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Wu Y, Liu L, He F, Zhang Y, Jiang W, Cao Z, Xu X, Gong J. Long noncoding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 as a potential novel biomarker for intraperitoneal free cancer cells in colorectal cancer. iScience 2024; 27:110228. [PMID: 38993673 PMCID: PMC11237925 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent cancer with intraperitoneal free cancer cells (IFCCs) playing a significant role in prognosis, especially during surgeries. The identification of IFCCs is crucial for determining the stage and treatment of patients with CRC. Existing methods for IFCC detection, such as conventional cytology, immunocytochemistry (ICC), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have limitations in sensitivity and specificity. This study investigates the potential of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) SNHG1 as a biomarker for detecting IFCCs in patients with CRC. Testing on a cohort of 91 patients with CRC and 26 patients with gastrointestinal benign disease showed that SNHG1 outperformed CEA in distinguishing CRC cells and detecting IFCCs across different disease stages. SNHG1 demonstrated higher sensitivity (76.1% vs. 43.1%) and specificity (68.4% vs. 52.3%) than CEA for IFCC detection in patients with CRC, suggesting its promising role as a clinical method for identifying IFCCs in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Fangxun He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zhixin Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiangshang Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Gong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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2
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Sugarbaker PH, Deng T. Phase 1 trial of same day cytology to guide the use of HIPEC. Int J Surg Protoc 2024; 28:6-11. [PMID: 38433868 PMCID: PMC10905492 DOI: 10.1097/sp9.0000000000000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Peritoneal metastases from gastrointestinal or gynecologic malignancy are a prominent part of the natural history of these diseases. Peritoneal metastases, if not effectively treated, will result in a decreased survival and cause an impaired quality of life. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a treatment specifically designed to combat peritoneal metastases. A group of patients who, from a theoretical perspective, may benefit from HIPEC are those patients with a positive peritoneal cytology. In order to identify these patients at the time of a surgical intervention, a same day cytology is to be performed. Materials and methods The result of this test is to be available at or before the completion of the cancer resection. If the cytology is positive, the patient immediately becomes a candidate for HIPEC. The HIPEC will be of maximal value if a complete cytoreduction, as judged by the surgeon, has been possible. This phase 1 trial is to demonstrate that the Surgical Oncology Service, the Department of Pathology, the Pharmacy and the Operating Room personnel can co-ordinate a phase 1 protocol to successfully complete the same day cytology with an efficient delivery of HIPEC. A standardized plan for consent, cytology collection, preparation of the specimen, reading of the specimen, reporting the results in a timely manner facilitates the administration of HIPEC in peritoneal cytology positive patients. Dissemination Successful completion of these requirements is a positive result for this study and allows for future protocols to be generated. Successful completion of the same day cytology phase 1 protocol will allow the efficacy, safety, and efficiency of this plan of patient management to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Deng
- Department of Pathology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
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3
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Kepenekian V, Bhatt A, Péron J, Alyami M, Benzerdjeb N, Bakrin N, Falandry C, Passot G, Rousset P, Glehen O. Advances in the management of peritoneal malignancies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022; 19:698-718. [PMID: 36071285 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00675-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal surface malignancies (PSMs) are usually associated with a poor prognosis. Nonetheless, in line with advances in the management of most abdominopelvic metastatic diseases, considerable progress has been made over the past decade. An improved understanding of disease biology has led to the more accurate prediction of neoplasia aggressiveness and the treatment response and has been reflected in the proposal of new classification systems. Achieving complete cytoreductive surgery remains the cornerstone of curative-intent treatment of PSMs. Alongside centralization in expert centres, enabling the delivery of multimodal and multidisciplinary strategies, preoperative management is a crucial step in order to select patients who are most likely to benefit from surgery. Depending on the specific PSM, the role of intraperitoneal chemotherapy and of perioperative systemic chemotherapy, in particular, in the neoadjuvant setting, is established in certain scenarios but questioned in several others, although more prospective data are required. In this Review, we describe advances in all aspects of the management of PSMs including disease biology, assessment and improvement of disease resectability, perioperative management, systemic therapy and pre-emptive management, and we speculate on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahan Kepenekian
- Surgical Oncology Department, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, France.,CICLY - EA3738, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I (UCBL1), Lyon, France
| | - Aditi Bhatt
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Zydus hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Julien Péron
- Medical Oncology Department, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, France.,Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Equipe Biostatistique-Santé, UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - Mohammad Alyami
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Oncology Center, King Khalid Hospital, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazim Benzerdjeb
- CICLY - EA3738, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I (UCBL1), Lyon, France.,Department of Pathology, Institut de Pathologie Multisite, Hospices Civils de Lyon, UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - Naoual Bakrin
- Surgical Oncology Department, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, France.,CICLY - EA3738, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I (UCBL1), Lyon, France
| | - Claire Falandry
- Department of Onco-Geriatry, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Passot
- Surgical Oncology Department, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, France.,CICLY - EA3738, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I (UCBL1), Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Rousset
- CICLY - EA3738, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I (UCBL1), Lyon, France.,Department of Radiology, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Glehen
- Surgical Oncology Department, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, France. .,CICLY - EA3738, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I (UCBL1), Lyon, France.
