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Macpherson J, Crémazy A. The effects of winter cold on acute copper bioaccumulation and toxicity in brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 275:107066. [PMID: 39216172 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Freshwater fish that are acutely exposed to copper (Cu) can experience disturbances of ion regulation and ammonia excretion. Temperature has been shown to affect Cu bioaccumulation and toxicity in fish, but the focus has largely been on warm temperature effects. Yet, acclimation of freshwater fish to near-freezing temperatures encountered during the winter of temperate regions can challenge fish condition and physiology, including ion regulation. Thus, temperate freshwater fish might be particularly sensitive to Cu in the winter. We investigated how winter cold affects acute Cu bioaccumulation and toxicity in juvenile brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis). Following gradual acclimation to cold temperature (-2 °C/week from 14 °C, then 4 weeks at 3 °C) vs. a warmer temperature around the species thermal optimum (14 °C for 9 weeks), and following a cold challenge (-3 °C/day from 14 °C, then 24 h at 3 °C) vs. a cold acclimation (-2 °C/week from 14 °C, then 13 weeks at 3 °C), we measured gill-Cu bioaccumulation, net fluxes of ammonia (NH3), chloride (Cl-) and net and unidirectional fluxes of sodium (Na+) over a 30-h Cu exposure. Overall, winter cold did not appear to be challenging to brook char, as cold-acclimated fish had a higher fish condition and showed no sign of ion regulation impairment or increased Cu sensitivity. Contrary to our prediction, we found that Cu bioaccumulation over a 30-h Cu exposure was not significantly affected by acclimation temperature. Effects of temperature on Cu physiological effects were relatively limited (mainly on inhibition of Na+ influx and of NH3 excretion), with slightly greater effects observed in 14 °C-acclimated fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Macpherson
- University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Anne Crémazy
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement de l'Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Québec, QC, Canada.
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2
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Babin CH, Leiva FP, Verberk WCEP, Rees BB. Evolution of Key Oxygen-Sensing Genes Is Associated with Hypoxia Tolerance in Fishes. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae183. [PMID: 39165136 PMCID: PMC11370800 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Low dissolved oxygen (hypoxia) is recognized as a major threat to aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Because oxygen is paramount for the energy metabolism of animals, understanding the functional and genetic drivers of whole-animal hypoxia tolerance is critical to predicting the impacts of aquatic hypoxia. In this study, we investigate the molecular evolution of key genes involved in the detection of and response to hypoxia in ray-finned fishes: the prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)-hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) oxygen-sensing system, also known as the EGLN (egg-laying nine)-HIF oxygen-sensing system. We searched fish genomes for HIFA and EGLN genes, discovered new paralogs from both gene families, and analyzed protein-coding sites under positive selection. The physicochemical properties of these positively selected amino acid sites were summarized using linear discriminants for each gene. We employed phylogenetic generalized least squares to assess the relationship between these linear discriminants for each HIFA and EGLN and hypoxia tolerance as reflected by the critical oxygen tension (Pcrit) of the corresponding species. Our results demonstrate that Pcrit in ray-finned fishes correlates with the physicochemical variation of positively selected sites in specific HIFA and EGLN genes. For HIF2A, two linear discriminants captured more than 90% of the physicochemical variation of these sites and explained between 20% and 39% of the variation in Pcrit. Thus, variation in HIF2A among fishes may contribute to their capacity to cope with aquatic hypoxia, similar to its proposed role in conferring tolerance to high-altitude hypoxia in certain lineages of terrestrial vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney H Babin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Félix P Leiva
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany
| | - Wilco C E P Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard B Rees
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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3
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Li M, Liu X, Li D, Ding J, Yang F, Huo Z, Yan X. The energy metabolism and transcriptomic responses of the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) under the low-temperature stress. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 51:101259. [PMID: 38797003 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Low temperature in winter poses a threat to the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in North China. However, a number of low-temperature-tolerant clams could survive such condition. It is therefore of interest to explore the survival mechanisms underlying the cold tolerance of R. philippinarum. The Zebra II population of R. philippinarum (Zebra II) from North China and the native Putian population from South China were used as experimental materials. Both populations were stressed with low-temperature and the differences in their survival rates, energy metabolism and transcriptional responses were compared. The results shown that after cold treatment at -1.9 °C, survival rate of Zebra II was higher than that of the Putian group. For both groups, the respiration, ammonia excretion, and ingestion rates continuously decreased till 0 with reductions temperature. In addition, RNA-seq revealed that as compared with the Putian group, there were 3682 up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 3361 down-regulated DEGs in Zebra II group. Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that these DEGs were mostly enriched in the purine, pyrimidine, and pyruvate metabolism pathways in Zebra II under low-temperature stress. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis further confirmed that Zebra II responded to low-temperature stress through upregulating genes involved in purine, pyrimidine, and pyruvate metabolism pathways. Taken together, all these results indicated that Zebra II has higher cold tolerance than the Putian group. Therefore, Zebra II is capable for overwintering in the intertidal zone of North China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingren Li
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiande Liu
- Fisheries College of Jimei University, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Dongdong Li
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Jianfeng Ding
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhongming Huo
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Xiwu Yan
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, China
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4
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Brown S, Rivard GR, Gibson G, Currie S. Warming, stochastic diel thermal fluctuations affect physiological performance and gill plasticity in an amphibious mangrove fish. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246726. [PMID: 38904077 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Natural temperature variation in many marine ecosystems is stochastic and unpredictable, and climate change models indicate that this thermal irregularity is likely to increase. Temperature acclimation may be more challenging when conditions are highly variable and stochastic, and there is a need for empirical physiological data in these thermal environments. Using the hermaphroditic, amphibious mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus), we hypothesized that compared with regular, warming diel thermal fluctuations, stochastic warm fluctuations would negatively affect physiological performance. To test this, we acclimated fish to: (1) non-stochastic and (2) stochastic thermal fluctuations with a similar thermal load (27-35°C), and (3) a stable/consistent control temperature at the low end of the cycle (27°C). We determined that fecundity was reduced in both cycles, with reproduction ceasing in stochastic thermal environments. Fish acclimated to non-stochastic thermal cycles had growth rates lower than those of control fish. Exposure to warm, fluctuating cycles did not affect emersion temperature, and only regular diel cycles modestly increased critical thermal tolerance. We predicted that warm diel cycling temperatures would increase gill surface area. Notably, fish acclimated to either thermal cycle had a reduced gill surface area and increased intralamellar cell mass when compared with control fish. This decreased gill surface area with warming contrasts with what is observed for exclusively aquatic fish and suggests a preparatory gill response for emersion in these amphibious fish. Collectively, our data reveal the importance of considering stochastic thermal variability when studying the effects of temperature on fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Brown
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Nova Scotia, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Gabrielle R Rivard
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Nova Scotia, B4P 2R6, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Glenys Gibson
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Nova Scotia, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Suzanne Currie
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Nova Scotia, B4P 2R6, Canada
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Ouattara N, Rivera-Ingraham GA, Lignot JH. Salinity stress in the black-chinned tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:553-562. [PMID: 38470008 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Physiological and morphological acclimation capacities of black-chinned tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron were studied from fish to gill cell level when fish are maintained in freshwater, seawater, and hypersaline conditions. Fish osmoregulatory capacity, gill ionocyte morphology, osmo-respiratory compromise, O2 consumption rate, branchial antioxidative defense, and cell apoptosis were considered. Captive juvenile tilapias were maintained in controlled freshwater conditions (FW: 0.4 ppt; 12 mOsm kg-1) or gradually transferred to seawater (SW: 32 ppt; 958 mOsm kg-1) and concentrated SW (cSW: 65 ppt; 1920 mOsm kg-1). After 15 days in these conditions, blood osmolality and chloride ion concentration were determined. Gill ionocyte density and morphology were measured using immunolabelled histological sections to specifically detect the sodium pump (NKA). Gill osmo-respiratory compromise was also calculated along with oxygen consumption rates from normoxic to hypoxic conditions from excised gills (indirect respirometry). Finally, catalase and caspase 3/7activities were recorded from gill extracts. Results indicate that elevated salinity induces an osmotic imbalance and a profound morphological change with proliferating and hypertrophied ionocytes. This thickening of the gill interlamellar cell mass and the shortening of the lamellae induce a reduced osmo-respiratory ratio and reduced respiratory capacity under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Although salinity changes do not affect one of the major antioxidative defense mechanism, it strongly affects apoptosis that appears the most elevated in SW. However, in freshwater condition, fish can maintain their osmotic balance with a low ionocyte density, a low apoptotic level and a drastically reduced O2 consumption in normoxic condition that is maintained in hypoxia. Therefore, S. melanotheron presents the typical functional remodeling due to environmental salinity changes ranging from FW to SW. However, elevated seawater induces major cellular stress inducing a profound gill morphofunctional dysfunctioning. While cell apoptosis is reduced, ionocyte proliferation is massively increased with impaired osmotic regulation and reduced O2 consumption both in normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N'Golo Ouattara
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Cytology, Nangui Abrogoua University UFR-SN, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | | | - Jehan-Hervé Lignot
- UMR9190-MARBEC, IRD-Ifremer-CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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6
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Gilmour KM, Turko AJ. Effects of structural remodelling on gill physiology. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01558-0. [PMID: 38758304 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The complex relationships between the structure and function of fish gills have been of interest to comparative physiologists for many years. Morphological plasticity of the gill provides a dynamic mechanism to reversibly alter its structure in response to changes in the conditions experienced by the fish. The best known example of gill remodelling is the growth or retraction of cell masses between the lamellae, a rapid process that alters the lamellar surface area that is exposed to the water (i.e. the functional lamellar surface area). Decreases in environmental O2 availability and/or increases in metabolic O2 demand stimulate uncovering of the lamellae, presumably to increase the capacity for O2 uptake. This review addresses four questions about gill remodelling: (1) what types of reversible morphological changes occur; (2) how do these changes affect physiological function from the gill to the whole animal; (3) what factors regulate reversible gill plasticity; and (4) is remodelling phylogenetically widespread among fishes? We address these questions by surveying the current state of knowledge of gill remodelling in fishes, with a focus on identifying gaps in our understanding that future research should consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Gilmour
