1
|
Brahma S, Chatterjee S, Dey A. Role of eicosanoids in insect immunity: new insights and recent advances. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 39158024 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Viruses, bacteria, fungus, protozoans, and different metazoan parasites and parasitoids present a constant threat to insects. Insect immunity has two components: humoral and cell mediated. Humoral immunity can be achieved by various antimicrobial proteins, namely, cecropins, sarcotoxin, defensin, attacin, etc. The cell-mediated immunity comprises various cells having immune functions fostering nodulation, phagocytosis, microaggregation, encapsulation etc. Eicosanoids play a crucial role in insect immunity comparable to other animals. The above-mentioned are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids and they exert numerous physiological effects, namely, inflammation, immune modulation, and regulation of cellular processes. The review article elucidates various roles of eicosanoids, namely, nodulation reaction, Toll signaling pathway, nitric oxide (NO) generation, Ca2+ mobilization, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), actin polymerization and aquaporin activation. Eicosanoids can function in immune priming in insects drawing hemocytes. An agent named Duox was also identified serving as ROS generator in insect gut. Moreover, role of Repat gene in insect immunity was also studied. However, recently the role of prostacyclin (PGI2) was found to be negative as it inhibits platelet aggregation. In this brief review, we have tried to shed light on the various functions of eicosanoids in immunity of insect those have been discovered recently. This concise study will allow to decipher eicosanoids' function in insect immunity in a nutshell, and it will pave the way for more researches to understand the key players of insect immunity which may eventually help to develop novel vector and pest control strategies in near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhranil Brahma
- Department of Zoology, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College, Belonia, South Tripura, Tripura, India
| | - Somnath Chatterjee
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Bhupendra Nath Dutta Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Hatgobindapur, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Atrayee Dey
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Banwarilal Bhalotia College, Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Scieuzo C, Giglio F, Rinaldi R, Lekka ME, Cozzolino F, Monaco V, Monti M, Salvia R, Falabella P. In Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of the Peptide Fractions Extracted from the Hemolymph of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050464. [PMID: 37233092 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a chemically and structurally heterogeneous family of molecules produced by a large variety of living organisms, whose expression is predominant in the sites most exposed to microbial invasion. One of the richest natural sources of AMPs is insects which, over the course of their very long evolutionary history, have adapted to numerous and different habitats by developing a powerful innate immune system that has allowed them to survive but also to assert themselves in the new environment. Recently, due to the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, interest in AMPs has risen. In this work, we detected AMPs in the hemolymph of Hermetia illucens (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) larvae, following infection with Escherichia coli (Gram negative) or Micrococcus flavus (Gram positive) and from uninfected larvae. Peptide component, isolated via organic solvent precipitation, was analyzed by microbiological techniques. Subsequent mass spectrometry analysis allowed us to specifically identify peptides expressed in basal condition and peptides differentially expressed after bacterial challenge. We identified 33 AMPs in all the analyzed samples, of which 13 are specifically stimulated by Gram negative and/or Gram positive bacterial challenge. AMPs mostly expressed after bacterial challenge could be responsible for a more specific activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Fabiana Giglio
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Roberta Rinaldi
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Marilena E Lekka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Flora Cozzolino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria Monaco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ding SD, Leitão AB, Day JP, Arunkumar R, Phillips M, Zhou SO, Jiggins FM. Trans-regulatory changes underpin the evolution of the Drosophila immune response. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010453. [PMID: 36342922 PMCID: PMC9671443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
When an animal is infected, the expression of a large suite of genes is changed, resulting in an immune response that can defend the host. Despite much evidence that the sequence of proteins in the immune system can evolve rapidly, the evolution of gene expression is comparatively poorly understood. We therefore investigated the transcriptional response to parasitoid wasp infection in Drosophila simulans and D. sechellia. Although these species are closely related, there has been a large scale divergence in the expression of immune-responsive genes in their two main immune tissues, the fat body and hemocytes. Many genes, including those encoding molecules that directly kill pathogens, have cis regulatory changes, frequently resulting in large differences in their expression in the two species. However, these changes in cis regulation overwhelmingly affected gene expression in immune-challenged and uninfected animals alike. Divergence in the response to infection was controlled in trans. We argue that altering trans-regulatory factors, such as signalling pathways or immune modulators, may allow natural selection to alter the expression of large numbers of immune-responsive genes in a coordinated fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre B. Leitão
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jonathan P. Day
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesh Arunkumar
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan Phillips
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shuyu Olivia Zhou
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francis M. Jiggins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hultmark D, Andó I. Hematopoietic plasticity mapped in Drosophila and other insects. eLife 2022; 11:e78906. [PMID: 35920811 PMCID: PMC9348853 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemocytes, similar to vertebrate blood cells, play important roles in insect development and immunity, but it is not well understood how they perform their tasks. New technology, in particular single-cell transcriptomic analysis in combination with Drosophila genetics, may now change this picture. This review aims to make sense of recently published data, focusing on Drosophila melanogaster and comparing to data from other drosophilids, the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Basically, the new data support the presence of a few major classes of hemocytes: (1) a highly heterogenous and plastic class of professional phagocytes with many functions, called plasmatocytes in Drosophila and granular cells in other insects. (2) A conserved class of cells that control melanin deposition around parasites and wounds, called crystal cells in D. melanogaster, and oenocytoids in other insects. (3) A new class of cells, the primocytes, so far only identified in D. melanogaster. They are related to cells of the so-called posterior signaling center of the larval hematopoietic organ, which controls the hematopoiesis of other hemocytes. (4) Different kinds of specialized cells, like the lamellocytes in D. melanogaster, for the encapsulation of parasites. These cells undergo rapid evolution, and the homology relationships between such cells in different insects are uncertain. Lists of genes expressed in the different hemocyte classes now provide a solid ground for further investigation of function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hultmark
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - István Andó
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Genetics, Innate Immunity Group, Eötvös Loránd Research NetworkSzegedHungary
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lv Z, Qiu L, Wang W, Liu Z, Liu Q, Wang L, Song L. RGD-Labeled Hemocytes With High Migration Activity Display a Potential Immunomodulatory Role in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914899. [PMID: 35865522 PMCID: PMC9294365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunocyte migration to infection sites is important for host cellular defense, but the main types of migrating hemocytes and their mechanisms against pathogen invasions are unclear in invertebrates. In the present study, a population of hemocytes in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas labeled with a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing peptide was sorted. RGD+ hemocytes were characterized by a smaller cell size and cytoplasmic-nucleo ratio, fewer cytoplasmic granules, and higher levels of myeloperoxidase, reactive oxygen species, and intracellular free calcium concentration. RGD+ hemocytes exhibited a high level of migration activity, which was further induced after V. splendidus infection. Transcriptome analysis revealed that RGD+ hemocytes highly expressed a series of migration-related genes, which together with migration-promoting genes were significantly upregulated after V. splendidus infection. The neuroendocrine system was also proven to regulate the migration activity of RGD+ hemocytes, especially with the excitatory neuroendocrine factor dopamine, which promoted migration activity as confirmed by receptor blocking assays. Meanwhile, RGD+ hemocytes could highly express immunomodulatory factor interleukin (IL)-17s and their receptor genes, which was positively related to the production of antimicrobial peptides in whole hemocytes after V. splendidus infection. Collectively, this study identified a specific hemocyte population, i.e., RGD+ hemocytes, that shows high migration activity in response to pathogen infection and exerts a potential immunomodulatory role by highly expressing IL-17s that might enhance the hemocytes’ antimicrobial peptide production in oysters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lv
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Limei Qiu, ; Linsheng Song,
