1
|
Abstract
Keratinocyte senescence contributes to skin ageing and epidermal dysfunction. According to the existing knowledge, the transcription factor ΔNp63α plays pivotal roles in differentiation and proliferation of keratinocytes. It is traditionally accepted that ΔNp63α exerts its functions via binding to promoter regions to activate or repress gene transcription. However, accumulating evidence demonstrates that ΔNp63α can bind to elements away from promoter regions of its target genes, mediating epigenetic regulation. On the other hand, several epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, histone modification and variation, chromatin remodelling, as well as enhancer-promoter looping, are found to be related to cell senescence. To systematically elucidate how ΔNp63α affects keratinocyte senescence via epigenetic regulation, we comprehensively compiled the literatures on the roles of ΔNp63α in keratinocyte senescence, epigenetics in cellular senescence, and the relation between ΔNp63α-mediated epigenetic regulation and keratinocyte senescence. Based on the published data, we conclude that ΔNp63α mediates epigenetic regulation via multiple mechanisms: recruiting epigenetic enzymes to modify DNA or histones, coordinating chromatin remodelling complexes (CRCs) or regulating their expression, and mediating enhancer-promoter looping. Consequently, the expression of genes related to cell cycle is modulated, and proliferation of keratinocytes and renewal of stem cells are maintained, by ΔNp63α. During skin inflammaging, the decline of ΔNp63α may lead to epigenetic dysregulation, resultantly deteriorating keratinocyte senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linghan Kuang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chenghua Li
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Golebiewski C, Gastaldi C, Vieu DL, Mari B, Rezzonico R, Bernerd F, Marionnet C. Identification and functional validation of SRC and RAPGEF1 as new direct targets of miR-203, involved in regulation of epidermal homeostasis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14006. [PMID: 37635193 PMCID: PMC10460794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermis is mostly composed of keratinocytes and forms a protecting barrier against external aggressions and dehydration. Epidermal homeostasis is maintained by a fine-tuned balance between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. In the regulation of this process, the keratinocyte-specific miR-203 microRNA is of the outmost importance as it promotes differentiation, notably by directly targeting and down-regulating mRNA expression of genes involved in keratinocyte proliferation, such as ΔNp63, Skp2 and Msi2. We aimed at identifying new miR-203 targets involved in the regulation of keratinocyte proliferation/differentiation balance. To this end, a transcriptome analysis of human primary keratinocytes overexpressing miR-203 was performed and revealed that miR-203 overexpression inhibited functions like proliferation, mitosis and cell cycling, and activated differentiation, apoptosis and cell death. Among the down-regulated genes, 24 putative target mRNAs were identified and 8 of them were related to proliferation. We demonstrated that SRC and RAPGEF1 were direct targets of miR-203. Moreover, both were down-regulated during epidermal morphogenesis in a 3D reconstructed skin model, while miR-203 was up-regulated. Finally silencing experiments showed that SRC or RAPGEF1 contributed to keratinocyte proliferation and regulated their differentiation. Preliminary results suggest their involvement in skin carcinoma hyperproliferation. Altogether this data indicates that RAPGEF1 and SRC could be new mediators of miR-203 in epidermal homeostasis regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cécile Gastaldi
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
- LIA BAHN, CSM-UVSQ, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | | | - Bernard Mari
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR7275, IPMC, Valbonne, France
| | - Roger Rezzonico
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR7275, IPMC, Valbonne, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Woodstock DL, Sammons MA, Fischer M. p63 and p53: Collaborative Partners or Dueling Rivals? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:701986. [PMID: 34291055 PMCID: PMC8287303 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.701986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 and its oncogenic sibling p63 (ΔNp63) direct opposing fates in tumor development. These paralog proteins are transcription factors that elicit their tumor suppressive and oncogenic capacity through the regulation of both shared and unique target genes. Both proteins predominantly function as activators of transcription, leading to a paradigm shift away from ΔNp63 as a dominant negative to p53 activity. The discovery of p53 and p63 as pioneer transcription factors regulating chromatin structure revealed new insights into how these paralogs can both positively and negatively influence each other to direct cell fate. The previous view of a strict rivalry between the siblings needs to be revisited, as p53 and p63 can also work together toward a common goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Woodstock
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Morgan A Sammons
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Martin Fischer
