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Weißenbruch K, Mayor R. Actomyosin forces in cell migration: Moving beyond cell body retraction. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2400055. [PMID: 39093597 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
In textbook illustrations of migrating cells, actomyosin contractility is typically depicted as the contraction force necessary for cell body retraction. This dogma has been transformed by the molecular clutch model, which acknowledges that actomyosin traction forces also generate and transmit biomechanical signals at the leading edge, enabling cells to sense and shape their migratory path in mechanically complex environments. To fulfill these complementary functions, the actomyosin system assembles a gradient of contractile energy along the front-rear axis of migratory cells. Here, we highlight the hierarchic assembly and self-regulatory network structure of the actomyosin system and explain how the kinetics of different nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) paralogs synergize during contractile force generation. Our aim is to emphasize how protrusion formation, cell adhesion, contraction, and retraction are spatiotemporally integrated during different modes of migration, including chemotaxis and durotaxis. Finally, we hypothesize how different NM II paralogs might tune aspects of migration in vivo, highlighting future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Weißenbruch
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
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2
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Yoshida M, Mizuno H, Ikeda A. Structural fluctuations in active glasses. SOFT MATTER 2024. [PMID: 39291805 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00821a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The glassy dynamics of dense active matter have recently become a topic of interest due to their importance in biological processes such as wound healing and tissue development. However, while the liquid-state properties of dense active matter have been studied in relation to the glass transition of active matter, the solid-state properties of active glasses have yet to be understood. In this work, we study the structural fluctuations in the active glasses composed of self-propelled particles. We develop a formalism to describe the solid-state properties of active glasses in the harmonic approximation limit and use it to analyze the displacement fields in the active glasses. Our findings reveal that the dynamics of high-frequency normal modes become quasi-static with respect to the active forces, and consequently, excitations of these modes are significantly suppressed. This leads to a violation of the equipartition law, suppression of particle displacements, and the apparent collective motion of active glasses. Overall, our results provide a fundamental understanding of the solid-state properties of active glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yoshida
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Mizuno
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
- Research Center for Complex Systems Biology, Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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Sadhukhan S, Nandi MK, Pandey S, Paoluzzi M, Dasgupta C, Gov NS, Nandi SK. Motility driven glassy dynamics in confluent epithelial monolayers. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:6160-6175. [PMID: 39044639 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00352g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
As wounds heal, embryos develop, cancer spreads, or asthma progresses, the cellular monolayer undergoes a glass transition between solid-like jammed and fluid-like flowing states. During some of these processes, the cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT): they acquire in-plane polarity and become motile. Thus, how motility drives the glassy dynamics in epithelial systems is critical for the EMT process. However, no analytical framework that is indispensable for deeper insights exists. Here, we develop such a theory inspired by a well-known glass theory. One crucial result of this work is that the confluency affects the effective persistence time-scale of active force, described by its rotational diffusivity, Deffr. Deffr differs from the bare rotational diffusivity, Dr, of the motile force due to cell shape dynamics, which acts to rectify the force dynamics: Deffr is equal to Dr when Dr is small and saturates when Dr is large. We test the theoretical prediction of Deffr and how it affects the relaxation dynamics in our simulations of the active Vertex model. This novel effect of Deffr is crucial to understanding the new and previously published simulation data of active glassy dynamics in epithelial monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Sadhukhan
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Hyderabad-500046, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar Nandi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron 69500, France
| | - Satyam Pandey
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Hyderabad-500046, India.
| | - Matteo Paoluzzi
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Chandan Dasgupta
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore 560089, India
| | - Nir S Gov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Saroj Kumar Nandi
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Hyderabad-500046, India.
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Mancini A, Gentile MT, Pentimalli F, Cortellino S, Grieco M, Giordano A. Multiple aspects of matrix stiffness in cancer progression. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1406644. [PMID: 39015505 PMCID: PMC11249764 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1406644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The biophysical and biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are crucial in the processes of cell differentiation and proliferation. However, it is unclear to what extent tumor cells are influenced by biomechanical and biophysical changes of the surrounding microenvironment and how this response varies between different tumor forms, and over the course of tumor progression. The entire ensemble of genes encoding the ECM associated proteins is called matrisome. In cancer, the ECM evolves to become highly dysregulated, rigid, and fibrotic, serving both pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic roles. Tumor desmoplasia is characterized by a dramatic increase of α-smooth muscle actin expressing fibroblast and the deposition of hard ECM containing collagen, fibronectin, proteoglycans, and hyaluronic acid and is common in many solid tumors. In this review, we described the role of inflammation and inflammatory cytokines, in desmoplastic matrix remodeling, tumor state transition driven by microenvironment forces and the signaling pathways in mechanotransduction as potential targeted therapies, focusing on the impact of qualitative and quantitative variations of the ECM on the regulation of tumor development, hypothesizing the presence of matrisome drivers, acting alongside the cell-intrinsic oncogenic drivers, in some stages of neoplastic progression and in some tumor contexts, such as pancreatic carcinoma, breast cancer, lung cancer and mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mancini
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- BioUp Sagl, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Maria Teresa Gentile
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesca Pentimalli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University “Giuseppe De Gennaro,” Casamassima, Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cortellino
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Responsible Research Hospital, Campobasso, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale (SSM), Clinical and Translational Oncology, Naples, NA, Italy
- Sbarro Health Research Organization (S.H.R.O.) Italia Foundation ETS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Michele Grieco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Li M, Jia D, Li J, Li Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xie W, Chen S. Scutellarin Alleviates Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Remodeling in Mice and TGF-β-Induced Pro-fibrotic Phenotype in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells via MAPK and Smad2/3 Signaling Pathways. Inflammation 2024; 47:853-873. [PMID: 38168709 PMCID: PMC11147947 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammation, and remodeling. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential player in these alterations. Scutellarin is isolated from Erigeron breviscapus. Its vascular relaxative, myocardial protective, and anti-inflammatory effects have been well established. This study was designed to detect the biological roles of scutellarin in asthma and its related mechanisms. The asthma-like conditions were induced by ovalbumin challenges. The airway resistance and dynamic compliance were recorded as the results of AHR. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and processed for differential cell counting. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, periodic acid-Schiff staining, and Masson staining were conducted to examine histopathological changes. The levels of asthma-related cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For in vitro analysis, the 16HBE cells were stimulated with 10 ng/mL transforming growth beta-1 (TGF-β1). Cell migration was estimated by Transwell assays and wound healing assays. E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were analyzed by western blotting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence staining, and immunohistochemistry staining. The underlying mechanisms of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Smad pathways were investigated by western blotting. In an ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mouse model, scutellarin suppressed inflammation and inflammatory cell infiltration into the lungs and attenuated AHR and airway remodeling. Additionally, scutellarin inhibited airway EMT (upregulated E-cadherin level and downregulated N-cadherin and α-SMA) in ovalbumin-challenged asthmatic mice. For in vitro analysis, scutellarin prevented the TGF-β1-induced migration and EMT in 16HBE cells. Mechanistically, scutellarin inhibits the phosphorylation of Smad2, Smad3, ERK, JNK, and p38 in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, scutellarin can inactivate the Smad/MAPK pathways to suppress the TGF-β1-stimulated epithelial fibrosis and EMT and relieve airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma. This study provides a potential therapeutic strategy for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minfang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518033, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Dan Jia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518033, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jinshuai Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Yaqing Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Yaqiong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, 215300, China.
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, China.
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518033, China.
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, China.
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518033, China.
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Kim B, Lopez AT, Thevarajan I, Osuna MF, Mallavarapu M, Gao B, Osborne JK. Unexpected Differences in the Speed of Non-Malignant versus Malignant Cell Migration Reveal Differential Basal Intracellular ATP Levels. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5519. [PMID: 38067222 PMCID: PMC10705159 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15235519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular locomotion is required for survival, fertility, proper embryonic development, regeneration, and wound healing. Cell migration is a major component of metastasis, which accounts for two-thirds of all solid tumor deaths. While many studies have demonstrated increased energy requirements, metabolic rates, and migration of cancer cells compared with normal cells, few have systematically compared normal and cancer cell migration as well as energy requirements side by side. Thus, we investigated how non-malignant and malignant cells migrate, utilizing several cell lines from the breast and lung. Initial screening was performed in an unbiased high-throughput manner for the ability to migrate/invade on collagen and/or Matrigel. We unexpectedly observed that all the non-malignant lung cells moved significantly faster than cells derived from lung tumors regardless of the growth media used. Given the paradigm-shifting nature of our discovery, we pursued the mechanisms that could be responsible. Neither mass, cell doubling, nor volume accounted for the individual speed and track length of the normal cells. Non-malignant cells had higher levels of intracellular ATP at premigratory-wound induction stages. Meanwhile, cancer cells also increased intracellular ATP at premigratory-wound induction, but not to the levels of the normal cells, indicating the possibility for further therapeutic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bareun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (B.K.); (A.T.L.); (I.T.); (M.F.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Anthony T. Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (B.K.); (A.T.L.); (I.T.); (M.F.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Indhujah Thevarajan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (B.K.); (A.T.L.); (I.T.); (M.F.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria F. Osuna
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (B.K.); (A.T.L.); (I.T.); (M.F.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Monica Mallavarapu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (B.K.); (A.T.L.); (I.T.); (M.F.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Boning Gao
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Jihan K. Osborne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (B.K.); (A.T.L.); (I.T.); (M.F.O.); (M.M.)