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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7
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Firth BL, Craig PM, Drake DAR, Power M. Impacts of temperature and turbidity on the gill physiology of darter species. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 291:111589. [PMID: 38253199 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Fish gills are complex organs that have direct contact with the environment and perform numerous functions including gas exchange and ion regulation. Determining if gill morphometry can change under different environmental conditions to maintain and/or improve gas exchange and ion regulation is important for understanding if gill plasticity can improve survival with increasing environmental change. We assessed gill morphology (gas exchange and ion regulation metrics), hematocrit and gill Na+/K+ ATPase activity of wild-captured blackside darter (Percina maculata), greenside darter (Etheostoma blennioides), and johnny darter (Etheostoma nigrum) at two temperatures (10 and 25 °C) and turbidity levels (8 and 94 NTU). Samples were collected August and October 2020 in the Grand River to assess temperature differences, and August 2020 in the Thames River to assess turbidity differences. Significant effects of temperature and/or turbidity only impacted ionocyte number, lamellae width, and hematocrit. An increase in temperature decreased ionocyte number while an increase in turbidity increased lamellae width. Hematocrit had a species-specific response for both temperature and turbidity. Findings suggest that the three darter species have limited plasticity in gill morphology, with no observed compensatory changes in hematocrit or Na+/K+ ATPase activity to maintain homeostasis under the different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britney L Firth
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - Paul M Craig
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. https://twitter.com/pcraig77
| | - D Andrew R Drake
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Power
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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8
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Jonz MG. Cell proliferation and regeneration in the gill : By. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01548-2. [PMID: 38554225 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Seminal studies from the early 20th century defined the structural changes associated with development and regeneration of the gills in goldfish at the gross morphological and cellular levels using standard techniques of light and electron microscopy. More recently, investigations using cell lineage tracing, molecular biology, immunohistochemistry and single-cell RNA-sequencing have pushed the field forward and have begun to reveal the cellular and molecular processes that orchestrate cell proliferation and regeneration in the gills. The gill is a multifunctional organ that mediates an array of important physiological functions, including respiration, ion regulation and excretion of waste products. It is comprised of unique cell types, such as pavement cells, ionocytes, chemoreceptors and undifferentiated stem or progenitor cells that regulate growth and replenish cell populations. The gills develop from the embryonic endoderm and are rich in cell types derived from the neural crest. The gills have the capacity to remodel themselves in response to environmental change, such as in the case of ionocytes, chemoreceptors and the interlamellar cell mass, and can completely regenerate gill filaments and lamellae. Both processes of remodeling and regeneration invariably involve cell proliferation. Although gill regeneration has been reported in only a limited number of fish species, the process appears to have many similarities to regeneration of other organs in fish and amphibians. The present article reviews the studies that have described gill development and growth, and that demonstrate a suite of genes, transcription factors and other proteins involved in cell proliferation and regeneration in the gills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Jonz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Bundgaard A, Borowiec BG, Lau GY. Are reactive oxygen species always bad? Lessons from hypoxic ectotherms. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246549. [PMID: 38533673 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) is required for aerobic energy metabolism but can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are a wide variety of oxidant molecules with a range of biological functions from causing cell damage (oxidative distress) to cell signalling (oxidative eustress). The balance between the rate and amount of ROS generated and the capacity for scavenging systems to remove them is affected by several biological and environmental factors, including oxygen availability. Ectotherms, and in particular hypoxia-tolerant ectotherms, are hypothesized to avoid oxidative damage caused by hypoxia, although it is unclear whether this translates to an increase in ecological fitness. In this Review, we highlight the differences between oxidative distress and eustress, the current mechanistic understanding of the two and how they may affect ectothermic physiology. We discuss the evidence of occurrence of oxidative damage with hypoxia in ectotherms, and that ectotherms may avoid oxidative damage through (1) high levels of antioxidant and scavenging systems and/or (2) low(ering) levels of ROS generation. We argue that the disagreements in the literature as to how hypoxia affects antioxidant enzyme activity and the variable metabolism of ectotherms makes the latter strategy more amenable to ectotherm physiology. Finally, we argue that observed changes in ROS production and oxidative status with hypoxia may be a signalling mechanism and an adaptive strategy for ectotherms encountering hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Bundgaard
- University of Cologne, CECAD, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, DE-50931 Köln, Germany
- Aarhus University, Department of Biology, CF Moellers Alle 3, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Brittney G Borowiec
- Wilfrid Laurier University, Department of Biology, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3C5
| | - Gigi Y Lau
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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Schleger IC, Pereira DMC, Resende AC, Romão S, Herrerias T, Neundorf AKA, de Souza MRDP, Donatti L. Metabolic responses in the gills of Yellowtail Lambari Astyanax lacustris under low- and high-temperature thermal stress. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2024; 36:16-31. [PMID: 38217492 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ectothermic fish are directly affected by temperature changes in the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic responses in the gills of Yellowtail Lambari Astyanax lacustris under thermal stress. METHODS To this end, we used spectrophotometry to evaluate the biomarkers of carbohydrate and protein metabolism, antioxidant defense, and oxidative damage in fish subjected to low (15°C) and high (31°C) temperatures, with control groups held at 23°C, for 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h. RESULT The results showed that cold thermal stress did not change the energy demand, and the antioxidant defense was reduced; therefore, the gills were vulnerable to the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS), presenting increased protein carbonylation at 12 h. With heat thermal stress, a higher energy demand was observed, which was verified by an increase in aerobic metabolism by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. High-temperature stress also increased the antioxidant defenses, as verified by the increased activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase. However, the antioxidant defense system could not protect tissues from the action of ROS, as protein carbonylation increased at 6 and 24 h, indicating oxidative stress. CONCLUSION The results showed that (1) temperature variations caused metabolic adjustments in the gills of Yellowtail Lambari, (2) the adaptive responses were different for winter and summer temperatures, and (3) Yellowtail Lambari recovered homeostasis when subjected to thermal stress, even with the occurrence of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieda Cristina Schleger
- Adaptive Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Anna Carolina Resende
- Adaptive Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Silvia Romão
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Laranjeiras do Sul, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Ananda Karla Alves Neundorf
- Adaptive Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Lucélia Donatti
- Adaptive Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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11
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Gerber L, Resseguier J, Helle-Valle T, Farhat E, Nilsson GE, Lefevre S. Expression of prolyl hydroxylase domains, the upstream regulators of HIF, in the brain of the anoxia-tolerant crucian carp during anoxia-reoxygenation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 326:R184-R195. [PMID: 38145292 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00211.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is considered key in the transcriptional response to low oxygen. Yet, the role of HIF in the absence of oxygen (anoxia) and in preparation for reoxygenation remains unclear. Recent studies suggest that mounting a HIF response may be counterproductive for anoxia survival. We here studied one of the champions of anoxia survival, the crucian carp (Carassius carassius), and hypothesized that expression of prolyl hydroxylase domains (PHDs; the upstream regulators of HIF) are upregulated to circumvent an energy-costly activation of HIF in anoxia and to prepare for reoxygenation. We measured whole brain mRNA and protein levels of the three isoforms PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3, coded for by multiple paralogs of the genes egln2, egln1, and egln3, using quantitative PCR and Western blotting in the brain of crucian carps exposed to 5 days normoxia or anoxia, and 5 days anoxia followed by 3 or 24 h of reoxygenation. The mRNA levels of most egln paralogs were increased in anoxia and upon reoxygenation, with egln3 showing the largest increase in mRNA level (up to 17-fold) and highest relative mRNA abundance (up to 75% of expressed egln). The protein level of all PHDs was maintained in anoxia and increased upon reoxygenation. We then explored PHD distribution in different brain regions and found PHD immunoreactivity to be associated with axonal branches and showing region-specific changes during anoxia-reoxygenation. Our results support an overall upregulation of egln under prolonged anoxia and PHDs upon reoxygenation in crucian carp, likely aimed at suppressing HIF responses, although regional differences are apparent in such a complex organ as the brain.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report a profound upregulation of most egln paralog mRNA levels in anoxia and upon reoxygenation, with egln3ii showing the largest, a 17-fold increase, and highest relative mRNA abundance. The relative abundance of prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins was maintained during anoxia and increased at reoxygenation. PHD immunoreactivity was localized to axonal branches with region-specific changes during anoxia-reoxygenation. These dynamic and regional changes in crucian carp, champion of anoxia tolerance, are most likely adaptive and call for further mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Gerber
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julien Resseguier
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tellef Helle-Valle
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elie Farhat
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Göran E Nilsson
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sjannie Lefevre