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Qing Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Limei Qiu, ; Linsheng Song,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Blood vessel endothelial cells (ECs) have long been known to modulate inflammation by regulating immune cell trafficking, activation status and function. However, whether the heterogeneous EC populations in various tissues and organs differ in their immunomodulatory capacity has received insufficient attention, certainly with regard to considering them for alternative immunotherapy. Recent single-cell studies have identified specific EC subtypes that express gene signatures indicative of phagocytosis or scavenging, antigen presentation and immune cell recruitment. Here we discuss emerging evidence suggesting a tissue-specific and vessel type-specific immunomodulatory role for distinct subtypes of ECs, here collectively referred to as 'immunomodulatory ECs' (IMECs). We propose that IMECs have more important functions in immunity than previously recognized, and suggest that these might be considered as targets for new immunotherapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ahmed S, Kim Y. PGE 2 mediates hemocyte-spreading behavior by activating aquaporin via cAMP and rearranging actin cytoskeleton via Ca 2. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 125:104230. [PMID: 34388674 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spreading behavior of hemocytes (= insect blood cells) is essential for cellular immune responses against various microbial pathogens. It is activated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) via its membrane receptor associated with secondary messenger, cAMP, in insects. This study observed an increase of calcium ion (Ca2+) level after an acute increase of cAMP induced by PGE2 treatment and clarified the intracellular signals underlying the hemocyte-spreading behavior. Inhibition of Ca2+ flux significantly impaired the hemocyte-spreading and subsequent cellular immune response, phagocytosis. The up-regulation of intracellular Ca2+ in response to PGE2 was dependent on cAMP because RNA interference (RNAi) of PGE2 receptor expression or inhibiting adenylate cyclase prevented Ca2+ mobilization. The up-regulation of Ca2+ was induced by inositol triphosphate (IP3) via its specific IP3 receptor. Furthermore, inhibition of ryanodine receptor impaired Ca2+ mobilization, suggesting Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release. However, the effective spreading behavior of hemocytes was dependent on both secondary messengers. Ca2+ signal stimulated by cAMP was required for activating small G proteins because RNAi treatments of small G proteins such as Rac1, RhoA, and Cdc42 failed to stimulate hemocyte-spreading. In contrast, aquaporin was activated by cAMP. Its activity was necessary for changing cell volume during hemocyte-spreading. These results indicate that PGE2 mediates hemocyte-spreading via cAMP signal to activate aquaporin and via Ca2+ signal to activate actin cytoskeletal rearrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir Ahmed
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cell Line Platforms Support Research into Arthropod Immunity. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080738. [PMID: 34442304 PMCID: PMC8397109 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Many insect and tick species are serious pests, because insects damage crop plants and, along with ticks, transmit a wide range of human and animal diseases. One way of controlling these pests is by impairing their immune system, which protects them from bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. An important tool for studying immunity is using long-lasting cell cultures, known as cell lines. These lines can be frozen and thawed at will to be used in automated tests, and they provide consistent results over years. Questions that can be asked using cell lines include: How do insects or ticks recognize when they have been infected and by what organism? What kinds of defensive strategies do they use to contain or kill infectious agents? This article reviews research with insect or tick cell lines to answer these questions, as well as other questions relating to immunity. This review also discusses future research strategies for working with cell lines. Abstract Innate immune responses are essential to maintaining insect and tick health and are the primary defense against pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Cell line research is a powerful method for understanding how invertebrates mount defenses against pathogenic organisms and testing hypotheses on how these responses occur. In particular, immortal arthropod cell lines are valuable tools, providing a tractable, high-throughput, cost-effective, and consistent platform to investigate the mechanisms underpinning insect and tick immune responses. The research results inform the controls of medically and agriculturally important insects and ticks. This review presents several examples of how cell lines have facilitated research into multiple aspects of the invertebrate immune response to pathogens and other foreign agents, as well as comments on possible future research directions in these robust systems.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ozakman Y, Eleftherianos I. Nematode infection and antinematode immunity in Drosophila. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:1002-1013. [PMID: 34154933 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis and Steinernema form mutualistic complexes with Gram-negative bacteria. These insect parasites have emerged as excellent research tools for studying nematode pathogenicity and elucidating the features that allow them to persist and multiply within the host. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of nematode infection and host antinematode processes will lead to the development of novel means for parasitic nematode control. Recent work has demonstrated the power of using the Drosophila infection model to identify novel parasitic nematode infection factors and elucidate the genetic and functional bases of host antinematode defense. Here, we aim to highlight the recent advances and address their contribution to the development of novel means for parasitic nematode control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaprak Ozakman
- Infection and Innate Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao XM, Niu N, Yang JP, Liu WM, Zhang JZ. LmIntegrinβ-PS is required for wing morphogenesis and development in Locusta migratoria. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:705-717. [PMID: 32401389 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wings are an important flight organ of insects and their morphogenesis depends on a series of cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. Integrin as a transmembrane protein receptor mediates cell-to-cell adhesion, cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions and signal transduction. In the present study, we characterized an integrin gene that encodes integrinβ-PS protein in Locusta migratoria. LmIntegrinβ-PS is highly expressed in the wing pads and the middle stages of 5th instar nymphs. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the LmIntegrinβ-PS protein was localized at the cell base of the two layers of wings. After suppression of LmIntegrinβ-PS by RNA interference, the wing pads or wings were unable to form normally, with a blister wing appearance during nymph to nymph transition and nymph to adult transition. We further found that the dorsal and ventral epidermis of the wings after dsLmIntegrinβ-PS injection were improperly connected and formed huge cavities revealed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Furthermore, the morphology and structure of the wing cuticle was significantly disturbed which affected the stable arrangement and attachments of the wing epidermis. Moreover, the expression of related cell adhesion genes was significantly decreased in LmIntegrinβ-PS-suppressed L. migratoria, suggesting that LmIntegrinβ-PS is required for the morphogenesis and development of wings during molting by stabilizing cell adhesion and maintaining the cytoskeleton of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Zhao
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Niu Niu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jia-Peng Yang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wei-Min Liu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jian-Zhen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen P, De Schutter K, Van Damme EJM, Smagghe G. Can Plant Lectins Help to Elucidate Insect Lectin-Mediated Immune Response? INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060497. [PMID: 34071763 PMCID: PMC8226959 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Lectins are proteins that can recognize and selectively bind specific sugar structures. These proteins are present in all kingdoms of life, including plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms and play a role in a broad range of processes. The interactions between lectins and their target carbohydrates play a primordial role in plant and animal immune systems. Despite being the largest and most diverse taxa on earth, the study of lectins and their functions in insects is lagging behind. To study the role of insect lectins in the immune response, plant lectins could provide an interesting tool. Plant lectins have been well characterized and many of them possess immunomodulatory properties in vertebrate cells. The increasing knowledge on the immunomodulatory effects of plant lectins could complement the missing knowledge on the endogenous insect lectins and contribute to understanding the processes and mechanisms by which lectins participate in insect immunity. This review summarizes existing studies of immune responses stimulated by endogenous or exogenous lectins. Abstract Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that recognize and selectively bind to specific sugar structures. This group of proteins is widespread in plants, animals, and microorganisms, and exerts a broad range of functions. Many plant lectins were identified as exogenous stimuli of vertebrate immunity. Despite being the largest and most diverse taxon on earth, the study of lectins and their functions in insects is lagging behind. In insects, research on lectins and their biological importance has mainly focused on the C-type lectin (CTL) family, limiting our global understanding of the function of insect lectins and their role in insect immunity. In contrast, plant lectins have been well characterized and the immunomodulatory effects of several plant lectins have been documented extensively in vertebrates. This information could complement the missing knowledge on endogenous insect lectins and contribute to understanding of the processes and mechanisms by which lectins participate in insect immunity. This review summarizes existing studies of immune responses stimulated by endogenous or exogenous lectins. Understanding how lectins modulate insect immune responses can provide insight which, in turn, can help to elaborate novel ideas applicable for the protection of beneficial insects and the development of novel pest control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Chen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.C.); (K.D.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Kristof De Schutter
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.C.); (K.D.S.)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.C.); (K.D.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moghadam ZM, Henneke P, Kolter J. From Flies to Men: ROS and the NADPH Oxidase in Phagocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:628991. [PMID: 33842458 PMCID: PMC8033005 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.628991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) represents an evolutionary ancient antimicrobial defense system against microorganisms. The NADPH oxidases (NOX), which are predominantly localized to endosomes, and the electron transport chain in mitochondria are the major sources of ROS. Like any powerful immunological process, ROS formation has costs, in particular collateral tissue damage of the host. Moreover, microorganisms have developed defense mechanisms against ROS, an example for an arms race between species. Thus, although NOX orthologs have been identified in organisms as diverse as plants, fruit flies, rodents, and humans, ROS functions have developed and diversified to affect a multitude of cellular properties, i.e., far beyond direct antimicrobial activity. Here, we focus on the development of NOX in phagocytic cells, where the so-called respiratory burst in phagolysosomes contributes to the elimination of ingested microorganisms. Yet, NOX participates in cellular signaling in a cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic manner, e.g., via the release of ROS into the extracellular space. Accordingly, in humans, the inherited deficiency of NOX components is characterized by infections with bacteria and fungi and a seemingly independently dysregulated inflammatory response. Since ROS have both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, their tight regulation in space and time is required for an efficient and well-balanced immune response, which allows for the reestablishment of tissue homeostasis. In addition, distinct NOX homologs expressed by non-phagocytic cells and mitochondrial ROS are interlinked with phagocytic NOX functions and thus affect the overall redox state of the tissue and the cellular activity in a complex fashion. Overall, the systematic and comparative analysis of cellular ROS functions in organisms of lower complexity provides clues for understanding the contribution of ROS and ROS deficiency to human health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Mansoori Moghadam