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Riege K, Kretzmer H, Sahm A, McDade SS, Hoffmann S, Fischer M. Dissecting the DNA binding landscape and gene regulatory network of p63 and p53. eLife 2020; 9:e63266. [PMID: 33263276 PMCID: PMC7735755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 is the best-known tumor suppressor, but its sibling p63 is a master regulator of epidermis development and a key oncogenic driver in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Despite multiple gene expression studies becoming available, the limited overlap of reported p63-dependent genes has made it difficult to decipher the p63 gene regulatory network. Particularly, analyses of p63 response elements differed substantially among the studies. To address this intricate data situation, we provide an integrated resource that enables assessing the p63-dependent regulation of any human gene of interest. We use a novel iterative de novo motif search approach in conjunction with extensive ChIP-seq data to achieve a precise global distinction between p53-and p63-binding sites, recognition motifs, and potential co-factors. We integrate these data with enhancer:gene associations to predict p63 target genes and identify those that are commonly de-regulated in SCC representing candidates for prognosis and therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Riege
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI)JenaGermany
| | - Helene Kretzmer
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermany
| | - Arne Sahm
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI)JenaGermany
| | - Simon S McDade
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - Steve Hoffmann
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI)JenaGermany
| | - Martin Fischer
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI)JenaGermany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li X, Zhang D, Ding J, Li L, Wang Z. Identification of ATP2C1 mutations in the patients of Hailey-Hailey disease. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:120. [PMID: 32487029 PMCID: PMC7268385 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial benign chronic pemphigus, also known as Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD), is a clinically rare bullous Dermatosis. However the mechanism has not been clarified. The study aim to detect novel mutations in exons of ATP2C1 gene in HHD patients; to explore the possible mechnism of HHD pathogenesis by examining the expression profile of hSPCA1, miR-203, p63, Notch1 and HKII proteins in the skin lesions of HHD patients. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of HHD patients. All exons of ATP2C1 gene in HHD patients were amplified by PCR and the products were purified and sequenced. All related signaling proteins of interest were stained by using skin lesion tissues from HHD patients and miR-203 levels were also determined. RESULTS One synonymous mutation c.G2598A (in exon 26), one nonsense mutation c.C635A and two missense mutations c.C1286A (p.A429D) and c. A1931G (p. D644G) were identified. The nonsense mutation changed codon UCG to stop codon UAG, causing a premature polypeptide chain of the functional region A. The two missense mutations were located in the region P (phosphorylation region) and the Mn binding site of hSPCA1. The level of hSPCA1 was significantly decreased in HHD patients compared to the normal human controls, accompanied by an increase of miR-203 level and a decrease of p63 and HKII levels. CONCLUSION In our study, we found four mutations in HHD. Meanwhile we found increase of miR-203 level and a decrease of p63 and HKII levels. In addition, Notch1, which was negatively regulated p63, is downregulated. These factors may be involved in the signaling pathways of HHD pathogenesis. Our data showed that both p63 and miR-203 may have significant regulatory effects on Notch1 in the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Dingwei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Jiahui Ding
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Zhenghui Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, NO. 157 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaan'xi Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng J, Yun W, Park J, Kang PJ, Lee G, Song G, Kim IY, You S. Long-term expansion of directly reprogrammed keratinocyte-like cells and in vitro reconstitution of human skin. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:56. [PMID: 32312260 PMCID: PMC7171822 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00642-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human keratinocytes and derived products are crucial for skin repair and regeneration. Despite substantial advances in engineered skin equivalents, their poor availability and immunorejection remain major challenges in skin grafting. Methods Induced keratinocyte-like cells (iKCs) were directly reprogrammed from human urine cells by retroviral transduction of two lineage-specific transcription factors BMI1 and △NP63α (BN). Expression of keratinocyte stem cell or their differentiation markers were assessed by PCR, immunofluorescence and RNA-Sequencing. Regeneration capacity of iKCs were assessed by reconstitution of a human skin equivalent under air-interface condition. Results BN-driven iKCs were similar to primary keratinocytes (pKCs) in terms of their morphology, protein expression, differentiation potential, and global gene expression. Moreover, BN-iKCs self-assembled to form stratified skin equivalents in vitro. Conclusions This study demonstrated an approach to generate human iKCs that could be directly reprogrammed from human somatic cells and extensively expanded in serum- and feeder cell-free systems, which will facilitate their broad applicability in an efficient and patient-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjin Yun
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Park
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Jun Kang
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gilju Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - In Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seungkwon You
