhancer divergence and cis-regulatory evolution in the human and chimp neural crest. Cell 2015; 163:68-83. [PMID: 26365491 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
cis-regulatory changes play a central role in morphological divergence, yet the regulatory principles underlying emergence of human traits remain poorly understood. Here, we use epigenomic profiling from human and chimpanzee cranial neural crest cells to systematically and quantitatively annotate divergence of craniofacial cis-regulatory landscapes. Epigenomic divergence is often attributable to genetic variation within TF motifs at orthologous enhancers, with a novel motif being most predictive of activity biases. We explore properties of this cis-regulatory change, revealing the role of particular retroelements, uncovering broad clusters of species-biased enhancers near genes associated with human facial variation, and demonstrating that cis-regulatory divergence is linked to quantitative expression differences of crucial neural crest regulators. Our work provides a wealth of candidates for future evolutionary studies and demonstrates the value of "cellular anthropology," a strategy of using in-vitro-derived embryonic cell types to elucidate both fundamental and evolving mechanisms underlying morphological variation in higher primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Prescott
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology and Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rajini Srinivasan
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology and Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maria Carolina Marchetto
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Irina Grishina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Iñigo Narvaiza
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Licia Selleri
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tomek Swigut
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology and Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology and Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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49
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Lin J, Wang C, Yang C, Fu S, Redies C. Pax3 and Pax7 interact reciprocally and regulate the expression of cadherin-7 through inducing neuron differentiation in the developing chicken spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:940-62. [PMID: 26287727 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pax3 and Pax7 are closely related transcription factors that are widely expressed in the developing nervous system and somites. In the CNS, both genes are expressed in the dorsal part of the neural tube during development. Pax3 and Pax7 are involved in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway and are inhibited by Shh overexpression. The present study confirms in vivo that Pax3 overexpression represses the expression of Pax7, whereas Pax7 overexpression endogenously enhances and ectopically induces the expression of Pax3 in the developing chicken spinal cord. Overexpression of Pax3 and Pax7 represses the endogenous expression of cadherin-7, a member of the cadherin family of morphogenetic genes, and induces its ectopic expression. The present study also shows that overexpression of Pax3 and Pax7 changes the fate and morphology of cells in the neuroepithelial layer and induces the expression of postmitotic neuronal markers. We show that both Pax3 and Pax7 promote the differentiation of neural progenitor cells into neurons. Furthermore, the downregulation of Pax3 and Pax7 with specific shRNAs results in apoptosis in the developing spinal cord. Collectively, these results suggest that the transcription factors Pax3 and Pax7 play important roles in regulating morphogenesis and cell differentiation in the developing spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntang Lin
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, D-07743, Jena, Germany.,College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, China
| | - Congrui Wang
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, D-07743, Jena, Germany.,College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ciqing Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, China
| | - Sulei Fu
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Redies
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, D-07743, Jena, Germany
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50
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Zalc A, Rattenbach R, Auradé F, Cadot B, Relaix F. Pax3 and Pax7 play essential safeguard functions against environmental stress-induced birth defects. Dev Cell 2015; 33:56-66. [PMID: 25800090 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental teratogenic pollutant leads to severe birth defects. However, the biological events underlying these developmental abnormalities remain undefined. Here, we report a molecular link between an environmental stress response pathway and key developmental genes during craniofacial development. Strikingly, mutant mice with impaired Pax3/7 function display severe craniofacial defects. We show that these are associated with an upregulation of the signaling pathway mediated by the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), the receptor to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), revealing a genetic interaction between Pax3 and AHR signaling. Activation of AHR signaling in Pax3-deficient embryos drives facial mesenchymal cells out of the cell cycle through the upregulation of p21 expression. Accordingly, inhibiting AHR activity rescues the cycling status of these cells and the facial closure of Pax3/7 mutants. Together, our findings demonstrate that the regulation of AHR signaling by Pax3/7 is required to protect against TCDD/AHR-mediated teratogenesis during craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Zalc
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Myology Research Center, INSERM U974, CNRS FRE 3617, Institut de Myologie, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM U955 IMRB, Team 10, 94000 Creteil, France; UPEC Paris Est-Creteil University, Faculty of Medicine, 94000 Creteil, France
| | - Revital Rattenbach
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Myology Research Center, INSERM U974, CNRS FRE 3617, Institut de Myologie, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM U955 IMRB, Team 10, 94000 Creteil, France; UPEC Paris Est-Creteil University, Faculty of Medicine, 94000 Creteil, France
| | - Frédéric Auradé
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Myology Research Center, INSERM U974, CNRS FRE 3617, Institut de Myologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Cadot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Myology Research Center, INSERM U974, CNRS FRE 3617, Institut de Myologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Myology Research Center, INSERM U974, CNRS FRE 3617, Institut de Myologie, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM U955 IMRB, Team 10, 94000 Creteil, France; UPEC Paris Est-Creteil University, Faculty of Medicine, 94000 Creteil, France; Etablissement Français du Sang, 94017 Creteil, France; Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, 94700 Maison-Alfort, France.
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