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kolter
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ma M, Guo L, Tu C, Wang A, Xu L, Luo J. Comparative Analysis of Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev (Hemiptera: Miridae) Immune Responses to Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens. Front Physiol 2021; 12:646721. [PMID: 33815150 PMCID: PMC8012897 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.646721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide-spread culture of transgenic Bt cotton resisting the infamous cotton bollworms has reduced the adoption of broad-spectrum insecticides to a large extent. Consequently, the non-targeted insect Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev has become a major cotton pest in China. Entomopathogenic microbes show promising results for controlling this pest in the future, but A. suturalis innate immune responses to these pathogens are poorly understood. Here, we used the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and the Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria Enterobactor cloacae to infect A. suturalis nymphs, followed by high throughput RNA-seq to analyze the immune transcriptomes of A. suturalis in response to the two pathogens. A total of 150 immunity-related genes were identified, including pattern recognition receptors, extracellular signal modulators, signal pathways (Toll, IMD, JNK, and JAK/STAT), and response effectors. Further quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that B. bassiana and E. cloacae were recognized by different receptors (GNBP and PGRP, respectively); activated Toll pathway and IMD pathway respectively; and both induced expression of the effector gene Defensin. However, melanization is suppressed in B. bassiana-infected nymphs. Collectively, this study provides a transcriptomic snapshot of the A. suturalis immune system, and at the genetic level, gains multifaceted insights of the immune response to fungal and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Ultimately this work pioneers the study of molecular mechanisms underlying immune interactions between A. suturalis and its pathogens and assists in the development of novel mitigation strategies to control this pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Libin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengjie Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aoli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Letian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Salazar-Jaramillo L, Wertheim B. Does Drosophila sechellia escape parasitoid attack by feeding on a toxic resource? PeerJ 2021; 9:e10528. [PMID: 33505786 PMCID: PMC7796662 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Host shifts can drastically change the selective pressures that animals experience from their environment. Drosophila sechellia is a species restricted to the Seychelles islands, where it specializes on the fruit Morinda citrifolia (noni). This fruit is known to be toxic to closely related Drosophila species, including D. melanogaster and D. simulans, releasing D. sechellia from interspecific competition when breeding on this substrate. Previously, we showed that larvae of D. sechellia are unable to mount an effective immunological response against wasp attack, while larvae of closely-related species can defend themselves from parasitoid attack by melanotic encapsulation. We hypothesized that this inability constitutes a trait loss due to a reduced risk of parasitoid attack in noni. Here we present a lab experiment and field survey aimed to test the hypothesis that specialization on noni has released D. sechellia from the antagonistic interaction with its larval parasitoids. Our results from the lab experiment suggest that noni may be harmful to parasitoid wasps. Our results from the field survey indicate that D. sechellia was found in ripe noni, whereas another Drosophila species, D. malerkotliana, was present in unripe and overripe stages. Parasitic wasps of the species Leptopilina boulardi emerged from overripe noni, where D. malerkotliana was the most abundant host, but not from ripe noni. These results indicate that the specialization of D. sechellia on noni has indeed drastically altered its ecological interactions, leading to a relaxation in the selection pressure to maintain parasitoid resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Salazar-Jaramillo
- Vidarium-Nutrition, Health and Wellness Research Center, Medellin, Colombia.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang L, Liu C, Geng X. Identify immune-related genes of adzuki bean weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis) in response to bacteria challenge by transcriptome analysis. Microb Pathog 2021; 151:104749. [PMID: 33484809 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Callosobruchus chinensis is one of the important postharvest pests in legume growing areas. Bacterial pesticide is a potential alternative method to control storage pests. However, the effect of these pathogen bacteria on storage pests, and the molecular mechanisms of insect response remain to be to investigated. RESULTS Using the next generation sequencing technology, we established a transcriptomic library for C. chinensis larvae in response to Escherichia coli. Total of 355 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, which 178 DEGs were upregulated, and 177 DEGs were downregulated compared to control group. To validate the RNA-seq analysis, 20 DEGs and 14 immune-related genes were selected to perform quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). These immune-related genes were involved in recognition (peptidoglycan recognition proteins), signal transduction (fibrinogen-related proteins, serine proteinases and NF-κB), and execution effectors (phenoloxidase, defensin, attacin, and antimicrobial peptide). In addition, genes that encode digestive and respiratory enzymes were altered in C. chinensis larvae in response to infection. Some genes that involved in juvenile hormone and insulin pathway appeared to express differentially, suggesting that pathogen infection might lead to developmental arrest. Furthermore, iron homeostasis and chitin metabolism appeared significantly altered after infection. CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the immune response of C. chinensis larvae in response to E. coli using RNA-seq, from pathogen recognition, signal transduction, to execution. Some other identified genes were involved in iron homeostasis, respiration, and digestion. A better understanding of molecular response of beetle to pathogen will facilitate us to develop an available strategy to control storage pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, PR China; School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, PR China
| | - Xueqing Geng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wan B, Poirié M, Gatti JL. Parasitoid wasp venom vesicles (venosomes) enter Drosophila melanogaster lamellocytes through a flotillin/lipid raft-dependent endocytic pathway. Virulence 2020; 11:1512-1521. [PMID: 33135553 PMCID: PMC7605353 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1838116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Venosomes are extracellular vesicles found in the venom of Leptopilina endoparasitoids wasps, which transport and target virulence factors to impair the parasitoid egg encapsulation by the lamellocytes of their Drosophila melanogaster host larva. Using the co-immunolocalization of fluorescent L. boulardi venosomes and one of the putative-transported virulence factors, LbGAP, with known markers of cellular endocytosis, we show that venosomes endocytosis by lamellocytes is not a process dependent on clathrin or macropinocytosis and internalization seems to bypass the early endosomal compartment Rab5. After internalization, LbGAP colocalizes strongly with flotillin-1 and the GPI-anchored protein Atilla/L1 (a lamellocyte surface marker) suggesting that entry occurs via a flotillin/lipid raft-dependent pathway. Once internalized, venosomes reach all intracellular compartments, including late and recycling endosomes, lysosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum network. Venosomes therefore enter their target cells by a specific mechanism and the virulence factors are widely distributed in the lamellocytes' compartments to impair their functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wan
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wan B, Yang L, Zhang J, Qiu L, Fang Q, Yao H, Poirié M, Gatti JL, Ye G. The Venom of the Ectoparasitoid Wasp Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Induces Apoptosis of Drosophila melanogaster Hemocytes. INSECTS 2020; 11:E363. [PMID: 32545289 PMCID: PMC7349765 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pupal ectoparasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae injects venom into its fly hosts prior to oviposition. We have shown that this venom causes immune suppression in Drosophila melanogaster pupa but the mechanism involved remained unclear. Here, we show using transgenic D. melanogaster with fluorescent hemocytes that the in vivo number of plasmatocytes and lamellocytes decreases after envenomation while it has a limited effect on crystal cells. After in vitro incubation with venom, the cytoskeleton of plasmatocytes underwent rearrangement with actin aggregation around the internal vacuoles, which increased with incubation time and venom concentration. The venom also decreased the lamellocytes adhesion capacity and induced nucleus fragmentation. Electron microscopy observation revealed that the shape of the nucleus and mitochondria became irregular after in vivo incubation with venom and confirmed the increased vacuolization with the formation of autophagosomes-like structures. Almost all venom-treated hemocytes became positive for TUNEL assays, indicating massive induced apoptosis. In support, the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK attenuated the venom-induced morphological changes suggesting an involvement of caspases. Our data indicate that P. vindemiae venom inhibits D. melanogaster host immunity by inducing strong apoptosis in hemocytes. These assays will help identify the individual venom component(s) responsible and the precise mechanism(s)/pathway(s) involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.W.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.Q.); (Q.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.W.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.Q.); (Q.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Jiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.W.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.Q.); (Q.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Liming Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.W.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.Q.); (Q.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.W.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.Q.); (Q.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hongwei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.W.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.Q.); (Q.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Marylène Poirié
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotec h (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d’Azur, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (M.P.); (J.-L.G.)