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Y, Feng X, Zhang J, Chen X. Iron Regulatory Protein 2 Exerts its Oncogenic Activities by Suppressing TAp63 Expression. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1039-1049. [PMID: 32276991 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2) is a key regulator of iron homeostasis and is found to be altered in several types of human cancer. However, how IRP2 contributes to tumorigenesis remains to be elucidated. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of IRP2 in tumorigenesis and found that IRP2 promotes cell growth by repressing TAp63, a member of p53 tumor suppressor family. Specifically, we found that IRP2 overexpression decreased, whereas IRP2 deficiency increased, TAp63 expression. We also showed that the repression of TAp63 by IRP2 was independent of tumor suppressor p53. To uncover the molecular basis, we found that IRP2 stabilized TAp63 mRNA by binding to an iron response element in the 3'UTR of p63 mRNA. To determine the biological significance of this regulation, we showed that IRP2 facilitates cell proliferation, at least in part, via repressing TAp63 expression. Moreover, we found that IRP2 deficiency markedly alleviated cellular senescence in TAp63-deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts. Together, we have uncovered a novel regulation of TAp63 by IRP2 and our data suggest that IRP2 exerts its oncogenic activities at least in part by repressing TAp63 expression. IMPLICATIONS: We have revealed a novel regulation of TAp63 by IRP2 and our data suggest that IRP2 exerts its oncogenic activities, at least in part, by repressing TAp63 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Xiuli Feng
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Prieto‐Garcia C, Hartmann O, Reissland M, Braun F, Fischer T, Walz S, Schülein‐Völk C, Eilers U, Ade CP, Calzado MA, Orian A, Maric HM, Münch C, Rosenfeldt M, Eilers M, Diefenbacher ME. Maintaining protein stability of ∆Np63 via USP28 is required by squamous cancer cells. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11101. [PMID: 32128997 PMCID: PMC7136964 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor ∆Np63 is a master regulator of epithelial cell identity and essential for the survival of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of lung, head and neck, oesophagus, cervix and skin. Here, we report that the deubiquitylase USP28 stabilizes ∆Np63 and maintains elevated ∆NP63 levels in SCC by counteracting its proteasome-mediated degradation. Impaired USP28 activity, either genetically or pharmacologically, abrogates the transcriptional identity and suppresses growth and survival of human SCC cells. CRISPR/Cas9-engineered in vivo mouse models establish that endogenous USP28 is strictly required for both induction and maintenance of lung SCC. Our data strongly suggest that targeting ∆Np63 abundance via inhibition of USP28 is a promising strategy for the treatment of SCC tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Prieto‐Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyProtein Stability and Cancer GroupUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre MainfrankenWürzburgGermany
| | - Oliver Hartmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyProtein Stability and Cancer GroupUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre MainfrankenWürzburgGermany
| | - Michaela Reissland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyProtein Stability and Cancer GroupUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre MainfrankenWürzburgGermany
| | - Fabian Braun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyProtein Stability and Cancer GroupUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre MainfrankenWürzburgGermany
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyProtein Stability and Cancer GroupUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
- Department for RadiotherapyUniversity Hospital WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Susanne Walz
- Core Unit BioinformaticsComprehensive Cancer Centre MainfrankenUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | | | - Ursula Eilers
- Core Unit High‐Content MicroscopyBiocenterUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Carsten P Ade
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre MainfrankenWürzburgGermany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Marco A Calzado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)CórdobaSpain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e InmunologíaUniversidad de CórdobaCórdobaSpain
- Hospital Universitario Reina SofíaCórdobaSpain
| | - Amir Orian
- Faculty of MedicineTICCTechnion HaifaIsrael
| | - Hans M Maric
- Rudolf‐Virchow‐Center for Experimental BiomedicineWürzburgGermany
| | - Christian Münch
- Institute of Biochemistry IIGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Mathias Rosenfeldt
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre MainfrankenWürzburgGermany
- Institute for PathologyUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Martin Eilers
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre MainfrankenWürzburgGermany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Markus E Diefenbacher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyProtein Stability and Cancer GroupUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre MainfrankenWürzburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guarino AM, Troiano A, Pizzo E, Bosso A, Vivo M, Pinto G, Amoresano A, Pollice A, La Mantia G, Calabrò V. Oxidative Stress Causes Enhanced Secretion of YB-1 Protein that Restrains Proliferation of Receiving Cells. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9100513. [PMID: 30360431 PMCID: PMC6210257 DOI: 10.3390/genes9100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The prototype cold-shock Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) is a multifunctional protein that regulates a variety of fundamental biological processes including cell proliferation and migration, DNA damage, matrix protein synthesis and chemotaxis. The plethora of functions assigned to YB-1 is strictly dependent on its subcellular localization. In resting cells, YB-1 localizes to cytoplasm where it is a component of messenger ribonucleoprotein particles. Under stress conditions, YB-1 contributes to the formation of stress granules (SGs), cytoplasmic foci where untranslated messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are sorted or processed for reinitiation, degradation, or packaging into ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs). Following DNA damage, YB-1 translocates to the nucleus and participates in DNA repair thereby enhancing cell survival. Recent data show that YB-1 can also be secreted and YB-1-derived polypeptides are found in plasma of patients with sepsis and malignancies. Here we show that in response to oxidative insults, YB-1 assembly in SGs is associated with an enhancement of YB-1 protein secretion. An enriched fraction of extracellular YB-1 (exYB-1) significantly inhibited proliferation of receiving cells and such inhibition was associated to a G2/M cell cycle arrest, induction of p21WAF and reduction of ΔNp63α protein level. All together, these data show that acute oxidative stress causes sustained release of YB-1 as a paracrine/autocrine signal that stimulate cell cycle arrest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maria Guarino
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Annaelena Troiano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Elio Pizzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Andrea Bosso
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Maria Vivo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Pinto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pollice
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Girolama La Mantia
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Viola Calabrò
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Srivastava K, Pickard A, Craig SG, Quinn GP, Lambe SM, James JA, McDade SS, McCance DJ. ΔNp63γ/SRC/Slug Signaling Axis Promotes Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Squamous Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3917-3927. [PMID: 29739791 PMCID: PMC6098695 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and its importance in tumor invasion.Experimental Design: We use a three-dimensional invasive organotypic raft culture model of human foreskin keratinocytes expressing the E6/E7 genes of the human papilloma virus-16, coupled with bioinformatic and IHC analysis of patient samples to investigate the role played by EMT in invasion and identify effectors and upstream regulatory pathways.Results: We identify SNAI2 (Slug) as a critical effector of EMT-activated downstream of TP63 overexpression in HNSCC. Splice-form-specific depletion and rescue experiments further identify the ΔNp63γ isoform as both necessary and sufficient to activate the SRC signaling axis and SNAI2-mediated EMT and invasion. Moreover, elevated SRC levels are associated with poor outcome in patients with HNSCC in The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. Importantly, the effects on EMT and invasions and SNAI2 expression can be reversed by genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of SRC.Conclusions: Overexpression of ΔNp63γ modulates cell invasion by inducing targetable SRC-Slug-evoked EMT in HNSCC, which can be reversed by inhibitors of the SRC signaling. Clin Cancer Res; 24(16); 3917-27. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirtiman Srivastava
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
| | - Adam Pickard
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie G Craig
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard P Quinn
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Shauna M Lambe
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline A James
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Simon S McDade
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
| | - Dennis J McCance
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dual Role of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome in Regulating Stemness and Differentiation in Human Primary Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
12
|
Chen Y, Peng Y, Fan S, Li Y, Xiao ZX, Li C. A double dealing tale of p63: an oncogene or a tumor suppressor. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:965-973. [PMID: 28975366 PMCID: PMC11105324 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As a member of tumor suppressor p53 family, p63, a gene encoding versatile protein variant, has been documented to correlate with cancer formation and progression, though it is rarely mutated in cancer patients. However, it has long been controversial on whether p63 is an oncogene or a tumor suppressor. Here, we comprehensively reviewed reports on roles of p63 in development, tumorigenesis and tumor progression. According to data from molecular cell biology, genetic models and clinic research, we conclude that p63 may act as either an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene in different scenarios: TA isoforms of p63 gene are generally tumor-suppressive through repressing cell proliferation, survival and metastasis; ΔN isoforms, however, may initiate tumorigenesis via promoting cell proliferation and survival, but inhibit tumor metastasis and progression; effects of p63 on tumor formation and progression depend on the context of the whole p53 family, and either amplification or loss of p63 gene locus can break the balance to cause tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonglong Chen
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yougong Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, 448000, China
| | - Shijie Fan
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yimin Li
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Xiao
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chenghua Li