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Lee YL, Mathur J, Walter C, Zmuda H, Pathak A. Matrix obstructions cause multiscale disruption in collective epithelial migration by suppressing leader cell function. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar94. [PMID: 37379202 PMCID: PMC10398892 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-06-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
During disease and development, physical changes in extracellular matrix cause jamming, unjamming, and scattering in epithelial migration. However, whether disruptions in matrix topology alter collective cell migration speed and cell-cell coordination remains unclear. We microfabricated substrates with stumps of defined geometry, density, and orientation, which create obstructions for migrating epithelial cells. Here, we show that cells lose their speed and directionality when moving through densely spaced obstructions. Although leader cells are stiffer than follower cells on flat substrates, dense obstructions cause overall cell softening. Through a lattice-based model, we identify cellular protrusions, cell-cell adhesions, and leader-follower communication as key mechanisms for obstruction-sensitive collective cell migration. Our modeling predictions and experimental validations show that cells' obstruction sensitivity requires an optimal balance of cell-cell adhesions and protrusions. Both MDCK (more cohesive) and α-catenin-depleted MCF10A cells were less obstruction sensitive than wild-type MCF10A cells. Together, microscale softening, mesoscale disorder, and macroscale multicellular communication enable epithelial cell populations to sense topological obstructions encountered in challenging environments. Thus, obstruction-sensitivity could define "mechanotype" of cells that collectively migrate yet maintain intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lim Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Jairaj Mathur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Christopher Walter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Hannah Zmuda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Amit Pathak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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Leartprapun N, Zeng Z, Hajjarian Z, Bossuyt V, Nadkarni SK. Speckle rheological spectroscopy reveals wideband viscoelastic spectra of biological tissues. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.08.544037. [PMID: 37333220 PMCID: PMC10274797 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical transformation of tissue is not merely a symptom but a decisive driver in pathological processes. Comprising intricate network of cells, fibrillar proteins, and interstitial fluid, tissues exhibit distinct solid-(elastic) and liquid-like (viscous) behaviours that span a wide band of frequencies. Yet, characterization of wideband viscoelastic behaviour in whole tissue has not been investigated, leaving a vast knowledge gap in the higher frequency range that is linked to fundamental intracellular processes and microstructural dynamics. Here, we present wideband Speckle rHEologicAl spectRoScopy (SHEARS) to address this need. We demonstrate, for the first time, analysis of frequency-dependent elastic and viscous moduli up to the sub-MHz regime in biomimetic scaffolds and tissue specimens of blood clots, breast tumours, and bone. By capturing previously inaccessible viscoelastic behaviour across the wide frequency spectrum, our approach provides distinct and comprehensive mechanical signatures of tissues that may provide new mechanobiological insights and inform novel disease prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichaluk Leartprapun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Ziqian Zeng
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Zeinab Hajjarian
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Veerle Bossuyt
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Seemantini K. Nadkarni
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
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Dow LP, Parmar T, Marchetti MC, Pruitt BL. Engineering tools for quantifying and manipulating forces in epithelia. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:021303. [PMID: 38510344 PMCID: PMC10903508 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The integrity of epithelia is maintained within dynamic mechanical environments during tissue development and homeostasis. Understanding how epithelial cells mechanosignal and respond collectively or individually is critical to providing insight into developmental and (patho)physiological processes. Yet, inferring or mimicking mechanical forces and downstream mechanical signaling as they occur in epithelia presents unique challenges. A variety of in vitro approaches have been used to dissect the role of mechanics in regulating epithelia organization. Here, we review approaches and results from research into how epithelial cells communicate through mechanical cues to maintain tissue organization and integrity. We summarize the unique advantages and disadvantages of various reduced-order model systems to guide researchers in choosing appropriate experimental systems. These model systems include 3D, 2D, and 1D micromanipulation methods, single cell studies, and noninvasive force inference and measurement techniques. We also highlight a number of in silico biophysical models that are informed by in vitro and in vivo observations. Together, a combination of theoretical and experimental models will aid future experiment designs and provide predictive insight into mechanically driven behaviors of epithelial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshi Parmar
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Zhang Y, Black KE, Phung TKN, Thundivalappil SR, Lin T, Wang W, Xu J, Zhang C, Hariri LP, Lapey A, Li H, Lerou PH, Ai X, Que J, Park JA, Hurley BP, Mou H. Human Airway Basal Cells Undergo Reversible Squamous Differentiation and Reshape Innate Immunity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 68:664-678. [PMID: 36753317 PMCID: PMC10257070 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0299oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Histological and lineage immunofluorescence examination revealed that healthy conducting airways of humans and animals harbor sporadic poorly differentiated epithelial patches mostly in the dorsal noncartilage regions that remarkably manifest squamous differentiation. In vitro analysis demonstrated that this squamous phenotype is not due to intrinsic functional change in underlying airway basal cells. Rather, it is a reversible physiological response to persistent Wnt signaling stimulation during de novo differentiation. Squamous epithelial cells have elevated gene signatures of glucose uptake and cellular glycolysis. Inhibition of glycolysis or a decrease in glucose availability suppresses Wnt-induced squamous epithelial differentiation. Compared with pseudostratified airway epithelial cells, a cascade of mucosal protective functions is impaired in squamous epithelial cells, featuring increased epithelial permeability, spontaneous epithelial unjamming, and enhanced inflammatory responses. Our study raises the possibility that the squamous differentiation naturally occurring in healthy airways identified herein may represent "vulnerable spots" within the airway mucosa that are sensitive to damage and inflammation when confronted by infection or injury. Squamous metaplasia and hyperplasia are hallmarks of many airway diseases, thereby expanding these areas of vulnerability with potential pathological consequences. Thus, investigation of physiological and reversible squamous differentiation from healthy airway basal cells may provide critical knowledge to understand pathogenic squamous remodeling, which is often nonreversible, progressive, and hyperinflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Zhang
- The Mucosal Immunology & Biology Research Center
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, and
| | | | - Thien-Khoi N. Phung
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Tian Lin
- The Mucosal Immunology & Biology Research Center
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, and
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lida P. Hariri
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allen Lapey
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hu Li
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Paul Hubert Lerou
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xingbin Ai
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jianwen Que
- Columbia Center for Human Development
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, and
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jin-Ah Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bryan P. Hurley
- The Mucosal Immunology & Biology Research Center
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, and
| | - Hongmei Mou
- The Mucosal Immunology & Biology Research Center
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, and
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11
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Phung TKN, Mitchel JA, O'Sullivan MJ, Park JA. Quantification of basal stem cell elongation and stress fiber accumulation in the pseudostratified airway epithelium during the unjamming transition. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio059727. [PMID: 37014330 PMCID: PMC10151827 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Under homeostatic conditions, epithelial cells remain non-migratory. However, during embryonic development and pathological conditions, they become migratory. The mechanism underlying the transition of the epithelial layer between non-migratory and migratory phases is a fundamental question in biology. Using well-differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells that form a pseudostratified epithelium, we have previously identified that a confluent epithelial layer can transition from a non-migratory to migratory phase through an unjamming transition (UJT). We previously defined collective cellular migration and apical cell elongation as hallmarks of UJT. However, other cell-type-specific changes have not been previously studied in the pseudostratified airway epithelium, which consists of multiple cell types. Here, we focused on the quantifying morphological changes in basal stem cells during the UJT. Our data demonstrate that during the UJT, airway basal stem cells elongated and enlarged, and their stress fibers elongated and aligned. These morphological changes observed in basal stem cells correlated to the previously defined hallmarks of the UJT. Moreover, basal cell and stress fiber elongation were observed prior to apical cell elongation. Together, these morphological changes indicate that basal stem cells in pseudostratified airway epithelium are actively remodeling, presumably through accumulation of stress fibers during the UJT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien-Khoi N. Phung
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Mitchel
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Michael J. O'Sullivan
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jin-Ah Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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González I, Luzuriaga J, Valdivieso A, Candil M, Frutos J, López J, Hernández L, Rodríguez-Lorenzo L, Yagüe V, Blanco JL, Pinto A, Earl J. Low-intensity continuous ultrasound to inhibit cancer cell migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:842965. [PMID: 36712968 PMCID: PMC9877218 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.842965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has been verified that collective cell migration is a fundamental step in tumor spreading and metastatic processes. In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time how low-intensity ultrasound produces long-term inhibition of collective migration of epithelial cancer cells in wound healing processes. In particular, we show how pancreatic tumor cells, PANC-1, grown as monolayers in vitro respond to these waves at frequencies close to 1 MHz and low intensities (<100 mW cm-2) for 48-72 h of culture after some minutes of a single ultrasound irradiation. This new strategy opens a new line of action to block the spread of malignant cells in cancer processes. Despite relevant spatial variations of the acoustic pressure amplitude induced in the assay, the cells behave as a whole, showing a collective dynamic response to acoustic performance. Experiments carried out with samples without previous starving showed remarkable effects of the LICUs from the first hours of culture, more prominent than those with experiments with monolayers subjected to fasting prior to the experiments. This new strategy to control cell migration demonstrating the effectiveness of LICUS on not starved cells opens a new line of action to study effects of in vivo ultrasonic actuation on tumor tissues with malignant cells. This is a proof-of-concept study to demonstrate the physical effects of ultrasound stimulation on tumor cell migration. An in-depth biological study of the effects of ultrasounds and underlying biological mechanisms is on-going but out of the scope of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar González