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Haverinen J, Badr A, Eskelinen M, Vornanen M. Three steps down: Metabolic depression in winter-acclimatized crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 287:111537. [PMID: 37858704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Acclimatization of certain ectothermic vertebrates to winter conditions is associated with reduced energy consumption (winter dormancy). Principally, this may be achieved by reducing movement activity, depression of basal cellular functions, or by switching from aerobic to anaerobic energy production to sustain low energy consumption during anoxia. Therefore, we determined standard (SMR), routine (RMR) and anoxic (AMR) metabolic rates in summer- (SumA; 20 °C) and winter-acclimatized (WinA; 2 °C) crucian carp (Carassius carassius), an anoxia-tolerant teleost fish. At 20 °C, RMR was 39% lower in WinA than SumA fish (p < 0.05), indicating reduced movements in winter. SMR, measured for the first time in crucian carp, was 45% lower in WinA than SumA fish at 10 °C (p < 0.05), indicating significant reduction of energy consumption in vital cellular processes. At 2 °C, AMR - measured from ethanol production- was 78% and 97% of the SMR and RMR levels at the same temperature, respectively. The current study revealed that the winter dormancy in anoxia-tolerant crucian carp is achieved in 3 different steps: (1) by active reduction of SMR, possibly in anticipation of seasonal anoxia, (2) acute Arrhenius Q10 effect that slows SMR as well as RMR, and (3) direct response to the absence of oxygen (AMR). Furthermore, the anoxic energy production was strongly dependent on body mass with scaling exponents of -0.335 and - 0.421 for WinA and SumA fish, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Haverinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Ahmed Badr
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, 82524 Sohag, Egypt
| | - Markus Eskelinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Matti Vornanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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13
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Dressler TL, Han Lee V, Klose K, Eliason EJ. Thermal tolerance and vulnerability to warming differ between populations of wild Oncorhynchus mykiss near the species' southern range limit. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14538. [PMID: 37666931 PMCID: PMC10477306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish habitat temperatures are increasing due to human impacts including climate change. For broadly distributed species, thermal tolerance can vary at the population level, making it challenging to predict which populations are most vulnerable to warming. Populations inhabiting warm range boundaries may be more resilient to these changes due to adaptation or acclimatization to warmer temperatures, or they may be more vulnerable as temperatures may already approach their physiological limits. We tested functional and critical thermal tolerance of two populations of wild Oncorhynchus mykiss near the species' southern range limit and, as predicted, found population-specific responses to temperature. Specifically, the population inhabiting the warmer stream, Piru Creek, had higher critical thermal maxima and higher functional thermal tolerance compared to the population from the cooler stream, Arroyo Seco. Arroyo Seco O. mykiss are more likely to experience a limitation of aerobic scope with warming. Piru Creek O. mykiss, however, had higher resting metabolic rates and prolonged exercise recovery, meaning that they could be more vulnerable to warming if prey or dissolved oxygen become limited. Temperature varies widely between streams near the O. mykiss southern range limit and populations will likely have unique responses to warming based on their thermal tolerances and metabolic requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Dressler
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - V Han Lee
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - K Klose
- U.S. Forest Service, Los Padres National Forest, 1980 Old Mission Drive, Solvang, CA, 93463, USA
| | - E J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
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14
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McPhee D, Watson JR, Harding DJ, Prior A, Fawcett JH, Franklin CE, Cramp RL. Body size dictates physiological and behavioural responses to hypoxia and elevated water temperatures in Murray cod ( Maccullochella peelii). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coac087. [PMID: 36726863 PMCID: PMC9885741 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing drought frequency and duration pose a significant threat to fish species in dryland river systems. As ectotherms, fish thermal and hypoxia tolerances directly determine the capacity of species to persist in these environments during low flow periods when water temperatures are high and waterbodies become highly stratified. Chronic thermal stress can compound the impacts of acute hypoxic events on fish resulting in significant fish mortality; however, it is not known if all size classes are equally susceptible, or if the allometric scaling of physiological processes means some size classes are disproportionately affected. We investigated the physiological responses of Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii) over a four-fold body size range (0.2-3000 g) to acute changes in water temperature and oxygen concentration following 4 weeks of acclimation to representative spring (20°C) and summer (28°C) water temperatures. We recorded maximum thermal tolerance (CT max), oxygen limited thermal tolerance (PCTmax ), lowest tolerable oxygen level (as the oxygen level at which lose equilibrium; O2,LOE), gill ventilation rates and aerial surface respiration threshold, blood oxygen transport capacity and lactate accumulation. Acclimation to elevated water temperatures improved thermal and hypoxia tolerance metrics across all size classes. However, body size significantly affected thermal and hypoxia responses. Small M. peelii were significantly less hypoxia tolerant than larger individuals, while larger fish were significantly less thermal tolerant than smaller fish. Hypoxia constrained thermal tolerance in M. peelii, with both small and large fish disproportionally compromised relative to mid-sized fish. Our findings indicate that both very small/young (larvae, fry, fingerlings) and very large/older M. peelii in dryland rivers are at significant risk from the combined impacts of a warming and drying climate and water extraction. These data will inform policy decisions that serve to balance competing demands on precious freshwater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren McPhee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jabin R Watson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Doug J Harding
- Queensland Department of Regional Development, Manufacturing and Water, 203 Tor St., Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Andrea Prior
- Queensland Department of Regional Development, Manufacturing and Water, 203 Tor St., Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - James H Fawcett
- Queensland Department of Regional Development, Manufacturing and Water, 203 Tor St., Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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15
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Atkinson D, Leighton G, Berenbrink M. Controversial Roles of Oxygen in Organismal Responses to Climate Warming. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022; 243:207-219. [PMID: 36548977 DOI: 10.1086/722471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractDespite the global ecological importance of climate change, controversy surrounds how oxygen affects the fate of aquatic ectotherms under warming. Disagreements extend to the nature of oxygen bioavailability and whether oxygen usually limits growth under warming, explaining smaller adult size. These controversies affect two influential hypotheses: gill oxygen limitation and oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance. Here, we promote deeper integration of physiological and evolutionary mechanisms. We first clarify the nature of oxygen bioavailability in water, developing a new mass-transfer model that can be adapted to compare warming impacts on organisms with different respiratory systems and flow regimes. By distinguishing aerobic energy costs of moving oxygen from environment to tissues from costs of all other functions, we predict a decline in energy-dependent fitness during hypoxia despite approximately constant total metabolic rate before reaching critically low environmental oxygen. A new measure of oxygen bioavailability that keeps costs of generating water convection constant predicts a higher thermal sensitivity of oxygen uptake in an amphipod model than do previous oxygen supply indices. More importantly, by incorporating size- and temperature-dependent costs of generating water flow, we propose that oxygen limitation at different body sizes and temperatures can be modeled mechanistically. We then report little evidence for oxygen limitation of growth and adult size under benign warming. Yet occasional oxygen limitation, we argue, may, along with other selective pressures, help maintain adaptive plastic responses to warming. Finally, we discuss how to overcome flaws in a commonly used growth model that undermine predictions of warming impacts.
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16
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Wang T, Li H, Chen B, Cui J, Shi H, Wang J. Effect of Temperature on the Plasticity of Peripheral Hearing Sensitivity to Airborne Sound in the Male Red-Eared Slider Trachemys scripta elegans. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.856660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chelonians are considered the least vocally active group of extant reptiles and known as “low-frequency specialists” with a hearing range of <1.0 kHz. As they are ectothermic organisms, most of their physiological and metabolic processes are affected by temperature, which may include the auditory system responses. To investigate the influence of temperature on turtle hearing, Trachemys scripta elegans was chosen to measure the peripheral hearing sensitivity at 10, 20, 30, and 40°C (close to the upper limit of heat resistance) using the auditory brainstem response (ABR) test. An increase in temperature (from 10 to 30°C) resulted in improved hearing sensitivity (a wider hearing sensitivity bandwidth, lower threshold, and shorter latency) in T. scripta elegans. At 40°C, the hearing sensitivity bandwidth continued to increase and the latency further shortened, but the threshold sensitivity reduced in the intermediate frequency range (0.5–0.8 kHz), increased in the high-frequency range (1.0–1.3 kHz), and did not significantly change in the low-frequency range (0.2–0.4 kHz) compared to that at 30°C. Our results suggest that although the hearing range of turtles is confined to lower frequencies than that in other animal groups, turtle hearing showed exceptional thermal regulation ability, especially when the temperature was close to the upper limit of heat resistance. Temperature increases that are sensitive to high frequencies imply that the males turtles’ auditory system adapts to a high-frequency sound environment in the context of global warming. Our study is expected to spur further research on the high-temperature plasticity of hearing sensitivity in diverse taxa or in the same group with different temperature ranges. Moreover, it facilitates forecasting the adaptive evolution of the auditory system to global warming.
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17
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Zhou B, Qi D, Liu S, Qi H, Wang Y, Zhao K, Tian F. Physiological, morphological and transcriptomic responses of Tibetan naked carps (Gymnocypris przewalskii) to salinity variations. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 42:100982. [PMID: 35279439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.100982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gymnocypris przewalskii is a native cyprinid fish that dwells in the Lake Qinghai with salinity of 12-13‰. It migrates annually to the freshwater rivers for spawning, experiencing the significant changes in salinity. In the present study, we performed the physiological, morphological and transcriptomic analyses to understand the osmoregulation in G. przewalskii. The physiological assay showed that the osmotic pressure of G. przewalskii was almost isosmotic to the brackish lake water. The low salinity reduced its ionic concentrations and osmotic pressure. The plasticity of gill microstructure was linked to the salinity variations, including the presence of mucus and intact tight junctions in brackish water and the development of the mitochondria-rich cells and the loosened tight junctions in freshwater. RNA-seq analysis identified 1926 differentially expressed genes, including 710 and 1216 down- and up-regulated genes in freshwater, which were enriched in ion transport, cell-cell adhesion, and mucus secretion. Genes in ion uptake were activated in low salinity, and mucus pathways and tight junction showed the higher transcription in brackish water. The isosmoticity between the body fluid and the environment suggested G. przewalskii was in the metabolic-saving condition in the brackish water. The decreased salinity disrupted this balance, which activated the ion uptake in freshwater to maintain osmotic homeostasis. The gill remodeling was involved in this process through the development of the mitochondria-rich cells to enhance ion uptake. The current finding provided insights into the potential mechanisms of G. przewalskii to cope with salinity alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Delin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Hongfang Qi
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Gymnocypris przewalskii breeding and reproduction, Xining 810008, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Gymnocypris przewalskii breeding and reproduction, Xining 810008, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Fei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China.
