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Leonhardt SA, Purdy MD, Grover JR, Yang Z, Poulos S, McIntire WE, Tatham EA, Erramilli SK, Nosol K, Lai KK, Ding S, Lu M, Uchil PD, Finzi A, Rein A, Kossiakoff AA, Mothes W, Yeager M. Antiviral HIV-1 SERINC restriction factors disrupt virus membrane asymmetry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4368. [PMID: 37474505 PMCID: PMC10359404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The host proteins SERINC3 and SERINC5 are HIV-1 restriction factors that reduce infectivity when incorporated into the viral envelope. The HIV-1 accessory protein Nef abrogates incorporation of SERINCs via binding to intracellular loop 4 (ICL4). Here, we determine cryoEM maps of full-length human SERINC3 and an ICL4 deletion construct, which reveal that hSERINC3 is comprised of two α-helical bundles connected by a ~ 40-residue, highly tilted, "crossmember" helix. The design resembles non-ATP-dependent lipid transporters. Consistently, purified hSERINCs reconstituted into proteoliposomes induce flipping of phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. Furthermore, SERINC3, SERINC5 and the scramblase TMEM16F expose PS on the surface of HIV-1 and reduce infectivity, with similar results in MLV. SERINC effects in HIV-1 and MLV are counteracted by Nef and GlycoGag, respectively. Our results demonstrate that SERINCs are membrane transporters that flip lipids, resulting in a loss of membrane asymmetry that is strongly correlated with changes in Env conformation and loss of infectivity.
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Grants
- P01 AI150471 NIAID NIH HHS
- P41 GM103311 NIGMS NIH HHS
- G20 RR031199 NCRR NIH HHS
- R01 GM117372 NIGMS NIH HHS
- U54 AI170856 NIAID NIH HHS
- S10 OD018149 NIH HHS
- U24 GM129539 NIGMS NIH HHS
- S10 RR025067 NCRR NIH HHS
- This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants P50 AI15046 and U54 AI170856-01 (M.Y., W.M. and A.K.K.), R01 AI154092 (M.Y.), R01 GM117372 (A.A.K.) and P01 AI150471 (W.M.)., by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, and in part by the NIH Intramural AIDS Targeted Antiviral Program. S.D. and A.F. were supported by the CIHR grant 352417 and a Canada Research Chair. Some molecular graphics and analyses were performed with the University of California, San Francisco Chimera package. Chimera is developed by the Resource for Biocomputing, Visualization, and Informatics at the University of California, San Francisco (supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences Grant P41 GM103311).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Leonhardt
- The Phillip and Patricia Frost Institute for Chemistry and Molecular Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Michael D Purdy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Molecular Electron Microscopy Core, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Jonathan R Grover
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Ziwei Yang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Sandra Poulos
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - William E McIntire
- The Phillip and Patricia Frost Institute for Chemistry and Molecular Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Tatham
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Satchal K Erramilli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Kamil Nosol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Kin Kui Lai
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box B, Building 535, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maolin Lu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Pradeep D Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alan Rein
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box B, Building 535, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Anthony A Kossiakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Mark Yeager
- The Phillip and Patricia Frost Institute for Chemistry and Molecular Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA.
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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2
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Liu C, Wang L, Chen X, Liu Z, Shen Y, Wu Y, Zhou Y, Li J, Cao Z, Sun Y. TroTNFSF6, a tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member, promotes antibacterial immune response of golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108484. [PMID: 36516955 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 (TNFSF6), also known as FasL/CD95L, is essential for maintaining the body's immune homeostasis. However, the current reports on TNFSF6 in fish are relatively scarce. In the present study, we conducted functional analyses of a TNFSF6 (TroTNFSF6) from the teleost fish golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). TroTNFSF6 is composed of 228 amino acids and has a low similarity with other species (9.65%-58.79%). TroTNFSF6 was expressed in the 11 tissues tested and was significantly up-regulated after Edwardsiella tarda infection. In vivo, overexpression of TroTNFSF6 effectively stimulated the AKP and ACP activities, and reduced bacterial infection in fish tissues. Correspondingly, knockdown of TroTNFSF6 expression resulted in increasing bacterial dissemination and colonization in fish tissues. In vitro, recombinant TroTNFSF6 protein promoted the proliferation of T. ovatus head kidney lymphocytes (HKLs), and promoted the apoptosis of murine liver cancer cells (Hepa1-6). The results indicated that TroTNFSF6 plays an important role in the T. ovatus antibacterial immunity. These observations will facilitate the future in-depth study of teleost TNFSF6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Freshwater Fishery Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210017, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Zhiru Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Yang Shen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Zhenjie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China.
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3
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Teekas L, Sharma S, Vijay N. Lineage-specific protein repeat expansions and contractions reveal malleable regions of immune genes. Genes Immun 2022; 23:218-234. [PMID: 36203090 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-022-00186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional diversification, a higher evolutionary rate, and intense positive selection help a limited number of immune genes interact with many pathogens. Repeats in protein-coding regions are a well-known source of functional diversification, adaptive variation, and evolutionary novelty in a short time. Repeats play a crucial role in biochemical functions like functional diversification of transcription regulation, protein kinases, cell adhesion, signaling pathways, morphogenesis, DNA repair, recombination, and RNA processing. Repeat length variation can change the associated protein's interaction, efficacy, and overall protein network. Repeats have an intrinsic unstable nature and can potentially evolve rapidly and expedite the acquisition of complex phenotypic traits and functions. Because of their ability to generate rapid, adaptive variations over short evolutionary distances, repeats are considered "tuning knobs." Repeat length variation in specific genes, like RUNX2 and ALX4, is associated with morphological and physiological changes across vertebrates. Here we study repeat length variation as a potent source of species-specific immune diversification across several clades of tetrapods. Moreover, we provide a clade-wise comprehensive list of immune genes with repeat types for future studies of morphological/evolutionary changes within species groups. We observe significant repeat length variation of FASLG and C1QC in Rodentia and Primates' contrasting species groups, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokdeep Teekas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sandhya Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nagarjun Vijay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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4
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Hoffman HK, Aguilar RS, Clark AR, Groves NS, Pezeshkian N, Bruns MM, van Engelenburg SB. Endocytosed HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Traffics to Rab14 + Late Endosomes and Lysosomes to Regulate Surface Levels in T-Cell Lines. J Virol 2022; 96:e0076722. [PMID: 35770989 PMCID: PMC9327703 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00767-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of infectious HIV-1 particles requires incorporation of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) at the plasma membrane (PM) of infected CD4+ T cells. Env trafficking to the PM exposes viral epitopes that can be exploited by the host immune system; however, HIV-1 can evade this response by endocytosis of excess Env from the PM. The fate of Env after internalization remains unclear, with evidence suggesting several different vesicular trafficking steps may be involved, including recycling pathways. To date, there have been very few studies documenting the trafficking pathways of native Env in infected T cells. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether there are T-cell-specific endosomal pathways regulating the fate of endocytic Env. Here, we use a pulse-labeling approach with a monovalent anti-Env Fab probe to characterize the trafficking of internalized Env within infected CD4+ T-cell lines, together with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated endogenous protein tagging, to assess the role of host cell Rab GTPases in Env trafficking. We show that endocytosed Env traffics to Rab14+ compartments that possess hallmarks of late endosomes and lysosomes. We also demonstrate that Env can recycle back to the PM, although we find that recycling does not occur at high rates when compared to the model recycling protein transferrin. These results help to resolve open questions about the fate and relevance of endocytosed Env in HIV-infected cells and suggest a novel role for Rab14 in a cell-type-specific late-endosomal/lysosomal trafficking pathway in T cells. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) evades immune neutralization through many mechanisms. One immune evasion strategy may result from the internalization of excess surface-exposed Env to prevent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or neutralization. Characterization of the fate of endocytosed Env is critical to understand which vesicular pathways could be targeted to promote display of Env epitopes to the immune system. In this study, we characterize the endocytic fate of native Env, expressed from infected human T-cell lines. We demonstrate that Env is rapidly trafficked to a late-endosome/lysosome-like compartment and can be recycled to the cell surface for incorporation into virus assembly sites. This study implicates a novel intracellular compartment, marked by host-cell Rab14 GTPases, for the sequestration of Env. Therapeutic approaches aimed at mobilizing this intracellular pool of Env could lead to stronger immune control of HIV-1 infection via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huxley K. Hoffman
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Rebekah S. Aguilar
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Austin R. Clark
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Groves
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Nairi Pezeshkian
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Merissa M. Bruns
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Schuyler B. van Engelenburg
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
