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Karak P, Ruud K, Chakrabarti S. Demystifying the Origin of Vibrational Coherence Transfer Between the S 1 and T 1 States of the Pt-pop Complex. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9768-9773. [PMID: 34595923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that spin-vibronic coupling is the most significant mechanism in vibrational coherence transfer (VCT) from the singlet (S1) to the triplet (T1) state of the [Pt2(P2O5H2)4]4- complex. Our time-dependent correlation function-based study shows that the rate of intersystem crossing (kISC) through direct spin-orbit coupling is negligibly small, making VCT vanishingly small due to the ultrashort decoherence time (2.5 ps). However, the inclusion of the spin-vibronic contribution to the net kISC in selective normal modes along the Pt-Pt axis increases the kISC to such an extent that VCT becomes feasible. Our results suggest that kISC for the S1 →T2 (τISC = 1.084 ps) is much faster than the S1 → T1 (τISC = 763.4 ps) and S1 → T3 (τISC = 13.38 ps) in CH3CN solvent, indicating that VCT is possible from the low-lying excited singlet (S1) to the triplet (T1) state through the intermediate T2 state. This is the first example where VCT occurs solely due to spin-vibronic interactions. This finding can pave the way for new types of photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pijush Karak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Swapan Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
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Young RJ, Huxley MT, Pardo E, Champness NR, Sumby CJ, Doonan CJ. Isolating reactive metal-based species in Metal-Organic Frameworks - viable strategies and opportunities. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4031-4050. [PMID: 34122871 PMCID: PMC8152792 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00485e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural insight into reactive species can be achieved via strategies such as matrix isolation in frozen glasses, whereby species are kinetically trapped, or by confinement within the cavities of host molecules. More recently, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have been used as molecular scaffolds to isolate reactive metal-based species within their ordered pore networks. These studies have uncovered new reactivity, allowed observation of novel metal-based complexes and clusters, and elucidated the nature of metal-centred reactions responsible for catalysis. This perspective considers strategies by which metal species can be introduced into MOFs and highlights some of the advantages and limitations of each approach. Furthermore, the growing body of work whereby reactive species can be isolated and structurally characterised within a MOF matrix will be reviewed, including discussion of salient examples and the provision of useful guidelines for the design of new systems. Novel approaches that facilitate detailed structural analysis of reactive chemical moieties are of considerable interest as the knowledge garnered underpins our understanding of reactivity and thus guides the synthesis of materials with unprecedented functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Young
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Michael T Huxley
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
| | - Emilio Pardo
- Institute of Molecular Science, University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | | | - Christopher J Sumby
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
| | - Christian J Doonan
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
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3
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Kraus PM, Zürch M, Cushing SK, Neumark DM, Leone SR. The ultrafast X-ray spectroscopic revolution in chemical dynamics. Nat Rev Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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Biasin E, van Driel TB, Levi G, Laursen MG, Dohn AO, Moltke A, Vester P, Hansen FBK, Kjaer KS, Harlang T, Hartsock R, Christensen M, Gaffney KJ, Henriksen NE, Møller KB, Haldrup K, Nielsen MM. Anisotropy enhanced X-ray scattering from solvated transition metal complexes. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:306-315. [PMID: 29488907 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517016964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved X-ray scattering patterns from photoexcited molecules in solution are in many cases anisotropic at the ultrafast time scales accessible at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). This anisotropy arises from the interaction of a linearly polarized UV-Vis pump laser pulse with the sample, which induces anisotropic structural changes that can be captured by femtosecond X-ray pulses. In this work, a method for quantitative analysis of the anisotropic scattering signal arising from an ensemble of molecules is described, and it is demonstrated how its use can enhance the structural sensitivity of the time-resolved X-ray scattering experiment. This method is applied on time-resolved X-ray scattering patterns measured upon photoexcitation of a solvated di-platinum complex at an XFEL, and the key parameters involved are explored. It is shown that a combined analysis of the anisotropic and isotropic difference scattering signals in this experiment allows a more precise determination of the main photoinduced structural change in the solute, i.e. the change in Pt-Pt bond length, and yields more information on the excitation channels than the analysis of the isotropic scattering only. Finally, it is discussed how the anisotropic transient response of the solvent can enable the determination of key experimental parameters such as the instrument response function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Biasin
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tim B van Driel
