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Padilla P, Herrel A, Denoël M. What makes a great invader? Anatomical traits as predictors of locomotor performance and metabolic rate in an invasive frog. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246717. [PMID: 37955111 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Invasive species are characterized by their ability to establish and spread in a new environment. In alien populations of anurans, dispersal and fitness-related traits such as endurance, burst performance and metabolism are key to their success. However, few studies have investigated inter-individual variation in these traits and more specifically have attempted to understand the drivers of variation in these traits. Associations of anatomical features may be excellent predictors of variation in performance and could be targets for selection or subject to trade-offs during invasions. In this study, we used marsh frogs (Pelophylax ridibundus), a species that has been introduced in many places outside its native range and which is now colonizing large areas of Western Europe. We first measured the inter-individual variation in resting metabolism, the time and distance they were able to jump until exhaustion, and their peak jump force, and then measured the mass of specific organs and lengths of body parts suspected to play a role in locomotion and metabolism. Among the 5000 bootstrap replicates on body size-corrected variables, our statistical models most often selected the stomach (75.42%), gonads (71.46%) and the kidneys (67.26%) as predictors of inter-individual variation in metabolism, and the gluteus maximus muscle (97.24%) mass was the most frequently selected predictor of jump force. However, endurance was poorly associated with the anatomical traits (R2distance=0.42, R2time=0.37). These findings suggest that selection on these predictors may lead to physiological changes that may affect the colonization, establishment and dispersal of these frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Padilla
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Amphibians (LECA), Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), University of Liège, 4020 Liège, Belgium
- UMR 7179 C.N.R.S./M.N.H.N., Département Adaptations du Vivant, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 C.N.R.S./M.N.H.N., Département Adaptations du Vivant, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
- Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, 3005 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Denoël
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Amphibians (LECA), Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), University of Liège, 4020 Liège, Belgium
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2
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Fuxjager MJ, Ryder TB, Moody NM, Alfonso C, Balakrishnan CN, Barske J, Bosholn M, Boyle WA, Braun EL, Chiver I, Dakin R, Day LB, Driver R, Fusani L, Horton BM, Kimball RT, Lipshutz S, Mello CV, Miller ET, Webster MS, Wirthlin M, Wollman R, Moore IT, Schlinger BA. Systems biology as a framework to understand the physiological and endocrine bases of behavior and its evolution-From concepts to a case study in birds. Horm Behav 2023; 151:105340. [PMID: 36933440 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Organismal behavior, with its tremendous complexity and diversity, is generated by numerous physiological systems acting in coordination. Understanding how these systems evolve to support differences in behavior within and among species is a longstanding goal in biology that has captured the imagination of researchers who work on a multitude of taxa, including humans. Of particular importance are the physiological determinants of behavioral evolution, which are sometimes overlooked because we lack a robust conceptual framework to study mechanisms underlying adaptation and diversification of behavior. Here, we discuss a framework for such an analysis that applies a "systems view" to our understanding of behavioral control. This approach involves linking separate models that consider behavior and physiology as their own networks into a singular vertically integrated behavioral control system. In doing so, hormones commonly stand out as the links, or edges, among nodes within this system. To ground our discussion, we focus on studies of manakins (Pipridae), a family of Neotropical birds. These species have numerous physiological and endocrine specializations that support their elaborate reproductive displays. As a result, manakins provide a useful example to help imagine and visualize the way systems concepts can inform our appreciation of behavioral evolution. In particular, manakins help clarify how connectedness among physiological systems-which is maintained through endocrine signaling-potentiate and/or constrain the evolution of complex behavior to yield behavioral differences across taxa. Ultimately, we hope this review will continue to stimulate thought, discussion, and the emergence of research focused on integrated phenotypes in behavioral ecology and endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fuxjager
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
| | - T Brandt Ryder
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Nicole M Moody
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Camilo Alfonso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | | | - Julia Barske
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mariane Bosholn
- Animal Behavior Lab, Ecology Department, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - W Alice Boyle
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Edward L Braun
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ioana Chiver
- GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Roslyn Dakin
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Lainy B Day
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Robert Driver
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Leonida Fusani
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, and Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna
| | - Brent M Horton
- Department of Biology, Millersville University, Millersville, PA 17551, USA
| | - Rebecca T Kimball
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sara Lipshutz
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Claudio V Mello
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Michael S Webster
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Morgan Wirthlin
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Melon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Roy Wollman
- Department of Physiology and Integrative Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ignacio T Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Barney A Schlinger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology and Integrative Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama.
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3
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Links between host genetics, metabolism, gut microbiome and amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:53. [PMID: 36109797 PMCID: PMC9479442 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapidly spreading parasitic infections like amoebic gill disease (AGD) are increasingly problematic for Atlantic salmon reared in aquaculture facilities and potentially pose a risk to wild fish species in surrounding waters. Currently, it is not known whether susceptibility to AGD differs between wild and farmed salmon. Wild Atlantic salmon populations are declining and this emerging disease could represent an additional threat to their long-term viability. A better understanding of how AGD affects fish health is therefore relevant for the accurate assessment of the associated risk, both to farming and to the well-being of wild populations. In this study, we assessed the impact of natural exposure to AGD on wild, hybrid and farmed post-smolt Atlantic salmon reared in a sea farm together under common garden conditions. Results Wild fish showed substantially higher mortality levels (64%) than farmed fish (25%), with intermediate levels for hybrid fish (39%) suggesting that AGD susceptibility has an additive genetic basis. Metabolic rate measures representing physiological performance were similar among the genetic groups but were significantly lower in AGD-symptomatic fish than healthy fish. Gut microbial diversity was significantly lower in infected fish. We observed major shifts in gut microbial community composition in response to AGD infections. In symptomatic fish the relative abundance of key taxa Aliivibrio, Marinomonas and Pseudoalteromonas declined, whereas the abundance of Polaribacter and Vibrio increased compared to healthy fish. Conclusions Our results highlight the stress AGD imposes on fish physiology and suggest that low metabolic-rate fish phenotypes may be associated with better infection outcomes. We consider the role increased AGD outbreak events and a warmer future may have in driving secondary bacterial infections and in reducing performance in farmed and wild fish. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-022-00203-x.