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5
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Ham H, Medlyn M, Billadeau DD. Locked and Loaded: Mechanisms Regulating Natural Killer Cell Lytic Granule Biogenesis and Release. Front Immunol 2022; 13:871106. [PMID: 35558071 PMCID: PMC9088006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.871106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity is a critical element of our immune system required for protection from microbial infections and cancer. NK cells bind to and eliminate infected or cancerous cells via direct secretion of cytotoxic molecules toward the bound target cells. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular regulations of NK cell cytotoxicity, focusing on lytic granule development and degranulation processes. NK cells synthesize apoptosis-inducing proteins and package them into specialized organelles known as lytic granules (LGs). Upon activation of NK cells, LGs converge with the microtubule organizing center through dynein-dependent movement along microtubules, ultimately polarizing to the cytotoxic synapse where they subsequently fuse with the NK plasma membrane. From LGs biogenesis to degranulation, NK cells utilize several strategies to protect themselves from their own cytotoxic molecules. Additionally, molecular pathways that enable NK cells to perform serial killing are beginning to be elucidated. These advances in the understanding of the molecular pathways behind NK cell cytotoxicity will be important to not only improve current NK cell-based anti-cancer therapies but also to support the discovery of additional therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoungjun Ham
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michael Medlyn
- Department of Immunology College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Immunology College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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6
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Cassioli C, Baldari CT. The Expanding Arsenal of Cytotoxic T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883010. [PMID: 35514977 PMCID: PMC9065447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) are the main cellular mediators of the adaptive immune defenses against intracellular pathogens and malignant cells. Upon recognition of specific antigen on their cellular target, CTLs assemble an immunological synapse where they mobilise their killing machinery that is released into the synaptic cleft to orchestrate the demise of their cell target. The arsenal of CTLs is stored in lysosome-like organelles that undergo exocytosis in response to signals triggered by the T cell antigen receptor following antigen recognition. These organelles include lytic granules carrying a cargo of cytotoxic proteins packed on a proteoglycan scaffold, multivesicular bodies carrying the death receptor ligand FasL, and the recently discovered supramolecular attack particles that carry a core of cytotoxic proteins encased in a non-membranous glycoprotein shell. Here we will briefly review the main features of these killing entities and discuss their interrelationship and interplay in CTL-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cassioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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7
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Lettau M, Janssen O. Intra- and Extracellular Effector Vesicles From Human T And NK Cells: Same-Same, but Different? Front Immunol 2022; 12:804895. [PMID: 35003134 PMCID: PMC8733945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.804895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and Natural Killer (NK) cells utilize an overlapping effector arsenal for the elimination of target cells. It was initially proposed that all cytotoxic effector proteins are stored in lysosome-related effector vesicles (LREV) termed "secretory lysosomes" as a common storage compartment and are only released into the immunological synapse formed between the effector and target cell. The analysis of enriched LREV, however, revealed an uneven distribution of individual effectors in morphologically distinct vesicular entities. Two major populations of LREV were distinguished based on their protein content and signal requirements for degranulation. Light vesicles carrying FasL and 15 kDa granulysin are released in a PKC-dependent and Ca2+-independent manner, whereas dense granules containing perforin, granzymes and 9 kDa granulysin require Ca2+-signaling as a hallmark of classical degranulation. Notably, both types of LREV do not only contain the mentioned cytolytic effectors, but also store and transport diverse other immunomodulatory proteins including MHC class I and II, costimulatory and adhesion molecules, enzymes (i.e. CD26/DPP4) or cytokines. Interestingly, the recent analyses of CTL- or NK cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) revealed the presence of a related mixture of proteins in microvesicles or exosomes that in fact resemble fingerprints of the cells of origin. This overlapping protein profile indicates a direct relation of intra- and extracellular vesicles. Since EV potentially also interact with cells at distant sites (apart from the IS), they might act as additional effector vesicles or intercellular communicators in a more systemic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lettau
- Molecular Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Unit for Hematological Diagnostics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Molecular Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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8
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Retrofusion of intralumenal MVB membranes parallels viral infection and coexists with exosome release. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3884-3893.e4. [PMID: 34237268 PMCID: PMC8445322 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal system constitutes a highly dynamic vesicle network used to relay materials and signals between the cell and its environment.1 Once internalized, endosomes gradually mature into late acidic compartments and acquire a multivesicular body (MVB) organization through invagination of the limiting membrane (LM) to form intraluminal vesicles (ILVs).2 Cargoes sequestered into ILVs can either be delivered to lysosomes for degradation or secreted following fusion of the MVB with the plasma membrane.3 It has been speculated that commitment to ILVs is not a terminal event, and that a return pathway exists, allowing “back-fusion” or “retrofusion” of intraluminal membranes to the LM.4 The existence of retrofusion as a way to support membrane equilibrium within the MVB has been widely speculated in various cell biological contexts, including exosome uptake5 and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) antigen presentation.6, 7, 8, 9 Given the small physical scale, retrofusion of ILVs cannot be measured with conventional techniques. To circumvent this, we designed a chemically tunable cell-based system to monitor retrofusion in real time. Using this system, we demonstrate that retrofusion occurs as part of the natural MVB lifestyle, with attributes parallel to those of viral infection. Furthermore, we find that retrofusion and exocytosis coexist in an equilibrium, implying that ILVs inert to retrofusion comprise a significant fraction of exosomes destined for secretion. MVBs thus contain three types of ILVs: those committed to lysosomal degradation, those retrofusing ILVs, and those subject to secretion in the form of exosomes. Video abstract
MVBs are complex organelles with intraluminal vesicles bound by the limiting membrane Intraluminal membranes are in a dynamic equilibrium with the limiting membrane Retrofusion of internal vesicles is controlled by processes used for viral fusion Exosomes arise from internal MVB vesicles not participating in retrofusion
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9
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Gregory-Ksander M, Marshak-Rothstein A. The FasLane to ocular pathology-metalloproteinase cleavage of membrane-bound FasL determines FasL function. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:965-977. [PMID: 33565149 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri1220-834r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas ligand (FasL) is best known for its ability to induce cell death in a wide range of Fas-expressing targets and to limit inflammation in immunoprivileged sites such as the eye. In addition, the ability of FasL to induce a much more extensive list of outcomes is being increasingly explored and accepted. These outcomes include the induction of proinflammatory cytokine production, T cell activation, and cell motility. However, the distinct and opposing functions of membrane-associated FasL (mFasL) and the C-terminal soluble FasL fragment (sFasL) released by metalloproteinase cleavage is less well documented and understood. Both mFasL and sFasL can form trimers that engage the trimeric Fas receptor, but only mFasL can form a multimeric complex in lipid rafts to trigger apoptosis and inflammation. By contrast, a number of reports have now documented the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activity of sFasL, pointing to a critical regulatory function of the soluble molecule. The immunomodulatory activity of FasL is particularly evident in ocular pathology where elimination of the metalloproteinase cleavage site and the ensuing increased expression of mFasL can severely exacerbate the extent of inflammation and cell death. By contrast, both homeostatic and increased expression of sFasL can limit inflammation and cell death. The mechanism(s) responsible for the protective activity of sFasL are discussed but remain controversial. Nevertheless, it will be important to consider therapeutic applications of sFasL for the treatment of ocular diseases such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Gregory-Ksander
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Ogbomo H, Timm-McCann M, Barnes T, Xiang RF, Jamil K, Ganguly A, Stack D, Huston SM, Li SS, Colarusso P, Mody CH. Granule-Dependent NK Cell Killing of Cryptococcus Requires Kinesin to Reposition the Cytolytic Machinery for Directed Cytotoxicity. Cell Rep 2019; 24:3017-3032. [PMID: 30208325 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus is the most important cause of fungal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals. Host defense against Cryptococcus involves direct killing by NK cells. That NK cells from HIV-infected patients fail to polarize perforin to the microbial synapse and kill C. neoformans led us to explore the mechanisms used to reposition and polarize the cytolytic granules to the synapse. Using live-cell imaging, we observed microtubule and granule movements in response to Cryptococcus that revealed a kinesin-dependent event. Eg5-kinesin bound to perforin-containing granules and was required for association with the microtubules. Inhibition of Eg5-kinesin abrogated dynein-dependent granule convergence to the MTOC and granule and MTOC polarization to the synapse and suppressed NK cell killing of Cryptococcus. In contrast, Eg5-kinesin was dispensable for tumor killing. This reveals an alternative mechanism of MTOC repositioning and granule polarization, not used in tumor cytotoxicity, in which Eg5-kinesin is required to initiate granule movement, leading to microbial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Ogbomo
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Martina Timm-McCann
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tavish Barnes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Richard F Xiang
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Khusraw Jamil
