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Jacob R, Gorek LS. Intracellular galectin interactions in health and disease. Semin Immunopathol 2024; 46:4. [PMID: 38990375 PMCID: PMC11239732 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-024-01010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
In the galectin family, a group of lectins is united by their evolutionarily conserved carbohydrate recognition domains. These polypeptides play a role in various cellular processes and are implicated in disease mechanisms such as cancer, fibrosis, infection, and inflammation. Following synthesis in the cytosol, manifold interactions of galectins have been described both extracellularly and intracellularly. Extracellular galectins frequently engage with glycoproteins or glycolipids in a carbohydrate-dependent manner. Intracellularly, galectins bind to non-glycosylated proteins situated in distinct cellular compartments, each with multiple cellular functions. This diversity complicates attempts to form a comprehensive understanding of the role of galectin molecules within the cell. This review enumerates intracellular galectin interaction partners and outlines their involvement in cellular processes. The intricate connections between galectin functions and pathomechanisms are illustrated through discussions of intracellular galectin assemblies in immune and cancer cells. This underscores the imperative need to fully comprehend the interplay of galectins with the cellular machinery and to devise therapeutic strategies aimed at counteracting the establishment of galectin-based disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Jacob
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, Philipps University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 14, D-35043, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Lena-Sophie Gorek
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, Philipps University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 14, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
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2
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Kersten R, Trampert DC, Hubers LM, Tolenaars D, Vos HR, van de Graaf SFJ, Beuers U. Galectin-3 and prohibitin 1 are autoantigens in IgG4-related cholangitis without clear-cut protective effects against toxic bile acids. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1251134. [PMID: 38332916 PMCID: PMC10851949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1251134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims IgG4-related cholangitis (IRC) is the hepatobiliary manifestation of IgG4-related disease, a systemic B cell-driven fibro-inflammatory disorder. Four autoantigens have recently been described in IgG4-RD: annexin A11, galectin-3, laminin 511-E8, and prohibitin 1. We have previously reported a protective role of annexin A11 and laminin 511-E8 in human cholangiocytes against toxic bile acids. Here, we explored the potentially protective role of the carbohydrate-binding lectin galectin-3 and the scaffold proteins prohibitins 1 and 2. Methods Anti-galectin-3, anti-prohibitin 1 and 2 autoantibody positivity in IRC and healthy and disease (primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)) control sera was assessed by ELISA/liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Human H69 cholangiocytes were subjected to short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown targeting galectin-3 (LGALS3), prohibitin 1 (PHB1), and prohibitin 2 (PHB2). H69 cholangiocytes were also exposed to recombinant galectin-3, the inhibitor GB1107, recombinant prohibitin 1, and the pan-prohibitin inhibitor rocaglamide. Protection against bile acid toxicity was assessed by intracellular pH (pHi) measurements using BCECF-AM, 22,23-3H-glycochenodeoxycholic acid (3H-GCDC) influx, and GCDC-induced apoptosis using Caspase-3/7 assays. Results Anti-galectin-3 autoantibodies were detected in 13.5% of individuals with IRC but not in PSC. Knockdown of LGALS3 and galectin-3 inhibition with GB1107 did not affect pHi, whereas recombinant galectin-3 incubation lowered pHi. LGALS3 knockdown increased GCDC-influx but not GCDC-induced apoptosis. GB1107 reduced GCDC-influx and GCDC-induced apoptosis. Recombinant galectin-3 tended to decrease GCDC-influx and GCDC-induced apoptosis. Anti-prohibitin 1 autoantibodies were detected in 61.5% and 35.7% of individuals with IRC and PSC, respectively. Knockdown of PHB1, combined PHB1/2 KD, treatment with rocaglamide, and recombinant prohibitin 1 all lowered pHi. Knockdown of PHB1, PHB2, or combined PHB1/2 did not alter GCDC-influx, yet knockdown of PHB1 increased GCDC-induced apoptosis. Conversely, rocaglamide reduced GCDC-influx but did not attenuate GCDC-induced apoptosis. Recombinant prohibitin 1 did not affect GCDC-influx or GCDC-induced apoptosis. Finally, anti-galectin-3 and anti-prohibitin 1 autoantibody pretreatment did not lead to increased GCDC-influx. Conclusions A subset of individuals with IRC have autoantibodies against galectin-3 and prohibitin 1. Gene-specific knockdown, pharmacological inhibition, and recombinant protein substitution did not clearly disclose a protective role of these autoantigens in human cholangiocytes against toxic bile acids. The involvement of these autoantibodies in processes surpassing epithelial secretion remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco Kersten