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4
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Ouchi A, Kinoshita T, Nakanishi H, Komori K, Oshiro T, Yoshimura M, Fujita N, Hosoda W, Shimizu Y. PCR-based quantitative detection of intraperitoneal free cancer cells for predicting locoregional recurrence after rectal cancer resection. ANZ J Surg 2022; 92:794-800. [PMID: 35018696 DOI: 10.1111/ans.17436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Locoregional recurrence after curative resection remains an important issue in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical significance of quantitative detection of intraperitoneal free cancer cells by a PCR-based method for predicting locoregional recurrence after CRC resection. METHOD A total of 114 patients with CRC were enrolled between March 2017 and December 2018, and 95 patients with Stage I-III CRC were analyzed. Peritoneal lavage fluid was collected before and after tumour resection and subjected to cytology and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a genetic marker. RESULTS 2.1% of patients had positive cytology after resection, whereas 9.5% had positive CEA qRT-PCR (PCR+) after resection. Eight of nine PCR+ patients after resection had tumours in the rectum. Fifteen (15.8%) patients developed recurrence during the follow-up period, including three with locoregional recurrence. One of 86 (1.2%) PCR- patients and 2 of 9 (22.2%) PCR+ patients after resection developed locoregional recurrence. Overall and in rectal cancer patients, the 3-year cumulative risk of locoregional recurrence was 25.0% and 28.6% for PCR+ patients, which is significantly higher than PCR- patients (1.3% and 0%, P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION Intraperitoneal free cancer cells can serve as a sensitive predictor of locoregional recurrence after rectal cancer resection. qRT-PCR for CEA can be a suitable method for detecting intraperitoneal free cancer cells in peritoneal lavage fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ouchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hayao Nakanishi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Komori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taihei Oshiro
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yoshimura
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nao Fujita
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Waki Hosoda
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Sato H, Kotake K, Maeda K, Kobayashi H, Takahashi H, Sugihara K. Factors Affecting Positive Peritoneal Lavage Cytology in Patients with Stage II and III Colorectal Cancer with R0 Resection: A Multi-institutional, Prospective Study. JOURNAL OF THE ANUS RECTUM AND COLON 2021; 5:355-365. [PMID: 34746500 PMCID: PMC8553352 DOI: 10.23922/jarc.2021-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to explore the risk factors associated with cancer cell exfoliation in Stage II and III colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: This multicenter, prospective, observational study targeted 1,698 patients with cStage II and III CRC who underwent R0 resection between 2013 and 2017. Clinicopathological variables were analyzed for correlations with positive peritoneal lavage cytology (PLC). Results: The positive PLC rate was 2.7% (46/1,694 cases) at laparotomy and 1.6% (25/1,590 cases) after tumor resection. Logistic regression analyses identified that undifferentiated histologies diagnosed by preoperative biopsy specimen, cT4, and pN+ were independent factors that affected the positive PLC at laparotomy. The positive PLC rate at laparotomy was 4.5% (33/736 cases) among the patients with undifferentiated histology and/or cT4. Logistic regression analyses revealed that the presence of ascites and undifferentiated histology by biopsy independently affected positive PLC after tumor resection. Conclusions: The undifferentiated histology and/or T4 indicated by preoperative diagnosis were identified as factors affecting PLC at laparotomy. Furthermore, ascites and preoperative histological type were identified as factors affecting positive PLC after tumor resection. As factors affecting positive PLC, these preoperative findings were found to be equivalent to pathological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harunobu Sato
- Study Group for Peritoneal Metastasis from Colorectal Cancer by the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum.,Department of Surgery, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kotake
- Study Group for Peritoneal Metastasis from Colorectal Cancer by the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum.,Department of Surgery, Sano City Hospital, Sano, Japan
| | - Kotaro Maeda
- Study Group for Peritoneal Metastasis from Colorectal Cancer by the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum.,Department of Surgery, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Kobayashi
- Study Group for Peritoneal Metastasis from Colorectal Cancer by the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum.,Department of Surgery, Teikyo University Hospital, Mizonokuchi, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Medical Statistics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sugihara
- Study Group for Peritoneal Metastasis from Colorectal Cancer by the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum.,Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Sugarbaker PH, Deng T, Chang D. Peritoneal cytology as an indicator of peritoneal metastases in colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2021; 124:361-366. [PMID: 33961696 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the management of peritoneal metastases from colon and rectal cancer, the most favorable results are reported with an aggressive combined treatment on patients who have a small extent of the disease. A test to detect occult peritoneal metastases would greatly facilitate the management of this component of colorectal dissemination. METHODS Currently, the standard test by which to confirm the diagnosis of the peritoneal spread of colorectal cancer is peritoneal cytology. To study the utility of this test, we gathered information from patients with biopsy-proven peritoneal metastases. The clinical, histologic, and treatment-related features of these patients at the time of a cytoreductive surgery were statistically correlated with the results of the peritoneal cytology test. RESULTS Forty-nine patients with colorectal cancer peritoneal metastases and a peritoneal cytology determination at the time of a cytoreductive surgery were available for analysis. Twenty-eight patients (55.1%) had a positive test. Patients with a high peritoneal cancer index and mucinous histology were most likely to have positive peritoneal cytology. CONCLUSION Peritoneal cytology identified patients with mucinous histology and a large extent of disease but was consistently negative in patients who had a small extent of disease compatible with a favorable response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Sugarbaker
- Washington Cancer Institute, Program in Peritoneal Surface Malignancy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tom Deng
- Department of Pathology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
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7
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Breuer E, Hebeisen M, Schneider MA, Roth L, Pauli C, Frischer-Ordu K, Eden J, Pache B, Steffen T, Hübner M, Villeneuve L, Kepenekian V, Passot G, Gertsch P, Gupta A, Glehen O, Lehmann K. Site of Recurrence and Survival After Surgery for Colorectal Peritoneal Metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021; 113:1027-1035. [PMID: 33484560 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multimodal treatment, including systemic treatment and surgery, improved the prognosis of peritoneal metastasis (PM). Despite all efforts, recurrence rates remain high, and little data are available about clinical behavior or molecular patterns of PM in comparison to hematogenous metastasis. Here, we aimed to analyze recurrence patterns after multimodal treatment for PM from colorectal cancer. METHODS Patients with colorectal PM undergoing multimodal treatment including systemic chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) between 2005 and 2017 at 4 centers were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS A total of 505 patients undergoing CRS/HIPEC were analyzed. Of the patients, 82.1% received preoperative chemotherapy. Median peritoneal cancer index was 6 (interquartile range = 3-11). Median disease-free and overall survival was 12 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 11 to 14) months and 51 (95% CI = 43 to 62) months, respectively. Disease recurred in 361 (71.5%) patients, presenting as isolated peritoneal recurrence in 24.6%, isolated hematogenous recurrence in 28.3%, and mixed recurrence in 13.9% of patients. Recurrence to the peritoneum was associated with an impaired time from recurrence to death of 21 (95% CI = 18 to 31) months for isolated peritoneal and 22 (95% CI = 16 to 30) months for mixed recurrence, compared with 43 (95% CI = 31 to >121) months for hematogenous recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.27 to 2.53; P = .001; and HR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.61 to 3.79; P < .001). On multiple logistic regression analysis, RAS mutational status (odds ratio [OR] = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.11 to 5.47; P = .03) and positive nodal stage of the primary (OR = 3.88, 95% CI = 1.40 to 11.86; P = .01) were identified as predictive factors for peritoneal recurrence. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the heterogeneity of peritoneal metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer. Recurrent peritoneal metastasis after radical treatment represents a more aggressive subset of metastatic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Breuer
- Department of Surgery & Transplantation, Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Hebeisen
- Department of Biostatistics at Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel André Schneider
