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Huang M, Gao Q, Yang X, Jiang W, Hao L, Yu Y, Tian Y. Free amino acids in response to salinity changes in fishes: relationships to osmoregulation. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1031-1042. [PMID: 37782385 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Free amino acids (FAAs) are believed to play important roles in osmoregulation and buffer capacity in some aquatic animals, such as fishes. However, the potential roles of FAAs have not been systematically summarized and characterized until now. In the present study, the meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the relationships between FAAs and environmental salinities. Twenty published documents were included, accounting for 106 study cases. The effect sizes of total free amino acids (TFAAs), total essential amino acids (TEAAs), and total non-essential amino acids (TNEAAs) to salinity increase were calculated and determined by the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. It clearly showed that the elevated salinities significantly induced the contents of TFAAs, TEAAs, and TNEAAs at the ratio of 36%, 27%, and 29%, respectively. Faced to the salinity changes, the contents of FAAs in fishes under freshwater and seawater varied significantly, while the individuals under brackish water displayed relatively constant contents of FAAs. When salinity elevated, the contents of 17 amino acids in muscles significantly increased, suggesting the important roles of FAA metabolism in osmoregulation in fishes. The results also indicated that the effect sizes of TFAAs were positively related to the rates of salinity increases, and exhibited a significant quadratic linear relationship with temperatures. Additionally, the contents of FAAs also showed positive correlation with osmotic pressure, concentrations of plasma Na+, Cl-, and urea, implying their potential roles of FAAs in osmoregulation in fishes. These findings suggested that elevated salinities greatly induced the contents of FAAs in fishes, making a great contribution to maintaining the homeostasis of fishes in response to environmental salinity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qinfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenxin Jiang
- Shandong Marine Group LTD., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Hao
- Shandong Marine Group LTD., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yining Yu
- Shandong Marine Group LTD., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China.
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Hofer RN, Lin A, House BC, Purvis CN, Harris BJ, Symes SJK, Giles DK. Exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) influence permeability, antimicrobial peptide resistance, biofilm formation and membrane phospholipid structure in an A-layer and non-A-layer strain of Aeromonas salmonicida. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:31-45. [PMID: 36088584 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida is a Gram-negative bacterium that can infect a wide host range of fish populations, including salmonids and non-salmonids as well as freshwater and marine life. Some strains of A. salmonicida cause the disease furunculosis, which can cause lethargy, intestinal inflammation, ulcers, haemorrhaging and death. The infection is spread through fish-to-fish contact, and the presence of infection can have devastating effects on cultivated fish populations. The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of non-A-layer and A-layer A. salmonicida strains to incorporate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) into their lipid profile and test the phenotypic effects thereof. Lipids were extracted from PUFA-exposed cultures and analysed for lipid modification by thin-layer chromatography and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, showing A. salmonicida, regardless of A-layer, capable of incorporating all seven of the PUFAs studied. Phenotypic effects were determined through the use of assays that tested for biofilm formation, membrane permeability and cyclic peptide susceptibility. Temperature-dependent effects on biofilm formation were observed, and PUFA exposure showed significant (p < .001) increases in membrane permeability as tested by the uptake of the hydrophobic compounds crystal violet and ethidium bromide. Additionally, some PUFAs elicited modest protection and vulnerability against the membrane-targeting cyclic peptides polymyxin B (PMB) and colistin. The diverse, strain-specific responses to exogenous PUFAs may allude to evolved adaptive strategies that enhance survival, persistence and virulence of non-pathogenic and pathogenic members of bacteria that oscillate between environmental and fish host niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N Hofer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - Allen Lin
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benjamin C House
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher N Purvis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bradley J Harris
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - Steven J K Symes
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - David K Giles
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
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Luo J, Ren C, Zhu T, Guo C, Xie S, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Zhao W, Zhang X, Lu J, Jiao L, Zhou Q, Tocher DR, Jin M. High dietary lipid level promotes low salinity adaptation in the marine euryhaline crab (Scylla paramamosain). ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 12:297-307. [PMID: 37013080 PMCID: PMC10065990 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The physiological processes involved in adaptation to osmotic pressure in euryhaline crustaceans are highly energy demanding, but the effects of dietary lipids (fat) on low salinity adaptations have not been well evaluated. In the present study, a total of 120 mud crabs (Scylla paramamosain, BW = 17.87 ± 1.49 g) were fed control and high-fat (HF) diets, at both medium salinity (23‰) and low salinity (4‰) for 6 wk, and each treatment had 3 replicates with each replicate containing 10 crabs. The results indicated that a HF diet significantly mitigated the reduction in survival rate, percent weight gain and feed efficiency induced by low salinity (P < 0.05). Low salinity lowered lipogenesis and activated lipolysis resulting in lipid depletion in the hepatopancreas of mud crabs (P < 0.05). Thus, HF diets enhanced the process of lipolysis to supply more energy. In the gills, low salinity and the HF diet increased the levels of mitochondrial biogenesis markers, the activity of mitochondrial complexes, and the expression levels of genes related to energy metabolism (P < 0.05). Consequently, the positive effects of the HF diet on energy metabolism in mud crabs at low salinity promoted osmotic pressure regulation. Specifically, significantly higher haemolymph osmotic pressure and inorganic ion content, as well as higher osmotic pressure regulatory enzyme activity in gills, and gene and protein expression levels of NaK-ATPase were observed in crabs fed the HF diet at low salinity (P < 0.05). In summary, high dietary lipid levels improved energy provision to facilitate mitochondrial biogenesis, which increased ATP provision for osmotic pressure regulation of mud crabs. This study also illustrates the importance of dietary lipid nutrition supplementation for low salinity adaptations in mud crabs.