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David C. Trampert
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lowiek M. Hubers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Tolenaars
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harmjan R. Vos
- Oncode Institute and Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stan F. J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Macke AJ, Pachikov AN, Divita TE, Morris ME, LaGrange CA, Holzapfel MS, Kubyshkin AV, Zyablitskaya EY, Makalish TP, Eremenko SN, Qiu H, Riethoven JJM, Hemstreet GP, Petrosyan AA. Targeting the ATF6-Mediated ER Stress Response and Autophagy Blocks Integrin-Driven Prostate Cancer Progression. Mol Cancer Res 2023; 21:958-974. [PMID: 37314749 PMCID: PMC10527559 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-23-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer progression to the lethal metastatic castration-resistant phenotype (mCRPC) is driven by αv integrins and is associated with Golgi disorganization and activation of the ATF6 branch of unfolded protein response (UPR). Overexpression of integrins requires N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V (MGAT5)-mediated glycosylation and subsequent cluster formation with Galectin-3 (Gal-3). However, the mechanism underlying this altered glycosylation is missing. For the first time, using HALO analysis of IHC, we found a strong association of integrin αv and Gal-3 at the plasma membrane (PM) in primary prostate cancer and mCRPC samples. We discovered that MGAT5 activation is caused by Golgi fragmentation and mislocalization of its competitor, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-III, MGAT3, from Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This was validated in an ethanol-induced model of ER stress, where alcohol treatment in androgen-refractory PC-3 and DU145 cells or alcohol consumption in patient with prostate cancer samples aggravates Golgi scattering, activates MGAT5, and enhances integrin expression at PM. This explains known link between alcohol consumption and prostate cancer mortality. ATF6 depletion significantly blocks UPR and reduces the number of Golgi fragments in both PC-3 and DU145 cells. Inhibition of autophagy by hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) restores compact Golgi, rescues MGAT3 intra-Golgi localization, blocks glycan modification via MGAT5, and abrogates delivery of Gal-3 to the cell surface. Importantly, the loss of Gal-3 leads to reduced integrins at PM and their accelerated internalization. ATF6 depletion and HCQ treatment synergistically decrease integrin αv and Gal-3 expression and temper orthotopic tumor growth and metastasis. IMPLICATIONS Combined ablation of ATF6 and autophagy can serve as new mCRPC therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Macke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198
| | - Artem N. Pachikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198
| | - Taylor E. Divita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198
| | - Mary E. Morris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198
| | - Chad A. LaGrange
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198
| | - Melissa S. Holzapfel
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198
| | - Anatoly V. Kubyshkin
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Medical Academy named after S. I. Georgievsky, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russia, 295051
| | - Evgeniya Y. Zyablitskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Academy named after S. I. Georgievsky, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russia, 295051
| | - Tatiana P. Makalish
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Academy named after S. I. Georgievsky, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russia, 295051
| | - Sergey N. Eremenko
- Saint Luc’s Clinique, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russia, 295051
| | - Haowen Qiu
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA, 68588
| | - Jean-Jack M. Riethoven
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA, 68588
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA, 68588
| | - George P. Hemstreet
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198
- Omaha Western Iowa Health Care System Urology, VA Service, Department of Research Service, Omaha, NE, USA, 68105
| | - and Armen Petrosyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198