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Levan J, Vliet-Gregg PA, Robinson KL, Katzenellenbogen RA. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and NFX1-123 mislocalize immune signaling proteins and downregulate immune gene expression in keratinocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187514. [PMID: 29117186 PMCID: PMC5695606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, affecting an estimated 11% of the world's population. The high-risk HPV types (HR HPV) account for approximately 5% of the global burden of cancer and thus cause high morbidity and mortality. Although it is known that persistent infection with HR HPV is the greatest risk factor for developing HPV-associated cancer, and that the HPV early proteins E6 and E7 dysregulate immune detection by its host cells, the mechanisms of immune evasion by HR HPV are not well understood. Previous work in the laboratory identified the endogenous cytoplasmic host protein NFX1-123 as a binding partner of the HR HPV type 16 oncoprotein E6 (16E6). Together NFX1-123 and 16E6 affect cellular growth, differentiation, and immortalization genes and pathways. In a whole genome microarray, human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) stably expressing 16E6 and overexpressing NFX1-123 showed a diverse set of innate immune genes downregulated two-fold or more when compared to 16E6 cells with endogenous NFX1-123. We demonstrated that 16E6 and NFX1-123 decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in 16E6 HFKs at the mRNA and protein level. Knock down of NFX1-123 in 16E6 HFKs resulted in a derepression of innate immune genes, pointing to the requirement of NFX1-123 for immune regulation in the context of 16E6. Studies using immunofluorescent microscopy revealed that 16E6 and NFX1-123 disturbed the normal localization of signaling proteins involved in initiating the immune response. This study identifies NFX1-123 as a critical host protein partner through which 16E6 is able to subvert the immune response and in turn permit a long-lived HR HPV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Levan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Pathobiology Interdisciplinary Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Portia A. Vliet-Gregg
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristin L. Robinson
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rachel A. Katzenellenbogen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Pathobiology Interdisciplinary Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kranjec C, Holleywood C, Libert D, Griffin H, Mahmood R, Isaacson E, Doorbar J. Modulation of basal cell fate during productive and transforming HPV-16 infection is mediated by progressive E6-driven depletion of Notch. J Pathol 2017; 242:448-462. [PMID: 28497579 PMCID: PMC5601300 DOI: 10.1002/path.4917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In stratified epithelia such as the epidermis, homeostasis is maintained by the proliferation of cells in the lower epithelial layers and the concomitant loss of differentiated cells from the epithelial surface. These differentiating keratinocytes progressively stratify and form a self‐regenerating multi‐layered barrier that protects the underlying dermis. In such tissue, the continual loss and replacement of differentiated cells also limits the accumulation of oncogenic mutations within the tissue. Inactivating mutations in key driver genes, such as TP53 and NOTCH1, reduce the proportion of differentiating cells allowing for the long‐term persistence of expanding mutant clones in the tissue. Here we show that through the expression of E6, HPV‐16 prevents the early fate commitment of human keratinocytes towards differentiation and confers a strong growth advantage to human keratinocytes. When E6 is expressed either alone or with E7, it promotes keratinocyte proliferation at high cell densities, through the combined inactivation of p53 and Notch1. In organotypic raft culture, the activity of E6 is restricted to the basal layer of the epithelium and is enhanced during the progression from productive to abortive or transforming HPV‐16 infection. Consistent with this, the expression of p53 and cleaved Notch1 becomes progressively more disrupted, and is associated with increased basal cell density and reduced commitment to differentiation. The expression of cleaved Notch1 is similarly disrupted also in HPV‐16‐positive cervical lesions, depending on neoplastic grade. When taken together, these data depict an important role of high‐risk E6 in promoting the persistence of infected keratinocytes in the basal and parabasal layers through the inactivation of gene products that are commonly mutated in non‐HPV‐associated neoplastic squamous epithelia. © 2017 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kranjec
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - Christina Holleywood
- The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - Diane Libert
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heather Griffin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - Radma Mahmood
- The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - Erin Isaacson
- The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim KH, Cho EG, Yu SJ, Kang H, Kim YJ, Kim SH, Lee TR. ΔNp63 intronic miR-944 is implicated in the ΔNp63-mediated induction of epidermal differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2015. [PMID: 26202967 PMCID: PMC4551945 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ΔNp63 is required for both the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, but its role in the differentiation of these cells is poorly understood. The corresponding gene, TP63, harbors the MIR944 sequence within its intron. However, the mechanism of biogenesis and the function of miR-944 are unknown. We found that miR-944 is highly expressed in keratinocytes, in a manner that is concordant with that of ΔNp63 mRNA, but the regulation of miR-944 expression under various conditions did not correspond with that of ΔNp63. Bioinformatics analysis and functional studies demonstrated that MIR944 has its own promoter. We demonstrate here that MIR944 is a target of ΔNp63. Promoter analysis revealed that the activity of the MIR944 promoter was markedly enhanced by the binding of ΔNp63, which was maintained by the supportive action of AP-2 during keratinocyte differentiation. Our results indicated that miR-944 biogenesis is dependent on ΔNp63 protein, even though it is generated from ΔNp63 mRNA-independent transcripts. We also demonstrated that miR-944 induces keratin 1 and keratin 10 expression by inhibiting ERK signaling and upregulating p53 expression. Our findings suggested that miR-944, as an intronic miRNA and a direct target of ΔNp63, contributes to the function of ΔNp63 in the induction of epidermal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Han Kim