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18
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Fago A. New insights into survival strategies to oxygen deprivation in anoxia-tolerant vertebrates. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 235:e13841. [PMID: 35548887 PMCID: PMC9287066 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic environments pose a severe challenge to vertebrates and even short periods of oxygen deprivation are often lethal as they constrain aerobic ATP production. However, a few ectotherm vertebrates are capable of surviving long‐term hypoxia or even anoxia with little or no damage. Among these, freshwater turtles and crucian carp are the recognized champions of anoxia tolerance, capable of overwintering in complete oxygen deprivation for months at freezing temperatures by entering a stable hypometabolic state. While all steps of the oxygen cascade are adjusted in response to oxygen deprivation, this review draws from knowledge of freshwater turtles and crucian carp to highlight mechanisms regulating two of these steps, namely oxygen transport in the blood and oxygen utilization in mitochondria during three sequential phases: before anoxia, when hypoxia develops, during anoxia, and after anoxia at reoxygenation. In cold hypoxia, reduced red blood cell concentration of ATP plays a crucial role in increasing blood oxygen affinity and/or reducing oxygen unloading to tissues, to adjust aerobic metabolism to decrease ambient oxygen. In anoxia, metabolic rewiring of oxygen utilization keeps largely unaltered NADH/NAD+ ratios and limits ADP degradation and succinate buildup. These critical adjustments make it possible to restart mitochondrial respiration and energy production with little generation of reactive oxygen species at reoxygenation when oxygen is again available. Inhibition of key metabolic enzymes seems to play crucial roles in these responses, in particular mitochondrial complex V, although identifying the nature of such inhibition(s) in vivo remains a challenge for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Fago
- Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
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19
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Cochran JK, Orr SE, Buchwalter DB. Assessing the P crit in relation to temperature and the expression of hypoxia associated genes in the mayfly, Neocloeon triangulifer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:151743. [PMID: 34826479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a growing concern in aquatic ecosystems. Historically, scientists have used the Pcrit (the dissolved oxygen level below which an animal can no longer oxyregulate) to infer hypoxia tolerance across species. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the Pcrit is positively correlated with temperature in the mayfly, Neocloeon triangulifer. Cross-temperature comparisons showed a modest (r = 0.47), but significant (p < 0.0001) association between temperature and Pcrit despite relatively large interindividual variability (Coefficient of Variance (CV) = 39.9% at 18 °C). We used the expression of hypoxia-responsive genes EGL-9 (an oxygen sensing gene and modulator of HIF-1a activity) and LDH (a hypoxia indicator) to test whether oxygen partial pressure near the Pcrit stimulates expression of hypoxia-responsive genes. Neither gene was upregulated at oxygen levels above the estimated Pcrit, however, at or below the Pcrit estimates, expression of both genes was stimulated (~20- and ~3-fold change for EGL-9 and LDH, respectively). Finally, we evaluated the influence of hypoxic exposure time and pretreatment conditions on the mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-responsive genes. When larvae were exposed to a gradual reduction of DO, hypoxic gene expression was more robust than during instantaneous exposure to hypoxia. Our data provide modest support for traditional interpretation of the Pcrit as a physiologically meaningful shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism in N. triangulifer. However, we also discuss limitations of the Pcrit as a proxy measure of hypoxia tolerance at the species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie K Cochran
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
| | - Sarah E Orr
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
| | - David B Buchwalter
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America.
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20
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Shuang L, Su XL, Zheng GD, Zou SM. Effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on gill remodeling, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in hypoxia-tolerant new variety blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:263-274. [PMID: 35099685 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Blunt snout bream plays an important role in freshwater aquaculture in China, but the development of its culture industry has been restricted by increasing hypoxia problem. Through the breeding of wild blunt snout bream populations (F0), a hypoxia-tolerant new variety (F6) was obtained. In this study, the new variety was stressed under low oxygen concentration (2.0 mg·L-1) for 4 and 7 days, the morphological structure of the gill tissue showed a striking change, the interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) volume reduced significantly (P < 0.05), and the lamellar respiratory surface area enlarged significantly (P < 0.05), compared to normoxic controls. After 7 days of oxygen recovery, gill remodeling was completely reversed. Additionally, the TUNEL-positive apoptotic fluorescence signals increased in the gills exposed to hypoxia up to 4 and 7 days; the apoptosis rate also increased significantly (P < 0.05). Under 4 and 7 days of hypoxia stress, the expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 in the gills downregulated significantly (P < 0.05), with the significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated expression of pro-apoptotic gene Bad. Furthermore, under hypoxia stress, the activity or content of oxidative stress-related enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH)) in gill tissue increased to varying degrees compared to normoxic controls. These results offer a new perspective into the cellular and molecular mechanism of hypoxia-induced gill remodeling in blunt snout bream and a theoretical basis for its hypoxia adaptation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shuang
- Genetics and Breeding Center for Blunt Snout Bream, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Huchenghuan Road 999, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Su
- Genetics and Breeding Center for Blunt Snout Bream, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Huchenghuan Road 999, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Guo-Dong Zheng
- Genetics and Breeding Center for Blunt Snout Bream, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Huchenghuan Road 999, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shu-Ming Zou
- Genetics and Breeding Center for Blunt Snout Bream, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Huchenghuan Road 999, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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21
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Opinion AGR, Çakir R, De Boeck G. Better together: Cross-tolerance induced by warm acclimation and nitrate exposure improved the aerobic capacity and stress tolerance of common carp Cyprinus carpio. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 225:112777. [PMID: 34534834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is a threat of imminent concern that may exacerbate the impact of nitrate pollution on fish fitness. These stressors can individually affect the aerobic capacity and stress tolerance of fish. In combination, they may interact in unexpected ways where exposure to one stressor may heighten or reduce the resilience to another stressor and their interactive effects may not be uniform across species. Here, we examined how nitrate pollution under a warming scenario affects the aerobic scope (AS), and the hypoxia and heat stress susceptibility of a generally tolerant fish species, common carp Cyprinus carpio. We used a 3 × 2 factorial design, where fish were exposed to one of three ecologically relevant levels of nitrate (0, 50, or 200 mg NO3- L-1) and one of two temperatures (18 °C or 26 °C) for 5 weeks. Warm acclimation increased the AS by 11% due to the maintained standard metabolic rate and increased maximum metabolic rate at higher temperature, and the AS improvement seemed greater at higher nitrate concentration. Warm-acclimated fish exposed to 200 mg NO3- L-1 were less susceptible to acute hypoxia, and fish acclimated at higher temperature exhibited improved heat tolerance (critical thermal maxima, CTMax) by 5 °C. This cross-tolerance can be attributed to the hematological results including maintained haemoglobin and increased haematocrit levels that may have compensated for the initial surge in methaemoglobin at higher nitrate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Grace R Opinion
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Rümeysa Çakir
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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22
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Xiong W, Zhu Y, Zhang P, Xu Y, Zhou J, Zhang J, Luo Y. Effects of temperature on metabolic scaling in silver carp. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 337:141-149. [PMID: 34492171 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The association between temperature and metabolic scaling varies among species, which could be due to variation in the surface area and its scaling. This study aims to examine the effect of temperature on metabolic scaling and to verify the links between metabolic scaling and surface area scaling at both the whole body and the cell levels. The routine metabolic rate (RMR), gill surface area (GSA), ventilation frequency (VF), red blood cell surface area (SRBC ), and metabolic rate (MRRBC ) were determined in silver carp, and their mass-scaling exponents were analyzed at 10 and 25°C. These results showed that body mass and temperature independently affected the RMR, GSA, and VF, suggesting constant scaling exponents of RMR (0.772), GSA (0.912), and VF (-0.282) with changing temperature. The RMR at 25°C was 2.29 times higher than that at 10°C, suggesting increased metabolic demand at a higher temperature. The results showed that the RMR increased, while the scaling exponents of RMR, GSA, and VF remained unchanged with increasing temperature. These results support the view that the scaling of oxygen supply capacity importantly affects metabolic scaling. The SRBC did not change with either temperature or body mass. However, the MRRBC increased by 5.48 times from 10 to 25°C but did not change with body mass. As the scaling exponents of RMR did not change between temperatures, the results indicate that no obvious link exists between the scaling of both the cell size and cell metabolic rate and the metabolic scaling of silver carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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23
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Berry KLE, Hess S, Clark TD, Wenger AS, Hoogenboom MO, Negri AP. Effects of suspended coal particles on gill structure and oxygen consumption rates in a coral reef fish. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 169:112459. [PMID: 34022563 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of coal are transported through tropical regions; however, little is known about the sub-lethal effects of coal contamination on tropical marine organisms, including fish. Here, we measured aerobic metabolism and gill morphology in a planktivorous coral reef damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus to elucidate the sub-lethal effects of suspended coal particles over a range of coal concentrations and exposure durations. Differences in the standard oxygen consumption rates (MO2) between control fish and fish exposed to coal particles (38 and 73 mg L-1) were minimal and generally not dose dependent; however, the MO2 of fish exposed to 38 mg coal L-1 (21 days) and 73 mg coal L-1 (31 days) were both significantly higher than the MO2 of control fish. Chronic coal exposure (31 days) altered gill structure in the higher coal treatments (73 and 275 mg L-1), with fish exposed to 275 mg L-1 exhibiting significant reductions in gill mucous and thinning of lamellar and filament epithelium. These findings contribute to our limited understanding of the potential impacts of coal on tropical reef species; however, most of the observed effects occurred at high coal concentrations that are unlikely under most coal spill scenarios. Future studies should investigate other contamination scenarios such as the impacts of chronic exposures to lower concentrations of coal.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L E Berry
- AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.