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Esmaeili N, Carter CG, Wilson R, Walker SP, Miller MR, Bridle AR, Symonds JE. Protein metabolism in the liver and white muscle is associated with feed efficiency in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reared in seawater: Evidence from proteomic analysis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 42:100994. [PMID: 35533546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie differences in feed efficiency (FE) is an important step toward optimising growth and achieving sustainable salmonid aquaculture. In this study, the liver and white muscle proteomes of feed efficient (EFF) and inefficient (INEFF) Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reared in seawater were investigated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In total, 2746 liver and 702 white muscle proteins were quantified and compared between 21 EFF and 22 INEFF fish. GSEA showed that gene sets related to protein synthesis were enriched in the liver and white muscle of the EFF group, while conversely, pathways related to protein degradation (amino acid catabolism and proteolysis, respectively) were the most affected processes in the liver and white muscle of INEFF fish. Estimates of individual daily feed intake and share of the meal within tank were significantly higher in the INEFF than the EFF fish showing INEFF fish were likely more dominant during feeding and overfed. Overeating by the INEFF fish was associated with an increase in protein catabolism. This study found that fish with different FE values had expression differences in the gene sets related to protein turnover, and this result supports the hypothesis that protein metabolism plays a role in FE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Esmaeili
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Private Bag 49, Australia.
| | - Chris G Carter
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Private Bag 49, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, Research Division, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | | | - Matthew R Miller
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Private Bag 49, Australia; Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | - Andrew R Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Private Bag 49, Australia
| | - Jane E Symonds
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Private Bag 49, Australia; Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
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Yao J, Liu N, Li N, Li X, Hua X. Different metabolomic responses of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) to dietary tannin and rapeseed meal. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Parzanini C, Arts MT, Rohtla M, Koprivnikar J, Power M, Skiftesvik AB, Browman HI, Milotic D, Durif CMF. Feeding habitat and silvering stage affect lipid content and fatty acid composition of European eel Anguilla anguilla tissues. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:1110-1124. [PMID: 34060093 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipids, particularly fatty acids (FAs), are major sources of energy and nutrients in aquatic ecosystems and play key roles during vertebrate development. The European eel Anguilla anguilla goes through major biochemical and physiological changes throughout its lifecycle as it inhabits sea- (SW), and/or brackish- (BW) and/or freshwater (FW) habitats. With the ultimate goal being to understand the reasons for eels adopting a certain life history strategy (FW or SW residency vs. 'habitat shifting'), we explored differences in lipid content and FA composition of muscle, liver and eyes from eels collected across Norwegian SW, BW and FW habitats, and at different lifecycle stages (yellow to silver). FW and SW eels had a higher lipid content overall compared to BW eels, reflecting differences in food availability and life history strategies. SW eels had higher proportions of certain monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs; 18:1n-9, 20:1n-9), and of the essential polyunsaturated FAs 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid) than FW eels, reflecting a marine-based diet. In contrast, the muscle of FW eels had higher proportions of 18:3n-3, 18:2n-6 and 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid), as is typical of FW organisms. MUFA proportions increased in later stage eels, consistent with the hypothesis that the eels accumulate energy stores prior to migration. In addition, the decrease of EPA with advancing stage may be associated with the critical role that this FA plays in eel sexual development. Lipid and FA information provided further understanding of the habitat use and overall ecology of this critically endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Parzanini
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael T Arts
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehis Rohtla
- Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, Storebø, Norway
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Janet Koprivnikar
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Power
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Berit Skiftesvik
- Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, Storebø, Norway
| | - Howard I Browman
- Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, Storebø, Norway
| | - Dino Milotic
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline M F Durif
- Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, Storebø, Norway
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Evaluation of Nutritional Composition of Pure Filamentous Fungal Biomass as a Novel Ingredient for Fish Feed. FERMENTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7030152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth of aquaculture and the lack of fish meal demand new sustainable ingredients. Although fungal biomass is found to be a promising sustainable fish feed supplementation candidate, the characteristics of this protein-rich source are closely influenced by the quality of the applied growth medium. In this work, the nutritional properties of pure filamentous fungal biomass provided from the cultivation of Aspergillus oryzae, Neurospora intermedia and Rhzopus oryzae were evaluated to assess their potential as alternative novel protein sources in fish feed. In this regard, fungal biomass yields of up to 0.19 ± 0.005 (g dry biomass/g substrate glucose) were obtained during submerged cultivation of fungal strains. The pure fungal biomass acquired could contain significant amounts of protein up to 62.2 ± 1.2% (w/w). The obtained protein had a high quality with notable inclusion of essential amino acids such as lysine, arginine, methionine and threonine with comparable concentrations to those of fish meal. Fungal biomass is mainly considered as protein source, however, entitlement of 6.9 ± 0.5, 4.0 ± 0.7 and 17.2 ± 1.1% (w/w) of lipids and ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) of 1.37:1, 1.74:1 and 1.47:1 in A. oryzae, N. intermedia and R. oryzae, respectively, signal health benefits for the fish. Considering the results, protein-rich pure fungal biomass with amino acid composition is greatly compatible with fish meal, and contains essential nutrients such as fatty acids and minerals. This pure biomass constitutes a promising sustainable alternative supplement to be introduced in fish feed industry.