- Group of Ultrasonic Resonators RESULT, Institute of Physical Technologies and Informacion, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Itziar González,
| | - Jon Luzuriaga
- Signaling Lab, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Alba Valdivieso
- Group of Ultrasonic Resonators RESULT, Institute of Physical Technologies and Informacion, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Candil
- Group of Ultrasonic Resonators RESULT, Institute of Physical Technologies and Informacion, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Frutos
- Molecular Epidemiology and Predictive Tumor Markers Group, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain,Biomedical Research Network in Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime López
- Group of Ultrasonic Resonators RESULT, Institute of Physical Technologies and Informacion, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Hernández
- Group of Ultrasonic Resonators RESULT, Institute of Physical Technologies and Informacion, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Virginia Yagüe
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid UPM, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Blanco
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid UPM, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Pinto
- Group of Ultrasonic Resonators RESULT, Institute of Physical Technologies and Informacion, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie Earl
- Molecular Epidemiology and Predictive Tumor Markers Group, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain,Biomedical Research Network in Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
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13
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Liu BS, Valenzuela CD, Mentzer KL, Wagner WL, Khalil HA, Chen Z, Ackermann M, Mentzer SJ. Topography of pleural epithelial structure enabled by en face isolation and machine learning. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:274-284. [PMID: 36502471 PMCID: PMC9845181 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pleural epithelial adaptations to mechanical stress are relevant to both normal lung function and parenchymal lung diseases. Assessing regional differences in mechanical stress, however, has been complicated by the nonlinear stress-strain properties of the lung and the large displacements with ventilation. Moreover, there is no reliable method of isolating pleural epithelium for structural studies. To define the topographic variation in pleural structure, we developed a method of en face harvest of murine pleural epithelium. Silver-stain was used to highlight cell borders and facilitate imaging with light microscopy. Machine learning and watershed segmentation were used to define the cell area and cell perimeter of the isolated pleural epithelial cells. In the deflated lung at residual volume, the pleural epithelial cells were significantly larger in the apex (624 ± 247 μm2 ) than in basilar regions of the lung (471 ± 119 μm2 ) (p < 0.001). The distortion of apical epithelial cells was consistent with a vertical gradient of pleural pressures. To assess epithelial changes with inflation, the pleura was studied at total lung capacity. The average epithelial cell area increased 57% and the average perimeter increased 27% between residual volume and total lung capacity. The increase in lung volume was less than half the percent change predicted by uniform or isotropic expansion of the lung. We conclude that the structured analysis of pleural epithelial cells complements studies of pulmonary microstructure and provides useful insights into the regional distribution of mechanical stresses in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty S. Liu
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Cristian D. Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Katherine L. Mentzer
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford CA
| | - Willi L. Wagner
- Translational Lung Research Center, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hassan A. Khalil
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Zi Chen
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Maximilian Ackermann
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steven J. Mentzer
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
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14
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Sadhukhan S, Nandi SK. On the origin of universal cell shape variability in confluent epithelial monolayers. eLife 2022; 11:e76406. [PMID: 36563034 PMCID: PMC9833828 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell shape is fundamental in biology. The average cell shape can influence crucial biological functions, such as cell fate and division orientation. But cell-to-cell shape variability is often regarded as noise. In contrast, recent works reveal that shape variability in diverse epithelial monolayers follows a nearly universal distribution. However, the origin and implications of this universality remain unclear. Here, assuming contractility and adhesion are crucial for cell shape, characterized via aspect ratio (r), we develop a mean-field analytical theory for shape variability. We find that all the system-specific details combine into a single parameter α that governs the probability distribution function (PDF) of r; this leads to a universal relation between the standard deviation and the average of r. The PDF for the scaled r is not strictly but nearly universal. In addition, we obtain the scaled area distribution, described by the parameter μ. Information of α and μ together can distinguish the effects of changing physical conditions, such as maturation, on different system properties. We have verified the theory via simulations of two distinct models of epithelial monolayers and with existing experiments on diverse systems. We demonstrate that in a confluent monolayer, average shape determines both the shape variability and dynamics. Our results imply that cell shape distribution is inevitable, where a single parameter describes both statics and dynamics and provides a framework to analyze and compare diverse epithelial systems. In contrast to existing theories, our work shows that the universal properties are consequences of a mathematical property and should be valid in general, even in the fluid regime.
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15
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Self-assembly of tessellated tissue sheets by expansion and collision. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4026. [PMID: 35821232 PMCID: PMC9276766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissues do not exist in isolation—they interact with other tissues within and across organs. While cell-cell interactions have been intensely investigated, less is known about tissue-tissue interactions. Here, we studied collisions between monolayer tissues with different geometries, cell densities, and cell types. First, we determine rules for tissue shape changes during binary collisions and describe complex cell migration at tri-tissue boundaries. Next, we propose that genetically identical tissues displace each other based on pressure gradients, which are directly linked to gradients in cell density. We present a physical model of tissue interactions that allows us to estimate the bulk modulus of the tissues from collision dynamics. Finally, we introduce TissEllate, a design tool for self-assembling complex tessellations from arrays of many tissues, and we use cell sheet engineering techniques to transfer these composite tissues like cellular films. Overall, our work provides insight into the mechanics of tissue collisions, harnessing them to engineer tissue composites as designable living materials. Tissue boundaries in our body separate organs and enable healing, but boundary mechanics are not well known. Here, the authors define mechanical rules for colliding cell monolayers and use these rules to make complex, predictable tessellations.
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16
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Chen T, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Li S, Cao J, Guo J, Bu W, Zhao H, Du J, Cao Y, Fan Y. Self-Organization of Tissue Growth by Interfacial Mechanical Interactions in Multilayered Systems. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104301. [PMID: 35138041 PMCID: PMC9069393 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis is a spatially and temporally regulated process involved in various physiological and pathological transformations. In addition to the associated biochemical factors, the physical regulation of morphogenesis has attracted increasing attention. However, the driving force of morphogenesis initiation remains elusive. Here, it is shown that during the growth of multilayered tissues, a morphogenetic process can be self-organized by the progression of compression gradient stemmed from the interfacial mechanical interactions between layers. In tissues with low fluidity, the compression gradient is progressively strengthened during growth and induces stratification by triggering symmetric-to-asymmetric cell division reorientation at the critical tissue size. In tissues with high fluidity, compression gradient is dynamic and induces cell rearrangement leading to 2D in-plane morphogenesis instead of 3D deformation. Morphogenesis can be tuned by manipulating tissue fluidity, cell adhesion forces, and mechanical properties to influence the progression of compression gradient during the development of cultured cell sheets and chicken embryos. Together, the dynamics of compression gradient arising from interfacial mechanical interaction provides a conserved mechanism underlying morphogenesis initiation and size control during tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tailin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle BodyCollege of Mechanical and Vehicle EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082China
| | - Xinbin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Shukai Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Jialing Cao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Wanjuan Bu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Hucheng Zhao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical EngineeringDepartment of Engineering MechanicsSchool of Aerospace EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Jing Du
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Yanping Cao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical EngineeringDepartment of Engineering MechanicsSchool of Aerospace EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of EducationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSchool of Engineering MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China
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17
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Abstract
In this review article, we will first provide a brief overview of the ErbB receptor-ligand system and its importance in developmental and physiological processes. We will then review the literature regarding the role of ErbB receptors and their ligands in the maladaptive remodeling of lung tissue, with special emphasis on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Here we will focus on the pathways and cellular processes contributing to epithelial-mesenchymal miscommunication seen in this pathology. We will also provide an overview of the in vivo studies addressing the efficacy of different ErbB signaling inhibitors in experimental models of lung injury and highlight how such studies may contribute to our understanding of ErbB biology in the lung. Finally, we will discuss what we learned from clinical applications of the ErbB1 signaling inhibitors in cancer in order to advance clinical trials in IPF.