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Anutosh Ganguly
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Danuta Stack
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shaunna M Huston
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shu Shun Li
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pina Colarusso
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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11
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Prager I, Watzl C. Mechanisms of natural killer cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1319-1329. [PMID: 31107565 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0718-269r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular cytotoxicity, the ability to kill other cells, is an important effector mechanism of the immune system to combat viral infections and cancer. Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are the major mediators of this activity. Here, we summarize the cytotoxic mechanisms of NK cells. NK cells can kill virally infected of transformed cells via the directed release of lytic granules or by inducing death receptor-mediated apoptosis via the expression of Fas ligand or TRAIL. The biogenesis of perforin and granzymes, the major components of lytic granules, is a highly regulated process to prevent damage during the synthesis of these cytotoxic molecules. Additionally, NK cells have developed several strategies to protect themselves from the cytotoxic activity of granular content upon degranulation. While granule-mediated apoptosis is a fast process, death receptor-mediated cytotoxicity requires more time. Current data suggest that these 2 cytotoxic mechanisms are regulated during the serial killing activity of NK cells. As many modern approaches of cancer immunotherapy rely on cellular cytotoxicity for their effectiveness, unraveling these pathways will be important to further progress these therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Prager
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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12
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Lee WH, Seo D, Lim SG, Suk K. Reverse Signaling of Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Proteins in Macrophages and Microglia: Superfamily Portrait in the Neuroimmune Interface. Front Immunol 2019; 10:262. [PMID: 30838001 PMCID: PMC6389649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (TNFSF) is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins commonly containing the TNF homology domain. The superfamily contains more than 20 protein members, which can be released from the cell membrane by proteolytic cleavage. Members of the TNFSF function as cytokines and regulate diverse biological processes, including immune responses, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and embryogenesis, by binding to TNFSF receptors. Many TNFSF proteins are also known to be responsible for the regulation of innate immunity and inflammation. Both receptor-mediated forward signaling and ligand-mediated reverse signaling play important roles in these processes. In this review, we discuss the functional expression and roles of various reverse signaling molecules and pathways of TNFSF members in macrophages and microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). A thorough understanding of the roles of TNFSF ligands and receptors in the activation of macrophages and microglia may improve the treatment of inflammatory diseases in the brain and periphery. In particular, TNFSF reverse signaling in microglia can be exploited to gain further insights into the functions of the neuroimmune interface in physiological and pathological processes in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ha Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Donggun Seo
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Su-Geun Lim
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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13
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Georgiev H, Ravens I, Papadogianni G, Bernhardt G. Coming of Age: CD96 Emerges as Modulator of Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1072. [PMID: 29868026 PMCID: PMC5966540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CD96 represents a type I transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. CD96 is expressed mainly by cells of hematopoietic origin, in particular on T and NK cells. Upon interaction with CD155 present on target cells, CD96 was found to inhibit mouse NK cells, and absence of this interaction either by blocking with antibody or knockout of CD96 showed profound beneficial effects in containment of tumors and metastatic spread in murine model systems. However, our knowledge regarding CD96 functions remains fragmentary. In this review, we will discuss structural features of CD96 and their putative impact on function as well as some unresolved issues such as a potential activation that may be conferred by human but not mouse CD96. This is of importance for translation into human cancer therapy. We will also address CD96 activities in the context of the immune regulatory network that consists of CD155, CD96, CD226, and TIGIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristo Georgiev
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Günter Bernhardt
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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14
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Lettau M, Armbrust F, Dohmen K, Drews L, Poch T, Dietz M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Mechanistic peculiarities of activation-induced mobilization of cytotoxic effector proteins in human T cells. Int Immunol 2018; 30:215-228. [PMID: 29373679 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that cytotoxic T and NK cells store effector proteins including granzymes, perforin and Fas ligand (FasL) in intracellular granules, often referred to as secretory lysosomes. Upon target cell encounter, these organelles are transported to the cytotoxic immunological synapse, where they fuse with the plasma membrane to release the soluble effector molecules and to expose transmembrane proteins including FasL on the cell surface. We previously described two distinct species of secretory vesicles in T and NK cells that differ in size, morphology and protein loading, most strikingly regarding FasL and granzyme B. We now show that the signal requirements for the mobilization of one or the other granule also differ substantially. We report that prestored FasL can be mobilized independent of extracellular Ca2+, whereas the surface exposure of lysosome-associated membrane proteins (Lamps; CD107a and CD63) and the release of granzyme B are calcium-dependent. The use of selective inhibitors of actin dynamics unequivocally points to different transport mechanisms for individual vesicles. While inhibitors of actin polymerization/dynamics inhibit the surface appearance of prestored FasL, they increase the activation-induced mobilization of CD107a, CD63 and granzyme B. In contrast, inhibition of the actin-based motor protein myosin 2a facilitates FasL-, but impairs CD107a-, CD63- and granzyme B mobilization. From our data, we conclude that distinct cytotoxic effector granules are differentially regulated with respect to signaling requirements and transport mechanisms. We suggest that a T cell might 'sense' which effector proteins it needs to mobilize in a given context, thereby increasing efficacy while minimizing collateral damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fred Armbrust
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katharina Dohmen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lisann Drews
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Poch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michelle Dietz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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15
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Lee J, Dieckmann NMG, Edgar JR, Griffiths GM, Siegel RM. Fas Ligand localizes to intraluminal vesicles within NK cell cytolytic granules and is enriched at the immune synapse. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2018; 6:312-321. [PMID: 29642281 PMCID: PMC5946154 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION T cell and NK cell cytotoxicity can be mediated via the perforin/granzyme system and Fas Ligand (FasL, CD178). FasL is synthesized as a type II transmembrane protein that binds its cognate receptor Fas (CD95). Membrane-bound FasL is expressed on the plasma membrane of activated lymphocytes and is the main form of FasL with cytotoxic activity, but whether FasL is delivered to the immune synapse along with granzyme and perforin-containing granules is unclear. METHODS We stably expressed FasL-fluorescent fusion proteins into human NK cells and examined the localization of FasL relative to other intracellular markers by confocal and immunoelectron microscopy, and examined the trafficking of FasL during formation of immune synapses with HLA-deficient B cells. RESULTS FasL co-localized with CD63 more strongly than perforin or Lamp1+ in cytolytic granules. Electron microscopy revealed that FasL is enriched on intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) adjacent to the dense-core within cytolytic granules. In NK cells forming immune synapses with HLA-deficient B cells, a portion of FasL-containing granules re-localize toward the immune synapse, while a distinct pool of FasL remains at the distal pole of the cell. CONCLUSIONS Localization of FasL to intra-luminal vesicles within cytolytic granules facilitates FasL trafficking to immune synapses and cytotoxic function in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeansun Lee
- CIMR, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.,Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - James R Edgar
- CIMR, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Richard M Siegel
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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16
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Impairment of Fas-ligand-caveolin-1 interaction inhibits Fas-ligand translocation to rafts and Fas-ligand-induced cell death. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:73. [PMID: 29358576 PMCID: PMC5833370 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fas-ligand/CD178 belongs to the TNF family proteins and can induce apoptosis through death receptor Fas/CD95. The important requirement for Fas-ligand-dependent cell death induction is its localization to rafts, cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched micro-domains of membrane, involved in regulation of different signaling complexes. Here, we demonstrate that Fas-ligand physically associates with caveolin-1, the main protein component of rafts. Experiments with cells overexpressing Fas-ligand revealed a FasL N-terminal pre-prolin-rich region, which is essential for the association with caveolin-1. We found that the N-terminal domain of Fas-ligand bears two caveolin-binding sites. The first caveolin-binding site binds the N-terminal domain of caveolin-1, whereas the second one appears to interact with the C-terminal domain of caveolin-1. The deletion of both caveolin-binding sites in Fas-ligand impairs its distribution between cellular membranes, and attenuates a Fas-ligand-induced cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate that the interaction of Fas-ligand and caveolin-1 represents a molecular basis for Fas-ligand translocation to rafts, and the subsequent induction of Fas-ligand-dependent cell death. A possibility of a similar association between other TNF family members and caveolin-1 is discussed.