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Nuche‐Pascual MT, Ruiz‐Cooley RI, Herzka SZ. A meta‐analysis of amino acid δ
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N trophic enrichment factors in fishes relative to nutritional and ecological drivers. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Teresa Nuche‐Pascual
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE) 3918 Carretera Ensenada‐Tijuana Ensenada Baja California22860Mexico
| | - Rocío I. Ruiz‐Cooley
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE) 3918 Carretera Ensenada‐Tijuana Ensenada Baja California22860Mexico
- Moss Landing Marine Labs San Jose State University 8272 Moss Landing Road Moss Landing California95039USA
| | - Sharon Z. Herzka
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE) 3918 Carretera Ensenada‐Tijuana Ensenada Baja California22860Mexico
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Bi B, Gao Y, Jia D, Kong L, Su Y, Rong H, Wu X, Wang X, Hu Z, Hu Q. Growth influence of juvenile golden trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in different osmotic conditions: implications for tissue histology, biochemical indicators, and genes transcription involved in GH/IGF system. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:583-597. [PMID: 33560477 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00933-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of different salinity levels on tissue histology, blood biochemistry, and genes transcription of the GH/IGF system in juvenile golden trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Five experimental salinity levels (0, 8, 16, 24, and 32‰) were selected to domesticate juvenile O. mykiss for 7 days. Histological characteristics changed with salinity, including higher ionocites area and epithelium thickness in gills, narrow lumen of collecting tubules in kidneys, and high numbers of goblet cells in the intestines. Similarly, increments in slits, degenerate hepatocytes, and individualization of hepatocytes have been shown in fish reared in the 32‰ salinity group. The lowest triglyceride (TG) and the highest level of total protein (TP) were detected in fish reared at the 32‰ group. The genes transcription of the GH/IGF system altered in response to the increase of salinity. The present results add to the understanding of the physiological responses of O. mykiss on salinity stress and would be helpful in formulating strategies to optimize the aquaculture of this species in environments with fluctuating patterns of salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoliang Bi
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Plateau Aquacultural College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Plateau Aquacultural College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Dan Jia
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Plateau Aquacultural College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Lingfu Kong
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Plateau Aquacultural College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Yanhua Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Hua Rong
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Plateau Aquacultural College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Plateau Aquacultural College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Plateau Aquacultural College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Zhuoyong Hu
- Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops, Yunnan, 666100, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Plateau Aquacultural College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, China.
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Lagarde R, Ponton D, Borie G, Hiebert A, LeMoine CMR. Climbing Waterfalls: How Metabolism and Behavior Impact Locomotor Performance of Tropical Climbing Gobies on Reunion Island. Physiol Biochem Zool 2020; 93:376-383. [PMID: 32762607 DOI: 10.1086/710536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The life cycle of gobies of the Sicydiinae subfamily depends on climbing waterfalls. Two sympatric sicydiines species from Reunion Island, Sicyopterus lagocephalus (SIL) and Cotylopus acutipinnis (COA), employ different climbing modes. SIL uses a steady "inching" mode interrupted by short rest periods, whereas COA exhibits short "power-burst" undulatory movements punctuated by longer rest periods. Consequently, we explored the relationship between climbing performance and metabolic activity in these two species. We demonstrated that the two climbing modes are supported by different ecophysiological profiles that promote the interspecific variability of locomotor performance. More specifically, SIL performed better than COA during a climbing experiment because of its inching climbing mode, supported by a generally greater metabolic capacity and a higher potential for oxidative metabolism. Interestingly, we did not detect any difference in metabolic fuel storage and lactate production during climbing in either species, suggesting that these species can maintain fuel reserves and limit lactate accumulation through extensive rest times. Overall, this study provides new insights into the ecophysiology of these two emblematic species and suggests that the better climbing capacity of SIL is supported by its muscular metabolic capacity.
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Huang PC, Liu TY, Hu MY, Casties I, Tseng YC. Energy and nitrogenous waste from glutamate/glutamine catabolism facilitates acute osmotic adjustment in non-neuroectodermal branchial cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9460. [PMID: 32528019 PMCID: PMC7289822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of homeostasis is one of the most important physiological responses for animals upon osmotic perturbations. Ionocytes of branchial epithelia are the major cell types responsible for active ion transport, which is mediated by energy-consuming ion pumps (e.g., Na+-K+-ATPase, NKA) and secondary active transporters. Consequently, in addition to osmolyte adjustments, sufficient and immediate energy replenishment is essenttableial for acclimation to osmotic changes. In this study, we propose that glutamate/glutamine catabolism and trans-epithelial transport of nitrogenous waste may aid euryhaline teleosts Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) during acclimation to osmotic changes. Glutamate family amino acid contents in gills were increased by hyperosmotic challenge along an acclimation period of 72 hours. This change in amino acids was accompanied by a stimulation of putative glutamate/glutamine transporters (Eaats, Sat) and synthesis enzymes (Gls, Glul) that participate in regulating glutamate/glutamine cycling in branchial epithelia during acclimation to hyperosmotic conditions. In situ hybridization of glutaminase and glutamine synthetase in combination with immunocytochemistry demonstrate a partial colocalization of olgls1a and olgls2 but not olglul with Na+/K+-ATPase-rich ionocytes. Also for the glutamate and glutamine transporters colocalization with ionocytes was found for oleaat1, oleaat3, and olslc38a4, but not oleaat2. Morpholino knock-down of Sat decreased Na+ flux from the larval epithelium, demonstrating the importance of glutamate/glutamine transport in osmotic regulation. In addition to its role as an energy substrate, glutamate deamination produces NH4+, which may contribute to osmolyte production; genes encoding components of the urea production cycle, including carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), were upregulated under hyperosmotic challenges. Based on these findings the present work demonstrates that the glutamate/glutamine cycle and subsequent transepithelial transport of nitrogenous waste in branchial epithelia represents an essential component for the maintenance of ionic homeostasis under a hyperosmotic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chen Huang
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, I-Lan County, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Tzu-Yen Liu
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, I-Lan County, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Marian Y Hu
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Isabel Casties
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), Kiel, Germany
| | - Yung-Che Tseng
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, I-Lan County, Taiwan (ROC).