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotec h (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d’Azur, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (M.P.); (J.-L.G.)
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.W.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.Q.); (Q.F.); (H.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jiang D, Du X, Wang C, Zhang S, Wang G. CD109 antigen-like gene is induced by ecdysone signaling and involved in the cellular immunity of Helicoverpa armigera. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1183-1190. [PMID: 32141410 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1737504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cellular immunity is evolutionarily conserved in invertebrates and vertebrates. In insects, cellular immune response is provided by the hemocytes, and its molecular mechanisms are currently not fully understood. Here, we identified a CD109 antigen-like gene (HaCD109) from Helicoverpa armigera which is highly expressed in the hemocytes of larvae. Stimulation by Escherichia coli and chromatography beads significantly upregulated HaCD109 expression. In vivo HaCD109 silencing significantly increased bacterial load in larval hemolymphs and reduced the hemocyte spread. 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) can induce HaCD109 expression through its receptors, EcR and USP. In vivo HaCD109 silencing nearly abolished 20E-induced bacterial clearance and hemocyte spread. These results suggested that HaCD109 plays an important role in cellular immunity, and the 20E-induced cellular immune response in H. armigera requires HaCD109 involvement. Our study contributes to the understanding of regulatory mechanisms for innate immune response and provides new insights into the interaction between innate immunity and steroid hormone signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Jiang
- College of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xuemeng Du
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Cuiyan Wang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shisong Zhang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Taking Insect Immunity to the Single-Cell Level. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:190-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
20
|
Sajjadian SM, Ahmed S, Al Baki MA, Kim Y. Prostaglandin D 2 synthase and its functional association with immune and reproductive processes in a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 287:113352. [PMID: 31794733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several prostaglandins (PGs) have been identified in different insect species. However, their biosynthesis and physiological roles in insects remain unclear. PGD2 is synthesized by isomerization from PGH2 in mammals. This study identified a PGD2 synthase (SePGDS) in a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua. It showed sequence homology (32.8%) with human PGDS. Based on its conserved active site residues, its N-terminal tyrosine (Y8) was predicted to mediate electron relay from glutathione to PGH2 substrate, which was distinct from the catalysis of PGE2 (=PGD2 isomer) synthase (SePGES). SePGDS was highly expressed in larval and adult stages. RNA interference (RNAi) of SePGDS expression resulted in immunosuppression of cellular immune responses by suppressing the expression of actin polymerization-associated genes. It also suppressed the expression of some antimicrobial genes. Such immunosuppression induced by RNAi treatment was specifically rescued by the addition of PGD2, but not its precursor, arachidonic acid. Such RNAi treatment in adults prevented egg development in females by inhibiting choriogenesis. RNAi treatment also suppressed nurse cell dumping to growing oocytes. However, the addition of PGD2 rescued egg development of RNAi-treated females. These results suggest that SePGDS is responsible for the production of PGD2 which mediates immune and reproductive processes of S. exigua.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyede Minoo Sajjadian
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Shabbir Ahmed
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Abdullah Al Baki
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Thitarodes Armoricanus in Response to the Entomopathogenic Fungi Paecilomyces Hepiali and Ophiocordyceps Sinensis. INSECTS 2019; 11:insects11010004. [PMID: 31861642 PMCID: PMC7022891 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Thitarodes armoricanus is a medicinal and economically important Lepidopteran insect species. The larvae infected by Paecilomyces hepiali survive no more than four days, while those infected by Ophiocordyceps sinensis can survive for several months before mummification. This provides a valuable comparative system to study interactions between an insect host and different pathogenic fungi. By using the T. armoricanus genome, a time-course transcriptome analysis of the whole larvae without guts was performed to explore the larvae response to P. hepiali and O. sinensis infection. A total of 3106 differentially expressed genes in five clusters were identified. The genes involved in coagulation and multiple metabolisms were both suppressed after P. hepiali or O. sinensis infection, whereas those related to environmental information responses, cell processes, biotic stimulus, and immunity (such as cecropin (CEC)) were elevated. The rapid death of T. armoricanus after P. hepiali infection might be caused by osmotic imbalance, immunocompromise (such as DEFs and GLVs), and nervous system dysfunction (glutamatergic synapse). Up-regulation of the genes related to cuticle structure, nervous system (such as neurotrophin signal pathway and dopaminergic synapse) and immune effectors (such as attacin (ATT) and proline-rich antimicrobial peptide 1 (PRAMP1)) in T. armoricanus, may contribute to the co-existence of T. armoricanus and O. sinensis. This study provides a global view and potential key genes of the interaction between T. armoricanus and two fungal entomopathogens.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin YH, Maaroufi HO, Ibrahim E, Kucerova L, Zurovec M. Expression of Human Mutant Huntingtin Protein in Drosophila Hemocytes Impairs Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2405. [PMID: 31681295 PMCID: PMC6805700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic effect of mutant HTT (mHTT) which causes Huntington disease (HD) are not restricted to nervous system. Such phenotypes include aberrant immune responses observed in the HD models. However, it is still unclear how this immune dysregulation influences the innate immune response against pathogenic infection. In the present study, we used transgenic Drosophila melanogaster expressing mutant HTT protein (mHTT) with hemocyte-specific drivers and examined the immune responses and hemocyte function. We found that mHTT expression in the hemocytes did not affect fly viability, but the numbers of circulating hemocytes were significantly decreased. Consequently, we observed that the expression of mHTT in the hemocytes compromised the immune responses including clot formation and encapsulation which lead to the increased susceptibility to entomopathogenic nematode and parasitoid wasp infections. In addition, mHTT expression in Drosophila macrophage-like S2 cells in vitro reduced ATP levels, phagocytic activity and the induction of antimicrobial peptides. Further effects observed in mHTT-expressing cells included the altered production of cytokines and activation of JAK/STAT signaling. The present study shows that the expression of mHTT in Drosophila hemocytes causes deficient cellular and humoral immune responses against invading pathogens. Our findings provide the insight into the pathogenic effects of mHTT in the immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsien Lin
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Houda Ouns Maaroufi
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Emad Ibrahim
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Lucie Kucerova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Michal Zurovec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wan B, Goguet E, Ravallec M, Pierre O, Lemauf S, Volkoff AN, Gatti JL, Poirié M. Venom Atypical Extracellular Vesicles as Interspecies Vehicles of Virulence Factors Involved in Host Specificity: The Case of a Drosophila Parasitoid Wasp. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1688. [PMID: 31379874 PMCID: PMC6653201 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoparasitoid wasps, which lay eggs inside the bodies of other insects, use various strategies to protect their offspring from the host immune response. The hymenopteran species of the genus Leptopilina, parasites of Drosophila, rely on the injection of a venom which contains proteins and peculiar vesicles (hereafter venosomes). We show here that the injection of purified L. boulardi venosomes is sufficient to impair the function of the Drosophila melanogaster lamellocytes, a hemocyte type specialized in the defense against wasp eggs, and thus the parasitic success of the wasp. These venosomes seem to have a unique extracellular biogenesis in the wasp venom apparatus where they acquire specific secreted proteins/virulence factors and act as a transport system to deliver these compounds into host lamellocytes. The level of venosomes entry into lamellocytes of different Drosophila species was correlated with the rate of parasitism success of the wasp, suggesting that this venosome-cell interaction may represent a new evolutionary level of host-parasitoid specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wan
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Emilie Goguet
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marc Ravallec
- INRA, Univ. Montpellier, UMR 1333 "Microorganism and Insect Diversity, Genomes and Interactions" (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Pierre
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Séverine Lemauf
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- INRA, Univ. Montpellier, UMR 1333 "Microorganism and Insect Diversity, Genomes and Interactions" (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marylène Poirié
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim-Jo C, Gatti JL, Poirié M. Drosophila Cellular Immunity Against Parasitoid Wasps: A Complex and Time-Dependent Process. Front Physiol 2019; 10:603. [PMID: 31156469 PMCID: PMC6529592 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-parasitoid interactions are among the most studied interactions between invertebrates because of their fundamental interest - the evolution of original traits in parasitoids - and applied, parasitoids being widely used in biological control. Immunity, and in particular cellular immunity, is central in these interactions, the host encapsulation response being specific for large foreign bodies such as parasitoid eggs. Although already well studied in this species, recent data on Drosophila melanogaster have unquestionably improved knowledge of invertebrate cellular immunity. At the same time, the venomics of parasitoids has expanded, notably those of Drosophila. Here, we summarize and discuss these advances, with a focus on an emerging "time-dependent" view of interactions outcome at the intra- and interspecific level. We also present issues still in debate and prospects for study. Data on the Drosophila-parasitoid model paves the way to new concepts in insect immunity as well as parasitoid wasp strategies to overcome it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marylène Poirié
