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Mariello M, Eş I, Proctor CM. Soft and Flexible Bioelectronic Micro-Systems for Electronically Controlled Drug Delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302969. [PMID: 37924224 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The concept of targeted and controlled drug delivery, which directs treatment to precise anatomical sites, offers benefits such as fewer side effects, reduced toxicity, optimized dosages, and quicker responses. However, challenges remain to engineer dependable systems and materials that can modulate host tissue interactions and overcome biological barriers. To stay aligned with advancements in healthcare and precision medicine, novel approaches and materials are imperative to improve effectiveness, biocompatibility, and tissue compliance. Electronically controlled drug delivery (ECDD) has recently emerged as a promising approach to calibrated drug delivery with spatial and temporal precision. This article covers recent breakthroughs in soft, flexible, and adaptable bioelectronic micro-systems designed for ECDD. It overviews the most widely reported operational modes, materials engineering strategies, electronic interfaces, and characterization techniques associated with ECDD systems. Further, it delves into the pivotal applications of ECDD in wearable, ingestible, and implantable medical devices. Finally, the discourse extends to future prospects and challenges for ECDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mariello
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ismail Eş
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Christopher M Proctor
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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2
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Liu HX, Wang YB, Wang SY, Yan KC, Yang YR, Wang XD. Working Regime Criteria for Microscale Electrohydrodynamic Conduction Pumps. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 38010376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the microscale electrohydrodynamic (EHD) conduction pumps in a wide range of working regimes, from the saturation regime to the ohmic regime. We showed that the existing macro- and microscale theoretical models could not accurately predict the electric force of microscale EHD conduction pumps, especially for the cases of a strong diffusion effect. We clarified that the failure is caused by a rough estimate of the heterocharge layer thickness. We revised the expression of heterocharge layer thickness by considering the diffusion effect and developed a new theoretical model for the microscale EHD conduction pumps based on the revised expression of heterocharge layer thickness. The results showed that our model can accurately predict the dimensionless electric force of the microscale EHD conduction pumps even for the cases of a strong diffusion effect. Furthermore, we developed a working regime map of microscale EHD conduction pumps and found that the microscale EHD conduction pumps more easily fall into the saturation regime compared with the macroscale EHD conduction pumps due to the enhanced diffusion effect; in other words, the microscale EHD conduction pumps have a wider saturation regime. We showed that the conduction number C0 could not distinguish the working regime of the microscale EHD conduction pumps because it does not take the diffusion effect into account. By employing the revised expression of heterocharge layer thickness, we proposed a new dimensionless number, C0D to distinguish the working regimes of microscale EHD conduction pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
- Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yi-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
- Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shao-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
- Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ke-Chuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
- Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan-Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
- Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
- Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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Peng Y, Li D, Yang X, Ma Z, Mao Z. A Review on Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) Pump. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:321. [PMID: 36838020 PMCID: PMC9963539 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, functional fluidic and gas electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pumps have received considerable attention due to their remarkable features, such as simple structure, quiet operation, and energy-efficient utilization. EHD pumps can be applied in various industrial applications, including flow transfer, thermal management, and actuator drive. In this paper, the authors reviewed the literature surrounding functional fluidic and gas EHD pumps regarding the following aspects: the initial observation of the EHD effect, mathematical modeling, and the choice of pump structure, electrode configuration, and working medium. Based on the review, we present a summary of the development and latest research on EHD pumps. This paper provides a critical analysis of the current limitations of EHD pumps and identifies potential areas for future research. Additionally, the potential application of artificial intelligence in the field of EHD pumps is discussed in the context of its cross-disciplinary nature. Many reviews on EHD pumps focus on rigid pumps, and the contribution of this review is to summarize and analyze soft EHD pumps that have received less attention, thus reducing the knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Peng