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12
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Evaluation of Filamentous Fungal Biomass Cultivated on Vinasse as an Alternative Nutrient Source of Fish Feed: Protein, Lipid, and Mineral Composition. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation5040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The rapid growth of aquaculture and scarcity of conventional fish feed supplements has prompted the introduction of new sustainable supplementation sources. In this study, the potential of five strains of fungal biomass of Ascomycetes and Zygomycetes edible filamentous fungi, Aspergillus oryzae, Neurospora intermedia, Rizhopus oryzae, Monascus purpureus, and Fusarium venenatum, cultivated on vinasse, a by-product of the bioethanol industry, as alternative protein sources for fishmeal in the fish diet was evaluated. It was observed that 5% vinasse with an initial pH of 5–6.5 can support fungal biomass yields of 34.3 ± 2.4–118.5 ± 3.9 g DM/L for A. Oryzae, N. intermedia, and R. oryzae. High protein contents of about 44.7%, 57.6%, and 50.9% (w/w), and fat contents of 7.0%, 3.5%, and 5.5% (w/w) were obtained for A. oryzae, N. intermedia, and R. oryzae, respectively. The latter three fungi species contained noticeable amino acid contents, including promising profiles of amino acids that are highly compatible with those of fishmeal. These findings provide evidence that fungal biomasses, with their relatively high protein content, good amino acid profiles, and other essential nutrients, are a promising supplementation alternative that can be produced from low-value by-products and organic-rich waste streams like vinasse to meet the dietary protein requirements in fish feed.
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13
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Wang Y, Han G, Pham CV, Koyanagi K, Song Y, Sudo R, Lauwereyns J, Cockrem JF, Furuse M, Chowdhury VS. An acute increase in water temperature can increase free amino acid concentrations in the blood, brain, liver, and muscle in goldfish (Carassius auratus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1343-1354. [PMID: 31001753 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water temperature directly affects the body temperature in fish, so increasing water temperatures in oceans and rivers will lead to increases in fish body temperatures. Whilst a range of responses of fish to increases in water temperature have been measured, amino acid metabolism in a fish under high water temperature (HT) conditions has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an acute increase in water temperature on oxygen consumption, plasma cortisol concentrations, and free amino acid concentrations in plasma and several tissues in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Oxygen consumption and plasma cortisol concentrations were increased in goldfish exposed to HT (30 ± 1 °C) for 200 min compared with goldfish at a control water temperature (CT 17 ± 1 °C). Oxygen consumption and plasma cortisol concentrations in both groups of fish combined were positively correlated. When goldfish were exposed to HT for 300 min oxygen consumption and plasma concentrations of 15 free amino acids were increased compared with goldish at CT. Concentrations of several free amino acids were increased to varying extents in the brain, liver, and muscle tissues. In conclusion, an acute increase in water temperature affected amino acid metabolism differently in the brain, liver, and muscle tissues. Goldfish will be a useful species for further studies of the possible roles of various amino acids in the brain, muscle, and liver during acute increases in water temperature in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Wang
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Arts and Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Guofeng Han
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Arts and Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Cuong V Pham
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Arts and Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Koyanagi
- Fishery Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yandejia Song
- Laboratory of Cognative Neuroscience, Graduate School of System Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Sudo
- Laboratory of Cognative Neuroscience, Graduate School of System Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Johan Lauwereyns
- Laboratory of Cognative Neuroscience, Graduate School of System Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - John F Cockrem
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Mitsuhiro Furuse
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Arts and Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Li J, Xu X, Li W, Zhang X. Linking energy metabolism and locomotor variation to osmoregulation in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 234:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Hong M, Li N, Li J, Li W, Liang L, Li Q, Wang R, Shi H, Storey KB, Ding L. Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Response to Salinity Stress in the Red-Eared Slider Turtle Trachemys scripta elegans. Front Physiol 2019; 10:962. [PMID: 31417422 PMCID: PMC6684833 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic animals have developed various mechanisms to live in either hyperionic or hypoionic environments, and, as such, not many species are capable of surviving in both. The red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans, a well-known freshwater species, has recently been found to invade and inhabit brackish water. Herein, we focus on some of the metabolic adaptations that are required to survive and cope with salinity stress. The regulation of the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a main cellular “energy sensor,” and its influence on lipid metabolism were evaluated with a comparison of three groups of turtles: controls in freshwater, and turtles held in water of either 5‰ salinity (S5) or 15‰ salinity (S15) with sampling at 6, 24, and 48 h and 30 days of exposure. When subjected to elevated salinities of 5 or 15‰, AMPK mRNA levels and AMPK enzyme activity increased strongly. In addition, the high expression of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPARα) transcription factor that, in turn, facilitated upregulation of target genes including carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO). Furthermore, the expression of transcription factors involved in lipid synthesis such as the carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) was inhibited, and two of their target genes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), were significantly decreased. Moreover, exposure to saline environments also increased plasma triglyceride (TG) content. Interestingly, the content of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) in plasma was markedly higher than the control in the S15 group after 30 days, which indicated that lipid metabolism was disrupted by chronic exposure to high salinity. These findings demonstrate that activation of AMPK might regulate lipid metabolism in response to salinity stress through the inhibition of lipid synthesis and promotion of lipid oxidation in the liver of T. s. elegans. This may be an important component of the observed salinity tolerance of these turtles that allow for invasion of brackish waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Hong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Na Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Jiangyue Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Weihao Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Lingyue Liang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Qian Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Runqi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China.,Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Li Ding