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Zhu L, Tang Y, Li XY, Kerk SA, Lyssiotis CA, Sun X, Wang Z, Cho JS, Ma J, Weiss SJ. Proteolytic regulation of a galectin-3/Lrp1 axis controls osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202206121. [PMID: 36880731 PMCID: PMC9998966 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone-resorbing osteoclasts mobilize proteolytic enzymes belonging to the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family to directly degrade type I collagen, the dominant extracellular matrix component of skeletal tissues. While searching for additional MMP substrates critical to bone resorption, Mmp9/Mmp14 double-knockout (DKO) osteoclasts-as well as MMP-inhibited human osteoclasts-unexpectedly display major changes in transcriptional programs in tandem with compromised RhoA activation, sealing zone formation and bone resorption. Further study revealed that osteoclast function is dependent on the ability of Mmp9 and Mmp14 to cooperatively proteolyze the β-galactoside-binding lectin, galectin-3, on the cell surface. Mass spectrometry identified the galectin-3 receptor as low-density lipoprotein-related protein-1 (Lrp1), whose targeting in DKO osteoclasts fully rescues RhoA activation, sealing zone formation and bone resorption. Together, these findings identify a previously unrecognized galectin-3/Lrp1 axis whose proteolytic regulation controls both the transcriptional programs and the intracellular signaling cascades critical to mouse as well as human osteoclast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxin Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiao-Yan Li
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Samuel A. Kerk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Costas A. Lyssiotis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiaoyue Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zijun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jung-Sun Cho
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen J. Weiss
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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The Lectin LecB Induces Patches with Basolateral Characteristics at the Apical Membrane to Promote Pseudomonas aeruginosa Host Cell Invasion. mBio 2022; 13:e0081922. [PMID: 35491830 PMCID: PMC9239240 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00819-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa can infect mucosal tissues of the human body. To persist at the mucosal barrier, this highly adaptable pathogen has evolved many strategies, including invasion of host cells. Here, we show that the P. aeruginosa lectin LecB binds and cross-links fucosylated receptors at the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells. This triggers a signaling cascade via Src kinases and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), leading to the formation of patches enriched with the basolateral marker phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) at the apical plasma membrane. This identifies LecB as a causative bacterial factor for activating this well-known host cell response that is elicited upon apical binding of P. aeruginosa. Downstream from PI3K, Rac1 is activated to cause actin rearrangement and the outgrowth of protrusions at the apical plasma membrane. LecB-triggered PI3K activation also results in aberrant recruitment of caveolin-1 to the apical domain. In addition, we reveal a positive feedback loop between PI3K activation and apical caveolin-1 recruitment, which provides a mechanistic explanation for the previously observed implication of caveolin-1 in P. aeruginosa host cell invasion. Interestingly, LecB treatment also reversibly removes primary cilia. To directly prove the role of LecB for bacterial uptake, we coated bacterium-sized beads with LecB, which drastically enhanced their endocytosis. Furthermore, LecB deletion and LecB inhibition with l-fucose diminished the invasion efficiency of P. aeruginosa bacteria. Taken together, the results of our study identify LecB as a missing link that can explain how PI3K signaling and caveolin-1 recruitment are triggered to facilitate invasion of epithelial cells from the apical side by P. aeruginosa.
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Molnár M, Sőth Á, Simon-Vecsei Z. Pathways of integrins in the endo-lysosomal system. Biol Futur 2022; 73:171-185. [DOI: 10.1007/s42977-022-00120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this review, we present recent scientific advances about integrin trafficking in the endo-lysosomal system. In the last few years, plenty of new information has emerged about the endo-lysosomal system, integrins, and the mechanism, how exactly the intracellular trafficking of integrins is regulated. We review the internalization and recycling pathways of integrins, and we provide information about the possible ways of lysosomal degradation through the endosomal and autophagic system. The regulation of integrin internalization and recycling proved to be a complex process worth studying. Trafficking of integrins, together with the regulation of their gene expression, defines cellular adhesion and cellular migration through bidirectional signalization and ligand binding. Thus, any malfunction in this system can potentially (but not necessarily) lead to tumorigenesis or metastasis. Hence, extensive examinations of integrins in the endo-lysosomal system raise the possibility to identify potential new medical targets. Furthermore, this knowledge can also serve as a basis for further determination of integrin signaling- and adhesion-related processes.
