1
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Li Y, Feng J, Huang F, Baell JB. Synthesis of 3-Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Derivates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301017. [PMID: 37269044 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
3-Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes are an important class of nitrogen-containing heterocycles that have been found to be key structural features in a wide range of biologically active natural products, drugs, and agrochemicals. As a cutting-edge area, the synthesis of these derivatives has made spectacular progress in recent decades, with various transition-metal-catalyzed and transition-metal-free catalytic systems being developed. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in the efficient methods for the synthesis of 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane derivatives since 2010, emphasizing the scope of substrates and synthesis' applications, as well as the mechanisms of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No.1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jiajun Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, China
| | - Fei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No.1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, China
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2
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Molteni L, Loro C, Christodoulou MS, Papis M, Foschi F, Beccalli EM, Broggini G. Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Rearrangement of 4‐Alkenyl‐isoxazol‐5‐ones to Pyrrole Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Camilla Loro
- University of Insubria: Universita degli Studi dell'Insubria DISAT ITALY
| | | | - Marta Papis
- University of Insubria Department of Science and High Technology: Universita degli Studi dell'Insubria Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia DISAT ITALY
| | - Francesca Foschi
- University of Insubria Department of Science and High Technology: Universita degli Studi dell'Insubria Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia DISAT ITALY
| | | | - Gianluigi Broggini
- Universita degli Studi dell'Insubria Dip. di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como ITALY
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3
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Loro C, Molteni L, Papis M, Lo Presti L, Foschi F, Beccalli EM, Broggini G. Non-Decarboxylative Ruthenium-Catalyzed Rearrangement of 4-Alkylidene-isoxazol-5-ones to Pyrazole- and Isoxazole-4-carboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2022; 24:3092-3096. [PMID: 35439418 PMCID: PMC9062882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of 4-(2-hydroaminoalkylidenyl)- and 4-(2-hydroxyalkylidenyl)-substituted isoxazol-5(4H)-ones with catalytic amounts of [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2, without any additive, afforded pyrazole- and isoxazole-4-carboxylic acids, respectively. The presence of an intramolecular H-bond in these substrates was the key to divert the classical mechanism toward a ring-opening non-decarboxylative path that is expected to generate a vinyl Ru-nitrenoid intermediate, the cyclization of which affords the rearranged products. A gram scale protocol demonstrated the synthetic applicability of this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Loro
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università
degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Letizia Molteni
- DISFARM,
Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Papis
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università
degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lo Presti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Foschi
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università
degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Egle M. Beccalli
- DISFARM,
Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Broggini
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università
degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100, Como, Italy
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4
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Rong W, Zhang T, Li T, Li J. Theoretical study of rhodium- and cobalt-catalyzed decarboxylative transformations of isoxazolones: origin of product selectivity. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01498b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations were performed to elucidate the origins of catalyst-controlled product selectivity in the decarboxylative transformations of isoxazolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Rong
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
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5
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Okamoto K, Eguchi A, Ohe K. Chemistry of 2H-Azirines from Old to New — Selective Synthesis and Transformation. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | | | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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6
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Christodoulou MS, Giofrè S, Beccalli EM, Foschi F, Broggini G. Divergent Conversion of 4-Naphthoquinone-substituted 4 H-Isoxazolones to Different Benzo-fused Indole Derivatives. Org Lett 2020; 22:2735-2739. [PMID: 32182085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
4,4-Disubstituted 4H-isoxazol-5-ones bearing a 1,4-naphthoquinone moiety undergo transformation into different types of benzoindolyl products depending on the different reaction conditions. A decarboxylative ring opening/ring closure promoted by catalytic [Ru(p-cymene)2Cl2]2 yields benzo[f]indole-4,9-diones. Alternatively, hydrogenation reactions provide the conversion of 4-(1,4-naphthoquinone)-substituted isoxazol-5-ones to benzo[g]indole compounds, with the level of reduction depending on the substituents present on the ring. Starting materials have been easily prepared by the functionalization of isoxazolinones with naphthoquinone under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Christodoulou
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sabrina Giofrè
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Egle M Beccalli
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Foschi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Broggini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
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7
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da Silva AF, Leonarczyk IA, Ferreira MAB, Jurberg ID. Diastereodivergent aminocatalyzed spirocyclization strategies using 4-alkylideneisoxazol-5-ones and methyl vinyl ketones. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00779j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diasterodivergent aminocatalyzed approaches starting from 4-alkylideneisoxazol-5-ones and methyl vinyl ketones have been developed for the synthesis of racemic 6,10-cis-spiroisoxazol-5-ones and highly enantioenriched 6,10-trans-spiroisoxazol-5-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ives A. Leonarczyk