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Dongze Li
- Department of Intelligent Science and Technology, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, 308 Ning Xia Lu, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Zisu Ma
- School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Zebing Mao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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Atsumi T, Takayama T, Kaneko M. Pulsation Reduction Using Dual Sidewall-Driven Micropumps. MICROMACHINES 2022; 14:19. [PMID: 36677080 PMCID: PMC9863840 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell manipulation in microfluidic channels at the micrometer scale has recently become common. However, the current mainstream method using a syringe pump and a piezoelectric actuator is not suitable for long-term experiments. Some methods incorporate a pump mechanism into a microfluidic channel, but they are not suitable for mass production owing to their complex structures. Here, we propose a sidewall-driven micropump integrated into a microfluidic device as well as a method for reducing the pulsation of flow. This sidewall-driven micropump consists of small chambers lined up on both sides along the main flow path, with a wall separating the flow path and each chamber being deformed by air pressure. The chambers are pressurized to make the peristaltic motion of the wall possible, which generates flow in the main flow path. This pump can be created in a single layer, which allows a simplified structure to be achieved, although pulsation can occur when the pump is used alone. We created two types of chips with two micropumps placed in the flow path and attempted to reduce pulsation by driving them in different phases. The proposed dually driven micropump reduced pulsation when compared with the single pump. This device enables precise particle control and is expected to contribute to less costly and easier cell manipulation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Atsumi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Toshio Takayama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Makoto Kaneko
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
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Chen J, Meng F, Feng Z, Gao W, Liu C, Zeng Y. Matching the Optimal Operating Mode of Polydimethylsiloxane Check Valves by Tuning the Resonant Frequency of the Resonator in a Piezoelectric Pump for Improved Output Performance. MICROMACHINES 2022; 14:15. [PMID: 36677076 PMCID: PMC9866841 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes to improve the output performance of a piezoelectric pump by matching the resonant frequency of the resonator to the optimal operating mode of bridge-type polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) check valves. Simulation analyses reveal that the side-curling mode of the PDMS valve is conducive to liquid flow and exhibits a faster frequency response compared with the first bending mode. The first bending resonant frequency of a beam-type piezoelectric resonator was tuned close to the side-curling mode of the PDMS valve by adjusting the weight of two mass blocks installed on both ends of the resonator, so that both the resonator and the valve could work at their best conditions. Experiments were conducted on a detachable prototype piezoelectric pump using PDMS valves with three different lengths. The results confirm that the peak flowrate at the resonant point of the pump reaches its maximum when the resonant frequencies between the resonator and the valve are matched. Maximum peak flowrates of 88 mL/min, 72 mL/min and 70 mL/min were achieved at 722 Hz, 761 Hz and 789 Hz, respectively, for diaphragm pumps using five-, four- and three-inlet-hole PDMS valves, under a driving voltage of 300 Vpp.
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Kuwajima Y, Seki Y, Yamada Y, Awaki S, Kamiyauchi S, Wiranata A, Okuno Y, Shigemune H, Maeda S. Electrochemical Dual Transducer for Fluidic Self-Sensing Actuation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3496-3503. [PMID: 34994533 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical dual transducer (ECDT) based on a chemical reaction is a new fluidic machine for self-sensing actuation. Recently, incorporating sensors has enhanced the multifunctionality of soft robots with fluidic machines such as pumps or compressors. However, conventional fluidic systems have limitations such as heavy weight, noise, bloat, and complexity. In our previous research, we adopted small-sized, lightweight, and quiet electrohydrodynamic pumps for soft robots. In this paper, we propose a new ECDT by exploring the possibility of an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pump to sense the flow of the working fluid. The current in the ECDT is proportional to 1/3 of the inflowing velocity. We also clarify its mechanism, mathematical model, range of detectable flow rate, sensitivity factor, relaxation time, response speed, and pumping characteristics. The advantages of the ECDT are their small size, light weight, simple fabrication process, extensibility of the sensing range, and sensitivity. We also demonstrate a suction cup driven by the ECDT, which can detect, hold, and release objects. We expect a bidirectional ECDT will realize a small, multifunctional, and straightforward fluidic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kuwajima
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Yumeta Seki
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Yuhei Yamada
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Satoshi Awaki
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Shota Kamiyauchi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Ardi Wiranata