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Levic DS, Bagnat M. Self-organization of apical membrane protein sorting in epithelial cells. FEBS J 2022; 289:659-670. [PMID: 33864720 PMCID: PMC8522177 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Polarized epithelial cells are characterized by the asymmetric distribution of proteins between apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. This asymmetry is highly conserved and is fundamental to epithelial cell physiology, development, and homeostasis. How proteins are segregated for apical or basolateral delivery, a process known as sorting, has been the subject of considerable investigation for decades. Despite these efforts, the rules guiding apical sorting are poorly understood and remain controversial. Here, we consider mechanisms of apical membrane protein sorting and argue that they are largely driven by self-organization and biophysical principles. The preponderance of data to date is consistent with the idea that apical sorting is not ruled by a dedicated protein-based sorting machinery and relies instead on the concerted effects of oligomerization, phase separation of lipids and proteins in membranes, and pH-dependent glycan interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Levic
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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8
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Ivashenka A, Wunder C, Chambon V, Dransart E, Johannes L, Shafaq-Zadah M. Transcytosis of Galectin-3 in Mouse Intestine. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2442:367-390. [PMID: 35320536 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2055-7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The GlycoLipid-Lectin (GL-Lect) hypothesis provides a conceptual framework to explain how endocytic pits are built in processes of clathrin-independent endocytosis. According to this hypothesis, oligomeric cellular or pathogenic lectins interact with glycosylated plasma membrane lipids in a way such as to drive the formation of tubular endocytic pits that then detach to generate clathrin-independent endocytic carriers for the cellular uptake of cellular or pathogenic products. This process operates in a complementary manner to the conventional clathrin pathway for biological function linked to cell polarity. Up to date, the premises of the GL-Lect hypothesis have been based on model membrane and cell culture experiments. It has therefore become urgent to extend its exploration to complex organisms. In the current protocol, we describe methods to study the endocytosis and transcytosis of a key driver of the GL-Lect mechanism, the cellular galectin-3, and of one of its cargoes, lactotransferrin, in enterocytes of the intact jejunum of mice. In a step-by-step manner, we present the generation of fluorescent endocytic ligands, tissue preparation for cellular uptake measurements, binding and internalization assays, tissue fixation and preparation for sectioning, light and electron microscopical observations, and quantification of data by image processing. Pitfalls are discussed to optimize the chances of success with the described methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Ivashenka
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery Team, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Christian Wunder
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery Team, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Valerie Chambon
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery Team, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Estelle Dransart
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery Team, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery Team, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris Cedex, France.
| | - Massiullah Shafaq-Zadah
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery Team, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris Cedex, France.