- Department of Surgery & Transplantation, Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lilian Roth
- Department of Surgery & Transplantation, Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Pauli
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Frischer-Ordu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janina Eden
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital of St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Basile Pache
- Department of Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Steffen
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital of St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hübner
- Department of Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Villeneuve
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vahan Kepenekian
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Passot
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Gertsch
- Department of Surgery & Transplantation, Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anurag Gupta
- Department of Surgery & Transplantation, Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Glehen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Kuno Lehmann
- Department of Surgery & Transplantation, Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Xu W, He Y, Wang Y, Li X, Young J, Ioannidis JPA, Dunlop MG, Theodoratou E. Risk factors and risk prediction models for colorectal cancer metastasis and recurrence: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. BMC Med 2020; 18:172. [PMID: 32586325 PMCID: PMC7318747 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a clear need for systematic appraisal of models/factors predicting colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis and recurrence because clinical decisions about adjuvant treatment are taken on the basis of such variables. METHODS We conducted an umbrella review of all systematic reviews of observational studies (with/without meta-analysis) that evaluated risk factors of CRC metastasis and recurrence. We also generated an updated synthesis of risk prediction models for CRC metastasis and recurrence. We cross-assessed individual risk factors and risk prediction models. RESULTS Thirty-four risk factors for CRC metastasis and 17 for recurrence were investigated. Twelve of 34 and 4/17 risk factors with p < 0.05 were estimated to change the odds of the outcome at least 3-fold. Only one risk factor (vascular invasion for lymph node metastasis [LNM] in pT1 CRC) presented convincing evidence. We identified 24 CRC risk prediction models. Across 12 metastasis models, six out of 27 unique predictors were assessed in the umbrella review and four of them changed the odds of the outcome at least 3-fold. Across 12 recurrence models, five out of 25 unique predictors were assessed in the umbrella review and only one changed the odds of the outcome at least 3-fold. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an in-depth evaluation and cross-assessment of 51 risk factors and 24 prediction models. Our findings suggest that a minority of influential risk factors are employed in prediction models, which indicates the need for a more rigorous and systematic model construction process following evidence-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Yazhou He
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Yuming Wang
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Li
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Jane Young
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Statistics, School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Malcolm G Dunlop
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Evropi Theodoratou
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK.
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
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9
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Simkens GA, Rovers KP, Nienhuijs SW, de Hingh IH. Patient selection for cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC for the treatment of peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2017; 9:259-266. [PMID: 28721098 PMCID: PMC5501638 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s119569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a viable option for selected patients with peritoneal metastases (PM) from colorectal origin, resulting in long-term survival and even cure in some cases. However, adequate patient selection for this treatment is currently one of the major challenges. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of clinically relevant factors associated with overall survival. This may help to guide clinicians through the complex interplay of patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics to adequately select patients who benefit the most from this extensive surgical treatment. First, basic principles of colorectal PM and the CRS and HIPEC treatment will be discussed. According to available literature, especially extent of peritoneal disease, completeness of cytoreduction, and signet ring cell histology have great influence on the outcome after CRS and HIPEC. Other factors that seem to have a negative prognostic value are the presence of liver metastases and the absence of treatment with neo-adjuvant systemic therapy. Prognostic models combining the above-mentioned factors, such as the Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases Prognostic Surgical Score nomogram, may provide clinically relevant tools to use in everyday practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert A Simkens
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Catharina Cancer Institute, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Koen P Rovers
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Catharina Cancer Institute, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Simon W Nienhuijs
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Catharina Cancer Institute, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ignace H de Hingh
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Catharina Cancer Institute, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Gelli M, Huguenin JF, Cerebelli C, Benhaim L, Honoré C, Elias D, Goéré D. Strategies to prevent peritoneal carcinomatosis arising from colorectal cancer. Future Oncol 2017; 13:907-918. [PMID: 28052691 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy became a curative option for peritoneal metastases in selected patients, otherwise considered for palliative therapy alone. Better knowledge of physiopathology of peritoneal spread and identification of predictive factors for peritoneal relapse prompted specialized centers to investigate the role of a 'proactive approach' in order to early detect peritoneal metastasis. These encouraging data could justify an active attitude in selected patients at high risk of peritoneal recurrence after curative resection of primary tumor. Selection criteria and the timing of complementary hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy remain important points of discussion. In this article, we will discuss treatment principles and future perspectives to early treat and, if possible, to prevent peritoneal dissemination after curative treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Gelli
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Janina Fl Huguenin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Cecilia Cerebelli
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Léonor Benhaim
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Charles Honoré
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Dominique Elias
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Diane Goéré
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
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11
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Intraperitoneal-Free Cancer Cells Represent a Major Prognostic Factor in Colorectal Peritoneal Carcinomatosis. Dis Colon Rectum 2016; 59:615-22. [PMID: 27270513 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraperitoneal-free cancer cells are considered as an important prognostic tool in gastric and ovarian cancer. However, their significance in colorectal cancer remains more controversial. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the role of intraperitoneal-free cancer cells as a prognostic tool in the outcome in colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis treated with curative intent by complete cytoreductive surgery. DESIGN This study is an analysis of a prospectively maintained database. PATIENTS Between 1991 and 2012, all patients treated in a single institution for colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis by complete cytoreductive surgery with peritoneal cytology available were evaluated. Peritoneal cytology was stained in the conventional way (May Grumwald Giemsa). RESULTS Among a population of 162 patients treated for colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis by complete cytoreductive surgery, 38 presented positive intraperitoneal-free cancer cells (23.5%). Systemic chemotherapy was administered to 135 patients (85%) during the preoperative course. Median follow-up was 34.5 months. Median overall survival was 19 and 44 months for positive and negative intraperitoneal-free cancer cells (p = 0.018). In multivariate analysis, Peritoneal Carcinomatosis Index and positive intraperitoneal-free cancer cells were significant prognostic factors of overall survival (HR, 2.3 (1.18-4.52), p = 0.014; HR, 1.9 (1.08-3.38), p = 0.027). LIMITATIONS Retrospective analysis and the long period were limitations of study. CONCLUSION Along with the Peritoneal Carcinomatosis Index, intraperitoneal-free cancer cells are a strong prognostic factor for patients treated with curative intent for colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis by complete cytoreductive surgery. The presence of intraperitoneal-free cancer cells should lead to the consideration of different treatment strategies such as extensive intraperitoneal lavage, targeted intraperitoneal therapies, or repeated intraperitoneal chemotherapy.