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Koreaf
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Koreaf
| | - Seok Jong Yu
- National Institute of Supercomputing and Networking, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Kang
- National Institute of Supercomputing and Networking, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jin Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Koreaf
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Toufighi K, Yang JS, Luis NM, Aznar Benitah S, Lehner B, Serrano L, Kiel C. Dissecting the calcium-induced differentiation of human primary keratinocytes stem cells by integrative and structural network analyses. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004256. [PMID: 25946651 PMCID: PMC4422705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular details underlying the time-dependent assembly of protein complexes in cellular networks, such as those that occur during differentiation, are largely unexplored. Focusing on the calcium-induced differentiation of primary human keratinocytes as a model system for a major cellular reorganization process, we look at the expression of genes whose products are involved in manually-annotated protein complexes. Clustering analyses revealed only moderate co-expression of functionally related proteins during differentiation. However, when we looked at protein complexes, we found that the majority (55%) are composed of non-dynamic and dynamic gene products ('di-chromatic'), 19% are non-dynamic, and 26% only dynamic. Considering three-dimensional protein structures to predict steric interactions, we found that proteins encoded by dynamic genes frequently interact with a common non-dynamic protein in a mutually exclusive fashion. This suggests that during differentiation, complex assemblies may also change through variation in the abundance of proteins that compete for binding to common proteins as found in some cases for paralogous proteins. Considering the example of the TNF-α/NFκB signaling complex, we suggest that the same core complex can guide signals into diverse context-specific outputs by addition of time specific expressed subunits, while keeping other cellular functions constant. Thus, our analysis provides evidence that complex assembly with stable core components and competition could contribute to cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Toufighi
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jae-Seong Yang
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuno Miguel Luis
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Aznar Benitah
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (SAB); (BL); (LS); (CK)
| | - Ben Lehner
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (SAB); (BL); (LS); (CK)
| | - Luis Serrano
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (SAB); (BL); (LS); (CK)
| | - Christina Kiel
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (SAB); (BL); (LS); (CK)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li X, Ottosson S, Wang S, Jernberg E, Boldrup L, Gu X, Nylander K, Li A. Wilms' tumor gene 1 regulates p63 and promotes cell proliferation in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:342. [PMID: 25929687 PMCID: PMC4421988 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wilms’ tumor gene 1 (WT1) can act as a suppressor or activator of tumourigenesis in different types of human malignancies. The role of WT1 in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is not clear. Overexpression of WT1 has been reported in SCCHN, suggesting a possible oncogenic role for WT1. In the present study we aimed at investigating the function of WT1 and its previously identified protein partners p63 and p53 in the SCCHN cell line FaDu. Methods Silencing RNA (siRNA) technology was applied to knockdown of WT1, p63 and p53 in FaDu cells. Cell proliferation was detected using MTT assay. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)/PCR analysis was performed to confirm the effect of WT1 on the p63 promoter. Protein co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) was used to find protein interaction between WT1 and p53/p63. Microarray analysis was used to identify changes of gene expression in response to knockdown of either WT1 or p63. WT1 RNA level was detected using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in patients with SCCHN. Results We found that WT1 and p63 promoted cell proliferation, while mutant p53 (R248L) possessed the ability to suppress cell proliferation. We reported a novel positive correlation between WT1 and p63 expression. Subsequently, p63 was identified as a WT1 target gene. Furthermore, expression of 18 genes involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation and DNA replication was significantly altered by downregulation of WT1 and p63 expression. Several known WT1 and p63 target genes were affected by WT1 knockdown. Protein interaction was demonstrated between WT1 and p53 but not between WT1 and p63. Additionally, high WT1 mRNA levels were detected in SCCHN patient samples. Conclusions Our findings suggest that WT1 and p63 act as oncogenes in SCCHN, affecting multiple genes involved in cancer cell growth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1356-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingru Li
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, By 6 M, 2nd floor, Umeå, 90185, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Ottosson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, By 6 M, 2nd floor, Umeå, 90185, Sweden.