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Tang ZR, Chen SY, Lu W, Zhang HD, Li M, Liu JS. Morphological and physiological correlates of among- individual variation in basal metabolic rate in two passerine birds. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 267:111160. [PMID: 35124186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) has been shown to be a highly phenotypic flexibility trait within species. A significant proportion of an individual's energy budget is accounted for by BMR, hence among-individual variation in this trait may affect other energetic processes, as well as fitness. In this study, we measured BMR, organ mass, mitochondrial respiration capacities and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activities in muscle and liver and circulating levels of plasma triiodothyronine (T3) in Chinese bulbuls (Pycnonotus sinensis) and Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus). Our results showed that heart and kidney mass was positively correlated with BMR in Chinese bulbuls, whereas liver and kidney mass was positively correlated with BMR in Eurasian tree sparrows. Regarding metabolic biochemical markers of tissues, state 4 respiration and COX activity in the muscles of the Chinese bulbuls was correlated with BMR, while state 4 respiration in the muscle and liver was correlated with BMR in Eurasian tree sparrows. T3 was significantly and positively correlated with BMR in Chinese bulbuls and Eurasian tree sparrows. Consistent with the above results, our findings suggest that T3 levels play an important role in modulating BMR in Chinese bulbuls and Eurasian tree sparrows. Moreover, individual variation in BMR can be explained partly by morphological and physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ru Tang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shen-Yue Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wei Lu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hao-Di Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Jin-Song Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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5
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Tanner RL, Gleason LU, Dowd WW. Environment-driven shifts in inter-individual variation and phenotypic integration within subnetworks of the mussel transcriptome and proteome. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3112-3127. [PMID: 35363903 PMCID: PMC9321163 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The environment can alter the magnitude of phenotypic variation among individuals, potentially influencing evolutionary trajectories. However, environmental influences on variation are complex and remain understudied. Populations in heterogeneous environments might exhibit more variation, the amount of variation could differ between benign and stressful conditions, and/or variation might manifest in different ways among stages of the gene‐to‐protein expression cascade or among physiological functions. Here, we explore these three issues by quantifying patterns of inter‐individual variation in both transcript and protein expression levels among California mussels, Mytilus californianus Conrad. Mussels were exposed to five ecologically relevant treatments that varied in the mean and interindividual heterogeneity of body temperature. To target a diverse set of physiological functions, we assessed variation within 19 expression subnetworks, including canonical stress‐response pathways and empirically derived coexpression clusters that represent a diffuse set of cellular processes. Variation in expression was particularly pronounced in the treatments with high mean and heterogeneous body temperatures. However, with few exceptions, environment‐dependent shifts of variation in the transcriptome were not reflected in the proteome. A metric of phenotypic integration provided evidence for a greater degree of constraint on relative expression levels (i.e., stronger correlation) within expression subnetworks in benign, homogeneous environments. Our results suggest that environments that are more stressful on average – and which also tend to be more heterogeneous – can relax these expression constraints and reduce phenotypic integration within biochemical subnetworks. Context‐dependent “unmasking” of functional variation may contribute to interindividual differences in physiological phenotype and performance in stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richelle L Tanner
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.,Environmental Science & Policy Program, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
| | - Lani U Gleason
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA
| | - W Wesley Dowd
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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6
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Sun B, Williams CM, Li T, Speakman JR, Jin Z, Lu H, Luo L, Du W. Higher metabolic plasticity in temperate compared to tropical lizards suggests increased resilience to climate change. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley CA USA
| | | | - Teng Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - John R. Speakman
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Zengguang Jin
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hongliang Lu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Laigao Luo
- Department of Biology & food engineering Chuzhou University Chuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
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7
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Giery ST, Drake DL, Urban MC. Microgeographic evolution of metabolic physiology in a salamander metapopulation. Ecology 2021; 102:e03488. [PMID: 34292592 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Metabolic Theory of Ecology explains ecological variation spanning taxonomic organization, space, and time based on universal physiological relationships. The theory depends on two core parameters: the normalization constant, a mass-independent measure of metabolic rate expected to be invariant among similar species, and the scaling coefficient, a measure of metabolic change with body mass commonly assumed to follow the universal 3/4 scaling law. However, emerging evidence for adaptive microevolution of metabolic rates led us to hypothesize that metabolic rate might exhibit evolved variation among populations on microgeographic scales. To evaluate our hypothesis, we explored evidence for evolved variation in the scaling coefficient and normalization constant within a spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) metapopulation in Connecticut, USA. We measured standard metabolic rate in common-garden raised spotted salamanders from 22 different populations and tested for the effects of six ecological variables suspected in advance to select for divergent physiology. We found that metabolic rate rose with body mass with a log-log slope of 0.97 that was statistically different from the expected 3/4 scaling law. Although we found no evidence for interpopulation variation in the scaling coefficient, we found evidence for interpopulation variation in the normalization constants among populations. Metabolic variation was best explained by differences in population density among ponds. Our results provide mixed support for Metabolic Theory of Ecology assumptions about parameter invariance and illustrate how fundamental physiological processes such as metabolic rate can evolve across microgeographic spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T Giery
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center of Biological Risk, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA.,Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Dana L Drake
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center of Biological Risk, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Mark C Urban
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center of Biological Risk, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
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8
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Kar F, Nakagawa S, Friesen CR, Noble DWA. Individual variation in thermal plasticity and its impact on mass‐scaling. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fonti Kar
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Univ. of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Univ. of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Inst. of Medical Research, Darlinghurst Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Christopher R. Friesen
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, Univ. of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Daniel W. A. Noble
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Univ. of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Inst. of Medical Research, Darlinghurst Sydney NSW Australia
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National Univ. Canberra ACT Australia
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Ruthsatz K, Dausmann KH, Paesler K, Babos P, Sabatino NM, Peck MA, Glos J. Shifts in sensitivity of amphibian metamorphosis to endocrine disruption: the common frog ( Rana temporaria) as a case study. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa100. [PMID: 33343902 PMCID: PMC7735370 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Effective conservation actions require knowledge on the sensitivity of species to pollution and other anthropogenic stressors. Many of these stressors are endocrine disruptors (EDs) that can impair the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis and thus alter thyroid hormone (TH) levels with physiological consequences to wildlife. Due to their specific habitat requirements, amphibians are often sentinels of environmental degradation. We investigated how altered TH levels affected the bioenergetics of growth and development (i.e. age, size, metabolism, cardiac function and energy stores) before, during and after metamorphosis in the European common frog (Rana temporaria). We also determined how ontogenetic stage affected susceptibility to endocrine disruption and estimated juvenile performance. TH levels significantly affected growth and energetics at all developmental stages. Tadpoles and froglets exposed to high TH levels were significantly younger, smaller and lighter at all stages compared to those in control and low TH groups, indicating increased developmental and reduced growth rates. Across all ontogenetic stages tested, physiological consequences were rapidly observed after exposure to EDs. High TH increased heart rate by an average of 86% and reduced energy stores (fat content) by 33% compared to controls. Effects of exposure were smallest after the completion of metamorphosis. Our results demonstrate that both morphological and physiological traits of the European common frog are strongly impacted by endocrine disruption and that ontogenetic stage modulates the sensitivity of this species to endocrine disruption. Since endocrine disruption during metamorphosis can impair the physiological stress response in later life stages, long-term studies examining carry-over effects will be an important contribution to the conservation physiology of amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ruthsatz
- Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin H Dausmann
- Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Paesler
- Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Babos
- Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nikita M Sabatino
- Department of Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Myron A Peck
- Institute of Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries Science, Universität Hamburg, Große Elbstraße 133, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Coastal Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59 1790, AB Den Burg, Netherlands
| | - Julian Glos
- Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Ginal P, Mokhatla M, Kruger N, Secondi J, Herrel A, Measey J, Rödder D. Ecophysiological models for global invaders: Is Europe a big playground for the African clawed frog? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 335:158-172. [PMID: 33264517 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
One principle threat prompting the worldwide decline of amphibians is the introduction of nonindigenous amphibians. The African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis, is now one of the widest distributed amphibians occurring on four continents with ongoing range expansion including large parts of Europe. Species distribution models (SDMs) are essential tools to predict the invasive risk of these species. Previous efforts have focused on correlative approaches but these can be vulnerable to extrapolation errors when projecting species' distributions in nonnative ranges. Recent developments emphasise more robust process-based models, which use physiological data like critical thermal limits and performance, or hybrid models using both approaches. Previous correlative SDMs predict different patterns in the potential future distribution of X. laevis in Europe, but it is likely that these models do not assess its full invasive potential. Based on physiological performance trials, we calculate size and temperature-dependent response surfaces, which are scaled to geographic performance layers matching the critical thermal limits. We then use these ecophysiological performance layers in a standard correlative SDM framework to predict the potential distribution in southern Africa and Europe. Physiological performance traits (standard metabolic rate and endurance time of adult frogs) are the main drivers for the predicted distribution, while the locomotor performance (maximum velocity and distance moved in 200 ms) of adults and tadpoles have low contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ginal
- Herpetological Section, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohlamatsane Mokhatla
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Rondevlei Scientific Services, Garden Route National Park, South African National Parks, Sedgefield, South Africa
| | - Natasha Kruger
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean Secondi
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France.,Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, MECADEV UMR7179 CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - John Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Dennis Rödder
- Herpetological Section, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Bonn, Germany
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11
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Ruthsatz K, Dausmann KH, Drees C, Becker LI, Hartmann L, Reese J, Reinhardt S, Robinson T, Sabatino NM, Peck MA, Glos J. Altered thyroid hormone levels affect the capacity for temperature-induced developmental plasticity in larvae of Rana temporaria and Xenopus laevis. J Therm Biol 2020; 90:102599. [PMID: 32479394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anuran larvae show phenotypic plasticity in age and size at metamorphosis as a response to temperature variation. The capacity for temperature-induced developmental plasticity is determined by the thermal adaptation of a population. Multiple factors such as physiological responses to changing environmental conditions, however, might influence this capacity as well. In anuran larvae, thyroid hormone (TH) levels control growth and developmental rate and changes in TH status are a well-known stress response to sub-optimal environmental conditions. We investigated how chemically altered TH levels affect the capacity to exhibit temperature-induced developmental plasticity in larvae of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) and the common frog (Rana temporaria). In both species, TH level influenced growth and developmental rate and modified the capacity for temperature-induced developmental plasticity. High TH levels reduced thermal sensitivity of metamorphic traits up to 57% (R. temporaria) and 36% (X. laevis). Rates of growth and development were more plastic in response to temperature in X. laevis (+30%) than in R. temporaria (+6%). Plasticity in rates of growth and development is beneficial to larvae in heterogeneous habitats as it allows a more rapid transition into the juvenile stage where rates of mortality are lower. Therefore, environmental stressors that increase endogenous TH levels and reduce temperature-dependent plasticity may increase risks and the vulnerability of anuran larvae. As TH status also influences metabolism, future studies should investigate whether reductions in physiological plasticity also increases the vulnerability of tadpoles to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ruthsatz
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Kathrin H Dausmann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Claudia Drees
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Laura I Becker
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Lisa Hartmann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Janica Reese
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Steffen Reinhardt
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Tom Robinson
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Nikita M Sabatino
- Department of Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Myron A Peck
- Institute of Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries Science, University of Hamburg, Große Elbstrasse 133, 22767 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Julian Glos
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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12
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Huang Y, Fu S, Cooke SJ, Xia J. Is repeatability of metabolic rate influenced by social separation? A test with a teleost fish. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20190825. [PMID: 32343938 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rates are typically thought to have important influences on fitness and more broadly be relevant to the ecology and evolution of animals. Previous studies demonstrate that metabolic rates are repeatable to a certain extent under constant conditions, but how social conditions influence the repeatability of metabolic rate remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the repeatability of resting metabolic rate (RMR) in the highly social crucian carp (Carassius auratus) after being socially separated for different time periods relative to control fish that were not socially separated. We found that RMR was repeatable in fish in the control group, while the repeatability of RMR disappeared quickly (even within 7 days) when fish were exposed to social separation. This study is the first to our knowledge to examine the role of social separation for different time periods on the repeatability of intra-individual physiological variation in fish. We highlight that the inter-individual repeatability of metabolic rate can be substantial over time but was eliminated by social separation. The findings indicate that the repeatability of metabolic rate in fish is condition dependent, and that the change in repeatability of metabolic rate should not be overlooked when considering the ecological and evolutionary effects of environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Jigang Xia
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
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13
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Ruthsatz K, Dausmann KH, Reinhardt S, Robinson T, Sabatino NM, Peck MA, Glos J. Post-metamorphic carry-over effects of altered thyroid hormone level and developmental temperature: physiological plasticity and body condition at two life stages in Rana temporaria. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:297-315. [PMID: 32144506 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stress induced by natural and anthropogenic processes including climate change may threaten the productivity of species and persistence of populations. Ectotherms can potentially cope with stressful conditions such as extremes in temperature by exhibiting physiological plasticity. Amphibian larvae experiencing stressful environments display altered thyroid hormone (TH) status with potential implications for physiological traits and acclimation capacity. We investigated how developmental temperature (Tdev) and altered TH levels (simulating proximate effects of environmental stress) influence the standard metabolic rate (SMR), body condition (BC), and thermal tolerance in metamorphic and post-metamorphic anuran larvae of the common frog (Rana temporaria) reared at five constant temperatures (14-28 °C). At metamorphosis, larvae that developed at higher temperatures had higher maximum thermal limits but narrower ranges in thermal tolerance. Mean CTmax was 37.63 °C ± 0.14 (low TH), 36.49 °C ± 0.31 (control), and 36.43 °C ± 0.68 (high TH) in larvae acclimated to different temperatures. Larvae were able to acclimate to higher Tdev by adjusting their thermal tolerance, but not their SMR, and this effect was not impaired by altered TH levels. BC was reduced by 80% (metamorphic) and by 85% (post-metamorphic) at highest Tdev. The effect of stressful larval conditions (i.e., different developmental temperatures and, to some extent, altered TH levels) on SMR and particularly on BC at the onset of metamorphosis was carried over to froglets at the end of metamorphic climax. This has far reaching consequences, since body condition at metamorphosis is known to determine metamorphic success and, thus, is indirectly linked to individual fitness in later life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ruthsatz