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Klaver CEL, Musters GD, Bemelman WA, Punt CJA, Verwaal VJ, Dijkgraaf MGW, Aalbers AGJ, van der Bilt JDW, Boerma D, Bremers AJA, Burger JWA, Buskens CJ, Evers P, van Ginkel RJ, van Grevenstein WMU, Hemmer PHJ, de Hingh IHJT, Lammers LA, van Leeuwen BL, Meijerink WJHJ, Nienhuijs SW, Pon J, Radema SA, van Ramshorst B, Snaebjornsson P, Tuynman JB, Te Velde EA, Wiezer MJ, de Wilt JHW, Tanis PJ. Adjuvant hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in patients with colon cancer at high risk of peritoneal carcinomatosis; the COLOPEC randomized multicentre trial. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:428. [PMID: 26003804 PMCID: PMC4492087 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The peritoneum is the second most common site of recurrence in colorectal cancer. Early detection of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) by imaging is difficult. Patients eventually presenting with clinically apparent PC have a poor prognosis. Median survival is only about five months if untreated and the benefit of palliative systemic chemotherapy is limited. Only a quarter of patients are eligible for curative treatment, consisting of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CR/HIPEC). However, the effectiveness depends highly on the extent of disease and the treatment is associated with a considerable complication rate. These clinical problems underline the need for effective adjuvant therapy in high-risk patients to minimize the risk of outgrowth of peritoneal micro metastases. Adjuvant hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) seems to be suitable for this purpose. Without the need for cytoreductive surgery, adjuvant HIPEC can be performed with a low complication rate and short hospital stay. Methods/Design The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of adjuvant HIPEC in preventing the development of PC in patients with colon cancer at high risk of peritoneal recurrence. This study will be performed in the nine Dutch HIPEC centres, starting in April 2015. Eligible for inclusion are patients who underwent curative resection for T4 or intra-abdominally perforated cM0 stage colon cancer. After resection of the primary tumour, 176 patients will be randomized to adjuvant HIPEC followed by routine adjuvant systemic chemotherapy in the experimental arm, or to systemic chemotherapy only in the control arm. Adjuvant HIPEC will be performed simultaneously or shortly after the primary resection. Oxaliplatin will be used as chemotherapeutic agent, for 30 min at 42-43 °C. Just before HIPEC, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin will be administered intravenously. Primary endpoint is peritoneal disease-free survival at 18 months. Diagnostic laparoscopy will be performed routinely after 18 months postoperatively in both arms of the study in patients without evidence of disease based on routine follow-up using CT imaging and CEA. Discussion Adjuvant HIPEC is assumed to reduce the expected 25 % absolute risk of PC in patients with T4 or perforated colon cancer to a risk of 10 %. This reduction is likely to translate into a prolonged overall survival. Trial registration number NCT02231086 (Clinicaltrials.gov)
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E L Klaver
- Department of surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Post box 22660, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gijsbert D Musters
- Department of surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Post box 22660, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Willem A Bemelman
- Department of surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Post box 22660, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis J A Punt
- Department of oncology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Post box 22660, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Victor J Verwaal
- Department of Surgery, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital/the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel G W Dijkgraaf
- Clinical Research Unit, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Post box 22660, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Arend G J Aalbers
- Department of Surgery, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital/the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jarmila D W van der Bilt
- Department of surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Post box 22660, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Djamila Boerma
- Department of surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Post box 2500, 3430 EM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Andre J A Bremers
- Department of surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 22, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacobus W A Burger
- Department of surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre/Daniel den Hoed, Post box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Christianne J Buskens
- Department of surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Post box 22660, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pauline Evers
- Dutch Cancer Patient Organization 'Leven met Kanker', Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert J van Ginkel
- Department of surgery, University Medical Centre, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Patrick H J Hemmer
- Department of surgery, University Medical Centre, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ignace H J T de Hingh
- Department of surgery, Catharina Ziekenhuis, Post box 1350, 5602 ZA, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Laureen A Lammers
- Department of pharmacy, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Post box 22660, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Barbara L van Leeuwen
- Department of surgery, University Medical Centre, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wilhelmus J H J Meijerink
- Departement of surgery, Vrije University Medical Center, Post box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Simon W Nienhuijs
- Department of surgery, Catharina Ziekenhuis, Post box 1350, 5602 ZA, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Jolien Pon
- Society of patients with cancer of the gastrointestinal tract (SPKS), Darmkanker Nederland, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Sandra A Radema
- Department of oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 22, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bert van Ramshorst
- Department of surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Post box 2500, 3430 EM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Petur Snaebjornsson
- Department of pathology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital/the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jurriaan B Tuynman
- Departement of surgery, Vrije University Medical Center, Post box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Elisabeth A Te Velde
- Departement of surgery, Vrije University Medical Center, Post box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marinus J Wiezer