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem)
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of São Carlos
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Marco A. B. Ferreira
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem)
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of São Carlos
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Igor D. Jurberg
- Institute of Chemistry
- State University of Campinas
- Campinas
- Brazil
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8
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Khlebnikov AF, Novikov MS, Rostovskii NV. Advances in 2H-azirine chemistry: A seven-year update. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Fernandes AAG, Stivanin ML, Jurberg ID. RuCl
3
/ PPh
3
‐ Catalyzed Direct Conversion of Isoxazol‐5‐ones to 2,3‐Disubstituted Pyridines. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra A. G. Fernandes
- State University of Campinas, Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic Chemistry Rua Monteiro Lobato 270 13083-970 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Mateus L. Stivanin
- State University of Campinas, Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic Chemistry Rua Monteiro Lobato 270 13083-970 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Igor D. Jurberg
- State University of Campinas, Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic Chemistry Rua Monteiro Lobato 270 13083-970 Campinas, SP Brazil
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10
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Shimbayashi T, Sasakura K, Eguchi A, Okamoto K, Ohe K. Recent Progress on Cyclic Nitrenoid Precursors in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Nitrene-Transfer Reactions. Chemistry 2018; 25:3156-3180. [PMID: 30183111 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitrene-transfer reactions are powerful synthetic tools for the direct incorporation of nitrogen atoms into organic molecules. The discovery of novel nitrene-transfer reactions has been dominantly supported not only by improvements in transition-metal catalysts but also by the employment of novel precursors of nitrenoids. Since pioneering work involving the use of organic azides and iminoiodinanes as practical synthetic tools for nitrogen-containing compounds was reported, a new approach using various N-heterocycles containing strain energy or a weak bond has emerged. In this review, we briefly summarize the history of nitrene-transfer chemistry from the viewpoint of its precursors. In particular, the use of N-heterocycles such as 2H-azirines, 1,4,2-dioxazol-5-ones, 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-ones, isoxazol-5(4H)-ones, and isoxazoles is comprehensively described, showing the recent remarkable progress in this chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimbayashi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Sasakura
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Eguchi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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11
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Shimbayashi T, Matsushita G, Nanya A, Eguchi A, Okamoto K, Ohe K. Divergent Catalytic Approach from Cyclic Oxime Esters to Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles with Group 9 Metal Catalysts. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimbayashi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Gaku Matsushita
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nanya
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Eguchi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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12
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Shimbayashi T, Nakamoto D, Okamoto K, Ohe K. Facile Construction of Tetrahydropyrrolizines by Iron-Catalyzed Double Cyclization of Alkene-Tethered Oxime Esters with 1,2-Disubstituted Alkenes. Org Lett 2018; 20:3044-3048. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimbayashi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Daiki Nakamoto
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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13
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Shimbayashi T, Okamoto K, Ohe K. Iron-Catalyzed Aminative Cyclization/Intermolecular Homolytic Aromatic Substitution Using Oxime Esters and Simple Arenes. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:395-399. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimbayashi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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14
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Ohe K, Okamoto K, Oda T, Shimbayashi T, Matsushita G, Sasakura K. Palladium-Catalyzed Selective Formation of Substituted Pyrroles from Alkene-tethered Cyclic Oxime Esters. HETEROCYCLES 2018. [DOI: 10.3987/com-17-s(t)4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Okamoto K, Nanya A, Eguchi A, Ohe K. Asymmetric Synthesis of 2H
-Azirines with a Tetrasubstituted Stereocenter by Enantioselective Ring Contraction of Isoxazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:1039-1043. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Atsushi Nanya
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Akira Eguchi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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16
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Okamoto K, Nanya A, Eguchi A, Ohe K. Asymmetric Synthesis of 2H
-Azirines with a Tetrasubstituted Stereocenter by Enantioselective Ring Contraction of Isoxazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Atsushi Nanya
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Akira Eguchi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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17
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Shimbayashi T, Okamoto K, Ohe K. Generation of Stable Ruthenium(IV) Ketimido Complexes by Oxidative Addition of Oxime Esters to Ruthenium(II): Reactivity Studies Based on Electronic Properties of the Ru−N Bond. Chemistry 2017; 23:16892-16897. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimbayashi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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18
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Rieckhoff S, Titze M, Frey W, Peters R. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2H-Azirines from Isoxazolinones. Org Lett 2017; 19:4436-4439. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rieckhoff
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marvin Titze
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - René Peters
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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