| | - S Hess
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - T D Clark
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - A S Wenger
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - M O Hoogenboom
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - A P Negri
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
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24
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Jiang M, Yang LF, Zheng J, Chen ZG, Peng B. Maltose promotes crucian carp survival against Aeromonas sobrial infection at high temperature. Virulence 2021; 11:877-888. [PMID: 32698656 PMCID: PMC7549911 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1787604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature influences fish’s susceptibility to infectious disease through an immune response. However, the mechanism underlying this regulation is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we compared the susceptibility of crucian carp that were grown at 18°C and 33°C, respectively, to Aeromonas sobrial infection and found that crucian carp was more susceptible when grown at 33°C. These distinct susceptibilities of fish at different temperatures to infection may partially be explained by their differences in the metabolism as revealed by comparative metabolomics profiling: crucian carp demonstrated enhanced TCA cycle but reduced fatty acid biosynthesis; Our study also found that maltose was the most suppressed metabolite in fish grown at 33°C. Importantly, exogenous injection of maltose enhances crucian carp survival grown at 33°C by 30%. Further study showed that exogenous maltose downregulated the production of several cytokines but enhanced the lysozyme (lyz) and complement component c3, which involves the humoral innate immunity. Our results suggest that maltose promotes the survival of crucian carp likely through fine tuning the immune gene expression, and this finding provides a novel approach to manage bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City , Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) , Zhuhai, China
| | - Li-Fen Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City , Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau , Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhuang-Gui Chen
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City , Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Peng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City , Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) , Zhuhai, China
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25
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Nguyen F, Jonz MG. Replacement of mitochondrion-rich cells during regeneration of the gills and opercular epithelium in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151738. [PMID: 34091038 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Transport epithelia maintain the volume, ion concentration and acid-base balance of blood and extracellular fluids. In teleost fish, mitochondrion-rich cells (MRCs) are specialized ionocytes that perform this role. These cells are found in epithelia of the gills and buccal surface of the operculum (the bony structure covering the gills). Proliferation of MRCs in response to changes in water salinity and other environmental stressors is well documented, but the cellular mechanisms underlying MRC proliferation are poorly understood. Recently, regeneration and epithelial cell replacement in the gill filaments was demonstrated in the model vertebrate, zebrafish (Danio rerio), raising the question of whether MRCs are replaced during regrowth of transport epithelia. We chose two anatomical sites where MRCs are found-the gills and the opercular epithelium-to investigate whether MRCs were replaced following surgical resection of these structures. In live imaging experiments, we observed gradual replacement of the branchiostegal valve, an extension of the operculum, in zebrafish over a period of 21 days post-resection (dpr). In regenerating epithelia of both the operculum and gills, we detected MRCs by immunohistochemical localization of the α subunit of plasma membrane Na+/K+-ATPase. In both tissues, MRCs appeared soon after resection, and as early as 1 dpr in the gill filaments. We report regeneration of the operculum and proliferation of MRCs in regenerating tissue in adult zebrafish. These studies may contribute to our understanding of how MRC populations are regulated during the regenerative process, which may occur following exposure to environmental stressors, chemical toxicity or disease.
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26
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Mohamad S, Liew HJ, Zainuddin RA, Rahmah S, Waiho K, Ghaffar MA, Nhan HT, Loh JY, Lim LS, Chang Y, Liang L, De Boeck G. High environmental temperature and low pH stress alter the gill phenotypic plasticity of Hoven's carp Leptobarbus hoevenii. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:206-218. [PMID: 33629400 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming and low pH environment are known to negatively impact all levels of aquatic organism from cellular to organism and population levels. For ammonotelic freshwater species, any abiotic factor fluctuation will cause disturbance to the fish, specifically at the gills which act as a multifunctional organ to support all biological processes. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of temperature (28 vs. 32°C) and pH (7.0 vs. 5.0) stress on the gill plasticity of Hoven's carp after 20 days of continuous exposure. The results demonstrated that high temperature and low pH caused severe changes on the primary and secondary lamellae as well as the cells within lamellae. An increasing trend of the proportion available for gas exchange was noticed at high temperature in both pH exposures, which resulted from a reduction of the primary lamellae width with elongated and thinner secondary lamellae compared to fishes at ambient temperature. Following exposure to high temperature and acidic pH, Hoven's carp experienced gill modifications including aneurysm, oedema, hypertrophy, curling of secondary lamellae, epithelial lifting, hyperplasia and lamellae fusion. These modifications are indicators of the coping mechanism of Hoven's carp to the changing environment in order to survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaini Mohamad
- Higher Institution of Center Excellence, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Hon Jung Liew
- Higher Institution of Center Excellence, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Rabiatul Adawiyyah Zainuddin
- Higher Institution of Center Excellence, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Rahmah
- Higher Institution of Center Excellence, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Khor Waiho
- Higher Institution of Center Excellence, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Mazlan Abd Ghaffar
- Higher Institution of Center Excellence, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environments, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Hua Thai Nhan
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Jiun-Yan Loh
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Leong-Seng Lim
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Yumei Chang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liqun Liang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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27
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Scheuffele H, Jutfelt F, Clark TD. Investigating the gill-oxygen limitation hypothesis in fishes: intraspecific scaling relationships of metabolic rate and gill surface area. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab040. [PMID: 35692494 PMCID: PMC8193116 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many ectotherms have shown a reduction in maximum body size in the past decades in parallel with climate warming. Indeed, some models forecast a maximum body size decline of 14%-24% by 2050 for numerous fish species. The gill-oxygen limitation (GOL) hypothesis is perhaps the most prominent concept regarding the physiological mechanisms underlying the observed trends, implicating oxygen uptake limitations in driving the decline in fish body size with warming. Current scientific debates, however, demonstrate a clear need for a synthesis of existing empirical evidence to test the fundamental assumptions of the GOL hypothesis. Here, we perform a systematic literature review of the intraspecific allometry of gill surface area (GSA) and metabolic rate. Additionally, we introduce a new parameter, the ratio S, which provides a measure of GSA in relation to the metabolic requirements for maintenance (S SMR) and maximum activity (S AMR). Support for the GOL hypothesis would be evidenced by a universal decline in S with increasing body mass within each species, such that gills become less equipped to supply metabolic requirements as fish grow. In contrast to the predictions of the GOL hypothesis, we show that the scaling exponents for S SMR and S AMR are consistently close to zero, with only a few exceptions where S either increased or decreased. These findings suggest that the GSA of each species is sufficient to meet its oxygen requirements throughout life, and that growth is not universally restricted by oxygen uptake limitations across the gills. We identify the need to investigate hypotheses other than the GOL hypothesis to help explain the observed declines in maximum fish body sizes concurrent with climate warming, in order to facilitate accurate predictions of fish community structure and manage fisheries in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Scheuffele
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 3216 Geelong, Australia
| | - Fredrik Jutfelt
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Timothy D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 3216 Geelong, Australia
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28
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Seibel BA, Andres A, Birk MA, Burns AL, Shaw CT, Timpe AW, Welsh CJ. Oxygen supply capacity breathes new life into critical oxygen partial pressure (Pcrit). J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.242210. [PMID: 33692079 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The critical oxygen partial pressure (Pcrit), typically defined as the PO2 below which an animal's metabolic rate (MR) is unsustainable, is widely interpreted as a measure of hypoxia tolerance. Here, Pcrit is defined as the PO2 at which physiological oxygen supply (α0) reaches its maximum capacity (α; µmol O2 g-1 h-1 kPa-1). α is a species- and temperature-specific constant describing the oxygen dependency of the maximum metabolic rate (MMR=PO2×α) or, equivalently, the MR dependence of Pcrit (Pcrit=MR/α). We describe the α-method, in which the MR is monitored as oxygen declines and, for each measurement period, is divided by the corresponding PO2 to provide the concurrent oxygen supply (α0=MR/PO2). The highest α0 value (or, more conservatively, the mean of the three highest values) is designated as α. The same value of α is reached at Pcrit for any MR regardless of previous or subsequent metabolic activity. The MR need not be constant (regulated), standardized or exhibit a clear breakpoint at Pcrit for accurate determination of α. The α-method has several advantages over Pcrit determination and non-linear analyses, including: (1) less ambiguity and greater accuracy, (2) fewer constraints in respirometry methodology and analysis, and (3) greater predictive power and ecological and physiological insight. Across the species evaluated here, α values are correlated with MR, but not Pcrit. Rather than an index of hypoxia tolerance, Pcrit is a reflection of α, which evolves to support maximum energy demands and aerobic scope at the prevailing temperature and oxygen level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A Seibel
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Alyssa Andres
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Matthew A Birk
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Alexandra L Burns
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - C Tracy Shaw
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Alexander W Timpe
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Christina J Welsh
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
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29
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Rodgers EM, Opinion AGR, Gomez Isaza DF, Rašković B, Poleksić V, De Boeck G. Double whammy: Nitrate pollution heightens susceptibility to both hypoxia and heat in a freshwater salmonid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142777. [PMID: 33077222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Species persistence in a changing world will depend on how they cope with co-occurring stressors. Stressors can interact in unanticipated ways, where exposure to one stressor may heighten or reduce resilience to another stressor. We examined how a leading threat to aquatic species, nitrate pollution, affects susceptibility to hypoxia and heat stress in a salmonid, the European grayling (Thymallus thymallus). Fish were exposed to nitrate pollution (0, 50 or 200 mg NO3- L-1) at two acclimation temperatures (18 °C or 22 °C) for eight weeks. Hypoxia- and heat-tolerance were subsequently assessed, and the gills of a subset of fish were sampled for histological analyses. Nitrate-exposed fish were significantly more susceptible to acute hypoxia at both acclimation temperatures. Similarly, in 18 °C- acclimated fish, exposure to 200 mg NO3- L- 1 caused a 1 °C decrease in heat tolerance (critical thermal maxima, CTMax). However, the opposite effect was observed in 22 °C-acclimated fish, where nitrate exposure increased heat tolerance by ~1 °C. Further, nitrate exposure induced some histopathological changes to the gills, which limit oxygen uptake. Our findings show that nitrate pollution can heighten the susceptibility of fish to additional threats in their habitat, but interactions are temperature dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essie M Rodgers
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium.