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gianluca Levi
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads G Laursen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Asmus O Dohn
- Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Asbjørn Moltke
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Vester
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Frederik B K Hansen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper S Kjaer
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tobias Harlang
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Robert Hartsock
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Morten Christensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kelly J Gaffney
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Niels E Henriksen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Klaus B Møller
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Haldrup
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin M Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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5
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Vittal JJ, Quah HS. Photochemical reactions of metal complexes in the solid state. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:7120-7140. [PMID: 28540960 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00873b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This perspective focusses on the solid-state reactivity and structural transformation driven by photochemical methods in discrete metal complexes, organometallic compounds, metallo-macrocycles and cages. Changes in the metal-metal bond distances, racemization of chiral centres, fusion of cages, formation of coordination polymers, expected [2 + 2] and [4 + 4] cycloaddition products, unusual phenyl-olefin dimerization, and linkage isomerization of -SO2, -NO & -NO2 ligands cause the structural transformations. Of these, [2 + 2] photo-cycloaddition reactions have been widely studied and the photoreactions are made possible by various supramolecular interactions including hydrogen bonds, metallophilic, ππ and C-Hπ interactions, ligand design and metallic clips to bring the reactive functional groups closely into correct orientation close to the transition state. These photoreactions are often accompanied by crystal bending, mechanical motion, and changes in the magnetic and photoluminescence properties. In several cases, the single crystals have been preserved at the end of the reactions, which are known as single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadese J Vittal
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.
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7
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Coppens P. The dramatic development of X-ray photocrystallography over the past six decades. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:032102. [PMID: 28191481 PMCID: PMC5291789 DOI: 10.1063/1.4975301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A short description of some of the paradigm-changing developments of the study of light-induced structural changes in molecular crystals is presented. The review is by no means comprehensive. The extensive literature on the subject should be consulted for further information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Coppens
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo , State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA
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Das A, Reibenspies JH, Chen YS, Powers DC. Direct Characterization of a Reactive Lattice-Confined Ru2 Nitride by Photocrystallography. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2912-2915. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuvab Das
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Joseph H. Reibenspies
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS, the University of Chicago, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - David C. Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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9
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Amar A, Meghezzi H, Boixel J, Le Bozec H, Guerchais V, Jacquemin D, Boucekkine A. Aggregation Effect on the Luminescence Properties of Phenylbipyridine Pt(II) Acetylide Complexes. A Theoretical Prediction with Experimental Evidence. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:6278-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jp505764k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Amar
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Campus
de Beaulieu, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, 35042 Rennes, France
- Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et Modélisation
Moléculaire, USTHB, BP 32 El Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar Alger, Algeria
| | - Hacène Meghezzi
- Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et Modélisation
Moléculaire, USTHB, BP 32 El Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar Alger, Algeria
| | - Julien Boixel
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Campus
de Beaulieu, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Hubert Le Bozec
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Campus
de Beaulieu, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Guerchais
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Campus
de Beaulieu, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 44322 Nantes cedex 3, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, IUF, 103, Bd St Michel, F-75005 Paris cedex 5, France
| | - Abdou Boucekkine
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Campus
de Beaulieu, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, 35042 Rennes, France