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Bulaksumur Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Yuto Okuno
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shigemune
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
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Seki Y, Kuwajima Y, Shigemune H, Yamada Y, Maeda S. Optimization of the Electrode Arrangement and Reliable Fabrication of Flexible EHD Pumps. JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS AND MECHATRONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.20965/jrm.2020.p0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Soft robots have great potential to realize machines that interact and coexist with humans. A key technology to realize soft robots is soft fluidic actuators. Previously, we developed a soft pump using the electrohydrodynamics (EHD) phenomenon. EHD is a flow phenomenon, which is generated by applying a high voltage to a dielectric fluid. In this study, we developed flexible high-power-density EHD pumps. First, a pump was fabricated by a simple design with interdigitated electrodes. Second, a mathematical model was used to analyze the pressure generated per length assuming that electric fields only act between neighboring electrodes in a flexible EHD pump with interdigitated electrodes. The results were used to optimize the gap between electrodes to maximize the pressure per length. Third, we used the optimized process to fabricate multiple flexible EHD pumps. The procedure produced pumps easily and reliably. Fourth, we compared the experimental values with the analytical solutions. The good agreement confirmed that the generated pressure per unit length can be approximated in a uniform electric field between neighboring electrodes. Because our flexible EHD pump can operate even when deformed, it has potential for wearable device applications.
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Aboubakri A, Ahmadi VE, Koşar A. Modeling of a Passive-Valve Piezoelectric Micro-Pump: A Parametric Study. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11080752. [PMID: 32751989 PMCID: PMC7464695 DOI: 10.3390/mi11080752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric micro-pumps offer many applications and could provide considerable flow rates in miniature systems. This study parametrically investigates the effects of major parameters, namely the length, width and attack angle of valves, piezoelectric length, and applied voltage. The results show that these parameters significantly affect the performance of the designed micro-pump. Even though increasing the piezoelectric length and operating voltage raise the flow rate, the modification of valve dimensions is more efficient since these parameters do not rely on any external power. According to the obtained results, as the length of the working valves increases, the provided flow rate becomes larger. There is an optimum condition for the width and attack angle of the valves. This optimum width is not dependent on the flow rate. With the use of the attack angle and the length of the valves as design parameters, the studied design shows promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akam Aboubakri
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (A.A.); (V.E.A.)
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology and Applications Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Vahid Ebrahimpour Ahmadi
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (A.A.); (V.E.A.)
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology and Applications Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Ali Koşar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (A.A.); (V.E.A.)
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology and Applications Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano-Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
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Cacucciolo V, Shigemune H, Cianchetti M, Laschi C, Maeda S. Conduction Electrohydrodynamics with Mobile Electrodes: A Novel Actuation System for Untethered Robots. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600495. [PMID: 28932659 PMCID: PMC5604368 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) refers to the direct conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy of a fluid. Through the use of mobile electrodes, this principle is exploited in a novel fashion for designing and testing a millimeter-scale untethered robot, which is powered harvesting the energy from an external electric field. The robot is designed as an inverted sail-boat, with the thrust generated on the sail submerged in the liquid. The diffusion constant of the robot is experimentally computed, proving that its movement is not driven by thermal fluctuations, and then its kinematic and dynamic responses are characterized for different applied voltages. The results show the feasibility of using EHD with mobile electrodes for powering untethered robots and provide new evidences for the further development of this actuation system for both mobile robots and compliant actuators in soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Cacucciolo
- The Bio Robotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 Pontedera (Pisa) 56025 Italy
| | - Hiroki Shigemune
- Department of Applied Physics Graduate School of Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Matteo Cianchetti
- The Bio Robotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 Pontedera (Pisa) 56025 Italy
| | - Cecilia Laschi
- The Bio Robotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 Pontedera (Pisa) 56025 Italy
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Shibaura Institute of Technology 3-7-5 Toyosu Koto-ku Tokyo 135-8548 Japan
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