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18
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Ghosh B, Nishida K, Chandrala L, Mahmud S, Thapa S, Swaby C, Chen S, Khosla AA, Katz J, Sidhaye VK. Epithelial plasticity in COPD results in cellular unjamming due to an increase in polymerized actin. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs258513. [PMID: 35118497 PMCID: PMC8919336 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium is subjected to insults such as cigarette smoke (CS), a primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and serves as an excellent model to study cell plasticity. Here, we show that both CS-exposed and COPD-patient derived epithelia (CHBE) display quantitative evidence of cellular plasticity, with loss of specialized apical features and a transcriptional profile suggestive of partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (pEMT), albeit with distinct cell motion indicative of cellular unjamming. These injured/diseased cells have an increased fraction of polymerized actin, due to loss of the actin-severing protein cofilin-1. We observed that decreasing polymerized actin restores the jammed state in both CHBE and CS-exposed epithelia, indicating that the fraction of polymerized actin is critical in unjamming the epithelia. Our kinetic energy spectral analysis suggests that loss of cofilin-1 results in unjamming, similar to that seen with both CS exposure and in CHBE cells. The findings suggest that in response to chronic injury, although epithelial cells display evidence of pEMT, their movement is more consistent with cellular unjamming. Inhibitors of actin polymerization rectify the unjamming features of the monolayer. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baishakhi Ghosh
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Kristine Nishida
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Lakshmana Chandrala
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA
| | - Saborny Mahmud
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Shreeti Thapa
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Carter Swaby
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Atulya Aman Khosla
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Joseph Katz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA
| | - Venkataramana K. Sidhaye
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
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19
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Mierke CT. Viscoelasticity, Like Forces, Plays a Role in Mechanotransduction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:789841. [PMID: 35223831 PMCID: PMC8864183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.789841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscoelasticity and its alteration in time and space has turned out to act as a key element in fundamental biological processes in living systems, such as morphogenesis and motility. Based on experimental and theoretical findings it can be proposed that viscoelasticity of cells, spheroids and tissues seems to be a collective characteristic that demands macromolecular, intracellular component and intercellular interactions. A major challenge is to couple the alterations in the macroscopic structural or material characteristics of cells, spheroids and tissues, such as cell and tissue phase transitions, to the microscopic interferences of their elements. Therefore, the biophysical technologies need to be improved, advanced and connected to classical biological assays. In this review, the viscoelastic nature of cytoskeletal, extracellular and cellular networks is presented and discussed. Viscoelasticity is conceptualized as a major contributor to cell migration and invasion and it is discussed whether it can serve as a biomarker for the cells' migratory capacity in several biological contexts. It can be hypothesized that the statistical mechanics of intra- and extracellular networks may be applied in the future as a powerful tool to explore quantitatively the biomechanical foundation of viscoelasticity over a broad range of time and length scales. Finally, the importance of the cellular viscoelasticity is illustrated in identifying and characterizing multiple disorders, such as cancer, tissue injuries, acute or chronic inflammations or fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Abstract
Biological systems display a rich phenomenology of states that resemble the physical states of matter - solid, liquid and gas. These phases result from the interactions between the microscopic constituent components - the cells - that manifest in macroscopic properties such as fluidity, rigidity and resistance to changes in shape and volume. Looked at from such a perspective, phase transitions from a rigid to a flowing state or vice versa define much of what happens in many biological processes especially during early development and diseases such as cancer. Additionally, collectively moving confluent cells can also lead to kinematic phase transitions in biological systems similar to multi-particle systems where the particles can interact and show sub-populations characterised by specific velocities. In this Perspective we discuss the similarities and limitations of the analogy between biological and inert physical systems both from theoretical perspective as well as experimental evidence in biological systems. In understanding such transitions, it is crucial to acknowledge that the macroscopic properties of biological materials and their modifications result from the complex interplay between the microscopic properties of cells including growth or death, neighbour interactions and secretion of matrix, phenomena unique to biological systems. Detecting phase transitions in vivo is technically difficult. We present emerging approaches that address this challenge and may guide our understanding of the organization and macroscopic behaviour of biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7288, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Vikas Trivedi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
- EMBL Heidelberg, Developmental Biology Unit, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany.
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21
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Damavandi OK, Hagh VF, Santangelo CD, Manning ML. Energetic rigidity. II. Applications in examples of biological and underconstrained materials. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:025004. [PMID: 35291184 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.025004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This is the second paper devoted to energetic rigidity, in which we apply our formalism to examples in two dimensions: Underconstrained random regular spring networks, vertex models, and jammed packings of soft particles. Spring networks and vertex models are both highly underconstrained, and first-order constraint counting does not predict their rigidity, but second-order rigidity does. In contrast, spherical jammed packings are overconstrained and thus first-order rigid, meaning that constraint counting is equivalent to energetic rigidity as long as prestresses in the system are sufficiently small. Aspherical jammed packings on the other hand have been shown to be jammed at hypostaticity, which we use to argue for a modified constraint counting for systems that are energetically rigid at quartic order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojan Khatib Damavandi
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - Varda F Hagh
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Christian D Santangelo
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - M Lisa Manning
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
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22
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Jiang J, Zeng Z, Pan Z, Shi B, Wang Y, Zhang H. Collective dynamics of gastric cancer cells in fluid. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:064402. [PMID: 35030856 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.064402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the most common digestive system malignant cancer, and gastric cancer cells (GCC) can migrate in normal solid tissue and lymphatic fluid. Previously, much research has focused on the migration process when the cells are in the solid condition, such as migration through tissue, adhesion, and invasion processes, while little is known about the migration process of GCC in lymphatic fluid. In the current study, we investigate the migration of GCC in a fluid condition in an in vitro environment. We find that the cells diffuse mainly because of their cell viability. Therefore, despite the fact that lymph fluid is almost quiescent, GCCs can migrate around easily. The dynamics of cells also demonstrate a collective glassy dynamic similar to ordinary inactive glassy materials. As density of the cells increases, the movement of the cells becomes slower, and the collective dynamic becomes heterogeneous, which is similar to the dynamically heterogeneous behavior in glassy materials. The results will help us gain a better knowledge of the characteristics of GCC dynamics in the liquid phase which is crucial for the understanding of the mechanism for lymphatic metastasis. This can also potentially help early diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in GC and provide new insights for future clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhikun Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhaocheng Pan
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bowen Shi
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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23
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Heffern EFW, Huelskamp H, Bahar S, Inglis RF. Phase transitions in biology: from bird flocks to population dynamics. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211111. [PMID: 34666526 PMCID: PMC8527202 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase transitions are an important and extensively studied concept in physics. The insights derived from understanding phase transitions in physics have recently and successfully been applied to a number of different phenomena in biological systems. Here, we provide a brief review of phase transitions and their role in explaining biological processes ranging from collective behaviour in animal flocks to neuronal firing. We also highlight a new and exciting area where phase transition theory is particularly applicable: population collapse and extinction. We discuss how phase transition theory can give insight into a range of extinction events such as population decline due to climate change or microbial responses to stressors such as antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holly Huelskamp
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri at St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sonya Bahar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri at St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R. Fredrik Inglis
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri at St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
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24