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Kawano M. X-ray Direct Observation of Reactions and Labile Species on the Basis of Crystal Design. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kawano
- Division of Advanced Materials Science (WCU), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
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Iguchi H, Takaishi S, Yamashita M. Recent Progress in MMX-Chain Complexes: Unique Electronic States and Characteristics Developed by Introducing Binary Countercations. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.130961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Iguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
| | - Shinya Takaishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
| | - Masahiro Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
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12
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Borfecchia E, Garino C, Salassa L, Lamberti C. Synchrotron ultrafast techniques for photoactive transition metal complexes. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20120132. [PMID: 23776294 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the use of time-resolved X-ray techniques has revealed the structure of light-generated transient species for a wide range of samples, from small organic molecules to proteins. Time resolutions of the order of 100 ps are typically reached, allowing one to monitor thermally equilibrated excited states and capture their structure as a function of time. This review aims at providing a general overview of the application of time-resolved X-ray solution scattering (TR-XSS) and time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (TR-XAS), the two techniques prevalently employed in the investigation of light-triggered structural changes of transition metal complexes. In particular, we herein describe the fundamental physical principles for static XSS and XAS and illustrate the theory of time-resolved XSS and XAS together with data acquisition and analysis strategies. Selected pioneering examples of photoactive transition metal complexes studied by TR-XSS and TR-XAS are discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Borfecchia
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Chakraborty A, Deaton JC, Haefele A, Castellano FN. Charge-Transfer and Ligand-Localized Photophysics in Luminescent Cyclometalated Pyrazolate-Bridged Dinuclear Platinum(II) Complexes. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400276v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry
and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United
States
| | - Joseph C. Deaton
- Department of Chemistry
and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United
States
| | - Alexandre Haefele
- Department of Chemistry
and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United
States
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Department of Chemistry
and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United
States
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Ohashi Y. Direct Observation of Unstable Reaction Intermediates by Acid-Base Complex Formation. CHEM REC 2013; 13:303-25. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Brayshaw SK, Easun TL, George MW, Griffin AME, Johnson AL, Raithby PR, Savarese TL, Schiffers S, Warren JE, Warren MR, Teat SJ. Photocrystallographic identification of metastable nitrito linkage isomers in a series of nickel(II) complexes. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:90-7. [PMID: 22012005 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11379h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single crystal photocrystallographic experiments and solid state Raman spectroscopy have been used to determine the low temperature, metastable structures of the nickel(ii) nitrito complexes [Ni(aep)(2)(η(1)-ONO)(2)] 1#O (aep = 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperidine), [Ni(aem)(2)(η(1)-ONO)(2)] 2#O (aem = 1-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine), and [Ni(aepy)(2)(η(1)-ONO)(2)] 3#O (aepy = 1-(2-aminoethyl)pyrrolidine and where the #O denotes the oxygen-bound nitrito metastable molecule). These linkage isomers of the equivalent nitro complexes [Ni(aep)(2)(η(1)-NO(2))(2)] 1, [Ni(aem)(2)(η(1)-NO(2))(2)] 2 and [Ni(aepy)(2)(η(1)-NO(2))(2)] 3 are formed by LED irradiation at temperatures below 120 K. The behavior of the three complexes upon irradiation is generally similar, but some subtle differences have been observed. From the crystallographic studies all three complexes 1-3 exhibit the endo-nitrito linkage isomer upon irradiation, however, for 3# (a crystal structure that contains components of both 3 and 3#O) an exo-nitrito isomer is also observed. Under conditions of 90-100 K, with blue light, the conversion percentages to the nitrito isomers, 1#O, 2#O and 3#O were 16%, 22% and 30%, respectively. At temperatures below 110 K all three nitrito isomers were stable for over four hours but while 2#O and 3#O could be detected at temperatures down to 30 K, at temperatures below 60 K the metastable structure 1#O appeared to be quenched and only the nitro isomer 1 was identified in the crystal. The solid state Raman spectra for 1#, 2# and 3# confirmed the photocrystallographic results with the nitrito isomers being identified from the O-N-O deformation vibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon K Brayshaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK BA2 7AY
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Kong Q, Kjaer KS, Haldrup K, Sauer SP, van Driel TB, Christensen M, Nielsen MM, Wulff M. Theoretical study of the triplet excited state of PtPOP and the exciplexes M-PtPOP (M=Tl, Ag) in solution and comparison with ultrafast X-ray scattering results. Chem Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2011.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Svendsen H, Jørgensen MRV, Overgaard J, Chen YS, Chastanet G, Létard JF, Kato K, Takata M, Iversen BB. Analysis of the Photomagnetic Properties of Cyano-Bridged Heterobimetallic Complexes by X-Ray Diffraction. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:10974-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ic2015258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helle Svendsen