| | - Sihan Wang
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, By 6 M, 2nd floor, Umeå, 90185, Sweden.
| | - Emma Jernberg
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, By 6 M, 2nd floor, Umeå, 90185, Sweden.
| | - Linda Boldrup
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, By 6 M, 2nd floor, Umeå, 90185, Sweden.
| | - Xiaolian Gu
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, By 6 M, 2nd floor, Umeå, 90185, Sweden.
| | - Karin Nylander
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, By 6 M, 2nd floor, Umeå, 90185, Sweden.
| | - Aihong Li
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, By 6 M, 2nd floor, Umeå, 90185, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vliet-Gregg PA, Hamilton JR, Katzenellenbogen RA. Human papillomavirus 16E6 and NFX1-123 potentiate Notch signaling and differentiation without activating cellular arrest. Virology 2015; 478:50-60. [PMID: 25723053 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) oncoproteins bind host cell proteins to dysregulate and uncouple apoptosis, senescence, differentiation, and growth. These pathways are important for both the viral life cycle and cancer development. HR HPV16 E6 (16E6) interacts with the cellular protein NFX1-123, and they collaboratively increase the growth and differentiation master regulator, Notch1. In 16E6 expressing keratinocytes (16E6 HFKs), the Notch canonical pathway genes Hes1 and Hes5 were increased with overexpression of NFX1-123, and their expression was directly linked to the activation or blockade of the Notch1 receptor. Keratinocyte differentiation genes Keratin 1 and Keratin 10 were also increased, but in contrast their upregulation was only indirectly associated with Notch1 receptor stimulation and was fully unlinked to growth arrest, increased p21(Waf1/CIP1), or decreased proliferative factor Ki67. This leads to a model of 16E6, NFX1-123, and Notch1 differently regulating canonical and differentiation pathways and entirely uncoupling cellular arrest from increased differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Portia A Vliet-Gregg
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children׳s Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jennifer R Hamilton
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children׳s Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Rachel A Katzenellenbogen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children׳s Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Riemondy K, Hoefert JE, Yi R. Not miR-ly micromanagers: the functions and regulatory networks of microRNAs in mammalian skin. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2014; 5:849-65. [PMID: 25044412 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The microRNA (miRNA) pathway is a widespread mechanism of post-transcriptional gene regulation in eukaryotic cells. In animals, each miRNA species can regulate hundreds of protein-coding genes, resulting in pervasive functions for miRNAs in numerous cellular processes. Since the identification of the first mammalian miRNA, the function of miRNAs in mammals has been a topic of great interest, both because of the versatile roles of miRNAs in biological systems, as well as the clinical potential of these regulatory RNAs. With well-defined cell lineages and the availability of versatile tools for both in vivo and in vitro studies, mammalian skin has emerged as an important system in which to examine miRNAs' functions in adult tissues. In this review, we discuss recent insights into the functions and regulatory networks of miRNAs in mammals, with a specific focus on murine skin development as a model system. We first introduce functional analyses of the miRNA biogenesis pathway in the skin, then highlight the functions of individual miRNAs in skin development, followed by an examination of miRNA roles in skin stress responses. We finish with a discussion of miRNA regulatory networks and emphasize future challenges and emerging technologies that permit the genome-wide study of miRNA functions and regulatory mechanisms in mammalian skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent Riemondy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
McDade SS, Patel D, Moran M, Campbell J, Fenwick K, Kozarewa I, Orr NJ, Lord CJ, Ashworth AA, McCance DJ. Genome-wide characterization reveals complex interplay between TP53 and TP63 in response to genotoxic stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:6270-85. [PMID: 24823795 PMCID: PMC4041465 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to genotoxic stress the TP53 tumour suppressor activates target gene expression to induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis depending on the extent of DNA damage. These canonical activities can be repressed by TP63 in normal stratifying epithelia to maintain proliferative capacity or drive proliferation of squamous cell carcinomas, where TP63 is frequently overexpressed/amplified. Here we use ChIP-sequencing, integrated with microarray analysis, to define the genome-wide interplay between TP53 and TP63 in response to genotoxic stress in normal cells. We reveal that TP53 and TP63 bind to overlapping, but distinct cistromes of sites through utilization of distinctive consensus motifs and that TP53 is constitutively bound to a number of sites. We demonstrate that cisplatin and adriamycin elicit distinct effects on TP53 and TP63 binding events, through which TP53 can induce or repress transcription of an extensive network of genes by direct binding and/or modulation of TP63 activity. Collectively, this results in a global TP53-dependent repression of cell cycle progression, mitosis and DNA damage repair concomitant with activation of anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic canonical target genes. Further analyses reveal that in the absence of genotoxic stress TP63 plays an important role in maintaining expression of DNA repair genes, loss of which results in defective repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon S McDade