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17
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Desrochers G, Cappadocia L, Lussier-Price M, Ton AT, Ayoubi R, Serohijos A, Omichinski JG, Angers A. Molecular basis of interactions between SH3 domain-containing proteins and the proline-rich region of the ubiquitin ligase Itch. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6325-6338. [PMID: 28235806 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.754440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligase Itch plays major roles in signaling pathways by inducing ubiquitylation-dependent degradation of several substrates. Substrate recognition and binding are critical for the regulation of this reaction. Like closely related ligases, Itch can interact with proteins containing a PPXY motif via its WW domains. In addition to these WW domains, Itch possesses a proline-rich region (PRR) that has been shown to interact with several Src homology 3 (SH3) domain-containing proteins. We have previously established that despite the apparent surface uniformity and conserved fold of SH3 domains, they display different binding mechanisms and affinities for their interaction with the PRR of Itch. Here, we attempt to determine the molecular bases underlying the wide range of binding properties of the Itch PRR. Using pulldown assays combined with mass spectrometry analysis, we show that the Itch PRR preferentially forms complexes with endophilins, amphyphisins, and pacsins but can also target a variety of other SH3 domain-containing proteins. In addition, we map the binding sites of these proteins using a combination of PRR sub-sequences and mutants. We find that different SH3 domains target distinct proline-rich sequences overlapping significantly. We also structurally analyze these protein complexes using crystallography and molecular modeling. These structures depict the position of Itch PRR engaged in a 1:2 protein complex with β-PIX and a 1:1 complex with the other SH3 domain-containing proteins. Taken together, these results reveal the binding preferences of the Itch PRR toward its most common SH3 domain-containing partners and demonstrate that the PRR region is sufficient for binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Cappadocia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lussier-Price
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Anh-Tien Ton
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - Adrian Serohijos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - James G Omichinski
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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18
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Ritter AT, Asano Y, Stinchcombe JC, Dieckmann NMG, Chen BC, Gawden-Bone C, van Engelenburg S, Legant W, Gao L, Davidson MW, Betzig E, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Griffiths GM. Actin depletion initiates events leading to granule secretion at the immunological synapse. Immunity 2015; 42:864-76. [PMID: 25992860 PMCID: PMC4448150 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) use polarized secretion to rapidly destroy virally infected and tumor cells. To understand the temporal relationships between key events leading to secretion, we used high-resolution 4D imaging. CTLs approached targets with actin-rich projections at the leading edge, creating an initially actin-enriched contact with rearward-flowing actin. Within 1 min, cortical actin reduced across the synapse, T cell receptors (TCRs) clustered centrally to form the central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC), and centrosome polarization began. Granules clustered around the moving centrosome within 2.5 min and reached the synapse after 6 min. TCR-bearing intracellular vesicles were delivered to the cSMAC as the centrosome docked. We found that the centrosome and granules were delivered to an area of membrane with reduced cortical actin density and phospholipid PIP2. These data resolve the temporal order of events during synapse maturation in 4D and reveal a critical role for actin depletion in regulating secretion. 4D imaging elucidates the order of events leading to secretion Actin depletion initiates events leading to centrosome polarization and secretion Lattice light-sheet imaging reveals a rearward flow of actin away from the synapse Both centrosome and granules are delivered to an area of membrane depleted of actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T Ritter
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; National Institute of Child Health and Disease, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yukako Asano
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jane C Stinchcombe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - N M G Dieckmann
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Bi-Chang Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - C Gawden-Bone
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | - Wesley Legant
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Liang Gao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Michael W Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA
| | - Eric Betzig
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | | | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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19
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Protein kinase D1/2 is involved in the maturation of multivesicular bodies and secretion of exosomes in T and B lymphocytes. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:99-109. [PMID: 26045048 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are endocytic compartments that enclose intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) formed by inward budding from the limiting membrane of endosomes. In T lymphocytes, these ILV contain Fas ligand (FasL) and are secreted as 'lethal exosomes' following activation-induced fusion of the MVB with the plasma membrane. Diacylglycerol (DAG) and diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKα) regulate MVB maturation and polarized traffic, as well as subsequent secretion of pro-apoptotic exosomes, but the molecular basis underlying these phenomena remains unclear. Here we identify protein kinase D (PKD) family members as DAG effectors involved in MVB genesis and secretion. We show that the inducible secretion of exosomes is enhanced when a constitutively active PKD1 mutant is expressed in T lymphocytes, whereas exosome secretion is impaired in PKD2-deficient mouse T lymphoblasts and in PKD1/3-null B cells. Analysis of PKD2-deficient T lymphoblasts showed the presence of large, immature MVB-like vesicles and demonstrated defects in cytotoxic activity and in activation-induced cell death. Using pharmacological and genetic tools, we show that DGKα regulates PKD1/2 subcellular localization and activation. Our studies demonstrate that PKD1/2 is a key regulator of MVB maturation and exosome secretion, and constitutes a mediator of the DGKα effect on MVB secretory traffic.
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20
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Gerber PP, Cabrini M, Jancic C, Paoletti L, Banchio C, von Bilderling C, Sigaut L, Pietrasanta LI, Duette G, Freed EO, Basile GDS, Moita CF, Moita LF, Amigorena S, Benaroch P, Geffner J, Ostrowski M. Rab27a controls HIV-1 assembly by regulating plasma membrane levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. J Cell Biol 2015; 209:435-52. [PMID: 25940347 PMCID: PMC4427790 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201409082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the late stages of the HIV-1 replication cycle, the viral polyprotein Pr55(Gag) is recruited to the plasma membrane (PM), where it binds phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) and directs HIV-1 assembly. We show that Rab27a controls the trafficking of late endosomes carrying phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2 α (PI4KIIα) toward the PM of CD4(+) T cells. Hence, Rab27a promotes high levels of PM phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and the localized production of PI(4,5)P2, therefore controlling Pr55(Gag) membrane association. Rab27a also controls PI(4,5)P2 levels at the virus-containing compartments of macrophages. By screening Rab27a effectors, we identified that Slp2a, Slp3, and Slac2b are required for the association of Pr55(Gag) with the PM and that Slp2a cooperates with Rab27a in the recruitment of PI4KIIα to the PM. We conclude that by directing the trafficking of PI4KIIα-positive endosomes toward the PM, Rab27a controls PI(4,5)P2 production and, consequently, HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pehuén Pereyra Gerber
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (INBIRS)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Cabrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (INBIRS)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Jancic
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, C1425AUM Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Paoletti
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, S2000EZP Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudia Banchio
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, S2000EZP Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Catalina von Bilderling
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Departamento de Física; and Centro de Microscopías Avanzadas; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Sigaut
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Departamento de Física; and Centro de Microscopías Avanzadas; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lía I Pietrasanta
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Departamento de Física; and Centro de Microscopías Avanzadas; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Duette
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (INBIRS)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Genevieve de Saint Basile
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U768 and Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U768 and Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Catarina Ferreira Moita
- Innate Immunity and Inflammation Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luis Ferreira Moita
- Innate Immunity and Inflammation Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sebastian Amigorena
- Centre de Recherche, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Benaroch
- Centre de Recherche, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Jorge Geffner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (INBIRS)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Ostrowski
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (INBIRS)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Ebsen H, Lettau M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Subcellular localization and activation of ADAM proteases in the context of FasL shedding in T lymphocytes. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:416-28. [PMID: 25745808 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The "A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinases" (ADAMs) form a subgroup of the metzincin endopeptidases. Proteolytically active members of this protein family act as sheddases and govern key processes in development and inflammation by regulating cell surface expression and release of cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules and their receptors. In T lymphocytes, ADAM10 sheds the death factor Fas Ligand (FasL) and thereby regulates T cell activation, death and effector function. Although FasL shedding by ADAM10 was confirmed in several studies, its regulation is still poorly defined. We recently reported that ADAM10 is highly abundant on T cells whereas its close relative ADAM17 is expressed at low levels and transiently appears at the cell surface upon stimulation. Since FasL is also stored intracellularly and brought to the plasma membrane upon stimulation, we addressed where the death factor gets exposed to ADAM proteases. We report for the first time that both ADAM10 and ADAM17 are associated with FasL-containing secretory lysosomes. Moreover, we demonstrate that TCR/CD3/CD28-stimulation induces a partial positioning of both proteases and FasL to lipid rafts and only the activation-induced raft-positioning results in FasL processing. TCR/CD3/CD28-induced FasL proteolysis is markedly affected by reducing both ADAM10 and ADAM17 protein levels, indicating that in human T cells also ADAM17 is implicated in FasL processing. Since FasL shedding is affected by cholesterol depletion and by inhibition of Src kinases or palmitoylation, we conclude that it requires mobilization and co-positioning of ADAM proteases in lipid raft-like platforms associated with an activation of raft-associated Src-family kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Ebsen
- University of Kiel, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Bldg 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- University of Kiel, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Bldg 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- University of Kiel, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Bldg 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- University of Kiel, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Bldg 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Targeting the Fas/FasL system in Rheumatoid Arthritis therapy: Promising or risky? Cytokine 2014; 75:228-33. [PMID: 25481649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting synovial joints. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α is a key component of RA pathogenesis and blocking this cytokine is the most common strategy to treat the disease. Though TNFα blockers are very efficient, one third of the RA patients are unresponsive or present side effects. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic approaches is required. RA pathogenesis is characterized by the hyperplasia of the synovium, closely associated to the pseudo-tumoral expansion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), which invade and destroy the joint structure. Hence, depletion of RA FLS has been proposed as an alternative therapeutic strategy. The TNF family member Fas ligand (FasL) was reported to trigger apoptosis in FLS of arthritic joints by binding to its receptor Fas and therefore suggested as a promising candidate for targeting the hyperplastic synovial tissue. However, this cytokine is pleiotropic and recent data from the literature indicate that Fas activation might have a disease-promoting role in RA by promoting cell proliferation. Therefore, a FasL-based therapy for RA requires careful evaluation before being applied. In this review we aim to overview what is known about the apoptotic and non-apoptotic effects of Fas/FasL system and discuss its relevance in RA.