- Centre for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark
| | - Mads Ry Vogel Jørgensen
- Centre for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Centre for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS beamline, The University of Chicago, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Guillaume Chastanet
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 avenue du Dr. A. Schweitzer, Pessac, F-33608, France
| | - Jean-François Létard
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 avenue du Dr. A. Schweitzer, Pessac, F-33608, France
| | - Kenichi Kato
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Masaki Takata
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Centre for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark
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Hoshino M, Uekusa H, Ishii S, Otsuka T, Kaizu Y, Ozawa Y, Toriumi K. Polymorphic crystal approach to changing the emission of [AuCl(PPh3)2], analyzed by direct observation of the photoexcited structures by X-ray photocrystallography. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:7257-65. [PMID: 20690736 DOI: 10.1021/ic901261u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photoexcited charge-transferred state of [AuCl(PPh(3))(2)] in a novel polymorphic crystal form was directly observed by X-ray photocrystallographic analysis. Its photoexcited state was completely different from the one generated in the known crystal of [AuCl(PPh(3))(2)]; the photoexcited bond-shrunk state was generated in the known crystal. This difference in the generated photoexcited state was clearly reflected by the difference in emission color. While the known crystal form showed green phosphorescence, the novel form showed blue phosphorescence under UV irradiation. The difference in the generated photoexcited state was due to the differences in steric hindrance in the crystal; bond shortening by photoexcitation was sterically allowed in the known form, while on the other hand, it was restricted in the novel form. Therefore, instead of the bond-shrunk state, the charge-transferred excited state became the lowest triplet state, and the emission color changed from green to blue (i.e., a blue shift of the emission wavelength was observed). These results mean that the photoexcited structure and the emission color of [AuCl(PPh(3))(2)] can be controlled by designing the molecular environment in the crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Hoshino
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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van der Veen RM, Cannizzo A, van Mourik F, Vlček A, Chergui M. Vibrational Relaxation and Intersystem Crossing of Binuclear Metal Complexes in Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:305-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ja106769w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renske M. van der Veen
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland, and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Cannizzo
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland, and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank van Mourik
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland, and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonín Vlček
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland, and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
| | - Majed Chergui
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland, and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
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Svendsen H, Overgaard J, Chevallier M, Collet E, Chen YS, Jensen F, Iversen B. Photomagnetic Switching of Heterometallic Complexes [M(dmf)4(H2O)3(μ-CN)Fe(CN)5]⋅H2O (M=Nd, La, Gd, Y) Analyzed by Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction and Ab Initio Theory. Chemistry 2010; 16:7215-23. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Coppens P, Benedict J, Messerschmidt M, Novozhilova I, Graber T, Chen YS, Vorontsov I, Scheins S, Zheng SL. Time-resolved synchrotron diffraction and theoretical studies of very short-lived photo-induced molecular species. Acta Crystallogr A 2010; 66:179-88. [PMID: 20164641 DOI: 10.1107/s0108767309055342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Definitive experimental results on the geometry of fleeting species are at the time of writing still limited to monochromatic data collection, but methods for modifications of the polychromatic Laue data to increase their accuracy and their suitability for pump-probe experiments have been implemented and are reviewed. In the monochromatic experiments summarized, excited-state conversion percentages are small when neat crystals are used, but are higher when photoactive species are embedded in an inert framework in supramolecular crystals. With polychromatic techniques and increasing source brightness, smaller samples down to tenths of a micrometre or less can be used, increasing homogeneity of exposure and the fractional population of the excited species. Experiments described include a series of transition metal complexes and a fully organic example involving excimer formation. In the final section, experimental findings are compared with those from theoretical calculations on the isolated species. Qualitative agreement is generally obtained, but the theoretical results are strongly dependent on the details of the calculation, indicating the need for further systematic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Coppens
- Chemistry Department, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, USA.