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
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16
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Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals potential evolutionary differences in adaptation of temperature and body shape among four Percidae species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215933. [PMID: 31063465 PMCID: PMC6504104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the divergent temperature habitats and morphological traits of four Percidae species: yellow perch (Perca flavescens), Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis), pike perch (Sander lucioperca), and ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua), we stepped into the transcriptome level to discover genes and mechanisms that drive adaptation to different temperature environments and evolution in body shape. Based on 93,566 to 181,246 annotated unigenes of the four species, we identified 1,117 one-to-one orthologous genes and subsequently constructed the phylogenetic trees that are consistent with previous studies. Together with the tree, the ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions presented decreased evolutionary rates from the D. rerio branch to the sub-branch clustered by P. flavescens and P. fluviatilis. The specific 93 fast-evolving genes and 57 positively selected genes in P. flavescens, compared with 22 shared fast-evolving genes among P. fluviatilis, G. cernua, and S. lucioperca, showed an intrinsic foundation that ensure its adaptation to the warmer Great Lakes and farther south, especially in functional terms like “Cul4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.” Meanwhile, the specific 78 fast-evolving genes and 41 positively selected genes in S. lucioperca drew a clear picture of how it evolved to a large and elongated body with camera-type eyes and muscle strength so that it could occupy the highest position in the food web. Overall, our results uncover genetic basis that support evolutionary adaptation of temperature and body shape in four Percid species, and could furthermore assist studies on environmental adaptation in fishes.
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Jiang W, Tian X, Fang Z, Li L, Dong S, Li H, Zhao K. Metabolic responses in the gills of tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) exposed to salinity stress using NMR-based metabolomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:465-474. [PMID: 30412891 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is an important environmental factor affecting fish physiology. Tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) is a euryhaline species that can survive in a wide range of salinity, and might be used as a promising model animal for environmental science. In this study, by using the nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomics, amino acids analysis and real-time quantitative PCR assay, we investigated the metabolic responses in the gills and plasma of tongue sole subjected to hypo- (0 ppt, S0) and hyper-osmotic stress (50 ppt, S50) from isosmotic environment (30 ppt, S30). The results showed that the metabolic profiles of S50 were significantly different from those of S0 and S30 groups, and a clear overlap was found between the latter two groups. Ten metabolites were significantly different between the salt stress groups and the isosmotic group. Taurine and creatine elevated in both S0 and S50 groups. Choline decreased in S50 group while increased in S0 group. Amino acids and energy compounds were higher in the gills of S50 group. The metabolic network showed that ten metabolic pathways were all found in S50 group, while seven pathways were observed in S0 group. Meanwhile, the transcript levels of the Tau-T and ATP synthase in the gills increased with increasing salinity. Aspartate and methionine exhibited significant differences in the plasma among the groups, but did not show differences in the gills. Comparatively, glutamate exhibited significant differences both in the plasma and the gills. Overall, these findings provide a preliminary profile of osmotic regulation in euryhaline fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangli Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ziheng Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuanglin Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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18
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Chen XL, Lui EY, Ip YK, Lam SH. RNA sequencing, de novo assembly and differential analysis of the gill transcriptome of freshwater climbing perch Anabas testudineus after 6 days of seawater exposure. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 93:215-228. [PMID: 29931780 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To obtain transcriptomic insights into branchial responses to salinity challenge in Anabas testudineus, this study employed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to analyse the gill transcriptome of A. testudineus exposed to seawater (SW) for 6 days compared with the freshwater (FW) control group. A combined FW and SW gill transcriptome was de novo assembled from 169.9 million 101 bp paired-end reads. In silico validation employing 17 A. testudineus Sanger full-length coding sequences showed that 15/17 of them had greater than 80% of their sequences aligned to the de novo assembled contigs where 5/17 had their full-length (100%) aligned and 9/17 had greater than 90% of their sequences aligned. The combined FW and SW gill transcriptome was mapped to 13,780 unique human identifiers at E-value ≤1.0E-20 while 952 and 886 identifiers were determined as up and down-regulated by 1.5 fold, respectively, in the gills of A. testudineus in SW when compared with FW. These genes were found to be associated with at least 23 biological processes. A larger proportion of genes encoding enzymes and transporters associated with molecular transport, energy production, metabolisms were up-regulated, while a larger proportion of genes encoding transmembrane receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, kinases and transcription regulators associated with cell cycle, growth, development, signalling, morphology and gene expression were relatively lower in the gills of A. testudineus in SW when compared with FW. High correlation (R = 0.99) was observed between RNA-Seq data and real-time quantitative PCR validation for 13 selected genes. The transcriptomic sequence information will facilitate development of molecular resources and tools while the findings will provide insights for future studies into branchial iono-osmoregulation and related cellular processes in A. testudineus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu L Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eei Y Lui
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuen K Ip
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siew H Lam