- Department of surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Post box 2500, 3430 EM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes H W de Wilt
- Department of surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 22, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Pieter J Tanis
- Department of surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Post box 22660, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Incidence and prognostic significance of positive peritoneal lavage in colorectal cancer. Surg Today 2014; 45:1073-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00595-014-1066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Intraperitoneal chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment to prevent peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal cancer origin: a systematic review. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1112-21. [PMID: 25025964 PMCID: PMC4453838 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) of colorectal cancer (CRC) origin is associated with poor outcome. This systematic review evaluates the available evidence about adjuvant (hyperthermic) intraperitoneal chemotherapy ((H)IPEC) to prevent the development of PC. Methods: A systematic search of literature was conducted in August 2013 in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane database for studies on (H)IPEC to prevent PC in patients who underwent curative surgery for primary CRC. Results: Seven comparative studies and five cohort studies were selected. Treatment schedules varied between repeated fluoropyrimidine-based IPEC administration in the ambulatory setting to intra-operative (H)IPEC procedures using mitomycin-C or oxaliplatin. The reported rates of major complications related to adjuvant (H)IPEC was low. Four out of five evaluable comparative studies reported a significant difference in the incidence of PC in favour of (H)IPEC. All three comparative studies reporting on survival after intra-operative (H)IPEC showed a significant survival benefit in favour of the experimental arm. Substantial heterogeneity in patient selection, treatment protocols, and treatment effect evaluation among studies was observed. Conclusions: The currently available evidence about adjuvant (H)IPEC in high-risk CRC is limited and subject to bias, but points towards improved oncological outcome and supports further randomised studies.
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Passot G, Mohkam K, Cotte E, Glehen O. Intra-operative peritoneal lavage for colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:1935-9. [PMID: 24616569 PMCID: PMC3934463 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i8.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Free cancer cells can be detected in peritoneal fluid at the time of colorectal surgery. Peritoneal lavage in colorectal surgery for cancer is not used in routine, and the prognostic significance of intraperitoneal free cancer cells (IPCC) remains unclear. Data concerning the technique of peritoneal lavage to detect IPCC and its timing regarding colorectal resection are scarce. However, positive IPCC might be the first step of peritoneal spread in colorectal cancers, which could lead to early specific treatments. Because of the important heterogeneity of IPCC determination in reported studies, no treatment have been proposed to patients with positive IPCC. Herein, we provide an overview of IPCC detection and its impact on recurrence and survival, and we suggest further multi-institutional studies to evaluate new treatment strategies.
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Coccolini F, Gheza F, Lotti M, Virzì S, Iusco D, Ghermandi C, Melotti R, Baiocchi G, Giulini SM, Ansaloni L, Catena F. Peritoneal carcinomatosis. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:6979-6994. [PMID: 24222942 PMCID: PMC3819534 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i41.6979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several gastrointestinal and gynecological malignancies have the potential to disseminate and grow in the peritoneal cavity. The occurrence of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) has been shown to significantly decrease overall survival in patients with liver and/or extraperitoneal metastases from gastrointestinal cancer. During the last three decades, the understanding of the biology and pathways of dissemination of tumors with intraperitoneal spread, and the understanding of the protective function of the peritoneal barrier against tumoral seeding, has prompted the concept that PC is a loco-regional disease: in absence of other systemic metastases, multimodal approaches combining aggressive cytoreductive surgery, intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy and systemic chemotherapy have been proposed and are actually considered promising methods to improve loco-regional control of the disease, and ultimately to increase survival. The aim of this review article is to present the evidence on treatment of PC in different tumors, in order to provide patients with a proper surgical and multidisciplinary treatment focused on optimal control of their locoregional disease.
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Lack of prognostic significance of conventional peritoneal cytology in colorectal and gastric cancers: results of EVOCAPE 2 multicentre prospective study. Eur J Surg Oncol 2013; 39:707-14. [PMID: 23601984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM In digestive cancers, the prognostic significance of intraperitoneal free cancer cells remains unclear (IPCC). The main objective of this study was to assess the prognostic significance of IPCC in colorectal and gastric adenocarcinoma. The secondary objectives were to evaluate the predictive significance of IPCC for the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) and to evaluate the prevalence of synchronous PC and IPCC. METHODS This was a prospective multicentre study. All patients undergoing surgery for a digestive tract cancer had peritoneal cytology taken. Patients with gastric and colorectal cancer with no residual tumour after surgery and no evidence of PC were followed-up for 2 years. The primary end point was overall survival. RESULTS Between 2002 and 2007, 1364 patients were enrolled and 956 were followed-up over 2 years. Prevalence of IPCC was 5.7% in colon cancer, 0.6% in rectal cancer and 19.5% in gastric cancer. The overall 2-year survival rate for patients with IPCC was 34.7% versus 86.8% for patients with negative cytology (p<0.0001). By multivariate analysis, IPCC was not an independent prognostic factor. No relationship between cytology and recurrence was found. CONCLUSION The presence of IPCC was not an independent prognostic and didn't add any additional prognostic information to the usual prognostic factors related to the tumour (pTNM and differentiation). Moreover the presence of IPCC detected with this method didn't appear to predict development of PC. Peritoneal cytology using conventional staining doesn't seem to be a useful tool for the staging of colorectal and gastric cancers.