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Kathrin H Dausmann
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Reinhardt
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tom Robinson
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nikita M Sabatino
- Department of Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Myron A Peck
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, University of Hamburg, Olbersweg 24, 22767, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Glos
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Mokhatla M, Measey J, Smit B. The role of ambient temperature and body mass on body temperature, standard metabolic rate and evaporative water loss in southern African anurans of different habitat specialisation. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7885. [PMID: 31660269 PMCID: PMC6814148 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature and water availability are two of the most important variables affecting all aspects of an anuran’s key physiological processes such as body temperature (Tb), evaporative water loss (EWL) and standard metabolic rate (SMR). Since anurans display pronounced sexual dimorphism, evidence suggests that these processes are further influenced by other factors such as vapour pressure deficit (VPD), sex and body mass (Mb). However, a limited number of studies have tested the generality of these results across a wide range of ecologically relevant ambient temperatures (Ta), while taking habitat use into account. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of Ta on Tb, whole-animal EWL and whole-animal SMR in three wild caught African anuran species with different ecological specialisations: the principally aquatic African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), stream-breeding common river frog (Amietia delalandii), and the largely terrestrial raucous toad (Sclerophrys capensis). Experiments were conducted at a range of test temperatures (5–35 °C, at 5 °C increments). We found that VPD better predicted rates of EWL than Ta in two of the three species considered. Moreover, we found that Tb, whole-animal EWL and whole-animal SMR increased with increasing Ta, while Tb increased with increasing Mb in A. delalandii and S. capensis but not in X. laevis. Whole-animal SMR increased with increasing Mb in S. capensis only. We did not find any significant effect of VPD, Mb or sex on whole-animal EWL within species. Lastly, Mb did not influence Tb, whole-animal SMR and EWL in the principally aquatic X. laevis. These results suggest that Mb may not have the same effect on key physiological variables, and that the influence of Mb may also depend on the species ecological specialisation. Thus, the generality of Mb as an important factor should be taken in the context of both physiology and species habitat specialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohlamatsane Mokhatla
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Sedgefield, South Africa
| | - John Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ben Smit
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.,Department Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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15
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Pathogen vs. predator: ranavirus exposure dampens tadpole responses to perceived predation risk. Oecologia 2019; 191:325-334. [PMID: 31535255 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in how animals respond to multiple stressors, including potential synergistic or antagonistic interaction between pathogens and perceived predation risk (PPR). For prey that exhibit phenotypic plasticity, it is unclear whether infection and PPR affect behaviour and morphology independently, or in an antagonistic or synergistic manner. Using a 2 × 2 factorial experiment involving green frog (Lithobates clamitans) tadpoles exposed to ranavirus (FV3) and larval dragonflies (Anax spp.), we assessed whether anti-predator responses were affected by infection. We found that activity and feeding were reduced additively by both stressors. Body mass of tadpoles from FV3-exposed tanks was lighter relative to control and PPR-only tanks, while metabolism was comparable across treatments. We found that FV3 exposure compromised morphometric responses to PPR in an antagonistic manner: tadpoles exposed to both treatments had restricted changes in tail depth compared to those receiving singular treatment. We conclude that multiple stressors can have complex and substantive effects on organisms, and that interactions between stressors may yield a range of responses depending on the level of exposure and sensitivity of the organism. Additional work should more fully determine mechanisms underlying the complex interplay between infection and predation risk, across a range of environmental conditions.
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16
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Ruthsatz K, Dausmann KH, Reinhardt S, Robinson T, Sabatino NM, Peck MA, Glos J. Endocrine Disruption Alters Developmental Energy Allocation and Performance in Rana temporaria. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:70-88. [PMID: 31095322 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental change exposes wildlife to a wide array of environmental stressors that arise from both anthropogenic and natural sources. Many environmental stressors with the ability to alter endocrine function are known as endocrine disruptors, which may impair the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis resulting in physiological consequences to wildlife. In this study, we investigated how the alteration of thyroid hormone (TH) levels due to exposure to the environmentally relevant endocrine disruptor sodium perchlorate (SP; inhibitory) and exogenous L-thyroxin (T4; stimulatory) affects metabolic costs and energy allocation during and after metamorphosis in a common amphibian (Rana temporaria). We further tested for possible carry-over effects of endocrine disruption during larval stage on juvenile performance. Energy allocated to development was negatively related to metabolic rate and thus, tadpoles exposed to T4 could allocate 24% less energy to development during metamorphic climax than control animals. Therefore, the energy available for metamorphosis was reduced in tadpoles with increased TH level by exposure to T4. We suggest that differences in metabolic rate caused by altered TH levels during metamorphic climax and energy allocation to maintenance costs might have contributed to a reduced energetic efficiency in tadpoles with high TH levels. Differences in size and energetics persisted beyond the metamorphic boundary and impacted on juvenile performance. Performance differences are mainly related to strong size-effects, as altered TH levels by exposure to T4 and SP significantly affected growth and developmental rate. Nevertheless, we assume that juvenile performance is influenced by a size-independent effect of achieved TH. Energetic efficiency varied between treatments due to differences in size allocation of internal macronutrient stores. Altered TH levels as caused by several environmental stressors lead to persisting effects on metamorphic traits and energetics and, thus, caused carry-over effects on performance of froglets. We demonstrate the mechanisms through which alterations in abiotic and biotic environmental factors can alter phenotypes at metamorphosis and reduce lifetime fitness in these and likely other amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ruthsatz
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Kathrin H Dausmann
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Steffen Reinhardt
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Tom Robinson
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Nikita M Sabatino
- Department of Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, Hamburg, 21033, Germany
| | - Myron A Peck
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, University of Hamburg, Olbersweg 24, Hamburg, 22767, Germany
| | - Julian Glos
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
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17
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Campbell L, Bower DS, Clulow S, Stockwell M, Clulow J, Mahony M. Interaction between temperature and sublethal infection with the amphibian chytrid fungus impacts a susceptible frog species. Sci Rep 2019; 9:83. [PMID: 30643160 PMCID: PMC6331562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35874-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is an emerging infectious pathogen present on every continent except Antarctica. It causes the disease chytridiomycosis in a subset of species but does not always result in disease or death for every host. Ambient temperature influences both amphibian metabolism and chytrid pathogenicity, however the interactive effects on host physiology is not well understood. We investigated the sublethal effect of B. dendrobatidis infection on a susceptible host, Litoria aurea to test (1) whether the infection load, metabolic activity, body fat and gonad size differed in L. aurea at either 24 °C or 12 °C ambient temperatures and (2) whether previous Bd infection caused long-term changes to body fat and gonad size. Litoria aurea in 12 °C treatments had higher infection loads of B. dendrobatidis and lower survivorship. Metabolic rate was higher and fat mass was lower in infected individuals and in animals in 24 °C treatments. Male L. aurea previously infected with B. dendrobatidis had smaller testes 5 months-post clearance of infection, an effect likely to translate to fitness costs in wild populations. These experiments demonstrate a physiological cost to sublethal B. dendrobatidis infection, which suggests a reduction in host fitness mediated by temperature in the host's environment regardless of whether infection leads to mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Campbell
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, 2300, NSW, Australia.