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Ma TY, Wu JY, Gao XK, Wang JY, Zhan XL, Li WS. Molecular cloning, functional identification and expressional analyses of FasL in Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:448-460. [PMID: 24950416 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
FasL is the most extensively studied apoptosis ligand. In 2000, tilapia FasL was identified using anti-human FasL monoclonal antibody by Evans's research group. Recently, a tilapia FasL-like protein of smaller molecule weight was predicted in Genbank (XM_003445156.2). Based on several clues drawn from previous studies, we cast doubt on the authenticity of the formerly identified tilapia FasL. Conversely, using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the existence of the predicted FasL-like was verified at the mRNA level (The Genbank accession number of the FasL mRNA sequence we cloned is KM008610). Through multiple alignments, this FasL-like protein was found to be highly similar to the FasL of the Japanese flounder. Moreover, we artificially expressed the functional region of the predicted protein and later confirmed its apoptosis-inducing activity using a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, Annexin-V/Propidium iodide (PI) double staining, and DNA fragment detection. Supported by these evidences, we suggest that the predicted protein is the authentic tilapia FasL. To advance this research further, tilapia FasL mRNA and its protein across different tissues were quantified. High expression levels were identified in the tilapia immune system and sites where active cell turnover conservatively occurs. In this regard, FasL may assume an active role in the immune system and cell homeostasis maintenance in tilapia, similar to that shown in other species. In addition, because the distribution pattern of FasL mRNA did not synchronize with that of the protein, post-transcriptional expression regulation is suggested. Such regulation may be dominated by potential adenylate- and uridylate-rich elements (AREs) featuring AUUUA repeats found in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of tilapia FasL mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-yang Ma
- State Key Laboratory Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jin-ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
| | - Xiao-ke Gao
- State Key Laboratory Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jing-yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xu-liang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Wen-sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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Klinker MW, Lizzio V, Reed TJ, Fox DA, Lundy SK. Human B Cell-Derived Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines Constitutively Produce Fas Ligand and Secrete MHCII(+)FasL(+) Killer Exosomes. Front Immunol 2014; 5:144. [PMID: 24765093 PMCID: PMC3980107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune suppression mediated by exosomes is an emerging concept with potentially immense utility for immunotherapy in a variety of inflammatory contexts, including allogeneic transplantation. Exosomes containing the apoptosis-inducing molecule Fas ligand (FasL) have demonstrated efficacy in inhibiting antigen-specific immune responses upon adoptive transfer in animal models. We report here that a very high frequency of human B cell-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) constitutively produce MHCII+FasL+ exosomes that can induce apoptosis in CD4+ T cells. All LCL tested for this study (>20 independent cell lines) showed robust expression of FasL, but had no detectable FasL on the cell surface. Given this intracellular sequestration, we hypothesized that FasL in LCL was retained in the secretory lysosome and secreted via exosomes. Indeed, we found both MHCII and FasL proteins present in LCL-derived exosomes, and using a bead-based exosome capture assay demonstrated the presence of MHCII+FasL+ exosomes among those secreted by LCL. Using two independent experimental approaches, we demonstrated that LCL-derived exosomes were capable of inducing antigen-specific apoptosis in autologous CD4+ T cells. These results suggest that LCL-derived exosomes may present a realistic source of immunosuppressive exosomes that could reduce or eliminate T cell-mediated responses against donor-derived antigens in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Klinker
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA ; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Vincent Lizzio
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Tamra J Reed
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - David A Fox
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA ; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Steven K Lundy
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA ; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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Juhász K, Buzás K, Duda E. Importance of reverse signaling of the TNF superfamily in immune regulation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:335-48. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.13.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Exosomes are membrane nanovesicles (approximately <120 nm in size) released by most, if not all, living cells and in particular by leukocytes. They originate within the endocytic compartment by invagination of the endosome membrane. Therefore, they have a different biogenesis and molecular composition than microvesicles (>0.2 μm) shed from the plasma membrane. Although the functions of exosomes in vivo are beginning to be elucidated, increasing evidence suggests that exosomes constitute a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication, transferring antigens, proteins, mRNAs, and noncoding RNAs among cells. Interestingly, effector T cells including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) release death-inducing molecules of the TNF superfamily through exosomes contained in their cytotoxic granules. The present chapter provides basic protocols for purification of exosomes secreted by CTLs.
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Differential protein–protein interactions of full length human FasL and FasL fragments generated by proteolysis. Exp Cell Res 2014; 320:290-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Stenqvist AC, Nagaeva O, Baranov V, Mincheva-Nilsson L. Exosomes Secreted by Human Placenta Carry Functional Fas Ligand and TRAIL Molecules and Convey Apoptosis in Activated Immune Cells, Suggesting Exosome-Mediated Immune Privilege of the Fetus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5515-23. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Schneider-Brachert W, Heigl U, Ehrenschwender M. Membrane trafficking of death receptors: implications on signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14475-503. [PMID: 23852022 PMCID: PMC3742255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Death receptors were initially recognised as potent inducers of apoptotic cell death and soon ambitious attempts were made to exploit selective ignition of controlled cellular suicide as therapeutic strategy in malignant diseases. However, the complexity of death receptor signalling has increased substantially during recent years. Beyond activation of the apoptotic cascade, involvement in a variety of cellular processes including inflammation, proliferation and immune response was recognised. Mechanistically, these findings raised the question how multipurpose receptors can ensure selective activation of a particular pathway. A growing body of evidence points to an elegant spatiotemporal regulation of composition and assembly of the receptor-associated signalling complex. Upon ligand binding, receptor recruitment in specialized membrane compartments, formation of receptor-ligand clusters and internalisation processes constitute key regulatory elements. In this review, we will summarise the current concepts of death receptor trafficking and its implications on receptor-associated signalling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulf Schneider-Brachert
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg 93053, Germany; E-Mails: (W.S.-B.); (U.H.)
| | - Ulrike Heigl
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg 93053, Germany; E-Mails: (W.S.-B.); (U.H.)
| | - Martin Ehrenschwender
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg 93053, Germany; E-Mails: (W.S.-B.); (U.H.)
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is a widely recognized cause of cell death associated with neurodegeneration, inflammation, and aging. Tyrosine nitration in these conditions has been reported extensively, but whether tyrosine nitration is a marker or plays a role in the cell-death processes was unknown. Here, we show that nitration of a single tyrosine residue on a small proportion of 90-kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp90), is sufficient to induce motor neuron death by the P2X7 receptor-dependent activation of the Fas pathway. Nitrotyrosine at position 33 or 56 stimulates a toxic gain of function that turns Hsp90 into a toxic protein. Using an antibody that recognizes the nitrated Hsp90, we found immunoreactivity in motor neurons of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and after experimental spinal cord injury. Our findings reveal that cell death can be triggered by nitration of a single protein and highlight nitrated Hsp90 as a potential target for the development of effective therapies for a large number of pathologies.