| | - April Grace R Opinion
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Daniel F Gomez Isaza
- School of Biological Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Božidar Rašković
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Poleksić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
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30
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Collins M, Truebano M, Verberk WCEP, Spicer JI. Do aquatic ectotherms perform better under hypoxia after warm acclimation? J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/3/jeb232512. [PMID: 33542094 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.232512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic animals increasingly encounter environmental hypoxia due to climate-related warming and/or eutrophication. Although acute warming typically reduces performance under hypoxia, the ability of organisms to modulate hypoxic performance via thermal acclimation is less understood. Here, we review the literature and ask whether hypoxic performance of aquatic ectotherms improves following warm acclimation. Interpretation of thermal acclimation effects is limited by reliance on data from experiments that are not designed to directly test for beneficial or detrimental effects on hypoxic performance. Most studies have tested hypoxic responses exclusively at test temperatures matching organisms' acclimation temperatures, precluding the possibility of distinguishing between acclimation and acute thermal effects. Only a few studies have applied appropriate methodology to identify beneficial thermal acclimation effects on hypoxic performance, i.e. acclimation to different temperatures prior to determining hypoxic responses at standardised test temperatures. These studies reveal that acute warming predominantly impairs hypoxic performance, whereas warm acclimation tends to be either beneficial or have no effect. If this generalises, we predict that warm-acclimated individuals in some species should outperform non-acclimated individuals under hypoxia. However, acclimation seems to only partially offset acute warming effects; therefore, aquatic ectotherms will probably display overall reduced hypoxic performance in the long term. Drawing on the appropriate methodology, future studies can quantify the ability of organisms to modulate hypoxic performance via (reversible) thermal acclimation and unravel the underlying mechanisms. Testing whether developmental acclimation and multigenerational effects allow for a more complete compensation is essential to allow us to predict species' resilience to chronically warmer, hypoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Collins
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Manuela Truebano
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Wilco C E P Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John I Spicer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA, UK
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31
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Sachi ITDC, Bonomo MM, Sakuragui MM, Modena PZ, Paulino MG, Carlos RM, Fernandes JB, Fernandes MN. Biochemical and morphological biomarker responses in the gills of a Neotropical fish exposed to a new flavonoid metal-insecticide. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111459. [PMID: 33069948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The flavonoid metal-insecticide [Mg(hesp)2(phen)], denominated MgHP, has high potential for controlling agricultural pests. If applied in large scale, it may reach aquatic ecosystems and be harmful to the biota. This study evaluated the effects of MgHP in the gills of the Neotropical fish, Prochilodus lineatus by determining the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione s-transferase (GST), and the levels of glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) after 24 and 96 h exposure to 0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg L-1. The histopathological changes with emphases to mitochondria-rich cells (MRC) were evaluated as well. After 24 h exposure the enzyme activities and the GSH and LPO levels were unchanged however, after 96 h exposure to high MgHP concentration (1000 μg L-1), the GST activity and GSH levels increased. Oxidative stress measured as LPO levels did not occur after MgHP exposure in both periods. Gill tissue alterations increased after MgHP exposure to 10, 100 and 1000 μg L-1. Cellular atrophy, pillar cells changes, filament epithelium hyperplasia and hypertrophy, lamellar epithelium hyperplasia were the most frequent histopathology. MRC in the filament epithelium decreased after exposure to 24 h and increased after 96 h indicating possible transitory osmo-ionic disruption. P. lineatus exhibited high tolerance to MgHP. The increased GST activity and GSH levels after 96 h exposure suggested possible MgHP accumulation and concentration- and time-dependent response. Histopathology in the gills of exposed fish occurred at high MgHP concentrations. These results suggested that the MgHP into water, at high concentrations, affect the gills by changing GST activity, GSH levels and histology being useful biomarkers for MgHP water contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelise Teresa de Castro Sachi
- Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13563-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington, Luiz Km 235, 13563-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Marques Bonomo
- Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13563-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington, Luiz Km 235, 13563-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marise Margareth Sakuragui
- Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13563-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington, Luiz Km 235, 13563-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Pamela Zaganin Modena
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington, Luiz Km 235, 13563-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gustavo Paulino
- Federal University of Tocantins, Campus Araguaína, Avenida Paraguai, s/n°, Setor Cimba, 77824-838 Araguaína, TO, Brazil
| | - Rose Maria Carlos
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - João Batista Fernandes
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Narciso Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13563-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington, Luiz Km 235, 13563-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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32
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Islam SMM, Zahangir MM, Ashaf-Ud-Doulah M, Khatun MM, Shahjahan M. Extreme warm acclimation temperature alters oxygen consumption, micronucleus formation in erythrocytes, and gill morphology of rohu (Labeo rohita) fingerlings. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:2323-2330. [PMID: 33006002 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Experiencing the seasonal variation and rapid global warming in the tropical climate is a common phenomenon which challenged the aquatic organisms to adapt the physiology and behavior. To investigate the effect of high-temperature acclimation, we selected Indian major carp, rohu (Labeo rohita), a commercially important freshwater aquaculture species. Oxygen consumptions, micronucleus formation in erythrocytes, and gill histopathology were observed in L. rohita fingerlings acclimated at three temperatures (30, 33, and 36 °C) for 30 days. Results showed that the highest acclimated temperature (36 °C) induced higher oxygen consumption and increased frequency of micronucleus formation in erythrocytes. Severity of different histological alterations (hyperplasia, epithelial necrosis, telangiectasis, epithelial lifting, and hypertrophy of chloride cells) in the gills was found to be increased in the highest acclimated temperature (36 °C). These findings indicate the temperature induced adaptive responses and climate vulnerability in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Majharul Islam
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mahiuddin Zahangir
- Department of Fish Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ashaf-Ud-Doulah
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mt Marufa Khatun
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahjahan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
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33
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Li Q, Zhu X, Xiong W, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Djiba PK, Lv X, Luo Y. Effects of temperature on metabolic scaling in black carp. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9242. [PMID: 32518735 PMCID: PMC7261118 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface area (SA) of organs and cells may vary with temperature, which changes the SA exchange limitation on metabolic flows as well as the influence of temperature on metabolic scaling. The effect of SA change can intensify (when the effect is the same as that of temperature) or compensate for (when the effect is the opposite of that of temperature) the negative effects of temperature on metabolic scaling, which can result in multiple patterns of metabolic scaling with temperature among species. The present study aimed to examine whether metabolic scaling in black carp changes with temperature and to identify the link between metabolic scaling and SA at the organ and cellular levels at different temperatures. The resting metabolic rate (RMR), gill surface area (GSA) and red blood cell (RBC) size of black carp with different body masses were measured at 10 °C and 25 °C, and the scaling exponents of these parameters were compared. The results showed that both body mass and temperature independently affected the RMR, GSA and RBC size of black carp. A consistent scaling exponent of RMR (0.764, 95% CI [0.718-0.809]) was obtained for both temperatures. The RMR at 25 °C was 2.7 times higher than that at 10 °C. At both temperatures, the GSA scaled consistently with body mass by an exponent of 0.802 (95% CI [0.759-0.846]), while RBC size scaled consistently with body mass by an exponent of 0.042 (95% CI [0.010-0.075]). The constant GSA scaling can explain the constant metabolic scaling as temperature increases, as metabolism may be constrained by fluxes across surfaces. The GSA at 10 °C was 1.2 times higher than that at 25 °C, which suggests that the constraints of GSA on the metabolism of black carp is induced by the higher temperature. The RBC size at 10 °C was 1.1 times higher than that at 25 °C. The smaller RBC size (a larger surface-to-volume ratio) at higher temperature suggests an enhanced oxygen supply and a reduced surface boundary limit on b R, which offset the negative effect of temperature on b R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pathe Karim Djiba
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Mazumder SK, Ghaffar MA, Tomiyama T, Das SK. Effects of acclimation temperatures on the respiration physiology and thermal coefficient of Malabar blood snapper. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 268:103253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jiang M, Chen ZG, Zheng J, Peng B. Metabolites-Enabled Survival of Crucian Carps Infected by Edwardsiella tarda in High Water Temperature. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1991. [PMID: 31507599 PMCID: PMC6713922 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is one of the major factors that affect the outbreak of infectious disease. Lines of evidences have shown that virulence factors can be controlled by thermo-sensors in bacterial pathogens. However, how temperature influences host's responses to the pathogen is still largely unexplored, and the study of this might pave the way to develop strategies to manage pathogenic bacterial infection. In the present study, we show that finfish Carassius carassius, the crucian carp that is tolerant to a wide range of temperatures, is less susceptible to bacterial infection when grown in 20°C than in 30°C. The different responses of C. carassius to bacterial infection could be partially explained by the distinct metabolisms under the specific temperatures: C. carassius shows elevated tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) but decreased taurine and hypotaurine metabolism as well as lower biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids at 30°C. The decreased abundance of palmitate, threonine, and taurine represents the most characteristic metabolic feature. Consistently, exogenous palmitate, threonine, or taurine enhances the survival of C. carassius to bacterial infection at 30°C in a dose-dependent manner. This effect could be attributed to the inhibition on the TCA cycle by the three metabolites. This notion is further supported by the fact that low concentration of malonate, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, increases the survival of C. carassius at 30°C as well. On the other hand, addition of the three metabolites rescued the decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α1, TNF-α2, IL-1β1, IL-1β2, and lysozyme at 30°C. Taken together, our results revealed an unexpected relationship between temperature and metabolism that orchestrates the immune regulation against infection by bacterial pathogens. Thus, this study shed light on the modulation of finfish physiology to fight against bacterial infection through metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, Higher Education Mega Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhuang-Gui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Bo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, Higher Education Mega Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
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36
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Temperature and oxygen related ecophysiological traits of snow trout (Schizothorax richardsonii) are sensitive to seasonal changes in a Himalayan stream environment. J Therm Biol 2019; 83:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Jacquin L, Gandar A, Aguirre-Smith M, Perrault A, Hénaff ML, Jong LD, Paris-Palacios S, Laffaille P, Jean S. High temperature aggravates the effects of pesticides in goldfish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 172:255-264. [PMID: 30711860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In human-altered rivers, fish are often conjointly exposed to an increase in water temperature due to global warming and to a contamination by organic pollutants such as pesticides, but their combined effects are still elusive. Thermal and chemical stressors could potentially interact because high temperature increases metabolism and toxicant uptake, and can alter the ability of organisms to set up adequate stress responses and to maintain homeostasis. These combined stressors could thus potentially result in higher level of molecular and cellular damage, and stronger effects on behavior and physiology, but experimental evidence across biological levels is still scarce. In this study, goldfish Carassius auratus were experimentally exposed to an environmentally realistic cocktail of pesticides (S-metolachlor, isoproturon, linuron, atrazine-desethyl, aclonifen, pendimethalin and tebuconazol) commonly found in rivers of South-West of France at low or high dose in two different thermal conditions: a common summer temperature (22 °C) or a high temperature recorded during heat waves (32 °C). Results showed that high temperature alone caused behavioral and physiological changes (increased swimming activity, increased hepatosomatic index, decreased reproductive index) but limited cellular damage. However, high temperature aggravated the effects of pesticides at the molecular and cellular level. Indeed, pesticide exposure resulted in higher genotoxic effects (micronuclei rate) and irreversible cellular damage of the gills and liver (apoptosis, inflammation, necrosis) at 32 °C compared to 22 °C. This suggests potential synergistic effects of climate change and pollution, and highlights the need for multiple stress approaches to better predict the impacts of human activities on aquatic wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jacquin
- Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique EDB, UMR 5174, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France.