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18
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Bosanquet DC, Harris DA, Evans MD, Beynon J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of intraoperative peritoneal lavage for colorectal cancer staging. Br J Surg 2013; 100:853-62. [PMID: 23536330 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraperitoneal cancer cells are detectable at the time of colorectal cancer resection in some patients. The significance of this, particularly in patients with no other adverse prognostic features, is poorly defined. Consequently peritoneal lavage is not part of routine practice during colorectal cancer resection, in contrast with other abdominal malignancies. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the effect of positive intraoperative peritoneal cytology on cancer-specific outcomes in colorectal cancer. METHODS A systematic review of key electronic journal databases was undertaken using the search terms 'peritoneal cytology' and 'colorectal' from 1980 to 2012. Studies including patients with frank peritoneal metastasis were excluded. Meta-analysis for overall survival, local/peritoneal recurrence and overall recurrence was performed. RESULTS Twelve cohort studies (2580 patients) met the inclusion criteria. The weighted mean yield was 11·6 (range 2·2-41) per cent. Yield rates were dependent on timing of sampling (before resection, 11·8 per cent; after resection, 13·2 per cent) and detection methods used (cytopathology, 8·4 per cent; immunocytochemistry, 28·3 per cent; polymerase chain reaction, 14·5 per cent). Meta-analysis showed that positive peritoneal lavage predicted worse overall survival (odds ratio (OR) 4·26, 95 per cent confidence interval 2·86 to 6·36; P < 0·001), local/peritoneal recurrence (OR 6·57, 2·30 to 18·79; P < 0·001) and overall recurrence (OR 4·02, 2·24 to 7·22; P < 0·001). CONCLUSION Evidence of intraoperative peritoneal tumour cells at colorectal cancer resection is predictive of adverse cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Bosanquet
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Trust, Singleton Hospital, Sketty Lane, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
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Early intervention for treatment and prevention of colorectal carcinomatosis: a plan for individualized care. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2013; 21:689-703. [PMID: 23021724 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The benefits that are reported in patients who have carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer increase as the extent of disease within the abdomen and pelvis decreases. To optimize treatments that involve cytoreductive surgery and perioperative chemotherapy, early intervention is necessary. Strategies to improve the results of carcinomatosis treatments include second-look surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in patients at high risk for recurrence. Alternatively, the use of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy can be used to treat or prevent carcinomatosis at the time of primary colorectal cancer resection in selected patients.
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Hompes D, Tiek J, Wolthuis A, Fieuws S, Penninckx F, Van Cutsem E, D'Hoore A. HIPEC in T4a colon cancer: a defendable treatment to improve oncologic outcome? Ann Oncol 2012; 23:3123-3129. [PMID: 22831982 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate estimation of the potential benefits of 'adjuvant' hyperthermia and intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in T4 patients through assessment of the burden of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) in T4 tumors and the risk of PC as the only metastatic site. PATIENTS AND METHODS Analysis of prospectively collected data on patients who underwent surgery for colon cancer (Jan 2004-Jan 2007). RESULTS About 379 patients (M/F = 204/175) were included, with a median age of 71.8 years (range 35.4-95.0): 39 stage I, 126 stage II, 89 stage III, 116 stage IV disease (+9 with unknown stage). The median follow-up was 34.8months [range 0.0-79.4]. The 3- and 5-year overall survival rates (OS) were 68.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 63.9%-72.4%) and 60.3% (95%CI 55.6%-64.7%). Relapse analysis was restricted to stages II-III T3 (N = 154) and T4 tumors (N = 19) with complete relapse data, of which 13.2% developed PC. PC has a detrimental effect on OS [HR 6.3 (95%CI: 3.1-13.0, P < 0.0001)]. 50% of T4a and 20% of T4b developed PC. The 1- and 3-year PC percentage was significantly lower for T3 (4.5% and 9.3%) than T4 tumors (15.6% and 36.7%) (P = 0.008). PC was the only metastatic site in 3/15 T3 [proportion 0.20, 95%CI (0.043-0.481)] and 5/8 T4 tumors with PC [proportion 0.625, 95%CI (0.245-0.915)] (P = 0.071). CONCLUSIONS T4a colon tumors have a significantly higher risk of developing PC. Twenty-five percent (5/19) of stages II-III T4 tumors develop PC as the only metastatic site. This could define the possible window of opportunity for adjuvant HIPEC to prevent PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hompes
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg, Leuven.