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Daksha Patel
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Michael Moran
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - James Campbell
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kerry Fenwick
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Iwanka Kozarewa
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nicholas J Orr
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J Lord
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alan A Ashworth
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Dennis J McCance
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
McDade SS, Henry AE, Pivato GP, Kozarewa I, Mitsopoulos C, Fenwick K, Assiotis I, Hakas J, Zvelebil M, Orr N, Lord CJ, Patel D, Ashworth A, McCance DJ. Genome-wide analysis of p63 binding sites identifies AP-2 factors as co-regulators of epidermal differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:7190-206. [PMID: 22573176 PMCID: PMC3424553 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The p63 transcription factor (TP63) is critical in development, growth and differentiation of stratifying epithelia. This is highlighted by the severity of congenital abnormalities caused by TP63 mutations in humans, the dramatic phenotypes in knockout mice and de-regulation of TP63 expression in neoplasia altering the tumour suppressive roles of the TP53 family. In order to define the normal role played by TP63 and provide the basis for better understanding how this network is perturbed in disease, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify >7500 high-confidence TP63-binding regions across the entire genome, in primary human neonatal foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs). Using integrative strategies, we demonstrate that only a subset of these sites are bound by TP53 in response to DNA damage. We identify a role for TP63 in transcriptional regulation of multiple genes genetically linked to cleft palate and identify AP-2alpha (TFAP2A) as a co-regulator of a subset of these genes. We further demonstrate that AP-2gamma (TFAP2C) can bind a subset of these regions and that acute depletion of either TFAP2A or TFAP2C alone is sufficient to reduce terminal differentiation of organotypic epidermal skin equivalents, indicating overlapping physiological functions with TP63.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon S. McDade
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alexandra E. Henry
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Geraldine P. Pivato
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Iwanka Kozarewa
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Constantinos Mitsopoulos
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kerry Fenwick
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Ioannis Assiotis
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Jarle Hakas
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Marketa Zvelebil
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nicholas Orr
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Daksha Patel
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Dennis J. McCance
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
DeltaNp63alpha-mediated induction of epidermal growth factor receptor promotes pancreatic cancer cell growth and chemoresistance. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26815. [PMID: 22053213 PMCID: PMC3203907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is highly resistant to current chemotherapy regimens, in part due to alterations in the p53 tumor suppressor pathway. p53 homolog p63 is a transcription factor essential for the development and differentiation of epithelial surfaces. However its function in cancer is controversial and its role in PDAC is not known. We discovered that ΔNp63α was the predominantly expressed p63 variant in pancreatic cancer cell lines. ΔNp63α protein and mRNA levels were high in T3M4, BxPC3 and COLO-357 pancreatic cancer cells and low in ASPC-1 and PANC-1 cells. Overexpression of ΔNp63α in PANC-1 cells and shRNA-mediated knockdown in T3M4 cells indicated that ΔNp63α promoted anchorage-dependent and -independent growth, motility and invasion, and enhanced resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways contribute to the biological aggressiveness of PDAC, and we found that the motogenic effects of ΔNp63α were augmented in presence of EGF. Ectopic expression of ΔNp63α resulted in upregulation of EGFR and β1-integrin in PANC-1 cells. Conversely, ΔNp63α knockdown had an opposite effect in T3M4 cells. ΔNp63α potentiated EGF-mediated activation of ERK, Akt and JNK signaling. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and functional reporter assays demonstrated that ΔNp63α activated EGFR transcription. 14-3-3σ transcription was also positively regulated by ΔNp63α and we have previously shown that 14-3-3σ contributes to chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Conversely, shRNA-mediated knockdown of 14-3-3σ led to abrogation of the ΔNp63α effects on cell proliferation and invasion. Thus, p53 homolog ΔNp63α enhances the oncogenic potential of pancreatic cancer cells through trans-activation of EGFR and 14-3-3σ.
Collapse
|