| | - A Gandar
- Laboratoire Ecolab, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, INPT, ENSAT, route de l'Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - M Aguirre-Smith
- Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique EDB, UMR 5174, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France; Laboratoire Ecolab, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, INPT, ENSAT, route de l'Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - A Perrault
- Laboratoire Ecolab, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, INPT, ENSAT, route de l'Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - M Le Hénaff
- Bordeaux Science Agro, 1 cours du Général De Gaulle, CS 40201, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - L De Jong
- Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - S Paris-Palacios
- UMR-I02 SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculté des Sciences, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP1039 51687 Reims cedex 2, France
| | - P Laffaille
- Laboratoire Ecolab, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, INPT, ENSAT, route de l'Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - S Jean
- Laboratoire Ecolab, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, INPT, ENSAT, route de l'Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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38
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Turko AJ, Maini P, Wright PA, Standen EM. Gill remodelling during terrestrial acclimation in the amphibious fish Polypterus senegalus. J Morphol 2019; 280:329-338. [PMID: 30707482 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fishes are effectively weightless in water due to the buoyant support of the environment, but amphibious fishes must cope with increased effective weight when on land. Delicate structures such as gills are especially vulnerable to collapse and loss of surface area out of water. We tested the 'structural support' hypothesis that amphibious Polypterus senegalus solve this problem using phenotypically plastic changes that provide mechanical support and increase stiffness at the level of the gill lamellae, the filaments, and the whole arches. After 7 d in terrestrial conditions, enlargement of an inter-lamellar cell mass filled the water channels between gill lamellae, possibly to provide structural support and/or reduce evaporative water loss. Similar gill remodelling has been described in several other actinopterygian fishes, suggesting this may be an ancestral trait. There was no change in the mechanical properties or collagen composition of filaments or arches after 7 days out of water, but 8 months of terrestrial acclimation caused a reduction in gill arch length and mineralized bone volume. Thus, rather than increasing the size and stiffness of the gill skeleton, P. senegalus may instead reduce investment in supportive gill tissue while on land. These results are strikingly similar to the evolutionary trend of gill loss that occurred during the tetrapod invasion of land, raising the possibility that genetic assimilation of gill plasticity was an underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Priyam Maini
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily M Standen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
The skin, gills, and gut are the most extensively studied mucosal organs in fish. These mucosal structures provide the intimate interface between the internal and external milieus and serve as the indispensable first line of defense. They have highly diverse physiological functions. Their role in defense can be highlighted in three shared similarities: their microanatomical structures that serve as the physical barrier and hold the immune cells and the effector molecules; the mucus layer, also a physical barrier, contains an array of potent bioactive molecules; and the resident microbiota. Mucosal surfaces are responsive and plastic to the different changes in the aquatic environment. The direct interaction of the mucosa with the environment offers some important information on both the physiological status of the host and the conditions of the aquatic environment. Increasing attention has been directed to these features in the last year, particularly on how to improve the overall health of the fish through manipulation of mucosal functions and on how the changes in the mucosa, in response to varying environmental factors, can be harnessed to improve husbandry. In this short review, we highlight the current knowledge on how mucosal surfaces respond to various environmental factors relevant to aquaculture and how they may be exploited in fostering sustainable fish farming practices, especially in controlled aquaculture environments.
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40
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Rodgers GG, Rummer JL, Johnson LK, McCormick MI. Impacts of increased ocean temperatures on a low-latitude coral reef fish - Processes related to oxygen uptake and delivery. J Therm Biol 2019; 79:95-102. [PMID: 30612692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing temperatures are expected to significantly affect the physiological performance of ectotherms, particularly in tropical locations. The shape of an organism's thermal reaction norm can provide important information on its capacity to persist under climate change scenarios; however, difficulty lies in choosing a measurable trait that best depicts physiological performance. This study investigated the effects of elevated temperatures on processes related to oxygen uptake and delivery, including oxygen consumption, haematology, and tissue health for a low-latitude population of coral reef damselfish. Acanthochromis polyacanthus were collected from the Torres Strait (10°31-46'S, 142°20-35'E) and maintained at current average ocean temperatures (+0 °C; seasonally cycling), + 1.5 °C and + 3 °C higher than present day temperatures for 10 months. Aerobic performance indicated a limit to metabolic function at + 3 °C (33 °C), following an increase in aerobic capacity at + 1.5 °C (31.5 °C). Neither haematological parameters nor gill morphology showed the same improvement in performance at + 1.5 °C. Gill histopathology provided the first indicator of a decline in organism health, which corresponded with mortality observations from previous research. Findings from this study suggest thermal specialisation in this low-latitude population as well as variation in thermal sensitivity, depending on the physiological trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Rodgers
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - J L Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - L K Johnson
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - M I McCormick
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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41
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Gilmore KL, Doubleday ZA, Gillanders BM. Prolonged exposure to low oxygen improves hypoxia tolerance in a freshwater fish. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz058. [PMID: 31798881 PMCID: PMC6882409 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Persistent hypoxic or low-oxygen conditions in aquatic systems are becoming more frequent worldwide, causing large-scale mortalities to aquatic fauna. It is poorly understood, however, whether species can acclimate to long-term hypoxic conditions. In two experiments, we exposed juvenile freshwater fish (Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii) to low-oxygen conditions and investigated acclimation effects. Experiment 1 determined how responses could be modified by exposure to different temperatures (20, 24 and 28°C) and oxygen conditions (control 6-8 mgO2 L-1 and low-oxygen 3-4 mgO2 L-1) over 30 days. Experiment 2 determined the acclimation ability of fish exposed to two temperatures (20 and 28°C) and low-oxygen conditions (3-4 mgO2 L-1) for three different acclimation periods (7, 14 and 30 days). Responses were measured by determining critical oxygen tension (P crit), loss of equilibrium and aerobic capacity using resting respirometry. In experiment 1, resting oxygen requirements were negatively affected by long-term low-oxygen exposure except at the highest temperature (28°C). However, long-term acclimation in low-oxygen improved tolerance as measured by loss of equilibrium but not P crit. In experiment 2, fish could tolerate lower oxygen levels before reaching loss of equilibrium after 7 days acclimation, but this declined overtime. Murray cod were most tolerant to low-oxygen at the lowest temperature (20°C) and shortest exposure time (7 days). Extended low-oxygen exposure resulted in reduced aerobic capacity of fish particularly at the lowest temperature. While prior exposure to low-oxygen may allow fish to cope with hypoxic conditions better in the long-term, acclimation time was inversely related to tolerance, suggesting that resistance to hypoxia might decrease as a function of exposure time. Our study fills a much-needed gap in our understanding of how freshwater species acclimate to hypoxia, and in particular, how exposure to prolonged periods of low-oxygen and elevated temperatures affect organisms physiologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla L Gilmore
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Corresponding author: Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. ,
| | - Zoe A Doubleday
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Bronwyn M Gillanders
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Corresponding author: Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. ,
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42
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Gilmour KM, Perry SF. Conflict and Compromise: Using Reversible Remodeling to Manage Competing Physiological Demands at the Fish Gill. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 33:412-422. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00031.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural features of the fish gill necessary for oxygen uptake also favor undesirable, passive movements of ions and water. Reversible gill remodeling is one solution to this conflict. Cell masses that limit functional surface area are lost when oxygen availability decreases in hypoxia or oxygen demand increases with exercise or high temperature. However, much remains to be learned about how widespread reversible gill remodeling is among fish species, and how and why it occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve F. Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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43
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Wen B, Jin SR, Chen ZZ, Gao JZ. Physiological responses to cold stress in the gills of discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) revealed by conventional biochemical assays and GC-TOF-MS metabolomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1372-1381. [PMID: 30021304 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) is a cichlid that is among the most popular fish for warm-water aquaria and also frequently used as the model animal for environmental science. However, little is known about the responses of S. aequifasciatus to low temperatures caused by environmental variation. Here, by using conventional biochemical assays and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry metabolomics, we investigated the physiological responses of S. aequifasciatus gills exposed for 30 days to two temperature regimes: 28 °C and 20 °C. Low temperature resulted in elevated production of reactive oxygen species but not increased malondialdehyde. This might be partially related to protective responses in the antioxidant system, revealed by increased activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and level of reduced glutathione (GSH), compensating for the depletion of catalase activity. A total of 35 metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers of cold stress, showing the most influenced pathways including starch and sucrose metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, glycerolipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism. Moreover, the activation of glutathione metabolism agreed with the increased GSH level detected by biochemical assays. Overall, the results of this study suggest that low temperature can activate a protective antioxidant defence response and modify the metabolic pathways in gills of S. aequifasciatus, providing insights into the physiological regulation in response to cold stress in this tropical fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shi-Rong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zai-Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jian-Zhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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44
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Nyboer EA, Chapman LJ. Cardiac plasticity influences aerobic performance and thermal tolerance in a tropical, freshwater fish at elevated temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.178087. [PMID: 29895683 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.178087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fishes faced with novel thermal conditions often modify physiological functioning to compensate for elevated temperatures. This physiological plasticity (thermal acclimation) has been shown to improve metabolic performance and extend thermal limits in many species. Adjustments in cardiorespiratory function are often invoked as mechanisms underlying thermal plasticity because limitations in oxygen supply have been predicted to define thermal optima in fishes; however, few studies have explicitly linked cardiorespiratory plasticity to metabolic compensation. Here, we quantified thermal acclimation capacity in the commercially harvested Nile perch (Lates niloticus) of East Africa, and investigated mechanisms underlying observed changes. We reared juvenile Nile perch for 3 months under two temperature regimes, and then measured a series of metabolic traits (e.g. aerobic scope) and critical thermal maximum (CTmax) upon acute exposure to a range of experimental temperatures. We also measured morphological traits of heart ventricles, gills and brains to identify potential mechanisms for compensation. We found that long-term (3 month) exposure to elevated temperature induced compensation in upper thermal tolerance (CTmax) and metabolic performance (standard and maximum metabolic rate, and aerobic scope), and induced cardiac remodeling in Nile perch. Furthermore, variation in heart morphology influenced variations in metabolic function and thermal tolerance. These results indicate that plastic changes enacted over longer exposures lead to differences in metabolic flexibility when organisms are acutely exposed to temperature variation. Furthermore, we established functional links between cardiac plasticity, metabolic performance and thermal tolerance, providing evidence that plasticity in cardiac capacity may be one mechanism for coping with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Nyboer