- INRA, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Leprêtre M, Almunia C, Armengaud J, Salvador A, Geffard A, Palos-Ladeiro M. The immune system of the freshwater zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, decrypted by proteogenomics of hemocytes and plasma compartments. J Proteomics 2019; 202:103366. [PMID: 31015035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The immune system of bivalves is of great interest since it reflects the health status of these organisms during stressful conditions. While immune molecular responses are well documented for marine bivalves, few information is available for continental bivalves such as the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. A proteogenomic approach was conducted on both hemocytes and plasma to identified immune proteins of this non-model species. Combining transcriptomic sequences with mass spectrometry data acquired on proteins is a relevant strategy since 3020 proteins were identified, representing the largest protein inventory for this sentinel organism. Functional annotation and gene ontology (GO) analysis performed on the identified proteins described the main molecular players of hemocytes and plasma in immunity. GO analysis highlights the complementary immune functions of these two compartments in the management of micro-organisms. Functional annotation revealed new mechanisms in the immune defence of the zebra mussel. Proteins rarely observed in the hemolymph of bivalves were pinpointed such as natterin-like and thaumatin-like proteins. Furthermore, the high abundance of complement-related proteins observed in plasma suggested a strong implication of the complement system in the immune defence of D. polymorpha. This work brings a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in zebra mussel immunity. SIGNIFICANCE: Although the molecular mechanisms of marine bivalves are widely investigated, little information is known for continental bivalves. Moreover, few proteomic studies described the complementarity of both hemolymphatic compartments (cellular and plasmatic) in the immune defence of invertebrates. The recent proteogenomics concept made it possible to discover proteins in non-model organisms. Here, we propose a proteogenomic strategy with the zebra mussel, a key sentinel species for biomonitoring of freshwater, to identify and describe the molecular actors involved in the immune system in both hemocytes and plasma compartments. More widely, this study provided new insight into bivalve immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Leprêtre
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et, BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039 51687, Reims, CEDEX, France; Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS UMR 5280, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christine Almunia
- Laboratoire Innovations Technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Laboratoire Innovations Technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Arnaud Salvador
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS UMR 5280, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et, BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039 51687, Reims, CEDEX, France
| | - Mélissa Palos-Ladeiro
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et, BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039 51687, Reims, CEDEX, France.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hao Y, Yu S, Luo F, Jin LH. Jumu is required for circulating hemocyte differentiation and phagocytosis in Drosophila. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:95. [PMID: 30518379 PMCID: PMC6280549 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The regulatory mechanisms of hematopoiesis and cellular immunity show a high degree of similarity between insects and mammals, and Drosophila has become a good model for investigating cellular immune responses. Jumeau (Jumu) is a member of the winged-helix/forkhead (FKH) transcription factor family and is required for Drosophila development. Adult jumu mutant flies show defective hemocyte phagocytosis and a weaker defense capability against pathogen infection. Here, we further investigated the role of jumu in the regulation of larval hemocyte development and phagocytosis. Methods In vivo phagocytosis assays, immunohistochemistry, Real-time quantitative PCR and immunoblotting were performed to investigate the effect of Jumu on hemocyte phagocytosis. 5-Bromo-2-deoxyUridine (BrdU) labeling, phospho-histone H3 (PH3) and TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) staining were performed to analyze the proliferation and apoptosis of hemocyte; immunohistochemistry and Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) clone analysis were performed to investigate the role of Jumu in the activation of Toll pathway. Results Jumu indirectly controls hemocyte phagocytosis by regulating the expression of NimC1 and cytoskeleton reorganization. The loss of jumu also causes abnormal proliferation and differentiation in circulating hemocytes. Our results suggest that a severe deficiency of jumu leads to the generation of enlarged multinucleate hemocytes by affecting the normal cell mitosis process and induces numerous lamellocytes by activating the Toll pathway. Conclusions Jumu regulates circulating hemocyte differentiation and phagocytosis in Drosophila. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanistic roles of cytoskeleton regulatory proteins in phagocytosis and establish a basis for further analyses of the regulatory mechanism of the mammalian ortholog of Jumu in mammalian innate immunity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0305-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Hao
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.,Department of Translational medicine research center, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Shichao Yu
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangzhou Luo
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Hua Jin
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sharma L, Marques G. Fusarium, an Entomopathogen-A Myth or Reality? Pathogens 2018; 7:E93. [PMID: 30487454 PMCID: PMC6314043 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fusarium species has diverse ecological functions ranging from saprophytes, endophytes, and animal and plant pathogens. Occasionally, they are isolated from dead and alive insects. However, research on fusaria-insect associations is very limited as fusaria are generalized as opportunistic insect-pathogens. Additionally, their phytopathogenicity raises concerns in their use as commercial biopesticides. Insect biocontrol potential of Fusarium is favored by their excellent soil survivability as saprophytes, and sometimes, insect-pathogenic strains do not exhibit phytopathogenicity. In addition, a small group of fusaria, those belonging to the Fusarium solani species complex, act as insect mutualists assisting in host growth and fecundity. In this review, we summarize mutualism and pathogenicity among fusaria and insects. Furthermore, we assert on Fusarium entomopathogenicity by analyzing previous studies clearly demonstrating their natural insect-pathogenicity in fields, and their presence in soils. We also review the presence and/or production of a well-known insecticidal metabolite beauvericin by different Fusarium species. Lastly, some proof-of-concept studies are also summarized, which demonstrate the histological as well as immunological changes that a larva undergoes during Fusarium oxysporum pathogenesis. These reports highlight the insecticidal properties of some Fusarium spp., and emphasize the need of robust techniques, which can distinguish phytopathogenic, mutualistic and entomopathogenic fusaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lav Sharma
- CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000⁻801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Guilhermina Marques
- CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000⁻801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Myers AL, Harris CM, Choe KM, Brennan CA. Inflammatory production of reactive oxygen species by Drosophila hemocytes activates cellular immune defenses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:726-732. [PMID: 30292413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a prominent response to infection among innate immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. To better understand the relationship between antimicrobial and regulatory functions of blood cell ROS, we have characterized the ROS response to infection in Drosophila hemocytes. Using fluorescent probes, we find a biphasic hemocyte ROS response to bacterial infection. In the first hour, virtually all hemocytes generate a transient ROS signal, with nonphagocytic cells including prohemocytes and crystal cells displaying exceptionally strong responses. A distinct, and more delayed ROS response starting at 90 min is primarily within cells that have engulfed bacteria, and is sustained for several hours. The early response has a clear regulatory function, as dampening or intensifying the intracellular ROS level has profound effects on plasmatocyte activation. In addition, ROS are necessary and sufficient to activate JNK signalling in crystal cells, and to promote JNK-dependent crystal cell rupture. These findings indicate that Drosophila will be a promising model in which to dissect the mechanisms of ROS stimulation of immune activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Myers
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Caitlin M Harris
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Kwang-Min Choe
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Catherine A Brennan
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Edwards SS, Delgado MG, Nader GPDF, Piel M, Bellaïche Y, Lennon-Duménil AM, Glavic Á. An in vitro method for studying subcellular rearrangements during cell polarization in Drosophila melanogaster hemocytes. Mech Dev 2018; 154:277-286. [PMID: 30096416 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to the power of Drosophila genetics, this animal model has been a precious tool for scientists to uncover key processes associated to innate immunity. The fly immune system relies on a population of macrophage-like cells, also referred to as hemocytes, which are highly migratory and phagocytic, and can easily be followed in vivo. These cells have shown to play important roles in fly development, both at the embryonic and pupal stages. However, there is no robust assay for the study of hemocyte migration in vitro, which limits our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, we contribute to fill this gap by showing that hemocytes adopt a polarized morphology upon ecdysone stimulation, allowing the study of the cytoskeleton rearrangements and organelle reorganization that take place during the first step of cell locomotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sofía Edwards
- Centro de Regulación del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800024, Chile.