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Lee HG, Lee KJ. Neighbor-enhanced diffusivity in dense, cohesive cell populations. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009447. [PMID: 34555029 PMCID: PMC8491951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The dispersal or mixing of cells within cellular tissue is a crucial property for diverse biological processes, ranging from morphogenesis, immune action, to tumor metastasis. With the phenomenon of ‘contact inhibition of locomotion,’ it is puzzling how cells achieve such processes within a densely packed cohesive population. Here we demonstrate that a proper degree of cell-cell adhesiveness can, intriguingly, enhance the super-diffusive nature of individual cells. We systematically characterize the migration trajectories of crawling MDA-MB-231 cell lines, while they are in several different clustering modes, including freely crawling singles, cohesive doublets of two cells, quadruplets, and confluent population on two-dimensional substrate. Following data analysis and computer simulation of a simple cellular Potts model, which faithfully recapitulated all key experimental observations such as enhanced diffusivity as well as periodic rotation of cell-doublets and cell-quadruplets with mixing events, we found that proper combination of active self-propelling force and cell-cell adhesion is sufficient for generating the observed phenomena. Additionally, we found that tuning parameters for these two factors covers a variety of different collective dynamic states. Dispersal or movement of cells within dense biological tissue is essential for diverse biological processes, ranging from pattern formation, immune action, to tumor metastasis. However, it is quite puzzling how cells acquire such ability when they are supposedly “caged” by neighboring cells. Here, we report an unusual property of (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells that diffuse more persistently within a densely packed population than when they are free to crawl around with little interference. This property is rather surprising since they prefer to stick together, forming clusters. Interestingly, however, we find that having sticky neighbors not only makes two active cells in contact periodically rotate, reminiscent of a ballroom dance, but also enhances the persistence of the cells within a dense population. These intriguing phenomena appear to be universal as they can be generated by a simple cellular Potts model with appropriate combination of active self-propulsion and cell-cell adhesion force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Gyu Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung J. Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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25
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Sigismund S, Lanzetti L, Scita G, Di Fiore PP. Endocytosis in the context-dependent regulation of individual and collective cell properties. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:625-643. [PMID: 34075221 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis allows cells to transport particles and molecules across the plasma membrane. In addition, it is involved in the termination of signalling through receptor downmodulation and degradation. This traditional outlook has been substantially modified in recent years by discoveries that endocytosis and subsequent trafficking routes have a profound impact on the positive regulation and propagation of signals, being key for the spatiotemporal regulation of signal transmission in cells. Accordingly, endocytosis and membrane trafficking regulate virtually every aspect of cell physiology and are frequently subverted in pathological conditions. Two key aspects of endocytic control over signalling are coming into focus: context-dependency and long-range effects. First, endocytic-regulated outputs are not stereotyped but heavily dependent on the cell-specific regulation of endocytic networks. Second, endocytic regulation has an impact not only on individual cells but also on the behaviour of cellular collectives. Herein, we will discuss recent advancements in these areas, highlighting how endocytic trafficking impacts complex cell properties, including cell polarity and collective cell migration, and the relevance of these mechanisms to disease, in particular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sigismund
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Lanzetti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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26
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Sternberg AK, Buck VU, Classen-Linke I, Leube RE. How Mechanical Forces Change the Human Endometrium during the Menstrual Cycle in Preparation for Embryo Implantation. Cells 2021; 10:2008. [PMID: 34440776 PMCID: PMC8391722 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human endometrium is characterized by exceptional plasticity, as evidenced by rapid growth and differentiation during the menstrual cycle and fast tissue remodeling during early pregnancy. Past work has rarely addressed the role of cellular mechanics in these processes. It is becoming increasingly clear that sensing and responding to mechanical forces are as significant for cell behavior as biochemical signaling. Here, we provide an overview of experimental evidence and concepts that illustrate how mechanical forces influence endometrial cell behavior during the hormone-driven menstrual cycle and prepare the endometrium for embryo implantation. Given the fundamental species differences during implantation, we restrict the review to the human situation. Novel technologies and devices such as 3D multifrequency magnetic resonance elastography, atomic force microscopy, organ-on-a-chip microfluidic systems, stem-cell-derived organoid formation, and complex 3D co-culture systems have propelled the understanding how endometrial receptivity and blastocyst implantation are regulated in the human uterus. Accumulating evidence has shown that junctional adhesion, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and extracellular matrix stiffness affect the local force balance that regulates endometrial differentiation and blastocyst invasion. A focus of this review is on the hormonal regulation of endometrial epithelial cell mechanics. We discuss potential implications for embryo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rudolf E. Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.K.S.); (V.U.B.); (I.C.-L.)
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27
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Stancil IT, Michalski JE, Davis-Hall D, Chu HW, Park JA, Magin CM, Yang IV, Smith BJ, Dobrinskikh E, Schwartz DA. Pulmonary fibrosis distal airway epithelia are dynamically and structurally dysfunctional. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4566. [PMID: 34315881 PMCID: PMC8316442 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium serves as the interface between the host and external environment. In many chronic lung diseases, the airway is the site of substantial remodeling after injury. While, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has traditionally been considered a disease of the alveolus and lung matrix, the dominant environmental (cigarette smoking) and genetic (gain of function MUC5B promoter variant) risk factor primarily affect the distal airway epithelium. Moreover, airway-specific pathogenic features of IPF include bronchiolization of the distal airspace with abnormal airway cell-types and honeycomb cystic terminal airway-like structures with concurrent loss of terminal bronchioles in regions of minimal fibrosis. However, the pathogenic role of the airway epithelium in IPF is unknown. Combining biophysical, genetic, and signaling analyses of primary airway epithelial cells, we demonstrate that healthy and IPF airway epithelia are biophysically distinct, identifying pathologic activation of the ERBB-YAP axis as a specific and modifiable driver of prolongation of the unjammed-to-jammed transition in IPF epithelia. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this biophysical state and signaling axis correlates with epithelial-driven activation of the underlying mesenchyme. Our data illustrate the active mechanisms regulating airway epithelial-driven fibrosis and identify targets to modulate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Stancil
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jacob E Michalski
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Duncan Davis-Hall
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jin-Ah Park
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chelsea M Magin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ivana V Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bradford J Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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28
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De Marzio M, Kılıç A, Maiorino E, Mitchel JA, Mwase C, O'Sullivan MJ, McGill M, Chase R, Fredberg JJ, Park JA, Glass K, Weiss ST. Genomic signatures of the unjamming transition in compressed human bronchial epithelial cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/30/eabf1088. [PMID: 34301595 PMCID: PMC8302128 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissue can transition from a jammed, solid-like, quiescent phase to an unjammed, fluid-like, migratory phase, but the underlying molecular events of the unjamming transition (UJT) remain largely unexplored. Using primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) and one well-defined trigger of the UJT, compression mimicking the mechanical effects of bronchoconstriction, here, we combine RNA sequencing data with protein-protein interaction networks to provide the first genome-wide analysis of the UJT. Our results show that compression induces an early transcriptional activation of the membrane and actomyosin network and a delayed activation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell-matrix networks. This response is associated with a signaling cascade that promotes actin polymerization and cellular motility through the coordinated interplay of downstream pathways including ERK, JNK, integrin signaling, and energy metabolism. Moreover, in nonasthmatic versus asthmatic HBECs, common genomic patterns associated with ECM remodeling suggest a molecular connection between airway remodeling, bronchoconstriction, and the UJT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita De Marzio
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ayşe Kılıç
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Enrico Maiorino
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Mitchel
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chimwemwe Mwase
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J O'Sullivan
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maureen McGill
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Chase
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Fredberg
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin-Ah Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Glass
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Li Y, Tang W, Guo M. The Cell as Matter: Connecting Molecular Biology to Cellular Functions. MATTER 2021; 4:1863-1891. [PMID: 35495565 PMCID: PMC9053450 DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Viewing cell as matter to understand the intracellular biomolecular processes and multicellular tissue behavior represents an emerging research area at the interface of physics and biology. Cellular material displays various physical and mechanical properties, which can strongly affect both intracellular and multicellular biological events. This review provides a summary of how cells, as matter, connect molecular biology to cellular and multicellular scale functions. As an impact in molecular biology, we review recent progresses in utilizing cellular material properties to direct cell fate decisions in the communities of immune cells, neurons, stem cells, and cancer cells. Finally, we provide an outlook on how to integrate cellular material properties in developing biophysical methods for engineered living systems, regenerative medicine, and disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wenhui Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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30
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Dai G, Feinberg AW, Wan LQ. Recent Advances in Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering for Building and Translation of Biological Systems. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:293-308. [PMID: 34055096 PMCID: PMC8147909 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In January of 2020, the Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES)- Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering (CMBE) conference was held in Puerto Rico and themed “Vision 2020: Emerging Technologies to Elucidate the Rule of Life.” The annual BME-CMBE conference gathered worldwide leaders and discussed successes and challenges in engineering biological systems and their translation. The goal of this report is to present the research frontiers in this field and provide perspectives on successful engineering and translation towards the clinic. We hope that this report serves as a constructive guide in shaping the future of research and translation of engineered biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohao Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 805 Columbus Ave, ISEC 224, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Adam W Feinberg