| | - J Tiek
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg, Leuven
| | - A Wolthuis
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg, Leuven
| | - S Fieuws
- Department of Digestive Oncology, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg, Leuven and Universiteit Hasselt, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F Penninckx
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg, Leuven
| | - E Van Cutsem
- Department of Digestive Oncology, I-Biostat, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and Universiteit Hasselt
| | - A D'Hoore
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg, Leuven
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Honoré C, Goéré D, Souadka A, Dumont F, Elias D. Definition of Patients Presenting a High Risk of Developing Peritoneal Carcinomatosis After Curative Surgery for Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 20:183-92. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sugarbaker PH, Sammartino P, Tentes AA. Proactive management of peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer: the next logical step toward optimal locoregional control. COLORECTAL CANCER 2012; 1:115-123. [DOI: 10.2217/crc.12.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Although surgery for colorectal cancer has improved over the last decade, locoregional recurrence and peritoneal metastases continue as a mechanism of surgical treatment failure in 10–20% of patients. These patients have a dismal prognosis. Clinical information is available in order to identify patients who are at high risk for locoregional recurrence and peritoneal metastases. These patients, once identified, should be offered new treatment options shown to be of benefit in selected patients. Using perioperative chemotherapy at the time of colorectal cancer resection improves locoregional control and diminishes peritoneal metastases. Also, in patients at high risk, a proactive second-look surgery utilizing peritonectomy and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy is of benefit, with reasonable morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Sugarbaker
- Washington Cancer Institute, 106 Irving Street, NW, Suite 3900, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Paolo Sammartino
- Department of Surgery, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Klaver Y, Lemmens V, Creemers G, Rutten H, Nienhuijs S, de Hingh I. Population-based survival of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal origin in the era of increasing use of palliative chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:2250-6. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Altomare DF, Tedeschi M, Rotelli MT, Bocale D, Piscitelli D, Rinaldi M. Lack of prognostic role of pre- and postoperative peritoneal cytology and cytokeratin PCR-expression on local recurrence after curative anterior resection for mid-low rectal cancer. Updates Surg 2011; 63:109-13. [PMID: 21509696 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-011-0071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Local recurrence continues to be a major problem in rectal cancer. After cancer removal, detection of viable cancer cells could be useful to identify patients at risk for local recurrence. Thus, aim of the study was the detection of residual peritoneal cancer cells with a possible prognostic role for local recurrence. Twenty-nine patients were operated (R0) for low (extraperitoneal) rectal cancer, without neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy. Before and immediately after cancer removal, a peritoneal lavage was done to evaluate by RT-PCR the cytokeratin 20 mRNA on isolated cells and in order to detect cancer cells by the Thin-prep test. After a median follow-up of 39 months, 5 patients died (17%), one for non-cancer-related disease, two (7%) for local recurrence and peritoneal carcinosis, and two for distant metastases. Preoperative cytology with Thin-prep test was positive in 4 patients (14%), while postoperative peritoneal cytology was positive only in 1 patient, different from the previous. No patient developed local or distal recurrence and all were disease-free at the end of the follow-up. RT-PCR analysis was positive on the peritoneal lavage after cancer removal in 11 patients. One died for unrelated cause and no one developed local recurrences. Local recurrence occurred in only 1 of the 2 patients with positive RT-PCR analysis on the first lavage and negative on the second lavage. Our study demonstrates a not important prognostic role of Thin-prep test and RT-PCR of cytokeratin 20 mRNA on the detection of patients at risk for local recurrence after curative resection of rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato F Altomare
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza G Cesare, 11-70124 Bari, Italy.
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Sugarbaker PH. Revised guidelines for second-look surgery in patients with colon and rectal cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2011; 12:621-8. [PMID: 20851803 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-010-0567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proper indications for a second surgical intervention in patients with colorectal cancer have always been a controversial subject. Surgeons find benefit in a second-look operation where a limited extent of cancer is discovered and resected with negative margins. However, a negative exploratory laparotomy or an intervention that is unable to achieve an R0 resection provides little or no benefit. Unfortunately, this type of intervention may place the patient in a worse condition, leading to morbidity or mortality. This manuscript attempts to define clinical parameters of primary colorectal cancer that are associated with a pattern of recurrence and that can be definitively addressed by second-look surgery. Also, new surgical technologies that may assist in achieving a potentially curative resection of local-regional recurrence are described. Cytoreductive surgery with peritonectomy and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy with hyperthermia is presented as a new treatment option for reoperative surgery. A new management plan utilized in patients at high risk for local-regional recurrence may result in a high likelihood of conversion of a second-look cancer-positive patient to a long-term survivor.
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Stewart CJR, Hillery S, Platell C, Puppa G. Assessment of Serosal Invasion and Criteria for the Classification of Pathological (p) T4 Staging in Colorectal Carcinoma: Confusions, Controversies and Criticisms. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:164-81. [PMID: 24212611 PMCID: PMC3756354 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmural spread by colorectal carcinoma can result in tumor invasion of the serosal surface and, hence, more likely dissemination within the peritoneal cavity and potentially to additional metastatic sites. The adverse prognostic significance of serosal invasion is widely accepted and its presence may be considered an indication for chemotherapy in patients with node negative disease. However, controversy persists regarding the most appropriate criteria for diagnosis and there are also practical difficulties associated with histological assessment in some cases. Therefore, serosal invasion may be under-diagnosed in a significant proportion of tumors, potentially leading to sub-optimal treatment of high-risk patients. The examination of multiple microscopic sections combined with ancillary studies such as cytology preparations, elastin stains, and immunohistochemistry may prove beneficial in selected problematic cases, but these are not used routinely. The relative prognostic significance of serosal invasion and of direct tumor spread to other organs, both of which are incorporated within the pT4 category of the AJCC/UICC TNM staging system, remains unclear. Further studies are required to demonstrate whether recent adjustments to the TNM staging of pT4 tumors are appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. R. Stewart
- Department of Histopathology, SJOG Hospital, Perth, Western Australia; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: 061 08 93402715; Fax: 061 08 93402636
| | - Simon Hillery
- Department of Histopathology, SJOG Hospital, Perth, Western Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Cameron Platell
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, SJOG Hospital, Perth, Western Australia and University of Western Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Giacomo Puppa
- Division of Pathology, ‘G. Fracastoro’ City Hospital, Verona, Italy; E-Mail:
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Second-look surgery for colorectal cancer: revised selection factors and new treatment options for greater success. Int J Surg Oncol 2010; 2011:915078. [PMID: 22312530 PMCID: PMC3263683 DOI: 10.1155/2011/915078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper indications for second-look surgery in patients with colorectal cancer have always been a controversial subject. The surgical literature suggests benefit in a reoperation, where a limited extent of cancer is discovered and then resected with negative margins. However, patients are often subjected to a negative exploratory laparotomy or an intervention that is unable to achieve an R-0 resection; in these circumstances, little or no benefit occurs. Unfortunately, an unsuccessful repeat intervention may place the patient in a worse condition, especially if morbidity occurs. This paper seeks to identify the clinical parameters of a primary colorectal cancer and a followup plan that are associated with cancer recurrence that can be definitively addressed by the second look surgery. New surgical technologies, including cytoreductive surgery with peritonectomy and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy with hyperthermia, are suggested for use in this group of patients. This new management strategy used in patients with local-regional recurrence may result in a high proportion of patients converted from a second-look positive patient to a long-term survivor.