| | - Deborah S Bower
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, 2300, NSW, Australia.,James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Qld, Australia
| | - Simon Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, 2300, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Michelle Stockwell
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, 2300, NSW, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, 2300, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Mahony
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, 2300, NSW, Australia
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18
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Ruthsatz K, Dausmann KH, Peck MA, Drees C, Sabatino NM, Becker LI, Reese J, Hartmann L, Glos J. Thyroid hormone levels and temperature during development alter thermal tolerance and energetics of Xenopus laevis larvae. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:coy059. [PMID: 30464840 PMCID: PMC6240330 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Environmental variation induced by natural and anthropogenic processes including climate change may threaten species by causing environmental stress. Anuran larvae experiencing environmental stress may display altered thyroid hormone (TH) status with potential implications for physiological traits. Therefore, any capacity to adapt to environmental changes through plastic responses provides a key to determining species vulnerability to environmental variation. We investigated whether developmental temperature (T dev), altered TH levels and whether the interactive effect of both affect standard metabolic rate (SMR), body condition (BC), survival and thermal tolerance in larvae of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) reared at five temperatures with experimentally altered TH levels. At metamorphosis, SMR, BC and survival were significantly affected by T dev, TH status and their interaction with the latter often intensified impacts. Larvae developing at warmer temperatures exhibited significantly higher SMRs and BC was reduced at warm T dev and high TH levels suggesting decreased ability to acclimate to variation in temperature. Accordingly, tadpoles that developed at warm temperatures had higher maximum thermal limits but more narrow thermal tolerance windows. High and low TH levels decreased and increased upper thermal limits, respectively. Thus, when experiencing both warmer temperatures and environmental stress, larvae may be less able to compensate for changes in T dev. Our results demonstrate that physiological traits in larvae of X. laevis are strongly affected by increased TH levels and warmer temperatures. Altered TH levels and increasing T dev due to global change may result in a reduced capacity for physiological plasticity. This has far reaching consequences since the energetic requirement at the onset of metamorphosis is known to determine metamorphic success and thus, is indirectly linked to individual fitness in later life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ruthsatz
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin H Dausmann
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Myron A Peck
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, University of Hamburg, Olbersweg 24, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Drees
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nikita M Sabatino
- Department of Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura I Becker
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janica Reese
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Hartmann
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Glos
- Institute for Zoology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Louppe V, Courant J, Videlier M, Herrel A. Differences in standard metabolic rate at the range edge versus the center of an expanding invasive population of
Xenopus laevis
in the West of France. J Zool (1987) 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Louppe
- Département Adaptations du Vivant UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N. Paris France
- Institut de systématique, évolution, biodiversité UMR 7205 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N./U.P.M.C./E.P.H.E. Paris France
| | - J. Courant
- Département Adaptations du Vivant UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N. Paris France
| | - M. Videlier
- Département Adaptations du Vivant UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N. Paris France
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - A. Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N. Paris France
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20
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Ward AJW, Herbert-Read JE, Schaerf TM, Seebacher F. The physiology of leadership in fish shoals: leaders have lower maximal metabolic rates and lower aerobic scope. J Zool (1987) 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. W. Ward
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - J. E. Herbert-Read
- Zoologiska institutionen: Etologi; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - T. M. Schaerf
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Science and Technology; University of New England; Armidale NSW Australia
| | - F. Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
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21
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Morozov S, Leinonen T, Merilä J, McCairns RJS. Selection on the morphology-physiology-performance nexus: Lessons from freshwater stickleback morphs. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1286-1299. [PMID: 29375798 PMCID: PMC5773335 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conspecifics inhabiting divergent environments frequently differ in morphology, physiology, and performance, but the interrelationships amongst traits and with Darwinian fitness remains poorly understood. We investigated population differentiation in morphology, metabolic rate, and swimming performance in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.), contrasting a marine/ancestral population with two distinct freshwater morphotypes derived from it: the "typical" low-plated morph, and a unique "small-plated" morph. We test the hypothesis that similar to plate loss in other freshwater populations, reduction in lateral plate size also evolved in response to selection. Additionally, we test how morphology, physiology, and performance have evolved in concert as a response to differences in selection between marine and freshwater environments. We raised pure-bred second-generation fish originating from three populations and quantified their lateral plate coverage, burst- and critical swimming speeds, as well as standard and active metabolic rates. Using a multivariate QST-FST framework, we detected signals of directional selection on metabolic physiology and lateral plate coverage, notably demonstrating that selection is responsible for the reduction in lateral plate coverage in a small-plated stickleback population. We also uncovered signals of multivariate selection amongst all bivariate trait combinations except the two metrics of swimming performance. Divergence between the freshwater and marine populations exceeded neutral expectation in morphology and in most physiological and performance traits, indicating that adaptation to freshwater habitats has occurred, but through different combinations of traits in different populations. These results highlight both the complex interplay between morphology, physiology and performance in local adaptation, and a framework for their investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Morozov
- Ecological Genetics Research UnitUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Tuomas Leinonen
- Ecological Genetics Research UnitUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research UnitUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - R. J. Scott McCairns
- Ecological Genetics Research UnitUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem HealthINRARennesFrance
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22
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Auer SK, Killen SS, Rezende EL. Resting vs. active: a meta-analysis of the intra- and inter-specific associations between minimum, sustained, and maximum metabolic rates in vertebrates. Funct Ecol 2017; 31:1728-1738. [PMID: 28979057 PMCID: PMC5600087 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Variation in aerobic capacity has far reaching consequences for the physiology, ecology, and evolution of vertebrates. Whether at rest or active, animals are constrained to operate within the energetic bounds determined by their minimum (minMR) and sustained or maximum metabolic rates (upperMR). MinMR and upperMR can differ considerably among individuals and species but are often presumed to be mechanistically linked to one another. Specifically, minMR is thought to reflect the idling cost of the machinery needed to support upperMR. However, previous analyses based on limited datasets have come to conflicting conclusions regarding the generality and strength of their association. Here we conduct the first comprehensive assessment of their relationship, based on a large number of published estimates of both the intra‐specific (n = 176) and inter‐specific (n = 41) phenotypic correlations between minMR and upperMR, estimated as either exercise‐induced maximum metabolic rate (VO2max), cold‐induced summit metabolic rate (Msum), or daily energy expenditure (DEE). Our meta‐analysis shows that there is a general positive association between minMR and upperMR that is shared among vertebrate taxonomic classes. However, there was stronger evidence for intra‐specific correlations between minMR and Msum and between minMR and DEE than there was for a correlation between minMR and VO2max across different taxa. As expected, inter‐specific correlation estimates were consistently higher than intra‐specific estimates across all traits and vertebrate classes. An interesting exception to this general trend was observed in mammals, which contrast with birds and exhibit no correlation between minMR and Msum. We speculate that this is due to the evolution and recruitment of brown fat as a thermogenic tissue, which illustrates how some species and lineages might circumvent this seemingly general association. We conclude that, in spite of some variability across taxa and traits, the contention that minMR and upperMR are positively correlated generally holds true both within and across vertebrate species. Ecological and comparative studies should therefore take into consideration the possibility that variation in any one of these traits might partly reflect correlated responses to selection on other metabolic parameters.