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering & Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering & Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 2147, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180 USA
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31
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Yu J, Cai P, Zhang X, Zhao T, Liang L, Zhang S, Liu H, Chen X. Spatiotemporal Oscillation in Confined Epithelial Motion upon Fluid-to-Solid Transition. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7618-7627. [PMID: 33844497 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluid-to-solid phase transition in multicellular assembly is crucial in many developmental biological processes, such as embryogenesis and morphogenesis. However, biomechanical studies in this area are limited, and little is known about factors governing the transition and how cell behaviors are regulated. Due to different stresses present, cells could behave distinctively depending on the nature of tissue. Here we report a fluid-to-solid transition in geometrically confined multicellular assemblies. Under circular confinement, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) monolayers undergo spatiotemporally oscillatory motions that are strongly dependent on the confinement size and distance from the periphery of the monolayers. Nanomechanical mapping reveals that epithelial tensional stress and traction forces on the substrate are both dependent on confinement size. The oscillation pattern and cellular nanomechanics profile appear well correlated with stress fiber assembly and cell polarization. These experimental observations imply that the confinement size-dependent surface tension regulates actin fiber assembly, cellular force generation, and cell polarization. Our analyses further suggest a characteristic confinement size (approximates to MDCK's natural correlation length) below which surface tension is sufficiently high and triggers a fluid-to-solid transition of the monolayers. Our findings may shed light on the geometrical and nanomechanical control of tissue morphogenesis and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Pingqiang Cai
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Tiankai Zhao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Linlin Liang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Sulin Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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32
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Mosier JA, Wu Y, Reinhart-King CA. Recent advances in understanding the role of metabolic heterogeneities in cell migration. Fac Rev 2021; 10:8. [PMID: 33659926 PMCID: PMC7894266 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration is an energy-intensive, multi-step process involving cell adhesion, protrusion, and detachment. Each of these steps require cells to generate and consume energy, regulating their morphological changes and force generation. Given the need for energy to move, cellular metabolism has emerged as a critical regulator of both single cell and collective migration. Recently, metabolic heterogeneity has been highlighted as a potential determinant of collective cell behavior, as individual cells may play distinct roles in collective migration. Several tools and techniques have been developed and adapted to study cellular energetics during migration including live-cell probes to characterize energy utilization and metabolic state and methodologies to sort cells based on their metabolic profile. Here, we review the recent advances in techniques, parsing the metabolic heterogeneities inherent in cell populations and their contributions to cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna A Mosier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yusheng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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33
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Aggarwal V, Montoya CA, Donnenberg VS, Sant S. Interplay between tumor microenvironment and partial EMT as the driver of tumor progression. iScience 2021; 24:102113. [PMID: 33659878 PMCID: PMC7892926 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an evolutionary conserved phenomenon, has been extensively studied to address the unresolved variable treatment response across therapeutic regimes in cancer subtypes. EMT has long been envisaged to regulate tumor invasion, migration, and therapeutic resistance during tumorigenesis. However, recently it has been highlighted that EMT involves an intermediate partial EMT (pEMT) phenotype, defined by incomplete loss of epithelial markers and incomplete gain of mesenchymal markers. It has been further emphasized that pEMT transition involves a spectrum of intermediate hybrid states on either side of pEMT spectrum. Emerging evidence underlines bi-directional crosstalk between tumor cells and surrounding microenvironment in acquisition of pEMT phenotype. Although much work is still ongoing to gain mechanistic insights into regulation of pEMT phenotype, it is evident that pEMT plays a critical role in tumor aggressiveness, invasion, migration, and metastasis along with therapeutic resistance. In this review, we focus on important role of tumor-intrinsic factors and tumor microenvironment in driving pEMT and emphasize that engineered controlled microenvironments are instrumental to provide mechanistic insights into pEMT biology. We also discuss the significance of pEMT in regulating hallmarks of tumor progression i.e. cell cycle regulation, collective migration, and therapeutic resistance. Although constantly evolving, current progress and momentum in the pEMT field holds promise to unravel new therapeutic targets to halt tumor progression at early stages as well as tackle the complex therapeutic resistance observed across many cancer types. Partial EMT phenotype drives key hallmarks of tumor progression Role of tumor microenvironment in pEMT phenotype via cellular signaling pathways Engineering 3D in vitro models to study pEMT phenotype Opportunities and challenges in understanding pEMT phenotype
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Catalina Ardila Montoya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Vera S Donnenberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,UPMC-Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Shilpa Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,UPMC-Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC-Hillman Cancer Center, 700 Technology Drive, Room 4307, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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34
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Katsuno-Kambe H, Parton RG, Yap AS, Teo JL. Caveolin-1 influences epithelial collective cell migration via FMNL2 formin. Biol Cell 2020; 113:107-117. [PMID: 33169848 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Epithelial collective cell migration requires the intrinsic locomotor activity of cells to be coordinated across populations. This coordination is governed by the presence of cell-cell adhesions as well as the cooperative behaviour of cells within the monolayer. RESULTS Here, we report a role for Caveolin-1 (CAV1) in epithelial collective cell migration. CAV1 depletion reduced the migratory behaviour of AML12 liver epithelial cells when grown as monolayers, but not as individual cells. This suggested that CAV1 is a component of the process by which multicellular collectivity regulates epithelial motility. The correlation length for migration velocity was increased by CAV1 RNAi, a possible sign of epithelial jamming. However, CAV1 RNAi reduced migration, even when monolayers were allowed to migrate into unconfined spaces. The migratory defect was ameliorated by simultaneous depletion of the FMNL2 formin, whose cortical recruitment is increased in CAV1 RNAi cells. CONCLUSIONS We therefore suggest that CAV1 modulates intraepithelial motility by controlling the cortical availability of FMNL2. SIGNIFICANCE Although epithelial collective cell migration has been observed in multiple contexts both in vivo and in vitro, the inherent coupling and coordination of activity between cells within the monolayer remain incompletely understood. Our study highlights a role for CAV1 in regulating intraepithelial motility, an effect that involves the formin FMNL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Katsuno-Kambe
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Jessica L Teo
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia
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35
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Kozyrina AN, Piskova T, Di Russo J. Mechanobiology of Epithelia From the Perspective of Extracellular Matrix Heterogeneity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:596599. [PMID: 33330427 PMCID: PMC7717998 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.596599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complexity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and its variability is a necessary step on the way to engineering functional (bio)materials that serve their respective purposes while relying on cell adhesion. Upon adhesion, cells receive messages which contain both biochemical and mechanical information. The main focus of mechanobiology lies in investigating the role of this mechanical coordination in regulating cellular behavior. In recent years, this focus has been additionally shifted toward cell collectives and the understanding of their behavior as a whole mechanical continuum. Collective cell phenomena very much apply to epithelia which are either simple cell-sheets or more complex three-dimensional structures. Researchers have been mostly using the organization of monolayers to observe their collective behavior in well-defined experimental setups in vitro. Nevertheless, recent studies have also reported the impact of ECM remodeling on epithelial morphogenesis in vivo. These new concepts, combined with the knowledge of ECM biochemical complexity are of key importance for engineering new interactive materials to support both epithelial remodeling and homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the structure and heterogeneity of the ECM before discussing its impact on the epithelial mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra N. Kozyrina
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Teodora Piskova
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jacopo Di Russo
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- DWI – Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany
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36
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The Arf-GEF Steppke promotes F-actin accumulation, cell protrusions and tissue sealing during Drosophila dorsal closure. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239357. [PMID: 33186390 PMCID: PMC7665897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytohesin Arf-GEFs promote actin polymerization and protrusions of cultured cells, whereas the Drosophila cytohesin, Steppke, antagonizes actomyosin networks in several developmental contexts. To reconcile these findings, we analyzed epidermal leading edge actin networks during Drosophila embryo dorsal closure. Here, Steppke is required for F-actin of the actomyosin cable and for actin-based protrusions. steppke mutant defects in the leading edge actin networks are associated with improper sealing of the dorsal midline, but are distinguishable from effects of myosin mis-regulation. Steppke localizes to leading edge cell-cell junctions with accumulations of the F-actin regulator Enabled emanating from either side. Enabled requires Steppke for full leading edge recruitment, and genetic interaction shows the proteins cooperate for dorsal closure. Inversely, Steppke over-expression induces ectopic, actin-rich, lamellar cell protrusions, an effect dependent on the Arf-GEF activity and PH domain of Steppke, but independent of Steppke recruitment to myosin-rich AJs via its coiled-coil domain. Thus, Steppke promotes actin polymerization and cell protrusions, effects that occur in conjunction with Steppke's previously reported regulation of myosin contractility during dorsal closure.