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22
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Kim D, Brédas JL. Triplet Excimer Formation in Platinum-Based Phosphors: A Theoretical Study of the Roles of Pt−Pt Bimetallic Interactions and Interligand π−π Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:11371-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ja809924t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwook Kim
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
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Warren M, Brayshaw S, Johnson A, Schiffers S, Raithby P, Easun T, George M, Warren J, Teat S. Reversible 100 % Linkage Isomerization in a Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Transformation: Photocrystallographic Identification of the Metastable [Ni(dppe)(η1-ONO)Cl] Isomer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Warren M, Brayshaw S, Johnson A, Schiffers S, Raithby P, Easun T, George M, Warren J, Teat S. Reversible 100 % Linkage Isomerization in a Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Transformation: Photocrystallographic Identification of the Metastable [Ni(dppe)(η1-ONO)Cl] Isomer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:5711-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Hirai
- Life Science Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Corporate Research and Development Group, Sharp Corporation,Tenri, Nara 632-8567, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan, and Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi 464-0819, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Itoh
- Life Science Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Corporate Research and Development Group, Sharp Corporation,Tenri, Nara 632-8567, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan, and Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi 464-0819, Japan
| | - Hideo Tomioka
- Life Science Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Corporate Research and Development Group, Sharp Corporation,Tenri, Nara 632-8567, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan, and Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi 464-0819, Japan
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Svendsen H, Overgaard J, Chevallier M, Collet E, Iversen B. Photomagnetic Switching of the Complex [Nd(dmf)4(H2O)3(μ-CN)Fe(CN)5]⋅H2O Analyzed by Single-Crystal X-Ray Diffraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Svendsen H, Overgaard J, Chevallier M, Collet E, Iversen B. Photomagnetic Switching of the Complex [Nd(dmf)4(H2O)3(μ-CN)Fe(CN)5]⋅H2O Analyzed by Single-Crystal X-Ray Diffraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:2780-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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van der Veen R, Milne C, El Nahhas A, Lima F, Pham VT, Best J, Weinstein J, Borca C, Abela R, Bressler C, Chergui M. Structural Determination of a Photochemically Active Diplatinum Molecule by Time-Resolved EXAFS Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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van der Veen R, Milne C, El Nahhas A, Lima F, Pham VT, Best J, Weinstein J, Borca C, Abela R, Bressler C, Chergui M. Structural Determination of a Photochemically Active Diplatinum Molecule by Time-Resolved EXAFS Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:2711-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Hoshino M, Uekusa H, Sonoda S, Otsuka T, Kaizu Y. Photocrystallographic analysis of [AuCl(PPh3)2] for elucidation of the crystal packing effect on the photophysical properties. Dalton Trans 2009:3085-91. [DOI: 10.1039/b820066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Christensen M, Haldrup K, Bechgaard K, Feidenhans’l R, Kong Q, Cammarata M, Russo ML, Wulff M, Harrit N, Nielsen MM. Time-Resolved X-ray Scattering of an Electronically Excited State in Solution. Structure of the 3A2u State of Tetrakis-μ-pyrophosphitodiplatinate(II). J Am Chem Soc 2008; 131:502-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja804485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Christensen
- Centre for Molecular Movies, Department of Chemistry and Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP220, Grenoble Cedex 38043, France
| | - Kristoffer Haldrup
- Centre for Molecular Movies, Department of Chemistry and Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP220, Grenoble Cedex 38043, France
| | - Klaus Bechgaard
- Centre for Molecular Movies, Department of Chemistry and Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP220, Grenoble Cedex 38043, France
| | - Robert Feidenhans’l
- Centre for Molecular Movies, Department of Chemistry and Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP220, Grenoble Cedex 38043, France
| | - Qingyu Kong
- Centre for Molecular Movies, Department of Chemistry and Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP220, Grenoble Cedex 38043, France
| | - Marco Cammarata
- Centre for Molecular Movies, Department of Chemistry and Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP220, Grenoble Cedex 38043, France
| | - Manuela Lo Russo
- Centre for Molecular Movies, Department of Chemistry and Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP220, Grenoble Cedex 38043, France
| | - Michael Wulff
- Centre for Molecular Movies, Department of Chemistry and Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP220, Grenoble Cedex 38043, France