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Office N3/11, Stewart Biology Building, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
| | - Lauren J Chapman
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Office N3/11, Stewart Biology Building, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
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45
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Gibbons TC, McBryan TL, Schulte PM. Interactive effects of salinity and temperature acclimation on gill morphology and gene expression in threespine stickleback. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 221:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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46
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Li G, Lv X, Zhou J, Shen C, Xia D, Xie H, Luo Y. Are the surface areas of the gills and body involved with changing metabolic scaling with temperature? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.174474. [PMID: 29559548 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.174474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic-level boundaries (MLB) hypothesis proposes that metabolic level mediates the relative influence of surface area (SA)- versus volume-related metabolic processes on the body-mass scaling of metabolic rate in organisms. The variation in the scaling of SA may affect how metabolic level affects the metabolic scaling exponent. This study aimed to determine the influence of increasing metabolic level at a higher temperature on the metabolic scaling exponent of the goldfish and determine the link between metabolic scaling exponents and SA parameters of both gills and body. The SA of gills and body and the resting metabolic rate (RMR) of the goldfish were assessed at 15°C and 25°C, and their mass scaling exponents were analyzed. The results showed a significantly higher RMR, with a lower scaling exponent, in the goldfish at a higher temperature. The SA of the gills and the total SA of the fish (TSA) were reduced with the increasing temperature. The scaling exponent of RMR (bRMR) tended to be close to that of the TSA at a higher temperature. This suggests that temperature positively affects metabolic level but negatively affects bRMR The findings support the MLB hypothesis. The lower scaling exponent at a higher temperature can be alternatively explained as follows: the higher viscosity of cold water impedes respiratory ventilation and oxygen uptake and reduces metabolic rate more in smaller individuals than in larger individuals at lower temperature, thus resulting in a negative association between temperature and bRMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Wudu Bayi High School, Wudu, Longnan, Gansu 746000, China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Cong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Danyang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hang Xie
- Luzhou Agricultural Bureau, National Nature Reserve of Rare and Endemic Fish in the Upper Yangtze River for Luzhou Workstation, Luzhou, Sichuan 646009, China
| | - Yiping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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47
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Qi D, Chao Y, Zhao Y, Xia M, Wu R. Molecular evolution of myoglobin in the Tibetan Plateau endemic schizothoracine fish (Cyprinidae, Teleostei) and tissue-specific expression changes under hypoxia. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:557-571. [PMID: 29230594 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Myoglobin (Mb) is an oxygen-binding hemoprotein that was once thought to be exclusively expressed in oxidative myocytes of skeletal and cardiac muscle where it serves in oxygen storage and facilitates intracellular oxygen diffusion. In this study, we cloned the coding sequence of the Mb gene from four species, representing three groups, of the schizothoracine fish endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), then conducted molecular evolution analyses. We also investigated tissue expression patterns of Mb and the expression response to moderate and severe hypoxia at the mRNA and protein levels in a representative of the highly specialized schizothoracine fish species, Schizopygopsis pylzovi. Molecular evolution analyses showed that Mb from the highly specialized schizothoracine fish have undergone positive selection and one positively selected residue (81L) was identified, which is located in the F helix, close to or in contact with the heme. We present tentative evidence that the Mb duplication event occurred in the ancestor of the schizothoracine and Cyprininae fish (common carp and goldfish), and that the Mb2 paralog was subsequently lost in the schizothoracine fish. In S. pylzovi, Mb mRNA is expressed in various tissues with the exception of the intestine and gill, but all such tissues, including the liver, muscle, kidney, brain, eye, and skin, expressed very low levels of Mb mRNA (< 8.0%) relative to that of the heart. The trace levels of Mb expression in non-muscle tissues are perhaps the major reason why non-muscle Mb remained undiscovered for so long. The expression response of the Mb gene to hypoxia at the mRNA and protein levels was strikingly different in S. pylzovi compared to that found in the common carp, medaka, zebrafish, and goldfish, suggesting that the hypoxia response of Mb in fish may be species and tissue-specific. Notably, severe hypoxia induced significant expression of Mb at the mRNA and protein levels in the S. pylzovi heart, which suggests Mb has a major role in the supply of oxygen to the heart of Tibetan Plateau fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, No. 251 Ningda Road, Xining, 810016, China.
- Animal Science Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Qinghai University, No. 251 Ningda Road, Xining, 810016, China.
| | - Yan Chao
- Animal Science Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Qinghai University, No. 251 Ningda Road, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- Animal Science Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Qinghai University, No. 251 Ningda Road, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Mingzhe Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, No. 251 Ningda Road, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Rongrong Wu
- Animal Science Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Qinghai University, No. 251 Ningda Road, Xining, 810016, China
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Phuong LM, Huong DTT, Malte H, Nyengaard JR, Bayley M. Ontogeny and morphometrics of the gills and swim bladder of air-breathing striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.168658. [PMID: 29191864 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.168658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The air-breathing fish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus has been shown to have highly plastic branchial surfaces whose area (SA) increases with temperature and aquatic hypoxia. This modulation occurs through development of inter-lamellar cell mass (ILCM). Paradoxically, in conditions where this fish has been shown capable of covering its entire aerobic scope from the water phase, it has been shown to have a very small branchial SA. To address this paradox, we measured the SA, harmonic mean diffusion distance (τh) and calculated the anatomic diffusion factor (ADF) of the branchial and swim bladder surfaces in fish ranging from 3 to 1900 g at 27°C in normoxia. Since the lamellae were distinguishable from the ILCM, we measured the actual SA as well as the potential SA if ILCM were lost. As a result of low τh, P. hypophthalmus has a high capacity for branchial oxygen uptake with or without ILCM. Actual and potential gill ADF were 361 and 1002 cm2 µm-1 kg-1, respectively, for a 100 g fish and the ADF of the swim bladder was found to be 308 cm2 µm-1 kg-1 By swimming fish to exhaustion at different temperatures, we show that modulation of this SA is rapid, indicating that the apparent paradox between previous studies is eliminated. Regression analysis of log-log plots of respiratory SA in relation to body mass shows that the gill scales with mass similarly to the SA in active water-breathing fish, whereas the swim bladder scales with mass more like the mammalian lung does. This fish presents a combination of respiratory surfaces not previously seen in air-breathing fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le My Phuong
- Zoophysiology Section, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Department of Aquatic Nutrition and Products Processing, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, 900000 Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Do Thi Thanh Huong
- Department of Aquatic Nutrition and Products Processing, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, 900000 Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Hans Malte
- Zoophysiology Section, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mark Bayley
- Zoophysiology Section, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Blanco AM, Sundarrajan L, Bertucci JI, Unniappan S. Why goldfish? Merits and challenges in employing goldfish as a model organism in comparative endocrinology research. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:13-28. [PMID: 28185936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Goldfish has been used as an unconventional model organism to study a number of biological processes. For example, goldfish is a well-characterized and widely used model in comparative endocrinology, especially in neuroendocrinology. Several decades of research has established and validated an array of tools to study hormones in goldfish. The detailed brain atlas of goldfish, together with the stereotaxic apparatus, are invaluable tools for the neuroanatomic localization and central administration of endocrine factors. In vitro techniques, such as organ and primary cell cultures, have been developed using goldfish. In vivo approaches using goldfish were used to measure endogenous hormonal milieu, feeding, behaviour and stress. While there are many benefits in using goldfish as a model organism in research, there are also challenges associated with it. One example is its tetraploid genome that results in the existence of multiple isoforms of endocrine factors. The presence of extra endogenous forms of peptides and its receptors adds further complexity to the already redundant multifactorial endocrine milieu. This review will attempt to discuss the importance of goldfish as a model organism in comparative endocrinology. It will highlight some of the merits and challenges in employing goldfish as an animal model for hormone research in the post-genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Melisa Blanco
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lakshminarasimhan Sundarrajan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Juan Ignacio Bertucci
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Avenida Intendente Marinos Km. 8,2, 7130 Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Transcriptomic analysis of changes in gene expression of immune proteins of gill tissue in response to low environmental temperature in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 25:109-117. [PMID: 29414190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the face of ongoing climate change, it is imperative to understand better the effects of temperature on immune function in freshwater teleosts. It is unclear whether previously observed changes were caused by temperature per se. We studied changes in the gill transcriptome of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) at low temperature to understand better the effects of temperature on immune function. De novo assembly of the transcriptome using Trinity software resulted in 73,378 assembled contigs. Annotation using the Trinotate package yielded 58,952 Blastx hits (accessions). Expression of 194 unique mRNA transcripts changed in gill tissue of fathead minnows acclimatized to 5° compared to controls at 22 °C. At 5 °C mRNAs coding for proteins involved in innate immune responses were up-regulated. Those included proteins that block early-stage viral replication and macrophage activation. Expression of mRNAs coding for pro-inflammatory molecules and mucus secretion were also enhanced. Messenger RNAs coding for proteins associated with adaptive immune responses were down-regulated at 5 °C. Those included antigen-presenting proteins and proteins involved in immunoglobin production. Messenger RNAs coding for proteins that stimulate the cell cycle were also down-regulated at 5 °C. Histological comparison revealed that gills of cold acclimated fish had fewer mucus cells but cells contained larger mucus droplets. We conclude that decreased temperature modifies the immune systems of freshwater teleosts, leading to genome-wide upregulation of innate immunity and down regulation of adaptive immunity. Such acclimation likely evolved as an adaptive strategy against seasonal changes in infectious insults.
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