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Durand-Panteix S, Farhat M, Youlyouz-Marfak I, Rouaud P, Ouk-Martin C, David A, Faumont N, Feuillard J, Jayat-Vignoles C. B7-H1, which represses EBV-immortalized B cell killing by autologous T and NK cells, is oppositely regulated by c-Myc and EBV latency III program at both mRNA and secretory lysosome levels. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:181-90. [PMID: 22661084 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
EBV-immortalized B cells induce a complex immune response such that the virus persists as a clinically silent infection for the lifetime of the infected host. B7-H1, also called PD-L1, is a cosignaling molecule of the B7 family that can inhibit activated T cell effectors by interaction with its receptor PD-1. In this work, we have studied the dependence of B7-H1 on NF-κB and c-Myc, the two main transcription factors in EBV latency III proliferating B cells, on various lymphoblastoid and Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, some of them being inducible or not for the EBV latency III program and/or for c-Myc. We found that B7-H1 repressed killing of EBV-immortalized B cells by their autologous T and NK cells. At the mRNA level, NF-κB was a weak inducer whereas c-Myc was a strong repressor of B7-H1 expression, an effect mediated by STAT1 inhibition. At the protein level, B7-H1 molecules were stored in both degradative and unconventional secretory lysosomes. Surface membrane B7-H1 molecules were constitutively internalized and proteolyzed in lysosomes. The EBV latency III program increased the amounts of B7-H1-containing secretory lysosomes and their export to the surface membrane. By repressing actin polymerization, c-Myc blocked secretory lysosome migration and B7-H1 surface membrane export. In addition to B7-H1, various immunoregulatory molecules participating in the immunological synapse are stored in secretory lysosomes. By playing on actin polymerization, c-Myc could thus globally regulate the immunogenicity of transformed B cells, acting on export of secretory lysosomes to plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Durand-Panteix
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS 7276, Faculté de Médecine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
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Luchetti F, Canonico B, Arcangeletti M, Guescini M, Cesarini E, Stocchi V, Degli Esposti M, Papa S. Fas signalling promotes intercellular communication in T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35766. [PMID: 22558220 PMCID: PMC3338457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is a fundamental process for development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Diverse mechanisms for the exchange of molecular information between cells have been documented, such as the exchange of membrane fragments (trogocytosis), formation of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) and release of microvesicles (MVs). In this study we assign to Fas signalling a pivotal role for intercellular communication in CD4+ T cells. Binding of membrane-bound FasL to Fas expressing target cells triggers a well-characterized pro-apoptotic signalling cascade. However, our results, pairing up flow cytometric studies with confocal microscopy data, highlight a new social dimension for Fas/FasL interactions between CD4+ T cells. Indeed, FasL enhances the formation of cell conjugates (8 fold of increase) in an early time-frame of stimulation (30 min), and this phenomenon appears to be a crucial step to prime intercellular communication. Our findings show that this communication mainly proceeds along a cytosolic material exchange (ratio of exchange >10, calculated as ratio of stimulated cells signal divided by that recorded in control cells) via TNTs and MVs release. In particular, inhibition of TNTs genesis by pharmacological agents (Latruculin A and Nocodazole) markedly reduced this exchange (inhibition percentage: >40% and >50% respectively), suggesting a key role for TNTs in CD4+ T cells communication. Although MVs are present in supernatants from PHA-activated T cells, Fas treatment also leads to a significant increase in the amount of released MVs. In fact, the co-culture performed between MVs and untreated cells highlights a higher presence of MVs in the medium (1.4 fold of increase) and a significant MVs uptake (6 fold of increase) by untreated T lymphocytes. We conclude that Fas signalling induces intercellular communication in CD4+ T cells by different mechanisms that seem to start concomitantly with the main pathway (programmed cell death) promoted by FasL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Luchetti
- Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
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Hoorn TVD, Paul P, Janssen L, Janssen H, Neefjes J. Dynamics within tetraspanin pairs affect MHC class II expression. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:328-39. [PMID: 22302999 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.088047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Late endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are complicated organelles with various subdomains located at the limiting membrane and the internal vesicles (ILVs). ILVs accumulate tetraspanins such as CD63 and CD82 that might form protein assemblies, including major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) and its chaperone human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DM. Here, we studied the effect of four late endosomal tetraspanin proteins on MHC-II expression. Silencing CD9, CD63 and CD81 enhanced MHC-II expression whereas silencing CD82 did not. No effect on peptide loading was observed. Using confocal FRET technology, we measured the dynamics of CD63 and CD82 interaction with MHC-II and its chaperone HLA-DM. CD63-CD82 interactions remained unaltered in the two MVB subdomains whereas the interactions between CD63 or CD82 homologous pairs changed. CD63 stably associated with MHC-II, and CD82 with HLA-DM, on both MVB subdomains whereas the CD82-MHC-II and CD63-HLA-DM interactions changed. These data visualize for the first time the protein dynamics of tetraspanin assemblies in MVB subdomains. CD63, unlike CD82, stably interacts with MHC-II at both MVB subdomains and controls MHC-II expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke van den Hoorn
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Vire B, David A, Wiestner A. TOSO, the Fcmicro receptor, is highly expressed on chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells, internalizes upon IgM binding, shuttles to the lysosome, and is downregulated in response to TLR activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4040-50. [PMID: 21908732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TOSO/FAIM3 recently has been identified as the long-sought-after FcR for IgM (FcμR). FcμR is expressed on human CD19(+) B cells, CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells, and CD56(+)/CD3(-) NK cells and has been shown to be overexpressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. CLL is a malignancy of mature IgM(+) B lymphocytes that display features of polyreactive, partially anergized B cells related to memory B cells. In this article, we report that FcμR is O-glycosylated in its extracellular domain and identify the major sites of O-glycosylation. By using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, we found that FcμR localized to the cell membrane but also found that large pools of FcμR accumulate in the trans-Golgi network. Aggregation of FcμR on CLL cells by IgM prompted rapid internalization of both IgM and FcμR, reaching half-maximal internalization of cell-bound IgM within 1 min. Upon internalization, FcμR transported IgM through the endocytic pathway to the lysosome, where it was degraded. Using a series of FcμR deletion mutants, we identified a proline-rich domain essential for cell surface expression of FcμR and a second domain, containing a YXXΦ motif, that controls internalization. Although it has been reported that BCR activation increases FcμR expression, we found that activation of TLRs strongly downregulated FcμR at both the mRNA and protein levels. Through internalization of IgM bound immune complexes, FcμR may play a role in immune surveillance and contribute to B cell activation. In addition, FcμR deserves study as a potential pathway for the delivery of therapeutic Ab-drug conjugates into CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Vire
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Cell death mechanisms at the maternal-fetal interface: insights into the role of granulysin. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:180272. [PMID: 21912564 PMCID: PMC3170798 DOI: 10.1155/2012/180272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During mammal pregnancy, a sensitive balance between hormones, cytokines, humoral factors, and local cellular interactions must be established. Cytotoxic cells infiltrating the decidua are heavily equipped with cytolytic molecules, in particular perforin and granulysin. Granulysin is especially abundant in NK cells which are able to spontaneously secrete high quantities of granulysin. Besides being a potent bactericidal and tumoricidal molecule, granulysin is also found to be a chemoattractant and a proinflammatory molecule. The precise role(s) of granulysin at the maternal-fetal interface has not been elucidated yet. It is possible that it behaves as a double-edged sword simultaneously acting as an immunomodulatory and a host defense molecule protecting both the mother and the fetus from a wide spectrum of pathogens, and on the other hand, in case of an NK cell activation, acting as an effector molecule causing the apoptosis of semiallograft trophoblast cells and consequently leading to various pregnancy disorders or pregnancy loss.