A lay summary is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya K Auer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Enrico L Rezende
- Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
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23
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Hooker OE, Van Leeuwen TE, Adams CE. The physiological costs of prey switching reinforce foraging specialization. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:605-614. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver E. Hooker
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment IBAHCM University of Glasgow Rowardennan Loch Lomond Glasgow G63 0AW UK
- PR Statistics 3/1, 128 Brunswick Street Glasgow G1 1TF UK
| | - Travis E. Van Leeuwen
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment IBAHCM University of Glasgow Rowardennan Loch Lomond Glasgow G63 0AW UK
| | - Colin E. Adams
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment IBAHCM University of Glasgow Rowardennan Loch Lomond Glasgow G63 0AW UK
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24
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Hermaniuk A, Rybacki M, Taylor JRE. Metabolic Rate of Diploid and Triploid Edible Frog Pelophylax esculentus Correlates Inversely with Cell Size in Tadpoles but Not in Frogs. Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 90:230-239. [DOI: 10.1086/689408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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25
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Orlofske SA, Belden LK, Hopkins WA. Effects of Echinostoma trivolvis metacercariae infection during development and metamorphosis of the wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 203:40-48. [PMID: 27543422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many organisms face energetic trade-offs between defense against parasites and other host processes that may determine overall consequences of infection. These trade-offs may be particularly evident during unfavorable environmental conditions or energetically demanding life history stages. Amphibian metamorphosis, an ecologically important developmental period, is associated with drastic morphological and physiological changes and substantial energetic costs. Effects of the trematode parasite Echinostoma trivolvis have been documented during early amphibian development, but effects during later development and metamorphosis are largely unknown. Using a laboratory experiment, we examined the energetic costs of late development and metamorphosis coupled with E. trivolvis infection in wood frogs, Lithobates [=Rana] sylvaticus. Echinostoma infection intensity did not differ between tadpoles examined prior to and after completing metamorphosis, suggesting that metacercariae were retained through metamorphosis. Infection with E. trivolvis contributed to a slower growth rate and longer development period prior to the initiation of metamorphosis. In contrast, E. trivolvis infection did not affect energy expenditure during late development or metamorphosis. Possible explanations for these results include the presence of parasites not interfering with pronephros degradation during metamorphosis or the mesonephros compensating for any parasite damage. Overall, the energetic costs of metamorphosis for wood frogs were comparable to other species with similar life history traits, but differed from a species with a much shorter duration of metamorphic climax. Our findings contribute to understanding the possible role of energetic trade-offs between parasite defense and host processes by considering parasite infection with simultaneous energetic demands during a sensitive period of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Orlofske
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Lisa K Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - William A Hopkins
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Metcalfe NB, Van Leeuwen TE, Killen SS. Does individual variation in metabolic phenotype predict fish behaviour and performance? JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:298-321. [PMID: 26577442 PMCID: PMC4991269 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in documenting and explaining the existence of marked intraspecific variation in metabolic rate in animals, with fishes providing some of the best-studied examples. After accounting for variation due to other factors, there can typically be a two to three-fold variation among individual fishes for both standard and maximum metabolic rate (SMR and MMR). This variation is reasonably consistent over time (provided that conditions remain stable), and its underlying causes may be influenced by both genes and developmental conditions. In this paper, current knowledge of the extent and causes of individual variation in SMR, MMR and aerobic scope (AS), collectively its metabolic phenotype, is reviewed and potential links among metabolism, behaviour and performance are described. Intraspecific variation in metabolism has been found to be related to other traits: fishes with a relatively high SMR tend to be more dominant and grow faster in high food environments, but may lose their advantage and are more prone to risk-taking when conditions deteriorate. In contrast to the wide body of research examining links between SMR and behavioural traits, very little work has been directed towards understanding the ecological consequences of individual variation in MMR and AS. Although AS can differ among populations of the same species in response to performance demands, virtually nothing is known about the effects of AS on individual behaviours such as those associated with foraging or predator avoidance. Further, while factors such as food availability, temperature, hypoxia and the fish's social environment are known to alter resting and MMRs in fishes, there is a paucity of studies examining how these effects vary among individuals, and how this variation relates to behaviour. Given the observed links between metabolism and measures of performance, understanding the metabolic responses of individuals to changing environments will be a key area for future research because the environment will have a strong influence on which animals survive predation, become dominant and ultimately have the highest reproductive success. Although current evidence suggests that variation in SMR may be maintained within populations via context-dependent fitness benefits, it is suggested that a more integrative approach is now required to fully understand how the environment can modulate individual performance via effects on metabolic phenotypes encompassing SMR, MMR and AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - T E Van Leeuwen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment (SCENE), University of Glasgow, Rowardennan, Loch Lomond, Glasgow G63 0AW, U.K
| | - S S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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Clark RM, Zera AJ, Behmer ST. Metabolic rate is canalized in the face of variable life history and nutritional environment. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Clark
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Anthony J. Zera
- School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln NE 68588 USA
| | - Spencer T. Behmer
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
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28
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Gangloff EJ, Vleck D, Bronikowski AM. Developmental and Immediate Thermal Environments Shape Energetic Trade-Offs, Growth Efficiency, and Metabolic Rate in Divergent Life-History Ecotypes of the Garter Snake Thamnophis elegans. Physiol Biochem Zool 2015; 88:550-63. [DOI: 10.1086/682239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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29
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Auer SK, Salin K, Rudolf AM, Anderson GJ, Metcalfe NB. Flexibility in metabolic rate confers a growth advantage under changing food availability. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1405-11. [PMID: 25939669 PMCID: PMC4682473 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic flexibility in physiological, morphological and behavioural traits can allow organisms to cope with environmental challenges. Given recent climate change and the degree of habitat modification currently experienced by many organisms, it is therefore critical to quantify the degree of phenotypic variation present within populations, individual capacities to change and what their consequences are for fitness.
Flexibility in standard metabolic rate (SMR) may be particularly important since SMR reflects the minimal energetic cost of living and is one of the primary traits underlying organismal performance. SMR can increase or decrease in response to food availability, but the consequences of these changes for growth rates and other fitness components are not well known.
We examined individual variation in metabolic flexibility in response to changing food levels and its consequences for somatic growth in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta).
SMR increased when individuals were switched to a high food ration and decreased when they were switched to a low food regime. These shifts in SMR, in turn, were linked with individual differences in somatic growth; those individuals that increased their SMR more in response to elevated food levels grew fastest, while growth at the low food level was fastest in those individuals that depressed their SMR most.