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9
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Peterson RJ, Koval M. Above the Matrix: Functional Roles for Apically Localized Integrins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:699407. [PMID: 34485286 PMCID: PMC8414885 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.699407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane proteins that are most typically thought of as integrating adhesion to the extracellular matrix with intracellular signaling and cell regulation. Traditionally, integrins are found at basolateral and lateral cell surfaces where they facilitate binding to the ECM and intercellular adhesion through cytosolic binding partners that regulate organization of actin microfilaments. However, evidence is accumulating that integrins also are apically localized, either endogenously or due to an exogenous stimulus. Apically localized integrins have been shown to regulate several processes by interacting with proteins such as connexins, tight junction proteins, and polarity complex proteins. Integrins can also act as receptors to mediate endocytosis. Here we review these newly appreciated roles for integrins localized to the apical cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raven J Peterson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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10
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Seguin L, Odouard S, Corlazzoli F, Haddad SA, Moindrot L, Calvo Tardón M, Yebra M, Koval A, Marinari E, Bes V, Guérin A, Allard M, Ilmjärv S, Katanaev VL, Walker PR, Krause KH, Dutoit V, Sarkaria JN, Dietrich PY, Cosset É. Macropinocytosis requires Gal-3 in a subset of patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:718. [PMID: 34112916 PMCID: PMC8192788 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we involved the carbohydrate-binding protein Galectin-3 (Gal-3) as a druggable target for KRAS-mutant-addicted lung and pancreatic cancers. Here, using glioblastoma patient-derived stem cells (GSCs), we identify and characterize a subset of Gal-3high glioblastoma (GBM) tumors mainly within the mesenchymal subtype that are addicted to Gal-3-mediated macropinocytosis. Using both genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of Gal-3, we showed a significant decrease of GSC macropinocytosis activity, cell survival and invasion, in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Gal-3 binds to RAB10, a member of the RAS superfamily of small GTPases, and β1 integrin, which are both required for macropinocytosis activity and cell survival. Finally, by defining a Gal-3/macropinocytosis molecular signature, we could predict sensitivity to this dependency pathway and provide proof-of-principle for innovative therapeutic strategies to exploit this Achilles' heel for a significant and unique subset of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Seguin
- University Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Nice, France
| | - Soline Odouard
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Oncology, Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Swiss Cancer Center Léman (SCCL), Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Corlazzoli
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Oncology, Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Swiss Cancer Center Léman (SCCL), Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Al Haddad
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Oncology, Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Swiss Cancer Center Léman (SCCL), Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurine Moindrot
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Oncology, Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Swiss Cancer Center Léman (SCCL), Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marta Calvo Tardón
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of brain tumors, Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Geneva University Hospitals, and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mayra Yebra
- Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexey Koval
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eliana Marinari
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Oncology, Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Swiss Cancer Center Léman (SCCL), Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Viviane Bes
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of brain tumors, Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Geneva University Hospitals, and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Guérin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Allard
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Oncology, Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Swiss Cancer Center Léman (SCCL), Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sten Ilmjärv
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir L Katanaev
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Walker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of brain tumors, Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Geneva University Hospitals, and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Dutoit
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Oncology, Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Swiss Cancer Center Léman (SCCL), Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Pierre-Yves Dietrich
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Oncology, Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Swiss Cancer Center Léman (SCCL), Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Érika Cosset
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Oncology, Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Swiss Cancer Center Léman (SCCL), Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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11
