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DeHovitz JS, Hyster TK. Photoinduced Dynamic Radical Processes for Isomerizations, Deracemizations, and Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S. DeHovitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Todd K. Hyster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Neveselý T, Wienhold M, Molloy JJ, Gilmour R. Advances in the E → Z Isomerization of Alkenes Using Small Molecule Photocatalysts. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2650-2694. [PMID: 34449198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Geometrical E → Z alkene isomerization is intimately entwined in the historical fabric of organic photochemistry and is enjoying a renaissance (Roth et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1989 28, 1193-1207). This is a consequence of the fundamental stereochemical importance of Z-alkenes, juxtaposed with frustrations in thermal reactivity that are rooted in microscopic reversibility. Accessing excited state reactivity paradigms allow this latter obstacle to be circumnavigated by exploiting subtle differences in the photophysical behavior of the substrate and product chromophores: this provides a molecular basis for directionality. While direct irradiation is operationally simple, photosensitization via selective energy transfer enables augmentation of the alkene repertoire to include substrates that are not directly excited by photons. Through sustained innovation, an impressive portfolio of tailored small molecule catalysts with a range of triplet energies are now widely available to facilitate contra-thermodynamic and thermo-neutral isomerization reactions to generate Z-alkene fragments. This review is intended to serve as a practical guide covering the geometric isomerization of alkenes enabled by energy transfer catalysis from 2000 to 2020, and as a logical sequel to the excellent treatment by Dugave and Demange (Chem. Rev. 2003 103, 2475-2532). The mechanistic foundations underpinning isomerization selectivity are discussed together with induction models and rationales to explain the counterintuitive directionality of these processes in which very small energy differences distinguish substrate from product. Implications for subsequent stereospecific transformations, application in total synthesis, regioselective polyene isomerization, and spatiotemporal control of pre-existing alkene configuration in a broader sense are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Neveselý
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Max Wienhold
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - John J Molloy
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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Fluorescence/photoisomerization competition in trans-aza-1,2-diarylethenes. J Fluoresc 2009; 19:759-68. [PMID: 19333740 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-009-0472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the presence and position of the nitrogen heteroatom on the photobehaviour of a series of symmetric and asymmetric 1,2-diarylethenes, where one or both the one-, two- or three-membered aryl groups, linked to the ethene bridge, contain(s) nitrogen heteroatoms, has been investigated by fluorimetric and photochemical techniques. The yield of the radiative pathway is generally reduced with respect to the corresponding hydrocarbons, due to a smaller energy barrier for trans-->cis (E-->Z) photoisomerization in the singlet state, which often can be slightly favoured in the aza-compounds. All compounds investigated exist in solution as mixtures of two or more conformers, which can have different spectral and kinetic properties. Attempts to separate the intrinsic properties by selective photoexcitation, at a wavelength where the light is mainly absorbed by one conformer, allowed in some favourable cases the spectra and decay times of the largely prevalent (quasi-pure) conformer to be obtained. In two cases, the formation of intramolecular (hydrogen-bond-type) interactions between the nitrogen atom and the nearest hydrogen atom of the ethene bridge (proved by NMR measurements and confirmed by theoretical calculations) were found to stabilize a specific conformer thus affecting a selective relaxation of the excited molecule.
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Arai T, Tokumaru K. Present Status of the Photoisomerization About Ethylenic Bonds. ADVANCES IN PHOTOCHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470133514.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ikegami
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Ibaraki , 305-8571 , Japan
| | - Toshihide Suzuki
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Ibaraki , 305-8571 , Japan
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Ibaraki , 305-8571 , Japan
| | - Tatsuo Arai
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Ibaraki , 305-8571 , Japan
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Momotake A, Arai T. Synthesis, excited state properties, and dynamic structural change of photoresponsive dendrimers. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Norikane Y, Itoh H, Arai T. Photochemistry of 2‘-Hydroxychalcone. One-Way Cis−Trans Photoisomerization Induced by Adiabatic Intramolecular Hydrogen Atom Transfer. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0133081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Norikane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan, and Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Hiroki Itoh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan, and Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Arai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan, and Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
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Davis R, Das S, George M, Druzhinin S, Zachariasse KA. Intramolecular Charge Transfer and Photochemical Isomerization in Donor/Acceptor-Substituted Butadienes. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp004245+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Galiazzo G, Bortolus P, Gennari G. Interaction between naphthyl-indolyl-ethenes and aliphatic amines. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(98)00421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yang Y, Arai T. Novel photochemical behavior of olefin with a pyrrole ring and a phenanthroline ring controlled by hydrogen bonding. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lewis FD, Yang JS. Molecular Structure and Photochemistry of (E)- and (Z)-Ethyl 3-(2-Indolyl)propenoate. Ground State Conformational Control of Photochemical Behavior and One-Way E → Z Photoisomerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp960907c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick D. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Jye-Shane Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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Arai T, Obi M, Iwasaki T, Tokumaru K, Lewis FD. Photochemical behavior of 2-[2-(2-pyridyl) ethenyl] indole on triplet sensitization. Spin multiplicity dependence of the isomerization modes of an intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded compound. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(95)04275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Leiis FD, Yoon BA. Photoisomerization and adiabatic tautomerization of the α-pyridylpyrrolinones. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(94)03988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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