Flexibility in energy metabolism is therefore a key mechanism to maximize growth rates under the challenges imposed by variability in food availability and is likely to be an important determinant of species’ resilience in the face of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya K Auer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Karine Salin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Agata M Rudolf
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Graeme J Anderson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Neil B Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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30
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Bernal XE, de Silva P. Cues used in host-seeking behavior by frog-biting midges (Corethrella spp. Coquillet). JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2015; 40:122-128. [PMID: 26047192 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of carbon dioxide and host temperature in host attraction in frog-biting midges (Corethrella spp). In these midges, females are known to use frog calls to localize their host, but the role of other host-emitted cues has yet not been investigated. We hypothesized that carbon dioxide acts as a supplemental cue to frog calls. To test this hypothesis, we determined the responses of the midges to carbon dioxide, frog calls, and both cues. A significantly lower number of midges are attracted to carbon dioxide and silent traps than to traps broadcasting frog calls. Adding carbon dioxide to the calls does not increase the attractiveness to the midges. Instead, carbon dioxide can have deterrent effects on frog-biting midges. Temperature of calling frogs is not a cue potentially available to the midges. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no supplemental effect of carbon dioxide when presented in conjunction to calls. Midge host-seeking behavior strongly depends on the mating calls emitted by their anuran host. Overall, non-acoustic cues such as host body temperature and carbon dioxide are not important in long-distance host location by frog-biting midges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena E Bernal
- Purdue University, Department of Biological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A., 47907.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panama.
| | - Priyanka de Silva
- University of Peradeniya, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sri Lanka
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31
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The metabolic rate of cultured muscle cells from hybrid Coturnix quail is intermediate to that of muscle cells from fast-growing and slow-growing Coturnix quail. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 185:547-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0906-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Auer SK, Salin K, Rudolf AM, Anderson GJ, Metcalfe NB. The optimal combination of standard metabolic rate and aerobic scope for somatic growth depends on food availability. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonya K. Auer
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Karine Salin
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Agata M. Rudolf
- Institute of Environmental Sciences Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 7 Krakow 30‐387 Poland
| | - Graeme J. Anderson
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Neil B. Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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33
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Feng X, Chen L, Zhuang S, Li C, Yan Z, Xu X, Zhou G. Effect of duck meat consumption on thyroid hormone concentrations and energy metabolism of Sprague–Dawley rats. Appetite 2013; 69:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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34
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Bland J, Altman D, Rohlf F. In defence of logarithmic transformations. Stat Med 2013; 32:3766-8. [DOI: 10.1002/sim.5772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Bland
- Dept. of Health Sciences; University of York; York, YO10 5DD U.K
| | - D.G. Altman
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine; Wolfson College Annexe; Linton Road, Oxford U.K
| | - F.J. Rohlf
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245 U.S.A
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35
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Orlofske S, Belden L, Hopkins W. Larval wood frog (Rana [=Lithobates] sylvatica) development and physiology following infection with the trematode parasite, Echinostoma trivolvis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 164:529-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Schimpf NG, Matthews PGD, White CR. Standard metabolic rate is associated with gestation duration, but not clutch size, in speckled cockroaches Nauphoeta cinerea. Biol Open 2012; 1:1185-91. [PMID: 23259052 PMCID: PMC3522879 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20122683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rate varies significantly between individuals, and these differences persist even when the wide range of biotic and abiotic factors that influence metabolism are accounted for. It is important to understand the life history implications of variation in metabolic rate, but they remain poorly characterised despite a growing body of work examining relationships between metabolism and a range of traits. In the present study we used laboratory-bred families (one sire to three dams) of Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier) (speckled cockroaches) to examine the relationship between standard metabolic rate (SMR) and reproductive performance (number of offspring and gestation duration). We show that SMR is negatively associated with female gestation duration. Age at mating is negatively associated with gestation duration for females, and mass is negatively associated with the average gestation duration of the females a male was mated with. In addition to the results in the current literature, the results from the present study suggest that the association between metabolism and life history is more complex than simple relationships between metabolism and various fitness traits. Future work should consider longitudinal, ontogenetic as well as selective and quantitative genetic breeding approaches to fully examine the associations between metabolism and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie G Schimpf
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia 4072 , Australia
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37
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Saastamoinen M, Brakefield PM, Ovaskainen O. Environmentally induced dispersal-related life-history syndrome in the tropical butterfly, Bicyclus anynana. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2264-75. [PMID: 22984885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal is a key process for understanding the persistence of populations as well as the capacity of organisms to respond to environmental change. Therefore, understanding factors that may facilitate or constrain the evolution of dispersal is of crucial interest. Assessments of phenotypic variation in various behavioural, physiological and morphological traits related to insect dispersal and flight performance are common, yet very little is known about the genetic associations among these traits. We have used experiments on the butterfly Bicyclus anynana to estimate genetic variation and covariation in seven behavioural, physiological and morphological traits related to flight potential and hence dispersal. Our goal was to characterize the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits and thus to understand more about the evolution of dispersal-related life-history syndromes in butterflies. Using a version of the animal model, we showed that all of the traits varied between the sexes, and most were either positively or negatively (phenotypically and/or genetically) correlated with body size. Heritable variation was present in most traits, with the highest heritabilities estimated for body mass and thorax ratio. The variance in flight activity among multiple measurements for the same individual was high even after controlling for the prevailing environmental conditions, indicating the importance of behavioural switching and/or inherent randomness associated with this type of movement. A number of dispersal-related traits showed phenotypic correlations among one another, but only a few of these were associated with significant genetic correlations indicating that covariances between these traits in Bicyclus anynana are mainly environmentally induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Saastamoinen
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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38
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Seliverstova EV, Prutskova NP. Morphofunctional changes in the small intestine epithelium of the frog Rana temporaria in the course of hibernation. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093012030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Feng C, Wang H, Lu N, Tu XM. Log transformation: application and interpretation in biomedical research. Stat Med 2012; 32:230-9. [DOI: 10.1002/sim.5486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Feng
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology; University of Rochester; Rochester; NY; 14642; U.S.A
| | - Hongyue Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology; University of Rochester; Rochester; NY; 14642; U.S.A
| | - Naiji Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology; University of Rochester; Rochester; NY; 14642; U.S.A
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology; University of Rochester; Rochester; NY; 14642; U.S.A
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40
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Stoltz JA, Andrade MCB, Kasumovic MM. Developmental plasticity in metabolic rates reinforces morphological plasticity in response to social cues of sexual selection. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:985-990. [PMID: 22626789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity allows individuals to match their phenotype to the competitive environment they are most likely to encounter. Although there are numerous studies that demonstrate adaptive shifts in life-history and metric traits, we still have a poor understanding of whether internal physiological processes demonstrate plasticity and whether this plasticity supports life-history and metric traits. Here we use the Australian redback spider (Latrodectus hasselti), a species that demonstrates adaptive developmental shifts in response to the availability of females and the density of males, to examine the relationship between the routine metabolic rate (RMR) and the expression of size, body-condition and development rate. We reared immature males in three diet treatments, and in social environments that varied the presence/absence of females and the density of males and measured their RMR, weight, size and developmental rate at maturity. We show that although RMR decreased with decreasing resource abundance, RMR was positively correlated with the density of rivals. Moreover, RMR was not correlated with size or body-condition at maturity. Our results demonstrate that plasticity in the RMR supports plasticity in metric and life-history traits to create an integrated phenotype that matches the competitive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery A Stoltz