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Barman SA, Bordan Z, Batori R, Haigh S, Fulton DJR. Galectin-3 Promotes ROS, Inflammation, and Vascular Fibrosis in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1303:13-32. [PMID: 33788185 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a progressive vascular disease arising from the narrowing of pulmonary arteries (PA) resulting in high pulmonary arterial blood pressure and ultimately right ventricular (RV) failure. A defining characteristic of PAH is the excessive remodeling of PA that includes increased proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis. There is no cure for PAH nor interventions that effectively impede or reverse PA remodeling, and research over the past several decades has sought to identify novel molecular mechanisms of therapeutic benefit. Galectin-3 (Gal-3; Mac-2) is a carbohydrate-binding lectin that is remarkable for its chimeric structure, comprised of an N-terminal oligomerization domain and a C-terminal carbohydrate-recognition domain. Gal-3 is a regulator of changes in cell behavior that contribute to aberrant PA remodeling including cell proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis, but its role in PAH is poorly understood. Herein, we summarize the recent literature on the role of Gal-3 in the development of PAH and provide experimental evidence supporting the ability of Gal-3 to influence reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, NOX enzyme expression, inflammation, and fibrosis, which contributes to PA remodeling. Finally, we address the clinical significance of Gal-3 as a target in the development of therapeutic agents as a treatment for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Barman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
| | - Zsuzsanna Bordan
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Robert Batori
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Stephen Haigh
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - David J R Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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12
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Kell MJ, Ang SF, Pigati L, Halpern A, Fölsch H. Novel function for AP-1B during cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2475-2493. [PMID: 32816642 PMCID: PMC7851849 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-04-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell-specific clathrin adaptor protein (AP)-1B has a well-established role in polarized sorting of cargos to the basolateral membrane. Here we show that β1 integrin was dependent on AP-1B and its coadaptor, autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia protein (ARH), for sorting to the basolateral membrane. We further demonstrate an unprecedented role for AP-1B at the basal plasma membrane during collective cell migration of epithelial sheets. During wound healing, expression of AP-1B (and ARH in AP–1B-positive cells) slowed epithelial-cell migration. We show that AP-1B colocalized with β1 integrin in focal adhesions during cell migration using confocal microscopy and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy on fixed specimens. Further, AP-1B labeling in cell protrusions was distinct from labeling for the endocytic adaptor complex AP-2. Using stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy we identified numerous AP–1B-coated structures at or close to the basal plasma membrane in cell protrusions. In addition, immunoelectron microscopy showed AP-1B in coated pits and vesicles at the plasma membrane during cell migration. Lastly, quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR analysis of human epithelial-derived cell lines revealed a loss of AP-1B expression in highly migratory metastatic cancer cells suggesting that AP-1B’s novel role at the basal plasma membrane during cell migration might be an anticancer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Johnson Kell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Su Fen Ang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Lucy Pigati
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Abby Halpern
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Heike Fölsch
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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13
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Galectins in Intra- and Extracellular Vesicles. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091232. [PMID: 32847140 PMCID: PMC7563435 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding galectins are expressed in various tissues of multicellular organisms. They are involved in autophagy, cell migration, immune response, inflammation, intracellular transport, and signaling. In recent years, novel roles of galectin-interaction with membrane components have been characterized, which lead to the formation of vesicles with diverse functions. These vesicles are part of intracellular transport pathways, belong to the cellular degradation machinery, or can be released for cell-to-cell communication. Several characteristics of galectins in the lumen or at the membrane of newly formed vesicular structures are discussed in this review and illustrate the need to fully elucidate their contributions at the molecular and structural level.
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14
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Rahmani S, Defferrari MS, Wakarchuk WW, Antonescu CN. Energetic adaptations: Metabolic control of endocytic membrane traffic. Traffic 2019; 20:912-931. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Rahmani
- Department of Chemistry and BiologyRyerson University Toronto Ontario Canada
| | | | - Warren W. Wakarchuk
- Department of Chemistry and BiologyRyerson University Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Costin N. Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and BiologyRyerson University Toronto Ontario Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
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15