| | - María Graciela Delgado
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932 Immunité et Cancer, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Guilherme Pedreira de Freitas Nader
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, France.
| | - Ana María Lennon-Duménil
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932 Immunité et Cancer, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Álvaro Glavic
- Centro de Regulación del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800024, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Iacovone A, Ris N, Poirié M, Gatti JL. Time-course analysis of Drosophila suzukii interaction with endoparasitoid wasps evidences a delayed encapsulation response compared to D. melanogaster. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201573. [PMID: 30070997 PMCID: PMC6072091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii (the spotted-wing Drosophila) appears to be unsuitable for the development of most Drosophila larval endoparasitoids, be they sympatric or not. Here, we questioned the physiological bases of this widespread failure by characterizing the interactions between D. suzukii and various parasitoid species (Asobara japonica, Leptopilina boulardi, Leptopilina heterotoma and Leptopilina victoriae) and comparing them with those observed with D. melanogaster, a rather appropriate host. All parasitoids were able to oviposit in L1 and L2 larval stages of both hosts but their propensity to parasitize was higher on D. melanogaster. A. japonica and, to a much lesser extent, L. heterotoma, were the two species able to successfully develop in D. suzukii, the failure of the parasitism resulting either in the parasitoid encapsulation (notably with L. heterotoma) or the host and parasitoid deaths (especially with L. boulardi and L. victoriae). Compared to D. melanogaster, encapsulation in D. suzukii was strongly delayed and led, if successful, to the production of much larger capsules in surviving flies and, in the event of failure, to the death of both partners because of an uncontrolled melanization. The results thus revealed a different timing of the immune response to parasitoids in D. suzukii compared to D. melanogaster with a lose-lose outcome for parasitoids (generally unsuccessful development) and hosts (high mortality and possible reduction of the fitness of survivors). Finally, these results might suggest that some European endoparasitoids of Drosophila interact with this pest in the field in an unmeasurable way, since they kill their host without reproductive success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Iacovone
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Nicolas Ris
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marylène Poirié
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhou J, Yu HY, Zhang W, Ahmad F, Hu SN, Zhao LL, Zou Z, Sun JH. Comparative analysis of the Monochamus alternatus immune system. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:581-603. [PMID: 28247970 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus, is regarded as a notorious forest pest in Asia, vectoring an invasive pathogenic nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is known to cause pine wilt disease. However, little sequence information is available for this vector beetle. This hampered the research on its immune system. Based on the transcriptome of M. alternatus, we have identified and characterized 194 immunity-related genes in M. alternatus, and compared them with homologues molecules from other species known to exhibit immune responses against invading microbes. The lower number of putative immunity-related genes in M. alternatus were attributed to fewer C-type lectin, serine protease (SP) and anti-microbial peptide (AMP) genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that M. alternatus had a unique recognition gene, galectin3, orthologues of which were not identified in Tribolium castaneum, Drosophila melanogastor, Anopheles gambiae and Apis mellifera. This suggested a lineage-specific gene evolution for coleopteran insects. Our study provides the comprehensive sequence resources of the immunity-related genes of M. alternatus, presenting valuable information for better understanding of the molecular mechanism of innate immunity processes in M. alternatus against B. xylophilus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Ying Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Faheem Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Song-Nian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yu S, Zhang G, Jin LH. A high-sugar diet affects cellular and humoral immune responses in Drosophila. Exp Cell Res 2018; 368:215-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
33
|
From Drosophila Blood Cells to Human Leukemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1076:195-214. [PMID: 29951821 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0529-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The hematopoietic system plays a critical role in establishing the proper response against invading pathogens or in removing cancerous cells. Furthermore, deregulations of the hematopoietic differentiation program are at the origin of numerous diseases including leukemia. Importantly, many aspects of blood cell development have been conserved from human to Drosophila. Hence, Drosophila has emerged as a potent genetic model to study blood cell development and leukemia in vivo. In this chapter, we give a brief overview of the Drosophila hematopoietic system, and we provide a protocol for the dissection and the immunostaining of the larval lymph gland, the most studied hematopoietic organ in Drosophila. We then focus on the various paradigms that have been used in fly to investigate how conserved genes implicated in leukemogenesis control blood cell development. Specific examples of Drosophila models for leukemia are presented, with particular attention to the most translational ones. Finally, we discuss some limitations and potential improvements of Drosophila models for studying blood cell cancer.
Collapse
|
34
|
Hu QQ, Wei XH, Li YP, Wang JL, Liu XS. Identification and characterization of a gene involved in the encapsulation response of Helicoverpa armigera haemocytes. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:752-762. [PMID: 28745455 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation is a kind of cellular immune response of insect haemocytes, which results in the formation of capsules around invading parasites. However, the molecular mechanism of this response is largely unknown. In this study, we identified a potential immune-related gene in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, called defence protein 1 (Ha-DFP1). A tissue distribution analysis revealed that Ha-DFP1 protein was expressed in haemocytes and secreted into the haemolymph of Helic. armigera larvae. The Ha-DFP1 mRNA transcript level in haemocytes and the concentration of the Ha-DFP1 protein in haemolymph both increased after injecting chromatography beads. Purified recombinant Ha-DFP1 bound to the surface of haemocytes and promoted haemocyte encapsulation on chromatography beads in vitro. The spreading ability of haemocytes was inhibited when Ha-DFP1 expression in Helic. armigera larval haemocytes decreased in response to the injection of double-stranded RNA specific to Ha-DFP1, and the encapsulation ability of haemocytes was impaired. Based on these results, we speculate that Ha-DFP1 plays an important role in the Helic. armigera encapsulation response, possibly by binding to the haemocyte surface and mediating spreading behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q-Q Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - X-H Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y-P Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - J-L Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - X-S Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang K, Pan G, Zhao Y, Hao X, Li C, Shen L, Zhang R, Su J, Cui H. A novel immune-related gene HDD1 of silkworm Bombyx mori is involved in bacterial response. Mol Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
36
|
Shahzad T, Zhan MY, Yang PJ, Yu XQ, Rao XJ. Molecular cloning and analysis of a C-type lectin from silkworm Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 95:e21391. [PMID: 28618068 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) play a variety of roles in plants and animals. They are involved in animal development, pathogen recognition, and the activation of immune responses. CTLs carry one or more non-catalytic carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) to bind specific carbohydrates reversibly. Here, we report the molecular cloning and functional analysis of a single-CRD CTL, named C-type lectin-S2 (BmCTL-S2) from the domesticated silkmoth Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). The ORF of CTL-S2 is 666 bp, which encodes a putative protein of 221 amino acids. BmCTL-S2 is expressed in a variety of immune-related tissues, including hemocytes and fat body among others. BmCTL-S2 mRNA level in the midgut and the fat body was significantly increased by bacterial challenges. The recombinant protein (rBmCTL-S2) bound different bacterial cell wall components and bacterial cells. rBmCTL-S2 also inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Taken together, we infer that BmCTL-S2 is a pattern-recognition receptor with antibacterial activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toufeeq Shahzad
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ming-Yue Zhan
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Pei-Jin Yang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Xiang-Jun Rao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tassetto M, Kunitomi M, Andino R. Circulating Immune Cells Mediate a Systemic RNAi-Based Adaptive Antiviral Response in Drosophila. Cell 2017; 169:314-325.e13. [PMID: 28388413 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective antiviral protection in multicellular organisms relies on both cell-autonomous and systemic immunity. Systemic immunity mediates the spread of antiviral signals from infection sites to distant uninfected tissues. In arthropods, RNA interference (RNAi) is responsible for antiviral defense. Here, we show that flies have a sophisticated systemic RNAi-based immunity mediated by macrophage-like haemocytes. Haemocytes take up dsRNA from infected cells and, through endogenous transposon reverse transcriptases, produce virus-derived complementary DNAs (vDNA). These vDNAs template de novo synthesis of secondary viral siRNAs (vsRNA), which are secreted in exosome-like vesicles. Strikingly, exosomes containing vsRNAs, purified from haemolymph of infected flies, confer passive protection against virus challenge in naive animals. Thus, similar to vertebrates, insects use immune cells to generate immunological memory in the form of stable vDNAs that generate systemic immunity, which is mediated by the vsRNA-containing exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Tassetto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122-2280, USA