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Zhang Q, Wong MKS, Li Y, Li Y, Takei Y. Changes in Plasma and Tissue Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (LC-PUFA) Content in the Eel Anguilla japonica After External and Internal Osmotic Stress. Zoolog Sci 2017; 34:429-437. [PMID: 28990478 DOI: 10.2108/zs170031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of external and internal osmotic stress on the profile of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in euryhaline eels Anguilla japonica. Freshwater (FW) fish were transferred to seawater (SW) for external osmotic stress or subjected to internal stress through injection with hypertonic saline. FW eels injected with isotonic saline served as controls. Plasma osmolality, Na+ concentration, and gill Na+/K+ -ATPase activity increased, but hematocrit decreased compared with controls in eels exposed to external or internal osmotic stress. The expression of two major transporter genes for SW adaptation, the Na+ -K+ -2Cl - co-transporter 1a (NKCC1a) in the gill and NKCC2b in the intestine, was up-regulated only in SW-transferred eels, suggesting a direct impact of SW on the gill and intestine via SW ingestion. Total LC-PUFA contents and DHA (22:6 n-3) increased in the gill and liver of SW-transferred eels and in the intestine of hypertonic saline-injected eels. However, total LC-PUFA content in plasma decreased after both external and internal osmotic stimuli. In contrast, the gene expression of two key enzymes involved in the LC-PUFA biosynthesis, Δ6 fatty acid desaturase and elongase, did not change in the gill, intestine and liver of osmotically stressed eels. These results indicate that LC-PUFA is possibly involved in osmoregulation and the increased LC-PUFA contents of osmoregulatory organs might be a result of LC-PUFA transport via circulation, rather than through de novo biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Zhang
- 1 Marine Biology Institute & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Marty K S Wong
- 2 Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Marine Bioscience, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Yiqi Li
- 3 School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Yuanyou Li
- 1 Marine Biology Institute & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.,2 Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Marine Bioscience, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan.,4 School of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yoshio Takei
- 2 Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Marine Bioscience, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
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Brijs J, Sandblom E, Sundh H, Gräns A, Hinchcliffe J, Ekström A, Sundell K, Olsson C, Axelsson M, Pichaud N. Increased mitochondrial coupling and anaerobic capacity minimizes aerobic costs of trout in the sea. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45778. [PMID: 28361996 PMCID: PMC5374462 DOI: 10.1038/srep45778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anadromy is a distinctive life-history strategy in fishes that has evolved independently many times. In an evolutionary context, the benefits of anadromy for a species or population must outweigh the costs and risks associated with the habitat switch. The migration of fish across the freshwater-ocean boundary coincides with potentially energetically costly osmoregulatory modifications occurring at numerous levels of biological organization. By integrating whole animal and sub-cellular metabolic measurements, this study presents significant findings demonstrating how an anadromous salmonid (i.e. rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss) is able to transform from a hyper- to hypo-osmoregulatory state without incurring significant increases in whole animal oxygen consumption rate. Instead, underlying metabolic mechanisms that fuel the osmoregulatory machinery at the organ level (i.e. intestine) are modulated, as mitochondrial coupling and anaerobic metabolism are increased to satisfy the elevated energetic demands. This may have positive implications for the relative fitness of the migrating individual, as aerobic capacity may be maintained for locomotion (i.e. foraging and predator avoidance) and growth. Furthermore, the ability to modulate mitochondrial metabolism in order to maintain osmotic balance suggests that mitochondria of anadromous fish may have been a key target for natural selection, driving species adaptations to different aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Brijs
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Sandblom
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albin Gräns
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara, Sweden
| | - James Hinchcliffe
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Ekström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundell
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catharina Olsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Axelsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Pichaud
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
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21
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Bucking C. A broader look at ammonia production, excretion, and transport in fish: a review of impacts of feeding and the environment. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:1-18. [PMID: 27522221 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For nearly a century, researchers have studied ammonia production and excretion in teleost fish. Stemming from past investigations a body of knowledge now exists on various aspects including biochemical mechanisms of ammonia formation and specific routes and tissues used for ammonia transport, culminating in a current detailed theoretical model of branchial transport, including the molecular identities of the moieties involved. However, typical studies examining ammonia balance use routine laboratory conditions and fasted fish. While avoiding additional variables that influence nitrogen balance, these studies are arguably idealistic and do not reflect the natural variety of conditions that fish encounter. Further studies have revealed the impacts of extrinsic factors (e.g. salinity, pH, temperature) on ammonia handling in fasted fish whereas others have explored intrinsic factors, such as life history and developmental impacts. One routine challenge for ammonia balance that fish encounter is feeding and digestion. Fortunately, many new studies have revealed the impact of feeding and digestion on several aspects of ammonia balance; from production to excretion and to transport, and several have done so incorporating supplemental extrinsic and/or intrinsic factors. Together, these complex studies reveal realistic responses to multifactorial challenges encountered by animals in the wild and begin to provide a holistic view of ammonia balance in freshwater teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Bucking
- Department of Biology, Farquharson Life Science Building, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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22