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Fulton DJR, Li X, Bordan Z, Wang Y, Mahboubi K, Rudic RD, Haigh S, Chen F, Barman SA. Galectin-3: A Harbinger of Reactive Oxygen Species, Fibrosis, and Inflammation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1053-1069. [PMID: 30767565 PMCID: PMC6767862 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease arising from the narrowing of pulmonary arteries (PAs) resulting in high pulmonary arterial blood pressure and ultimately right ventricle (RV) failure. A defining characteristic of PAH is the excessive and unrelenting inward remodeling of PAs that includes increased proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis. Critical Issues: There is no cure for PAH nor interventions that effectively arrest or reverse PA remodeling, and intensive research over the past several decades has sought to identify novel molecular mechanisms of therapeutic value. Recent Advances: Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a carbohydrate-binding lectin remarkable for its chimeric structure, composed of an N-terminal oligomerization domain and a C-terminal carbohydrate-recognition domain. Gal-3 has been identified as a regulator of numerous changes in cell behavior that contributes to aberrant PA remodeling, including cell proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis, but its role in PAH has remained poorly understood until recently. In contrast, pathological roles for Gal-3 have been proposed in cancer and inflammatory and fibroproliferative disorders, such as pulmonary vascular and cardiac fibrosis. Herein, we summarize the recent literature on the role of Gal-3 in the development of PAH. We provide experimental evidence supporting the ability of Gal-3 to influence reactive oxygen species production, NADPH oxidase enzyme expression, and redox signaling, which have been shown to contribute to both vascular remodeling and increased pulmonary arterial pressure. Future Directions: While several preclinical studies suggest that Gal-3 promotes hypertensive pulmonary vascular remodeling, the clinical significance of Gal-3 in human PAH remains to be established. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J R Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xueyi Li
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Zsuzsanna Bordan
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yusi Wang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Keyvan Mahboubi
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - R Daniel Rudic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Stephen Haigh
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Feng Chen
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Scott A Barman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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16
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Gilson RC, Gunasinghe SD, Johannes L, Gaus K. Galectin-3 modulation of T-cell activation: mechanisms of membrane remodelling. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 76:101010. [PMID: 31682868 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal3) is a multifaceted protein which belongs to a family of lectins and binds β-galactosides. Gal3 expression is altered in many types of cancer, with increased expression generally associated with poor prognosis. Although the mechanisms remain unknown, Gal3 has been implicated in several biological processes involved in cancer progression, including suppression of T cell-mediated immune responses. Extracellular Gal3 binding to the plasma membrane of T cells alters membrane organization and the formation of an immunological synapse. Its multivalent capacity allows Gal3 to interact specifically with different membrane proteins and lipids, influencing endocytosis, trafficking and T cell receptor signalling. The ability of Gal3 to inhibit T cell responses may provide a mechanism by which Gal3 aids in cancer progression. In this review, we seek to give an overview of the mechanisms by which Gal3 alters the spatial organization of cell membranes and how these processes impact on T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Gilson
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Sachith D Gunasinghe
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Cellular and Chemical Biology unit, UMR3666, CNRS, U1143, INSERM, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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17
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Chen X, Lin J, Hu T, Ren Z, Li L, Hameed I, Zhang X, Men C, Guo Y, Xu D, Zhan Y. Galectin-3 exacerbates ox-LDL-mediated endothelial injury by inducing inflammation via integrin β1-RhoA-JNK signaling activation. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10990-11000. [PMID: 30536538 PMCID: PMC6590151 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (Ox‐LDL)‐induced endothelial cell injury plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). Plasma galectin‐3 (Gal‐3) is elevated inside and drives diverse systemic inflammatory disorders, including cardiovascular diseases. However, the exact role of Gal‐3 in ox‐LDL‐mediated endothelial injury remains unclear. This study explores the effects of Gal‐3 on ox‐LDL‐induced endothelial dysfunction and the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, Gal‐3, integrin β1, and GTP‐RhoA in the blood and plaques of AS patients were examined by ELISA and western blot respectively. Their levels were found to be obviously upregulated compared with non‐AS control group. CCK8 assay and flow cytometry analysis showed that Gal‐3 significantly decreased cell viability and promoted apoptosis in ox‐LDL‐treated human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). The upregulation of integrinβ1, GTP‐RhoA, p‐JNK, p‐p65, p‐IKKα, and p‐IKKβ induced by ox‐LDL was further enhanced by treatment with Gal‐3. Pretreatment with Gal‐3 increased expression of inflammatory factors (interleukin [IL]‐6, IL‐8, and IL‐1β), chemokines(CXCL‐1 and CCL‐2) and adhesion molecules (VCAM‐1 and ICAM‐1). Furthermore, the promotional effects of Gal‐3 on NF‐κB activation and inflammatory factors in ox‐LDL‐treated HUVECs were reversed by the treatments with integrinβ1‐siRNA or the JNK inhibitor. We also found that integrinβ1‐siRNA decreased the protein expression of GTP‐RhoA and p‐JNK, while RhoA inhibitor partially reduced the upregulated expression of p‐JNK induced by Gal‐3. In conclusion, our finding suggests that Gal‐3 exacerbates ox‐LDL‐mediated endothelial injury by inducing inflammation via integrin β1‐RhoA‐JNK signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Chen
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianzhong Lin
- Department of Urology and Central Laboratory, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- Department of Cancer Research, The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyun Ren
- Department of Urology and Central Laboratory, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linnan Li
- Department of Cancer Research, Academy of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Irbaz Hameed
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital Weill cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Men
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Di Xu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiyang Zhan
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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