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37
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Mitchel JA, Das A, O'Sullivan MJ, Stancil IT, DeCamp SJ, Koehler S, Ocaña OH, Butler JP, Fredberg JJ, Nieto MA, Bi D, Park JA. In primary airway epithelial cells, the unjamming transition is distinct from the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5053. [PMID: 33028821 PMCID: PMC7542457 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the unjamming transition (UJT) each comprises a gateway to cellular migration, plasticity and remodeling, but the extent to which these core programs are distinct, overlapping, or identical has remained undefined. Here, we triggered partial EMT (pEMT) or UJT in differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells. After triggering UJT, cell-cell junctions, apico-basal polarity, and barrier function remain intact, cells elongate and align into cooperative migratory packs, and mesenchymal markers of EMT remain unapparent. After triggering pEMT these and other metrics of UJT versus pEMT diverge. A computational model attributes effects of pEMT mainly to diminished junctional tension but attributes those of UJT mainly to augmented cellular propulsion. Through the actions of UJT and pEMT working independently, sequentially, or interactively, those tissues that are subject to development, injury, or disease become endowed with rich mechanisms for cellular migration, plasticity, self-repair, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Das
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ian T Stancil
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Oscar H Ocaña
- Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - James P Butler
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Dapeng Bi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin-Ah Park
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Veerati PC, Mitchel JA, Reid AT, Knight DA, Bartlett NW, Park JA, Grainge CL. Airway mechanical compression: its role in asthma pathogenesis and progression. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:190123. [PMID: 32759373 PMCID: PMC8008491 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0123-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is a mechanically active organ, but uncontrolled or excessive mechanical forces disrupt normal lung function and can contribute to the development of disease. In asthma, bronchoconstriction leads to airway narrowing and airway wall buckling. A growing body of evidence suggests that pathological mechanical forces induced by airway buckling alone can perpetuate disease processes in asthma. Here, we review the data obtained from a variety of experimental models, including in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo approaches, which have been used to study the impact of mechanical forces in asthma pathogenesis. We review the evidence showing that mechanical compression alters the biological and biophysical properties of the airway epithelium, including activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway, overproduction of asthma-associated mediators, goblet cell hyperplasia, and a phase transition of epithelium from a static jammed phase to a mobile unjammed phase. We also define questions regarding the impact of mechanical forces on the pathology of asthma, with a focus on known triggers of asthma exacerbations such as viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punnam Chander Veerati
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Mitchel
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Dept of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Reid
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Dept of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Research and Academic Affairs, Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Jin-Ah Park
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Dept of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris L Grainge
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia
- Dept of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
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Lohmann S, Giampietro C, Pramotton FM, Al‐Nuaimi D, Poli A, Maiuri P, Poulikakos D, Ferrari A. The Role of Tricellulin in Epithelial Jamming and Unjamming via Segmentation of Tricellular Junctions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001213. [PMID: 32775171 PMCID: PMC7404176 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Collective cellular behavior in confluent monolayers supports physiological and pathological processes of epithelial development, regeneration, and carcinogenesis. Here, the attainment of a mature and static tissue configuration or the local reactivation of cell motility involve a dynamic regulation of the junctions established between neighboring cells. Tricellular junctions (tTJs), established at vertexes where three cells meet, are ideally located to control cellular shape and coordinate multicellular movements. However, their function in epithelial tissue dynamic remains poorly defined. To investigate the role of tTJs establishment and maturation in the jamming and unjamming transitions of epithelial monolayers, a semi-automatic image-processing pipeline is developed and validated enabling the unbiased and spatially resolved determination of the tTJ maturity state based on the localization of fluorescent reporters. The software resolves the variation of tTJ maturity accompanying collective transitions during tissue maturation, wound healing, and upon the adaptation to osmolarity changes. Altogether, this work establishes junctional maturity at tricellular contacts as a novel biological descriptor of collective responses in epithelial monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lohmann
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging TechnologiesETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- EMPASwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyExperimental Continuum MechanicsDübendorf8600Switzerland
| | | | - Dunja Al‐Nuaimi
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging TechnologiesETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Poli
- IFOM‐ The FIRC Institute of Molecular OncologySpatiotemporal organization of the nucleus UnitMilan20139Italy
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- IFOM‐ The FIRC Institute of Molecular OncologySpatiotemporal organization of the nucleus UnitMilan20139Italy
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging TechnologiesETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Aldo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging TechnologiesETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
- EMPASwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyExperimental Continuum MechanicsDübendorf8600Switzerland
- Institute for Mechanical SystemsETH ZurichZürich8092Switzerland
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Vishwakarma M, Thurakkal B, Spatz JP, Das T. Dynamic heterogeneity influences the leader-follower dynamics during epithelial wound closure. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190391. [PMID: 32713308 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of epithelial tissue proliferate and pack together to attain an eventual density homeostasis. As the cell density increases, spatial distribution of velocity and force show striking similarity to the dynamic heterogeneity observed elsewhere in dense granular matter. While the physical nature of this heterogeneity is somewhat known in the epithelial cell monolayer, its biological relevance and precise connection to cell density remain elusive. Relevantly, we had demonstrated how large-scale dynamic heterogeneity in the monolayer stress field in the bulk could critically influence the emergence of leader cells at the wound margin during wound closure, but did not connect the observation to the corresponding cell density. In fact, numerous previous reports had essentially associated long-range force and velocity correlation with either cell density or dynamic heterogeneity, without any generalization. Here, we attempted to unify these two parameters under a single framework and explored their consequence on the dynamics of leader cells, which eventually affected the efficacy of collective migration and wound closure. To this end, we first quantified the dynamic heterogeneity by the peak height of four-point susceptibility. Remarkably, this quantity showed a linear relationship with cell density over many experimental samples. We then varied the heterogeneity, by changing cell density, and found this change altered the number of leader cells at the wound margin. At low heterogeneity, wound closure was slower, with decreased persistence, reduced coordination and disruptive leader-follower interactions. Finally, microscopic characterization of cell-substrate adhesions illustrated how heterogeneity influenced orientations of focal adhesions, affecting coordinated cell movements. Together, these results demonstrate the importance of dynamic heterogeneity in epithelial wound healing. This article is part of the theme issue 'Multi-scale analysis and modelling of collective migration in biological systems'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medhavi Vishwakarma
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.,Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Basil Thurakkal
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFR-H), Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Tamal Das
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFR-H), Hyderabad 500046, India
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Shellard A, Mayor R. Rules of collective migration: from the wildebeest to the neural crest. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190387. [PMID: 32713298 PMCID: PMC7423382 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective migration, the movement of groups in which individuals affect the behaviour of one another, occurs at practically every scale, from bacteria up to whole species' populations. Universal principles of collective movement can be applied at all levels. In this review, we will describe the rules governing collective motility, with a specific focus on the neural crest, an embryonic stem cell population that undergoes extensive collective migration during development. We will discuss how the underlying principles of individual cell behaviour, and those that emerge from a supracellular scale, can explain collective migration. This article is part of the theme issue 'Multi-scale analysis and modelling of collective migration in biological systems'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shellard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Vishwakarma M, Spatz JP, Das T. Mechanobiology of leader-follower dynamics in epithelial cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 66:97-103. [PMID: 32663734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is fundamental to biological form and function. It is also relevant to the formation and repair of organs and to various pathological situations, including metastatic propagation of cancer. Technological, experimental, and computational advancements have allowed the researchers to explore various aspects of collective migration, spanning from biochemical signalling to inter-cellular force transduction. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the mechanobiology of collective cell migration, limiting to epithelial tissues. On the basis of recent studies, we describe how cells sense and respond to guidance signals to orchestrate various modes of migration and identify the determining factors dictating leader-follower interactions. We highlight how the inherent mechanics of dense epithelial monolayers at multicellular length scale might instruct individual cells to behave collectively. On the basis of these findings, we propose that mechanical resilience, obtained by a certain extent of cell jamming, allows the epithelium to perform efficient collective migration during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medhavi Vishwakarma
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS81TD, United Kingdom; Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Tamal Das
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFR-H), Hyderabad 500046, India.
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Ma X, Uchida Y, Wei T, Liu C, Adams RH, Kubota Y, Gutkind JS, Mukouyama YS, Adelstein RS. Nonmuscle myosin 2 regulates cortical stability during sprouting angiogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1974-1987. [PMID: 32583739 PMCID: PMC7543065 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the three nonmuscle myosin 2 (NM2) paralogs, NM 2A and 2B, but not 2C, are detected in endothelial cells. To study the role of NM2 in vascular formation, we ablate NM2 in endothelial cells in mice. Ablating NM2A, but not NM2B, results in reduced blood vessel coverage and increased vascular branching in the developing mouse skin and coronary vasculature. NM2B becomes essential for vascular formation when NM2A expression is limited. Mice ablated for NM2B and one allele of NM2A develop vascular abnormalities similar to those in NM2A ablated mice. Using the embryoid body angiogenic sprouting assay in collagen gels reveals that NM2A is required for persistent angiogenic sprouting by stabilizing the endothelial cell cortex, and thereby preventing excessive branching and ensuring persistent migration of the endothelial sprouts. Mechanistically, NM2 promotes focal adhesion formation and cortical protrusion retraction during angiogenic sprouting. Further studies demonstrate the critical role of Rho kinase–activated NM2 signaling in the regulation of angiogenic sprouting in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
| | - Yutaka Uchida
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neurovascular Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
| | - Tingyi Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Munster, D-48149 Munster, Germany
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yoh-Suke Mukouyama
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neurovascular Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
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EMT and EndMT: Emerging Roles in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124271. [PMID: 32560057 PMCID: PMC7349630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndMT) are physiological processes required for normal embryogenesis. However, these processes can be hijacked in pathological conditions to facilitate tissue fibrosis and cancer metastasis. In the eye, EMT and EndMT play key roles in the pathogenesis of subretinal fibrosis, the end-stage of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that leads to profound and permanent vision loss. Predominant in subretinal fibrotic lesions are matrix-producing mesenchymal cells believed to originate from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and/or choroidal endothelial cells (CECs) through EMT and EndMT, respectively. Recent evidence suggests that EMT of RPE may also be implicated during the early stages of AMD. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is a key cytokine orchestrating both EMT and EndMT. Investigations in the molecular mechanisms underpinning EMT and EndMT in AMD have implicated a myriad of contributing factors including signaling pathways, extracellular matrix remodelling, oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction. Questions arise as to differences in the mesenchymal cells derived from these two processes and their distinct mechanistic contributions to the pathogenesis of AMD. Detailed discussion on the AMD microenvironment highlights the synergistic interactions between RPE and CECs that may augment the EMT and EndMT processes in vivo. Understanding the differential regulatory networks of EMT and EndMT and their contributions to both the dry and wet forms of AMD can aid the development of therapeutic strategies targeting both RPE and CECs to potentially reverse the aberrant cellular transdifferentiation processes, regenerate the retina and thus restore vision.