| | - Mark Kunitomi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122-2280, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122-2280, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Shu M, Mang D, Fu GS, Tanaka S, Endo H, Kikuta S, Sato R. Mechanisms of nodule-specific melanization in the hemocoel of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 70:10-23. [PMID: 26707571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the insect immune system, nodules are known to be a product of the cellular response against microorganisms and may be a preferential target for melanization. However, the mechanism of nodule-preferential melanization remains to be explored. In this study, we identified several mechanisms of nodule-preferential melanization by analyzing congregation and the activation of several factors involved in the prophenoloxidase (proPO)-activating system in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Microorganism-binding assays revealed that B. mori larval plasma have an effective invading microorganism-surveillance network consisting of at least six pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). We also found that a hemolymph serine proteinase, BmHP14, can bind to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pull-down assays showed that PRR C-type lectins form protein complexes with serine proteinase homologs, BmSPH1 and BmSPH2, which leads to the activated forms of BmSPH1 and BmSPH2 being gathered on microorganisms and trapped in nodules. Immunostaining analysis revealed that most factors in the proPO-activating system and some factors in the triggering system for antimicrobial peptide production exist in the granules of hemocytes which can gather in nodules. Western blot analysis showed that factors in the proPO-activating system are congregated in formed nodules by their concentration in plasma and aggregating hemocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Shu
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Dingze Mang
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Gege Sun Fu
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shiho Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Haruka Endo
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shingo Kikuta
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jank T, Belyi Y, Aktories K. Bacterial glycosyltransferase toxins. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1752-65. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jank
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Yury Belyi
- Gamaleya Research Institute; Moscow 123098 Russia
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS); Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Klaus Aktories
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS); Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zug R, Hammerstein P. Wolbachia and the insect immune system: what reactive oxygen species can tell us about the mechanisms of Wolbachia-host interactions. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1201. [PMID: 26579107 PMCID: PMC4621438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria that infect a vast range of arthropod species, making them one of the most prevalent endosymbionts in the world. Wolbachia's stunning evolutionary success is mostly due to their reproductive parasitism but also to mutualistic effects such as increased host fecundity or protection against pathogens. However, the mechanisms underlying Wolbachia phenotypes, both parasitic and mutualistic, are only poorly understood. Moreover, it is unclear how the insect immune system is involved in these phenotypes and why it is not more successful in eliminating the bacteria. Here we argue that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are likely to be key in elucidating these issues. ROS are essential players in the insect immune system, and Wolbachia infection can affect ROS levels in the host. Based on recent findings, we elaborate a hypothesis that considers the different effects of Wolbachia on the oxidative environment in novel vs. native hosts. We propose that newly introduced Wolbachia trigger an immune response and cause oxidative stress, whereas in coevolved symbioses, infection is not associated with oxidative stress, but rather with restored redox homeostasis. Redox homeostasis can be restored in different ways, depending on whether Wolbachia or the host is in charge. This hypothesis offers a mechanistic explanation for several of the observed Wolbachia phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Zug
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yang H, Kronhamn J, Ekström JO, Korkut GG, Hultmark D. JAK/STAT signaling in Drosophila muscles controls the cellular immune response against parasitoid infection. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1664-72. [PMID: 26412855 PMCID: PMC4687419 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of JAK/STAT signaling in the cellular immune response of Drosophila is not well understood. Here, we show that parasitoid wasp infection activates JAK/STAT signaling in somatic muscles of the Drosophila larva, triggered by secretion of the cytokines Upd2 and Upd3 from circulating hemocytes. Deletion of upd2 or upd3, but not the related os (upd1) gene, reduced the cellular immune response, and suppression of the JAK/STAT pathway in muscle cells reduced the encapsulation of wasp eggs and the number of circulating lamellocyte effector cells. These results suggest that JAK/STAT signaling in muscles participates in a systemic immune defense against wasp infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hairu Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jesper Kronhamn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jens-Ola Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden Institute of Biomedical Technology BMT Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Dan Hultmark
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden Institute of Biomedical Technology BMT Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
The Drosophila histone demethylase dKDM5/LID regulates hematopoietic development. Dev Biol 2015; 405:260-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
43
|
Meng Q, Yu HY, Zhang H, Zhu W, Wang ML, Zhang JH, Zhou GL, Li X, Qin QL, Hu SN, Zou Z. Transcriptomic insight into the immune defenses in the ghost moth, Hepialus xiaojinensis, during an Ophiocordyceps sinensis fungal infection. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 64:1-15. [PMID: 26165779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepialus xiaojinensis is an economically important species of Lepidopteran insect. The fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis can infect its larvae, which leads to mummification after 5-12 months, providing a valuable system with which to study interactions between the insect hosts and pathogenic fungi. However, little sequence information is available for this insect. A time-course analysis of the fat body transcriptome was performed to explore the host immune response to O. sinensis infection. In total, 50,164 unigenes were obtained by assembling the reads from two high-throughput approaches: 454 pyrosequencing and Illumina Hiseq2000. Hierarchical clustering and functional examination revealed four major gene clusters. Clusters 1-3 included transcripts markedly induced by the fungal infection within 72 h. Cluster 4, with a lower number of transcripts, was suppressed during the early phase of infection but returned to normal expression levels sometime before 1 year. Based on sequence similarity to orthologs known to participate in immune defenses, 258 candidate immunity-related transcripts were identified, and their functions were hypothesized. The genes were more primitive than those in other Lepidopteran insects. In addition, lineage-specific family expansion of the clip-domain serine proteases and C-type lectins were apparent and likely caused by selection pressures. Global expression profiles of immunity-related genes indicated that H. xiaojinensis was capable of a rapid response to an O. sinensis challenge; however, the larvae developed tolerance to the fungus after prolonged infection, probably due to immune suppression. Specifically, antimicrobial peptide mRNAs could not be detected after chronic infection, because key components of the Toll pathway (MyD88, Pelle and Cactus) were downregulated. Taken together, this study provides insights into the defense system of H. xiaojinensis, and a basis for understanding the molecular aspects of the interaction between the host and the entomopathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hai-Ying Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ji-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gui-Ling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qi-Lian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Song-Nian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Li J, Song CX, Li YP, Li L, Wei XH, Wang JL, Liu XS. Rab3 is involved in cellular immune responses of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 50:78-86. [PMID: 25662061 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Rab3, a member of the Rab GTPase family, has been found to be involved in innate immunity. However, the precise function of this GTPase in innate immunity remains unknown. In this study, we identified a Rab3 gene (Ha-Rab3) from the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera and studied its roles in innate immune responses. Expression of Ha-Rab3 was upregulated in the hemocytes of H. armigera larvae after the injection of Escherichia coli or chromatography beads. The dsRNA-mediated knockdown of Ha-Rab3 gene in H. armigera larval hemocytes led to significant reduction in the phagocytosis and nodulation activities of hemocytes against E. coli, significant increase in the bacterial load in larval hemolymph, and significant reduction in the encapsulation activities of hemocytes toward invading chromatography beads. Furthermore, Ha-Rab3 knockdown significantly suppressed spreading of plasmatocytes. These results suggest that Ha-Rab3 plays important roles in H. armigera cellular immune responses, possibly by mediating spreading of hemocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Cai-Xia Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yu-Ping Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Li Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Salazar-Jaramillo L, Paspati A, van de Zande L, Vermeulen CJ, Schwander T, Wertheim B. Evolution of a cellular immune response in Drosophila: a phenotypic and genomic comparative analysis. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 6:273-89. [PMID: 24443439 PMCID: PMC3942026 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genomic basis of evolutionary adaptation requires insight into the molecular basis underlying phenotypic variation. However, even changes in molecular pathways associated with extreme variation, gains and losses of specific phenotypes, remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we investigate the large interspecific differences in the ability to survive infection by parasitoids across 11 Drosophila species and identify genomic changes associated with gains and losses of parasitoid resistance. We show that a cellular immune defense, encapsulation, and the production of a specialized blood cell, lamellocytes, are restricted to a sublineage of Drosophila, but that encapsulation is absent in one species of this sublineage, Drosophila sechellia. Our comparative analyses of hemopoiesis pathway genes and of genes differentially expressed during the encapsulation response revealed that hemopoiesis-associated genes are highly conserved and present in all species independently of their resistance. In contrast, 11 genes that are differentially expressed during the response to parasitoids are novel genes, specific to the Drosophila sublineage capable of lamellocyte-mediated encapsulation. These novel genes, which are predominantly expressed in hemocytes, arose via duplications, whereby five of them also showed signatures of positive selection, as expected if they were recruited for new functions. Three of these novel genes further showed large-scale and presumably loss-of-function sequence changes in D. sechellia, consistent with the loss of resistance in this species. In combination, these convergent lines of evidence suggest that co-option of duplicated genes in existing pathways and subsequent neofunctionalization are likely to have contributed to the evolution of the lamellocyte-mediated encapsulation in Drosophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Salazar-Jaramillo