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Jolly C, Welsch S, Michor S, Sattentau QJ. The regulated secretory pathway in CD4(+) T cells contributes to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 cell-to-cell spread at the virological synapse. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002226. [PMID: 21909273 PMCID: PMC3164651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct cell-cell spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) at the virological synapse (VS) is an efficient mode of dissemination between CD4(+) T cells but the mechanisms by which HIV-1 proteins are directed towards intercellular contacts is unclear. We have used confocal microscopy and electron tomography coupled with functional virology and cell biology of primary CD4(+) T cells from normal individuals and patients with Chediak-Higashi Syndrome and report that the HIV-1 VS displays a regulated secretion phenotype that shares features with polarized secretion at the T cell immunological synapse (IS). Cell-cell contact at the VS re-orientates the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and organelles within the HIV-1-infected T cell towards the engaged target T cell, concomitant with polarization of viral proteins. Directed secretion of proteins at the T cell IS requires specialized organelles termed secretory lysosomes (SL) and we show that the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) localizes with CTLA-4 and FasL in SL-related compartments and at the VS. Finally, CD4(+) T cells that are disabled for regulated secretion are less able to support productive cell-to-cell HIV-1 spread. We propose that HIV-1 hijacks the regulated secretory pathway of CD4(+) T cells to enhance its dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Jolly
- MRC Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Kurata O, Iwasaki T, Matsuyama T, Nakayasu C, Wada S, Hatai K. Lymphocytes with T-cell-like properties express the Fas ligand in the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:509-514. [PMID: 21134463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to identify the leukocyte population that expresses Fas ligand (FasL) in the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The transcriptional activity of FasL was examined for the first time in the fish leukocytes. Transcription of the FasL gene in flounder leukocytes was significantly increased by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) treatment. All the leukocyte populations we tested possessed binding activity for PHA, but this was especially high in the lymphocyte population. However, the lymphocytes consisted of two subsets showing heterogeneity with respect to PHA binding, with the high-binding subset being surface IgM-negative. We also found that only the lymphocyte population showed a significant increase in the expression of the FasL gene after stimulation with PHA. In addition, only the lymphocyte subset showing high binding to PHA showed conspicuous expression of the FasL gene. This subset also had a CD3γ/δ+, CD8α+ and IgM heavy-chain (-) phenotype. These results suggested that lymphocytes with T-cell-like properties are FasL-expressing cells in the Japanese flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kurata
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
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Schmidt H, Gelhaus C, Nebendahl M, Lettau M, Lucius R, Leippe M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Effector granules in human T lymphocytes: the luminal proteome of secretory lysosomes from human T cells. Cell Commun Signal 2011; 9:4. [PMID: 21255389 PMCID: PMC3034720 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytotoxic cells of the immune system have evolved a lysosomal compartment to store and mobilize effector molecules. In T lymphocytes and NK cells, the death factor FasL is one of the characteristic marker proteins of these so-called secretory lysosomes, which combine properties of conventional lysosomes and exocytotic vesicles. Although these vesicles are crucial for immune effector function, their protein content in T cells has so far not been investigated in detail. Results In the present study, intact membranous vesicles were enriched from homogenates of polyclonally activated T cells and initially characterized by Western blotting and electron microscopic inspection. The vesicular fraction that contained the marker proteins of secretory lysosomes was subsequently analyzed by 2D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The proteome analysis and data evaluation revealed that 70% of the 397 annotated proteins had been associated with different lysosome-related organelles in previous proteome studies. Conclusion We provide the first comprehensive proteome map of T cell-derived secretory lysosomes with only minor contaminations by cytosolic, nuclear or other proteins. This information will be useful to more precisely address the activation-dependent maturation and the specific distribution of effector organelles and proteins in individual T or NK cell populations in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Schmidt
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University, UK S-H Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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39
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Immune modulation by Fas ligand reverse signaling: lymphocyte proliferation is attenuated by the intracellular Fas ligand domain. Blood 2011; 117:519-29. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-07-292722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Fas ligand (FasL) not only induces apoptosis in Fas receptor-bearing target cells, it is also able to transmit signals into the FasL-expressing cell via its intracellular domain (ICD). Recently, we described a Notch-like proteolytic processing of FasL that leads to the release of the FasL ICD into the cytoplasm and subsequent translocation into the nucleus where it may influence gene transcription. To study the molecular mechanism underlying such reverse FasL signaling in detail and to analyze its physiological importance in vivo, we established a knockout/knockin mouse model, in which wild-type FasL was replaced with a deletion mutant lacking the ICD. Our results demonstrate that FasL ICD signaling impairs activation-induced proliferation in B and T cells by diminishing phosphorylation of phospholipase C γ, protein kinase C, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. We also demonstrate that the FasL ICD interacts with the transcription factor lymphoid-enhancer binding factor-1 and inhibits lymphoid-enhancer binding factor-1–dependent transcription. In vivo, plasma cell numbers, generation of germinal center B cells, and, consequently, production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in response to immunization with T cell–dependent or T cell–independent antigen are negatively affected in presence of the FasL ICD, suggesting that FasL reverse signaling participates in negative fine-tuning of certain immune responses.
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Lettau M, Paulsen M, Schmidt H, Janssen O. Insights into the molecular regulation of FasL (CD178) biology. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 90:456-66. [PMID: 21126798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fas ligand (FasL, CD95L, APO-1L, CD178, TNFSF6, APT1LG1) is the key death factor of receptor-triggered programmed cell death in immune cells. FasL/Fas-dependent apoptosis plays a pivotal role in activation-induced cell death, termination of immune responses, elimination of autoreactive cells, cytotoxic effector function of T and NK cells, and the establishment of immune privilege. Deregulation or functional impairment of FasL threatens the maintenance of immune homeostasis and defense and results in severe autoimmunity. In addition, FasL has been implicated as an accessory or costimulatory receptor in T cell activation. The molecular mechanisms underlying this reverse signaling capacity are, however, poorly understood and still controversially discussed. Many aspects of FasL biology have been ascribed to selective protein-protein interactions mediated by a unique polyproline region located in the membrane-proximal intracellular part of FasL. Over the past decade, we and others identified a large number of putative FasL-interacting molecules that bind to this polyproline stretch via Src homology 3 or WW domains. Individual interactions were analyzed in more detail and turned out to be crucial for the lysosomal storage, the transport and the surface appearance of the death factor and potentially also for reverse signaling. This review summarizes the work in the framework of the Collaborative Research Consortium 415 (CRC 415) and provides facts and hypotheses about FasL-interacting proteins and their potential role in FasL biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lettau
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Immunology, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
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41
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Abstract
The majority of cells of the immune system are specialized secretory cells, whose function depends on regulated exocytosis. The latter is mediated by vesicular transport involving the sorting of specialized cargo into the secretory granules (SGs), thereby generating the transport vesicles; their transport along the microtubules and eventually their signal-dependent fusion with the plasma membrane. Each of these steps is tightly controlled by mechanisms, which involve the participation of specific sorting signals on the cargo proteins and their recognition by cognate adaptor proteins, posttranslational modifications of the cargo proteins and multiple GTPases and SNARE proteins. In some of the cells (i.e. mast cells, T killer cells) an intimate connection exists between the secretory system and the endocytic one, whereby the SGs are lysosome related organelles (LROs) also referred to as secretory lysosomes. Herein, we discuss these mechanisms in health and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Benado
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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42
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The role of FasL and Fas in health and disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 647:64-93. [PMID: 19760067 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-89520-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The FS7-associated cell surface antigen (Fas, also named CD95, APO-1 or TNFRSF6) attracted considerable interest in the field of apoptosis research since its discovery in 1989. The groups of Shin Yonehara and Peter Krammer were the first reporting extensive apoptotic cell death induction upon treating cells with Fas-specific monoclonal antibodies.1,2 Cloning of Fas3 and its ligand,4,5 FasL (also known as CD178, CD95L or TNFSF6), laid the cornerstone in establishing this receptor-ligand system as a central regulator of apoptosis in mammals. Therapeutic exploitation of FasL-Fas-mediated cytotoxicity was soon an ambitous goal and during the last decade numerous strategies have been developed for its realization. In this chapter, we will briefly introduce essential general aspects of the FasL-Fas system before reviewing its physiological and pathophysiological relevance. Finally, FasL-Fas-related therapeutic tools and concepts will be addressed.
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43
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Systemic autoimmunity and defective Fas ligand secretion in the absence of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein. Blood 2010; 116:740-7. [PMID: 20457871 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-08-237560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity is a surprisingly common complication of primary immunodeficiencies, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying this clinical observation are not well understood. One widely known example is provided by Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), an X-linked primary immunodeficiency disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the WAS protein (WASp) with a high incidence of autoimmunity in affected patients. WASp deficiency affects T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling and T-cell cytokine production, but its role in TCR-induced apoptosis, one of the mechanisms of peripheral immunologic tolerance, has not been investigated. We find that WASp-deficient mice produce autoantibodies and develop proliferative glomerulonephritis with immune complex deposition as they age. We also find that CD4(+) T lymphocytes from WASp-deficient mice undergo reduced apoptosis after restimulation through the TCR. While Fas-induced cell death is normal, WASp deficiency affects TCR-induced secretion of Fas ligand (FasL) and other components of secretory granules by CD4(+) T cells. These results describe a novel role of WASp in regulating TCR-induced apoptosis and FasL secretion and suggest that WASp-deficient mice provide a good model for the study of autoimmune manifestations of WAS and the development of more specific therapies for these complications.