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O'Sullivan MJ, Mitchel JA, Das A, Koehler S, Levine H, Bi D, Nagel ZD, Park JA. Irradiation Induces Epithelial Cell Unjamming. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:21. [PMID: 32117962 PMCID: PMC7026004 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The healthy and mature epithelial layer is ordinarily quiescent, non-migratory, solid-like, and jammed. However, in a variety of circumstances the layer transitions to a phase that is dynamic, migratory, fluid-like and unjammed. This has been demonstrated in the developing embryo, the developing avian airway, the epithelial layer reconstituted in vitro from asthmatic donors, wounding, and exposure to mechanical stress. Here we examine the extent to which ionizing radiation might similarly provoke epithelial layer unjamming. We exposed primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells maintained in air-liquid interface (ALI) to sub-therapeutic doses (1 Gy) of ionizing radiation (IR). We first assessed: (1) DNA damage by measuring p-H2AX, (2) the integrity of the epithelial layer by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and (3) the extent of epithelial cell differentiation by detecting markers of differentiated airway epithelial cells. As expected, IR exposure induced DNA damage but, surprisingly, disrupted neither normal differentiation nor the integrity of the epithelial cell layer. We then measured cell shape and cellular migration to determine the extent of the unjamming transition (UJT). IR caused cell shape elongation and increased cellular motility, both of which are hallmarks of the UJT as previously confirmed. To understand the mechanism of IR-induced UJT, we inhibited TGF-β receptor activity, and found that migratory responses were attenuated. Together, these observations show that IR can provoke epithelial layer unjamming in a TGF-β receptor-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J O'Sullivan
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer A Mitchel
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Amit Das
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stephan Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Herbert Levine
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dapeng Bi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zachary D Nagel
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jin-Ah Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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46
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Kılıç A, Ameli A, Park JA, Kho AT, Tantisira K, Santolini M, Cheng F, Mitchel JA, McGill M, O'Sullivan MJ, De Marzio M, Sharma A, Randell SH, Drazen JM, Fredberg JJ, Weiss ST. Mechanical forces induce an asthma gene signature in healthy airway epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:966. [PMID: 31969610 PMCID: PMC6976696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchospasm compresses the bronchial epithelium, and this compressive stress has been implicated in asthma pathogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which this compressive stress alters pathways relevant to disease are not well understood. Using air-liquid interface cultures of primary human bronchial epithelial cells derived from non-asthmatic donors and asthmatic donors, we applied a compressive stress and then used a network approach to map resulting changes in the molecular interactome. In cells from non-asthmatic donors, compression by itself was sufficient to induce inflammatory, late repair, and fibrotic pathways. Remarkably, this molecular profile of non-asthmatic cells after compression recapitulated the profile of asthmatic cells before compression. Together, these results show that even in the absence of any inflammatory stimulus, mechanical compression alone is sufficient to induce an asthma-like molecular signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Kılıç
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Asher Ameli
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin-Ah Park
- Program in Molecular Integrative Phyisological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvin T Kho
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelan Tantisira
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Santolini
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Jennifer A Mitchel
- Program in Molecular Integrative Phyisological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maureen McGill
- Program in Molecular Integrative Phyisological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J O'Sullivan
- Program in Molecular Integrative Phyisological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margherita De Marzio
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Integrative Phyisological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amitabh Sharma
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Drazen
- Program in Molecular Integrative Phyisological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Fredberg
- Program in Molecular Integrative Phyisological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Molecular Integrative Phyisological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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47
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Janssen LMC. Active glasses. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:503002. [PMID: 31469099 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab3e90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Active glassy matter has recently emerged as a novel class of non-equilibrium soft matter, combining energy-driven, active particle movement with dense and disordered glass-like behavior. Here we review the state-of-the-art in this field from an experimental, numerical, and theoretical perspective. We consider both non-living and living active glassy systems, and discuss how several hallmarks of glassy dynamics (dynamical slowdown, fragility, dynamical heterogeneity, violation of the Stokes-Einstein relation, and aging) are manifested in such materials. We start by reviewing the recent experimental evidence in this area of research, followed by an overview of the main numerical simulation studies and physical theories of active glassy matter. We conclude by outlining several open questions and possible directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth M C Janssen
- Theory of Polymers and Soft Matter, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Mereness JA, Bhattacharya S, Ren Y, Wang Q, Anderson CS, Donlon K, Dylag AM, Haak J, Angelin A, Bonaldo P, Mariani TJ. Collagen VI Deficiency Results in Structural Abnormalities in the Mouse Lung. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 190:426-441. [PMID: 31837950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Collagen VI (COL6) is known for its role in a spectrum of congenital muscular dystrophies, which are often accompanied by respiratory dysfunction. However, little is known regarding the function of COL6 in the lung. We confirmed the presence of COL6 throughout the basement membrane region of mouse lung tissue. Lung structure and organization were studied in a previously described Col6a1-/- mouse, which does not produce detectable COL6 in the lung. The Col6a1-/- mouse displayed histopathologic alveolar and airway abnormalities. The airspaces of Col6a1-/- lungs appeared simplified, with larger (29%; P < 0.01) and fewer (31%; P < 0.001) alveoli. These airspace abnormalities included reduced isolectin B4+ alveolar capillaries and surfactant protein C-positive alveolar epithelial type-II cells. Alterations in lung function consistent with these histopathologic changes were evident. Col6a1-/- mice also displayed multiple airway changes, including increased branching (59%; P < 0.001), increased mucosal thickness (34%; P < 0.001), and increased epithelial cell density (13%; P < 0.001). Comprehensive transcriptome analysis revealed that the loss of COL6 is associated with reductions in integrin-paxillin-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in vivo. In vitro, COL6 promoted steady-state phosphorylated paxillin levels and reduced cell density (16% to 28%; P < 0.05) at confluence. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, or its downstream effectors, resulted in increased cell density to a level similar to that seen on matrices lacking COL6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Mereness
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Soumyaroop Bhattacharya
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Yue Ren
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Qian Wang
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Christopher S Anderson
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Kathy Donlon
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Andrew M Dylag
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Jeannie Haak
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Alessia Angelin
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Paolo Bonaldo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.
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Inoue D, Gutmann G, Nitta T, Kabir AMR, Konagaya A, Tokuraku K, Sada K, Hess H, Kakugo A. Adaptation of Patterns of Motile Filaments under Dynamic Boundary Conditions. ACS NANO 2019; 13:12452-12460. [PMID: 31585030 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Boundary conditions are important for pattern formation in active matter. However, it is still not well-understood how alterations in the boundary conditions (dynamic boundary conditions) impact pattern formation. To elucidate the effect of dynamic boundary conditions on the pattern formation by active matter, we investigate an in vitro gliding assay of microtubules on a deformable soft substrate. The dynamic boundary conditions were realized by applying mechanical stress through stretching and compression of the substrate during the gliding assay. A single cycle of stretch-and-compression (relaxation) of the substrate induces perpendicular alignment of microtubules relative to the stretch axis, whereas repeated cycles resulted in zigzag patterns of microtubules. Our model shows that the orientation angles of microtubules correspond to the direction to attain smooth movement without buckling, which is further amplified by the collective migration of the microtubules. Our results provide an insight into understanding the rich dynamics in self-organization arising in active matter subjected to time-dependent boundary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Inoue
- Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan
| | - Greg Gutmann
- Department of Computer Science , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Yokohama 226-8502 , Japan
| | - Takahiro Nitta
- Applied Physics Course, Faculty of Engineering , Gifu University , Gifu 501-1193 , Japan
| | | | - Akihiko Konagaya
- Department of Computer Science , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Yokohama 226-8502 , Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Tokuraku
- Department of Applied Sciences , Muroran Institute of Technology , Muroran 050-8585 , Japan
| | - Kazuki Sada
- Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan
| | - Henry Hess
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Akira Kakugo
- Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan
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Scaling Physiologic Function from Cell to Tissue in Asthma, Cancer, and Development. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 15:S35-S37. [PMID: 29461895 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201710-790kv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of an integrated tissue from individual cells depends on the properties of the individual cells as well as the interaction of many cells acting as a collective. Three fundamental physiological processes govern the collective scaling from the individual cell to a working tissue: cell sorting, tissue assembly, and collective cellular migration. Mechanistically, cell sorting is governed by differential adhesion, whereas tissue assembly is controlled by the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and its inverse, the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. The mechanism driving collective cellular migration, however, is not clear. To fill that gap, here we consider cell jamming and unjamming, and their role in collective cellular migration.
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