- Evolutionary Genetics, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, Groningen University, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Duressa TF, Vanlaer R, Huybrechts R. Locust cellular defense against infections: sites of pathogen clearance and hemocyte proliferation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:244-253. [PMID: 25281274 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The locust cellular defense is mediated by hemocytes and hematopoietic tissue. In Locusta migratoria, the hemocytes and hematopoietic tissue mutually assist each other in clearing invading pathogens from circulation. A β-1, 3-glucan infection induces nodule formation and apoptotic, TUNEL positive, cells in the hematopoietic tissue and massive loss of hemocytes in the circulation, calling for instant proliferation of hemocytes and hematopoietic tissue cells to assure continued host cellular defense. As the locust hematopoietic tissue persists at the adult stage, it was originally designated as being the major source for the replenishment process. Revisiting post infection hemocyte proliferation, using immunofluorescence based tests for DNA synthesis and mitosis, evidenced the lack of β-1, 3-glucan induced cell proliferation in the hematopoietic tissue. Instead these tests identified the circulating hemocytes as the major source for hemocyte replenishment in the circulation. The hematopoietic tissue, however, undergoes a continuous, slow and infection independent regeneration, thereby accumulating potential phagocytes despite infection, and might serve a prophylactic role in containing pathogens in this swarming insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Firdissa Duressa
- Section of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Research group of Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ria Vanlaer
- Section of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Research group of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roger Huybrechts
- Section of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Research group of Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Muñoz-Gómez A, Corredor M, Benítez-Páez A, Peláez C. Development of quantitative proteomics using iTRAQ based on the immunological response of Galleria mellonella larvae challenged with Fusarium oxysporum microconidia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112179. [PMID: 25379782 PMCID: PMC4224417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Galleria mellonella has emerged as a potential invertebrate model for scrutinizing innate immunity. Larvae are easy to handle in host-pathogen assays. We undertook proteomics research in order to understand immune response in a heterologous host when challenged with microconidia of Fusarium oxysporum. The aim of this study was to investigate hemolymph proteins that were differentially expressed between control and immunized larvae sets, tested with F. oxysporum at two temperatures. The iTRAQ approach allowed us to observe the effects of immune challenges in a lucid and robust manner, identifying more than 50 proteins, 17 of them probably involved in the immune response. Changes in protein expression were statistically significant, especially when temperature was increased because this was notoriously affected by F. oxysporum 104 or 106 microconidia/mL. Some proteins were up-regulated upon immune fungal microconidia challenge when temperature changed from 25 to 37°C. After analysis of identified proteins by bioinformatics and meta-analysis, results revealed that they were involved in transport, immune response, storage, oxide-reduction and catabolism: 20 from G. mellonella, 20 from the Lepidoptera species and 19 spread across bacteria, protista, fungi and animal species. Among these, 13 proteins and 2 peptides were examined for their immune expression, and the hypothetical 3D structures of 2 well-known proteins, unannotated for G. mellonella, i.e., actin and CREBP, were resolved using peptides matched with Bombyx mori and Danaus plexippus, respectively. The main conclusion in this study was that iTRAQ tool constitutes a consistent method to detect proteins associated with the innate immune system of G. mellonella in response to infection caused by F. oxysporum. In addition, iTRAQ was a reliable quantitative proteomic approach to detect and quantify the expression levels of immune system proteins and peptides, in particular, it was found that 104 microconidia/mL at 37°C over expressed many more proteins than other treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Muñoz-Gómez
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Estudios Moleculares (GIEM), Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Genetic and Biochemistry of Microorganisms group (GEBIOMIC), Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Bioinformatic Analysis Group (GABi), Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Biotecnología, CIDBIO, Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Corredor
- Genetic and Biochemistry of Microorganisms group (GEBIOMIC), Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Alfonso Benítez-Páez
- Bioinformatic Analysis Group (GABi), Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Biotecnología, CIDBIO, Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia
| | - Carlos Peláez
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Estudios Moleculares (GIEM), Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Control of Drosophila blood cell activation via Toll signaling in the fat body. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102568. [PMID: 25102059 PMCID: PMC4125153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toll signaling pathway, first discovered in Drosophila, has a well-established role in immune responses in insects as well as in mammals. In Drosophila, the Toll-dependent induction of antimicrobial peptide production has been intensely studied as a model for innate immune responses in general. Besides this humoral immune response, Toll signaling is also known to activate blood cells in a reaction that is similar to the cellular immune response to parasite infections, but the mechanisms of this response are poorly understood. Here we have studied this response in detail, and found that Toll signaling in several different tissues can activate a cellular immune defense, and that this response does not require Toll signaling in the blood cells themselves. Like in the humoral immune response, we show that Toll signaling in the fat body (analogous to the liver in vertebrates) is of major importance in the Toll-dependent activation of blood cells. However, this Toll-dependent mechanism of blood cell activation contributes very little to the immune response against the parasitoid wasp, Leptopilina boulardi, probably because the wasp is able to suppress Toll induction. Other redundant pathways may be more important in the defense against this pathogen.
Collapse
|
49
|
Wnt pathway activation increases hypoxia tolerance during development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103292. [PMID: 25093834 PMCID: PMC4122365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to hypoxia, defined as a condition of inadequate oxygen supply, has enabled humans to successfully colonize high altitude regions. The mechanisms attempted by organisms to cope with short-term hypoxia include increased ATP production via anaerobic respiration and stabilization of Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1α (HIF-1α). However, less is known about the means through which populations adapt to chronic hypoxia during the process of development within a life time or over generations. Here we show that signaling via the highly conserved Wnt pathway impacts the ability of Drosophila melanogaster to complete its life cycle under hypoxia. We identify this pathway through analyses of genome sequencing and gene expression of a Drosophila melanogaster population adapted over >180 generations to tolerate a concentration of 3.5-4% O2 in air. We then show that genetic activation of the Wnt canonical pathway leads to increased rates of adult eclosion in low O2. Our results indicate that a previously unsuspected major developmental pathway, Wnt, plays a significant role in hypoxia tolerance.
Collapse
|
50
|
Horn L, Leips J, Starz‐Gaiano M. Phagocytic ability declines with age in adult Drosophila hemocytes. Aging Cell 2014; 13:719-28. [PMID: 24828474 PMCID: PMC4116448 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most multicellular organisms show a physiological decline in immune function with age. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying these changes. We examined Drosophila melanogaster, an important model for identifying genes affecting innate immunity and senescence, to explore the role of phagocytosis in age-related immune dysfunction. We characterized the localized response of immune cells at the dorsal vessel to bacterial infection in 1-week- and 5-week-old flies. We developed a quantitative phagocytosis assay for adult Drosophila and utilized this to characterize the effect of age on phagocytosis in transgenic and natural variant lines. We showed that genes necessary for bacterial engulfment in other contexts are also required in adult flies. We found that blood cells from young and old flies initially engulf bacteria equally well, while cells from older flies accumulate phagocytic vesicles and thus are less capable of destroying pathogens. Our results have broad implications for understanding how the breakdown in cellular processes influences immune function with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Horn
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore MD 21250USA
| | - Jeff Leips
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore MD 21250USA
| | - Michelle Starz‐Gaiano
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore MD 21250USA
| |
Collapse
|