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McCarthy ID, Brown J. Assessing the reproducibility of fractional rates of protein synthesis in muscle tissue measured using the flooding dose technique. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 197:9-15. [PMID: 26970581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The flooding dose technique of Garlick et al. (1980) has become the main method for measuring tissue and whole-animal rates of protein synthesis in ectotherms. However, single tissue samples are used to determine rates of protein synthesis and no studies have examined the pattern of flooding in large tissues such as the white muscle in fishes, which can comprise up to 55% of the wet body mass of a fish and which is poorly perfused. The present study has examined, for the first time, the patterns of flooding and measured rates of protein synthesis in five different regions of the white muscle in the Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus ranging in size from 25g to 1.6kg following a flooding dose injection of L-[(3)H]-phenylalanine. The results indicate that the degree of flooding (i.e. free pool specific radioactivity relative to that of the injection solution) and elevation in free phenylalanine concentrations can vary between regions but the calculated fractional rates of protein synthesis were similar in four of the five regions studied. The variability in rates of protein synthesis increased with body size with greater variability observed between regions for fish >1kg in body mass. For consistency between studies, it is recommended that samples are taken from the epaxial muscle in the region below the dorsal fin when measuring fractional rates of white muscle synthesis in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D McCarthy
- School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Askew Street, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK; Laboratorio de Manejo, Ecologia e Conservação Marinha, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico 191, Cidade Universitária, 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - James Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
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24
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Baltzegar DA, Reading BJ, Douros JD, Borski RJ. Role for leptin in promoting glucose mobilization during acute hyperosmotic stress in teleost fishes. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:61-72. [PMID: 24194509 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Osmoregulation is critical for survival in all vertebrates, yet the endocrine regulation of this metabolically expensive process is not fully understood. Specifically, the function of leptin in the regulation of energy expenditure in fishes, and among ectotherms, in general, remains unresolved. In this study, we examined the effects of acute salinity transfer (72 h) and the effects of leptin and cortisol on plasma metabolites and hepatic energy reserves in the euryhaline fish, the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Transfer to 2/3 seawater (23 ppt) significantly increased plasma glucose, amino acid, and lactate levels relative to those in the control fish. Plasma glucose levels were positively correlated with amino acid levels (R2=0.614), but not with lactate levels. The mRNA expression of liver leptin A (lepa), leptin receptor (lepr), and hormone-sensitive and lipoprotein lipases (hsl and lpl) as well as triglyceride content increased during salinity transfer, but plasma free fatty acid and triglyceride levels remained unchanged. Both leptin and cortisol significantly increased plasma glucose levels in vivo, but only leptin decreased liver glycogen levels. Leptin decreased the expression of liver hsl and lpl mRNAs, whereas cortisol significantly increased the expression of these lipases. These findings suggest that hepatic glucose mobilization into the blood following an acute salinity challenge involves both glycogenolysis, induced by leptin, and subsequent gluconeogenesis of free amino acids. This is the first study to report that teleost leptin A has actions that are functionally distinct from those described in mammals acting as a potent hyperglycemic factor during osmotic stress, possibly in synergism with cortisol. These results suggest that the function of leptin may have diverged during the evolution of vertebrates, possibly reflecting differences in metabolic regulation between poikilotherms and homeotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Baltzegar
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7617, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7617, USA
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Nestor G, Bankefors J, Schlechtriem C, Brännäs E, Pickova J, Sandström C. High-resolution ¹H magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy of intact Arctic char (Salvelinus Alpinus) muscle. Quantitative analysis of n-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:10799-10803. [PMID: 20873863 DOI: 10.1021/jf103338j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The lipid and small metabolite profiles from intact muscles of Arctic char were investigated using (1)H high-resolution magic angle spinning ((1)H HR-MAS) NMR spectroscopy. Not only the total n-3 fatty acid content but also the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents of the muscle were obtained from the (1)H HR-MAS NMR spectra without pretreatment of the tissue or lipophilic extraction. A number of small metabolites could also be observed, where creatine/phosphocreatine, anserine and taurine were the most abundant. Thus, the use of (1)H HR-MAS NMR led to simplified analysis techniques that can give direct information on the nutritional value of the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Nestor
- Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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The unusual energy metabolism of elasmobranch fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 155:417-34. [PMID: 19822221 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The unusual energy metabolism of elasmobranchs is characterized by limited or absent fatty acid oxidation in cardiac and skeletal muscle and a great reliance on ketone bodies and amino acids as oxidative fuels in these tissues. Other extrahepatic tissues in elasmobranchs rely on ketone bodies and amino acids for aerobic energy production but, unlike muscle, also appear to possess a significant capacity to oxidize fatty acids. This organization of energy metabolism is reflected by relatively low plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and by plasma levels of the ketone body ss-hydroxybutyrate that are as high as those seen in fasted mammals. The preference for ketone body oxidation rather than fatty acid oxidation in muscle of elasmobranchs under routine conditions is opposite to the situation in teleosts and mammals. Carbohydrates appear to be utilized as a fuel source in elasmobranchs, similar to other vertebrates. Amino acid- and lipid-fueled ketogenesis in the liver, the lipid storage site in elasmobranchs, sustains the demand for ketone bodies as oxidative fuels. The liver also appears to export NEFA and serves a buoyancy role. The regulation of energy metabolism in elasmobranchs and the effects of environmental factors remain poorly understood. The metabolic organization of elasmobranchs was likely present in the common ancestor of the Chondrichthyes ca. 400million years ago and, speculatively, it may reflect the ancestral metabolism of jawed vertebrates. We assess hypotheses for the evolution of the unusual energy metabolism of elasmobranchs and propose that the need to synthesize urea has influenced the utilization of ketone bodies and amino acids as oxidative fuels.