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Noura S, Ohue M, Shingai T, Kano S, Ohigashi H, Yano M, Ishikawa O, Takenaka A, Murata K, Kameyama M. Effects of intraperitoneal chemotherapy with mitomycin C on the prevention of peritoneal recurrence in colorectal cancer patients with positive peritoneal lavage cytology findings. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 18:396-404. [PMID: 20839059 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection of intraperitoneal free cancer cells in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is associated with a poorer prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) with mitomycin C (MMC) on preventing peritoneal recurrence in CRC patients with positive peritoneal lavage cytology findings. METHODS A total of 52 CRC patients who had no clinically confirmed peritoneal dissemination and whose status of peritoneal lavage cytology was positive were investigated. Conventional peritoneal lavage cytology was performed. Overall, 31 of the 52 patients (59.6%) were administered IPC with MMC. Before closure of the abdomen, 4 silicon catheters were inserted into peritoneal cavity. After closure, the perfusate (diluting 20 mg MMC with 500 ml saline) was instilled from the catheter, and all catheters were clumped. All catheters were opened 1 h later. RESULTS The mean follow-up period was 83.1 months. According to univariate analyses of all 52 patients and the subgroup of 36 patients with stage II or III tumors, patients with IPC had a significantly better peritoneal recurrence-free survival and cancer-specific survival than patients who did not receive IPC (P < 0.005). In multivariate analysis, IPC remained an independent prognostic factor for peritoneal recurrence-free survival in all patients. CONCLUSIONS It appears that IPC with MMC is an effective treatment to prevent peritoneal recurrence and prolong the cancer-specific survival in CRC patients without peritoneal dissemination, but who have positive peritoneal lavage cytology. It is necessary to verify the effectiveness of IPC with MMC in a prospective trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Noura
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan.
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29
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New Indications and New Reoperative Surgical Technologies for Second Lok Surgery in Colorectal Cancer. POLISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/v10035-010-0078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Sano Y, Date H, Toyooka S, Oto T, Yamane M, Hiraki T, Gobara H, Mimura H, Kanazawa S. Percutaneous computed tomography-guided lung biopsy and pleural dissemination. Cancer 2009; 115:5526-33. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Evaluation of intraperitoneal lavage cytology before colorectal cancer resection. Int J Colorectal Dis 2009; 24:907-14. [PMID: 19475411 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-009-0733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of intraperitoneal lavage cytology (lavage Cy) status before the resection of colorectal cancer as a predictive factor of peritoneal recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS The lavage Cy-positive [lavage Cy (+)] rate, peritoneal recurrence rate, and 5-year survival rate were examined in 298 cases of colorectal cancer in relation to various clinicopathological factors. RESULTS The overall lavage Cy (+) rate was 6.0%. The lavage Cy (+) rate within the group with peritoneal and hepatic metastases was significantly higher than that in the group without metastases (46.7% vs. 3.9% and 26.9% vs. 4.0%, respectively). The lavage Cy (+) rate was not significantly associated with any of the clinicopathological factors examined. The peritoneal recurrence rate was higher in the lavage Cy (+) group than in the lavage Cy-negative [lavage Cy (-)] group, although the difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in survival, regardless of the lavage Cy status, among the 263 patients who underwent curative resection. CONCLUSION The lavage Cy status before resection was not a useful predictive factor of peritoneal recurrence in cases of colorectal cancer.
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Long-term prognostic value of conventional peritoneal lavage cytology in patients undergoing curative colorectal cancer resection. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52:1312-20. [PMID: 19571710 DOI: 10.1007/dcr.0b013e3181a745a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Free malignant cells in the peritoneal cavity might play a role in the metastasis process. However, this phenomenon needs further elucidation. The aims of this study were to investigate the frequency of free cancer cells detected on cytologic examination of lavage fluid after peritoneal washing in patients undergoing curative surgery for colorectal cancer, to explore risk factors for exfoliation of cancer cells into the peritoneal cavity, and to evaluate the influence peritoneal lavage cytology as a prognostic tool. METHODS Peritoneal lavage was performed in 697 patients undergoing curative resection of colorectal cancer. Before the manipulation of the tumor, 100 mL of physiologic saline solution was administered into the abdominal cavity and the fluid was collected for cytologic examination. Specimens were classified as positive if at least one cancer cell was detected. RESULTS The mean follow-up period was 90.5 months. Overall, 15 (2.2%) of the 697 patients had positive results. Four characteristics were identified as risk factors for exfoliation of cancer cells into the peritoneal cavity: 1) depth of invasion, 2) regional lymph nodes, 3) lymphatic invasion, and 4) venous invasion. In univariate analyses of all 697 patients and the subgroup of 374 patients with pT3 or T4 tumors, patients with positive cytology findings had significantly worse disease-free and cancer-specific survival than patients with negative cytology findings (P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, peritoneal cytology remained an independent predictor of cancer-specific survival in all patients and in patients with pT3 or pT4 tumors. Only peritoneal cytology was a significant prognostic factor for peritoneal recurrence (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Conventional peritoneal cytology is a useful prognostic tool in patients undergoing curative surgery for colorectal cancer and may be helpful in making decisions whether to select intraperitoneal or systemic chemotherapy.
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Ceelen WP, Bracke ME. Peritoneal minimal residual disease in colorectal cancer: mechanisms, prevention, and treatment. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10:72-9. [PMID: 19111247 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(08)70335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Roughly one in five patients with colorectal cancer develops peritoneal minimal residual disease after surgical resection, and about one in seven patients develops peritoneal carcinomatosis. By contrast with the vast body of research addressing haematogenous metastasis, little is known about the biology of peritoneal spread of colorectal cancer. The development of peritoneal carcinomatosis involves well-defined steps including cell shedding and transport, adhesion to the mesothelial layer, invasion of and proliferation into the submesothelial stroma, and potential access to the systemic circulation. In this Review, we summarise the molecular mechanisms and potential preventive measures associated with each step of the peritoneal metastatic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim P Ceelen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Tez M. Can intraoperative intraperitoneal free cancer cell detection techniques identify patients at higher recurrence risk following curative colorectal cancer resection? A meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:2062. [PMID: 18340491 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-008-9853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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