- Integrative Behaviour and Neuroscience Group, University of Toronto at Scarborough,1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada
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41
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Norin T, Malte H. Intraspecific variation in aerobic metabolic rate of fish: relations with organ size and enzyme activity in brown trout. Physiol Biochem Zool 2012; 85:645-56. [PMID: 23099462 DOI: 10.1086/665982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Highly active animals require a high aerobic capacity (i.e., a high maximum metabolic rate [MMR]) to sustain such activity, and it has been speculated that a greater capacity for aerobic performance is reflected in larger organs, which serve as energy processors but are also expensive to maintain and which increase the minimal cost of living (i.e., the basal or standard metabolic rate [SMR]). In this study, we assessed the extent of intraspecific variation in metabolic rate within a group of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and tested whether the observed variation in residual (body-mass-corrected) SMR, MMR, and absolute aerobic scope could be explained by variations in the residual size (mass) of metabolically active internal organs. Residual SMR was found to correlate positively with residual MMR, indicating a link between these two metabolic parameters, but no relationship between organ mass and metabolic rate was found for liver, heart, spleen, intestine, or stomach. Instead, activity in the liver of two aerobic mitochondrial enzymes, cytochrome c oxidase and, to a lesser extent, citrate synthase, was found to correlate with whole-animal metabolic rate, indicating that causes for intraspecific variation in the metabolic rate of fish can be found at a lower organizational level than organ size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Norin
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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42
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Itonaga K, Jones SM, Wapstra E. Do gravid females become selfish? Female allocation of energy during gestation. Physiol Biochem Zool 2012; 85:231-42. [PMID: 22494979 DOI: 10.1086/665567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Net energy availability depends on plasma corticosterone concentrations, food availability, and their interaction. Limited net energy availability requires energy trade-offs between self-maintenance and reproduction. This is important in matrotrophic viviparous animals because they provide large amounts of energy for embryos, as well as self-maintenance, for the extended period of time during gestation. In addition, gravid females may transmit environmental information to the embryos in order to adjust offspring phenotype. We investigated effects of variation in maternal plasma corticosterone concentration and maternal food availability (2 × 2 factorial design) during gestation on offspring phenotype in a matrotrophic viviparous lizard (Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii). Subsequently, we tested preadaptation of offspring phenotype to their postnatal environment by measuring risk-averse behavior and growth rate using reciprocal transplant experiments. We found that maternal net energy availability affected postpartum maternal body condition, offspring snout-vent length, offspring mass, offspring performance ability, and offspring fat reserves. Females treated with corticosterone allocated large amounts of energy to their own body condition, and their embryos allocated more energy to energy reserves than somatic growth. Further, offspring from females in high plasma corticosterone concentration showed compensatory growth. These findings suggest that while females may be selfish when gestation conditions are stressful, the embryos may adjust their phenotype to cope with the postnatal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Itonaga
- School of Zoology, Private Bag 05, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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43
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Reid D, Armstrong JD, Metcalfe NB. The performance advantage of a high resting metabolic rate in juvenile salmon is habitat dependent. J Anim Ecol 2012; 81:868-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Richardson C, Joly P, Lengagne T, Voituron Y, Brepson L. Energetics of calling in the male treefrog Hyla arborea: when being large means being sexy at low cost. BEHAVIOUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Burton T, Killen SS, Armstrong JD, Metcalfe NB. What causes intraspecific variation in resting metabolic rate and what are its ecological consequences? Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:3465-73. [PMID: 21957133 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in the energy cost of self-maintenance (resting metabolic rate, RMR) are substantial and the focus of an emerging research area. These differences may influence fitness because self-maintenance is considered as a life-history component along with growth and reproduction. In this review, we ask why do some individuals have two to three times the 'maintenance costs' of conspecifics, and what are the fitness consequences? Using evidence from a range of species, we demonstrate that diverse factors, such as genotypes, maternal effects, early developmental conditions and personality differences contribute to variation in individual RMR. We review evidence that RMR is linked with fitness, showing correlations with traits such as growth and survival. However, these relationships are modulated by environmental conditions (e.g. food supply), suggesting that the fitness consequences of a given RMR may be context-dependent. Then, using empirical examples, we discuss broad-scale reasons why variation in RMR might persist in natural populations, including the role of both spatial and temporal variation in selection pressures and trans-generational effects. To conclude, we discuss experimental approaches that will enable more rigorous examination of the causes and consequences of individual variation in this key physiological trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Burton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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46
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Burton T, Hoogenboom MO, Armstrong JD, Groothuis TGG, Metcalfe NB. Egg hormones in a highly fecund vertebrate: do they influence offspring social structure in competitive conditions? Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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47
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Reid D, Armstrong JD, Metcalfe NB. Estimated standard metabolic rate interacts with territory quality and density to determine the growth rates of juvenile Atlantic salmon. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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48
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Li YG, Yan ZC, Wang DH. Physiological and biochemical basis of basal metabolic rates in Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) and Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 157:204-11. [PMID: 20601053 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) has been shown to be a highly flexible phenotypic trait both between and within species, but the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) and Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) are two sympatric rodent species in Inner Mongolian grasslands of China. It has been shown that Brandt's voles have higher metabolic rate than Mongolian gerbils. In this study, we elucidated the inter-specific variation in BMR integratively from the molecular levels to whole organism. Our results showed that differences in organ mass were not good predictors for the observed variations in BMR, while variations in the activity of thyroid hormones and the metabolic biochemical markers of tissues, such as mitochondria density, cytochrome c oxidase activity and state 4 respiration, were strongly correlated with variations in BMR, and there was also a positive relationship between residuals of T(3)/T(4) and state 4 respiration, suggesting that thyroid hormones play an important role in the determination of BMR variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Millidine KJ, Metcalfe NB, Armstrong JD. Presence of a conspecific causes divergent changes in resting metabolism, depending on its relative size. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:3989-93. [PMID: 19710067 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the average metabolism of many species of fish varies with group size. However, it is not clear whether all individuals respond in the same way. Here, we use a newly calibrated method of measuring the metabolic rate of fish from opercular (ventilatory) movements that allows for the first-time estimation of changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) of each individual within different social groups and when alone. The presence of a conspecific had divergent effects on the RMR of juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, depending on its relative body size: the presence of a smaller fish caused a 40 per cent reduction, whereas the presence of a slightly larger fish approximately doubled RMR. These effects occurred in the absence of activity and were sustained at lower magnitude in the case of the relatively smaller conspecific even if a transparent barrier prevented any physical interactions between fish. Changes in RMR were mirrored by changes in eye colour that indicate they were linked to stress levels. These contrasting and strong responses show that even the nearby presence of a conspecific can have profound and variable effects on an individual's energy budget; they also highlight the complex trade-offs involved in social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Millidine
- Marine Scotland Freshwater Laboratory, Faskally, Pitlochry PH16 5LB, UK.
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Orlofske SA, Belden LK, Hopkins WA. Moderate Echinostoma trivolvis Infection Has No Effects on Physiology and Fitness-Related Traits of Larval Pickerel Frogs (Rana palustris). J Parasitol 2009; 95:787-92. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1840.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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