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Jung CA, Barbee NC, Swearer SE. Post-settlement migratory behaviour and growth-related costs in two diadromous fish species, Galaxias maculatus and Galaxias brevipinnis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 75:503-515. [PMID: 20738553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The physiological challenges incurred during the transition from sea to fresh water and the constraints they place on the rate at which the common galaxiid Galaxias maculatus and the climbing galaxiid Galaxias brevipinnis can migrate from marine to freshwater habitats were examined. The duration of the marine to freshwater transition, the relationship between post-settlement age (PSA) and standard length (L(S)) as a proxy for energetic costs incurred during settlement and the potential effects of estuary geomorphology on migratory behaviour was investigated. Rate of upstream migration after settlement was not uniform. Upstream migration rate was slowest directly after settlement and increased with increasing PSA and distance from the river mouth, indicating a delay in upstream migration by newly recruited galaxiids. L(s) did not increase with age, at least within the first 21 days post settlement. These patterns were consistent for both species, in spite of differences in their life histories, across the recruitment season, despite seasonal variation in recruit size, and among estuaries with different properties. The results suggest that the timing and speed of migratory behaviour primarily reflect physiological constraints. Given the duration of residency of these species in estuaries, this study indicates that estuaries are critical transitional habitats for diadromous fishes during their migration from marine to freshwater habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Jung
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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28
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Aragão C, Costas B, Vargas-Chacoff L, Ruiz-Jarabo I, Dinis MT, Mancera JM, Conceição LEC. Changes in plasma amino acid levels in a euryhaline fish exposed to different environmental salinities. Amino Acids 2009; 38:311-7. [PMID: 19229587 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Senegalese sole is partially euryhaline in the juvenile phase, being able to adapt to a wide range of salinities in a short-time period, due to changes at the osmoregulatory and metabolic level. This study aimed to assess the effects of acclimation of sole to a wide range of salinities, with a special emphasis on the role of plasma amino acids during this process. Sole juveniles were acclimated for 2 weeks to different salinities: 5, 15, 25, 38, and 55 g L(-1). Plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, osmolality, and free amino acids were assessed at the end. Changes in plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, and amino acids indicate that fish reared at 5 and 55 g L(-1) were facing extra energy costs. Amino acids seem to play an important role during salinity acclimation, either as energy sources or as important osmolytes for cell volume regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Aragão
- CIMAR/CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
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29
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Tseng YC, Hwang PP. Some insights into energy metabolism for osmoregulation in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 148:419-29. [PMID: 18539088 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A sufficient and timely energy supply is a prerequisite for the operation of iono- and osmoregulatory mechanisms in fish. Measurements of whole-fish or isolated-gill (or other organs) oxygen consumption have demonstrated regulation of the energy supply during acclimation to different osmotic environments, and such regulation is dependent on species, the situation of acclimation or acclimatization, and life habits. Carbohydrate metabolism appears to play a major role in the energy supply for iono- and osmoregulation, and the liver is the major source supplying carbohydrate metabolites to osmoregulatory organs. Compared with carbohydrates, the roles of lipids and proteins remain largely unclear. Energy metabolite translocation was recently found to occur between fish gill ionocytes and neighboring glycogen-rich (GR) cells, indicating the physiological significance of a local energy supply for gill ion regulatory mechanisms. Spatial and temporal relationships between the liver and other osmoregulatory and non-osmoregulatory organs in partitioning the energy supply for ion regulatory mechanisms during salinity challenges were also proposed. A novel glucose transporter was found to specifically be expressed and function in gill ionocytes, providing the first cue for investigating energy translocation among gill cells. Advanced molecular physiological approaches can be used to examine energy metabolism relevant to a particular cell type (e.g., gill ionocytes), and functional genomics may also provide another powerful approach to explore new metabolic pathways related to fish ion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Che Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
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Li P, Mai K, Trushenski J, Wu G. New developments in fish amino acid nutrition: towards functional and environmentally oriented aquafeeds. Amino Acids 2008; 37:43-53. [PMID: 18751871 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence shows that some amino acids and their metabolites are important regulators of key metabolic pathways that are necessary for maintenance, growth, feed intake, nutrient utilization, immunity, behavior, larval metamorphosis, reproduction, as well as resistance to environmental stressors and pathogenic organisms in various fishes. Therefore, conventional definitions on essential and nonessential amino acids for fish are challenged by numerous discoveries that taurine, glutamine, glycine, proline and hydroxyproline promote growth, development, and health of aquatic animals. On the basis of their crucial roles in cell metabolism and physiology, we anticipate that dietary supplementation with specific amino acids may be beneficial for: (1) increasing the chemo-attractive property and nutritional value of aquafeeds with low fishmeal inclusion; (2) optimizing efficiency of metabolic transformation in juvenile and sub-adult fishes; (3) surpressing aggressive behaviors and cannibalism; (4) increasing larval performance and survival; (5) mediating timing and efficiency of spawning; (6) improving fillet taste and texture; and (7) enhancing immunity and tolerance to environmental stresses. Functional amino acids hold great promise for development of balanced aquafeeds to enhance the efficiency and profitability of global aquaculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA.
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Speers-Roesch B, Ip YK, Ballantyne JS. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids of elasmobranchs: Comparisons of temperate and tropical species and effects of environmental salinity. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 149:209-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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