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Weinlich R, Brunner T, Amarante-Mendes GP. Control of death receptor ligand activity by posttranslational modifications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1631-42. [PMID: 20306114 PMCID: PMC11115959 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The death receptor ligands are involved in many physiological and pathological processes involving triggering of apoptosis, inflammation, proliferation, and activation. The expression of these molecules is reported to be tightly regulated at the transcriptional level. However, over the last few years, an increasing number of data demonstrated that the control of transcription is only one of the mechanisms that manage the expression of the death receptor ligands. Thus, this review is focused on posttranslational regulation of the three main members of this family, namely FasL, TNF-alpha, and TRAIL. We discuss here the importance of distribution, storage, and degranulation of these molecules, as well as their shedding by proteases on the control of death receptor ligands expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weinlich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Rab27a and Rab27b control different steps of the exosome secretion pathway. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 12:19-30; sup pp 1-13. [PMID: 19966785 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1795] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted membrane vesicles that share structural and biochemical characteristics with intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes (MVEs). Exosomes could be involved in intercellular communication and in the pathogenesis of infectious and degenerative diseases. The molecular mechanisms of exosome biogenesis and secretion are, however, poorly understood. Using an RNA interference (RNAi) screen, we identified five Rab GTPases that promote exosome secretion in HeLa cells. Among these, Rab27a and Rab27b were found to function in MVE docking at the plasma membrane. The size of MVEs was strongly increased by Rab27a silencing, whereas MVEs were redistributed towards the perinuclear region upon Rab27b silencing. Thus, the two Rab27 isoforms have different roles in the exosomal pathway. In addition, silencing two known Rab27 effectors, Slp4 (also known as SYTL4, synaptotagmin-like 4) and Slac2b (also known as EXPH5, exophilin 5), inhibited exosome secretion and phenocopied silencing of Rab27a and Rab27b, respectively. Our results therefore strengthen the link between MVEs and exosomes, and introduce ways of manipulating exosome secretion in vivo.
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Makrigiannakis A, Karamouti M, Drakakis P, Loutradis D, Antsaklis A. Fetomaternal immunotolerance. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 60:482-96. [PMID: 19032609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2008.00655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation of mammalian conceptus in uterine cavity is the result of evolutionary adaptation, through high level of physiological procedures to ensure its success. However the majority of pregnancy losses occur before or during implantation. It is expected that exploring and defining the molecular and physiological road map during the crucial time of implantation will enable us to decode and effectively treat fertility defects. Immunological, hormonal and molecular factors participate in the feto-maternal cross talk during implantation and designate the effectiveness of the process. The atypical expression of major histocompatibility complex and other protein-antigens, such as Fas/FasL and petformin in human trophoblast, the modified function of cellular constituents of the feto-maternal interface, as well as the specific role of some hormones and cytokines, represent substantive parameters of feto-maternal immunotolerance during implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Makrigiannakis
- Laboratory of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
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Ma Y, Yang H, Qi J, Liu D, Xiong P, Xu Y, Feng W, Zheng G, Li P, Fang M, Tan Z, Zheng F, Gong F. CD2AP is indispensable to multistep cytotoxic process by NK cells. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:1074-82. [PMID: 19945749 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) is a cytoplasmic protein which localizes to membrane ruffles, lipid rafts and the leading edges of cells. It is implicated in podocyte homeostasis, signal transduction, dynamic actin remodeling and also membrane trafficking during endocytosis and cytokinesis. CD2AP was reported to orchestrate receptor patterning and cytoskeletal polarity in T cell contacts and it could also modulate TCR signaling. However, whether it plays a role in NK cell killing remains unknown. In this study, we discovered that interfering with CD2AP expression strongly reduced cytotoxicity of human NK92 cell line and this effect was independent of FasL sensitivity of target cells. Conjugate formation and degranulation were impeded in NK92 cells after CD2AP knockdown. Upon encountering target cells, CD2AP in NK92 is enriched near contact site and colocalizes with FasL-bearing granules. In contrast, FasL-bearing granules were found rarely polarized toward cell contact site after CD2AP knockdown. Furthermore, by immunoprecipitation from NK92 cell lysates and transient expression studies in 293T and Hela cells, we demonstrated that CD2AP associates with FasL. Thus, CD2AP, through facilitating conjugate formation and directed transport of lytic granules, plays an important role in NK cells killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ma
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Membrane-bound Fas ligand only is essential for Fas-induced apoptosis. Nature 2009; 461:659-63. [PMID: 19794494 PMCID: PMC2785124 DOI: 10.1038/nature08402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fas ligand (FasL), an apoptosis-inducing member of the TNF cytokine family and its receptor, Fas, are critical for shutdown of chronic immune responses1-3 and prevention of autoimmunity4,5. Accordingly, mutations in their genes cause severe lymphadenopathy and autoimmune disease in mice6,7 and humans8,9. FasL function is regulated by deposition in the plasma membrane and metalloprotease-mediated shedding10,11. We generated gene-targeted mice that selectively lack either secreted FasL (ΔsFasL) or membrane-bound FasL (ΔmFasL) to resolve which of these forms is required for cell killing and to explore their hypothetical non-apoptotic activities. Mice lacking sFasL (FasLΔs/Δs) appeared normal and their T cells readily killed target cells, whereas T cells lacking mFasL (FasLΔm/Δm) could not kill cells through Fas activation. FasLΔm/Δm mice developed lymphadenopathy and hyper-gammaglobulinaemia, similar to FasLgld/gld mice, which express a mutant form of FasL that cannot bind Fas, but surprisingly, (on a C57BL/6 background) FasLΔm/Δm mice succumbed to SLE-like autoimmune kidney destruction and histiocytic sarcoma, diseases that occur only rarely and considerably later in FasLgld/gld mice. These results demonstrate that mFasL is essential for cytotoxic activity and constitutes the guardian against lymphadenopathy, autoimmunity and cancer whereas excess sFasL appears to promote autoimmunity and tumorigenesis through non-apoptotic activities.
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Arkwright PD, Luchetti F, Tour J, Roberts C, Ayub R, Morales AP, Rodríguez JJ, Gilmore A, Canonico B, Papa S, Esposti MD. Fas stimulation of T lymphocytes promotes rapid intercellular exchange of death signals via membrane nanotubes. Cell Res 2009; 20:72-88. [PMID: 19770844 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fas/CD95 surface receptor mediates rapid death of various cell types, including autoreactive T cells with the potential for triggering autoimmunity. Here, we present novel aspects of Fas signalling that define a 'social' dimension to receptor-induced apoptosis. Fas stimulation rapidly induces extensive membrane nanotube formation between neighbouring T cells. This is critically dependent on Rho GTPases but not on caspase activation. Bidirectional transfer of membrane and cytosolic elements including active caspases can be observed to occur via these nanotubes. Nanotube formation and intercellular exchanges of death signals are defective in T lymphocytes from patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome harbouring mutations in the Fas receptor. We conclude that nanotube-mediated exchanges constitute a novel form of intercellular communication that augments the propagation of death signalling between neighbouring T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Arkwright
- University of Manchester, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
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50
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De Zoysa M, Nikapitiya C, Moon DO, Whang I, Kim GY, Lee J. A novel Fas ligand in mollusk abalone: molecular characterization, immune responses and biological activity of the recombinant protein. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:423-432. [PMID: 19576285 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fas ligand is a member of the TNF superfamily that plays an important role by inducing apoptosis and homeostasis of immune responses. The gene encoding Fas ligand was isolated from a disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus) cDNA library, denoted as the AbFas ligand. It contains an 1832bp transcript with a 945bp open reading frame, encoding 315 amino acids. The AbFas ligand showed characteristic transmembrane and TNF family signature domains. The deduced amino acid comparison showed that the AbFas ligand exhibits 22.0, 16.1 and 14.5% identities to human Fas ligand, TNF-alpha, and lymphotoxin (LT-alpha), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the AbFas ligand belongs to the invertebrate TNF family and it is closely related to vertebrate Fas ligand counterparts. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis results showed that the AbFas ligand transcripts were constitutively expressed in abalone hemocytes, gills, mantle, muscle, digestive tract and digestive gland in a tissue-specific manner. By immune stimulation, AbFas ligand mRNA was significantly (p<0.05) up-regulated after infection with a mixture of bacteria (Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahemolyticus, and Listeria monocytogenes), viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in abalone gills. The recombinant AbFas ligand was over-expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and purified using a pMAL protein fusion system. This recombinant AbFas ligand showed its biological activity by inducing both superoxide anion (O(2-) and H(2)O(2) in human THP-1 cells in concentration-dependant manner. Correlating the AbFas ligand transcriptional up-regulation against bacteria, virus and LPS with the biological activity of its recombinant protein, we could suggest that the abalone Fas ligand may control microbial infection by inducing O(2-), H(2)O(2) and other ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahanama De Zoysa
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, College of Ocean Science, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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