1
|
Ishigaki Y, Harimoto T, Shimajiri T, Suzuki T. Carbon-based Biradicals: Structural and Magnetic Switching. Chem Rev 2023; 123:13952-13965. [PMID: 37948658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Sterically hindered C═C double bonds often deform into a bent or twisted geometry. Thus, many overcrowded ethylenes or anthraquinodimethanes can adopt multiple conformations, such as a folded form or a twisted form, which are interconvertible under the application of external stimuli. A perpendicular form with biradical character can also be adopted when designed to incorporate a stable carbon-based radical unit, which is involved in stimuli-responsive magnetic switching accompanied by a structural change. This review focuses on recent advances in the development of such strained π-electron systems and reveals the factors that affect the mutual interconversion and switching behavior. The energy barrier for the interconversion of conformational isomers is affected by the tricyclic skeleton or bulky substituents on the C═C double bonds, whereas the relative stability of the perpendicular biradical form increases with the additional insertion of 9,10-anthrylene units into the C═C double bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takashi Harimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takuya Shimajiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ishigaki Y, Asai K, Jacquot de Rouville HP, Shimajiri T, Hu J, Heitz V, Suzuki T. Solid-State Assembly by Chelating Chalcogen Bonding in Quinodimethane Tetraesters Fused with a Chalcogenadiazole. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200075. [PMID: 35420722 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to p-quinodimethane tetraesters, which undergo facile polymerization due to their diradical character, newly synthesized 1 and 2 consisting of a chalcogenadiazole fused to a p-naphthoquinodimethane tetraester are thermodynamically stable due to butterfly-shaped deformation. Such a folded molecular structure is also favorable for chalcogen bond (ChB) formation through intermolecular close contacts between a chalcogen atom (E: Se or S) and the oxygen atoms of ester groups in a crystal. The less-explored chelating-ChB through a C=O⋅⋅⋅E⋅⋅⋅O=C contact [Se⋅⋅⋅O: 2.94-3.37 Å] is the key supramolecular synthon for the formation of a one-dimensional rod-like assembly in a crystal, which is commonly observed in selenadiazole-tetraesters (1) with OMe, OEt, and OiPr groups. The formation of inclusion cavities between the rods shows that 1 could serve as solid-state host molecules for clathrate formation, as found in a hexane-solvated crystal. In contrast, thiadiazole-tetraesters (2) are less suitable for the formation of a rod-like assembly since the ChB involving S is less effective, and thus is overwhelmed by weak hydrogen bonds through C-H⋅⋅⋅O contacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kota Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Henri-Pierre Jacquot de Rouville
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Takuya Shimajiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Johnny Hu
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Heitz
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ishigaki Y, Shimomura K, Asai K, Shimajiri T, Akutagawa T, Fukushima T, Suzuki T. Chalcogen Bond versus Halogen Bond: Changing Contributions in Determining the Crystal Packing of Dihalobenzochalcogenadiazoles. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kai Shimomura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kota Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takuya Shimajiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- Institute of Multidisiplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Takanori Fukushima
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ishigaki Y, Asai K, Shimajiri T, Suzuki T. [1,2,5]Chalcogenadiazole-fused Dicyanonaphthoquinodiimines: Larger Contribution from Chalcogen Bond than Weak Hydrogen Bond in Determining Crystal Structures. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, North-ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kota Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, North-ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takuya Shimajiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, North-ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, North-ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cole JM, Blood-Forsythe MA, Lin TC, Pattison P, Gong Y, Vázquez-Mayagoitia Á, Waddell PG, Zhang L, Koumura N, Mori S. Discovery of S···C≡N Intramolecular Bonding in a Thiophenylcyanoacrylate-Based Dye: Realizing Charge Transfer Pathways and Dye···TiO 2 Anchoring Characteristics for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:25952-25961. [PMID: 28692246 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Donor-π-acceptor dyes containing thiophenyl π-conjugated units and cyanoacrylate acceptor groups are among the best-performing organic chromophores used in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) applications. Yet, the molecular origins of their high photovoltaic output have remained unclear until now. This synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction study elucidates these origins for the high-performance thiophenylcyanoacrylate-based dye MK-2 (7.7% DSC device efficiency) and its molecular building block, MK-44. The crystal structures of MK-2 and MK-44 are both determined, while a high-resolution charge-density mapping of the smaller molecule was also possible, enabling the nature of its bonding to be detailed. A strong S···C≡N intramolecular interaction is discovered, which bears a bond critical point, thus proving that this interaction should be formally classified as a chemical bond. A topological analysis of the π-conjugated portion of MK-44 shows that this S···C≡N bonding underpins the highly efficient intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) in thiophenylcyanoacrylate dyes. This manifests as two bipartite ICT pathways bearing carboxylate and nitrile end points. In turn, these pathways dictate a preferred COO/CN anchoring mode for the dye as it adsorbs onto TiO2 surfaces, to form the dye···TiO2 interface that constitutes the DSC working electrode. These results corroborate a recent proposal that all cyanoacrylate groups anchor onto TiO2 in this COO/CN binding configuration. Conformational analysis of the MK-44 and MK-2 crystal structures reveals that this S···C≡N bonding will persist in MK-2. Accordingly, this newly discovered bond affords a rational explanation for the attractive photovoltaic properties of MK-2. More generally, this study provides the first unequivocal evidence for an S···C≡N interaction, confirming previous speculative assignments of such interactions in other compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Cole
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge , West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A Blood-Forsythe
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Tze-Chia Lin
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Pattison
- Swiss Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yun Gong
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul G Waddell
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Nagatoshi Koumura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shogo Mori
- Division of Chemistry and Materials, Shinshu University, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology , Ueda, Nagano 3868567, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sato M, Takeda T, Hoshino N, Akutagawa T. Electronic and crystal structures of 1,2,3-triazole-fused p-benzoquinone derivatives. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce02167k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
7
|
Yamashita Y, Saito K, Mukai T, Miyashi T. N-methyl derivatives of [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-b]quinoxaline and the selenium analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)93426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|