| | - Niels Harrit
- Centre for Molecular Movies, Department of Chemistry and Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP220, Grenoble Cedex 38043, France
| | - Martin Meedom Nielsen
- Centre for Molecular Movies, Department of Chemistry and Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP220, Grenoble Cedex 38043, France
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Cole JM. Photocrystallography. Acta Crystallogr A 2007; 64:259-71. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767307065324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the development and application of a new crystallographic technique that is starting to enable the three-dimensional structural determination of molecules in their photo-activated states. So called `photocrystallography' has wide applicability, particularly in the currently exciting area of photonics, and a discussion of this applied potential is put into context in this article. Studies are classified into four groups: photo-structural changes that are (i) irreversible; (ii) long-lived but reversible under certain conditions; (iii) transient with photo-active lifetimes of the order of microseconds; (iv) very short lived, existing at the nanosecond or even picosecond level. As photo-structural changes relative to the `ground state' can be subtle, this article necessarily concentrates on small-molecule single-crystal X-ray diffraction given that high atomic resolution is possible. That said, where it is pertinent, references are also made to related major advances in photo-induced macromolecular crystallography. The review concludes with an outlook on this new research area, including the future possibility of studying even more ephemeral, femtosecond-lived, photo-active species.
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Raithby PR. Small-molecule chemical crystallography–from three to four dimensions: a personal perspective. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/08893110701565921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kawano M, Hirai K, Tomioka H, Ohashi Y. Structure Determination of Triplet Diphenylcarbenes by in Situ X-ray Crystallographic Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:2383-91. [PMID: 17263535 DOI: 10.1021/ja067306b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline-state photoreactions of the following diphenyldiazomethanes were investigated by in situ X-ray crystallography, spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations: bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)diazomethane (1-N2), bis(2,4,6-tribromophenyl)diazomethane (2-N2), bis(2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenyl)diazomethane (3-N2), bis(2,6-dibromo-4-tert-butylphenyl)diazomethane (4-N2), (2,4,6-tribromophenyl)-(2,6-dimethyl-4-tert-butylphenyl)diazomethane (5-N2), bis(4-bromophenyl)diazomethane(6-N2), and diazofluorene (7-N2). Crystal structures of photoinduced triplet diphenylcarbenes (DPCs) of 1, 2, and 4 were determined. We found remarkable differences between their structural information obtained in the crystalline state and that previously obtained spectroscopically in a glass matrix. Although the triplet DPCs of 1, 2, and 4 have significantly different stabilities in solution, only subtle differences in their structural parameters, except for their C(:)-Ar bond lengths, are observed. It is noteworthy that the average bond length of C(:)-Ar for 4 (1.374 A) is considerably shorter than those for (3)1 and (3)2 (1.430 and 1.428 A, respectively), provided that the two C(:)-Ar bonds being compared were chemically equivalent. The most likely explanations for the small and large differences in bond lengths in 1, 2, and 4 may be derived from the packing effect. The packing patterns of 1 and 2 are identical, but that of 4 is totally different from those of 1 and 2. Moreover, these results are interpreted as indicating that triplet DPCs undergo relaxation upon softening of the environments. Theoretical calculations indicate that the potential energy surface of triplet DPCs in terms of the carbene angle is extremely flat and changes in the angles have little effect on the energies. Triplet DPCs with a sterically congested carbene center are trapped in a structure dictated by the precursor structure in a rigid matrix, even if this is not the thermodynamically most stable geometry, but undergo geometrical relaxation upon softening the matrix to relieve steric compression. ESR studies indicate that the interplanar angles are more flexible than the bond angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kawano
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
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35
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Hoshino M, Uekusa H, Ohashi Y. X-ray Analysis of Excited-State Molecular Structure of [AuCl(PPh3)2]. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2006. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.79.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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36
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Bowes KF, Cole JM, Husheer SLG, Raithby PR, Savarese TL, Sparkes HA, Teat SJ, Warren JE. Photocrystallographic structure determination of a new geometric isomer of [Ru(NH3)4(H2O)(η1-OSO)][MeC6H4SO3]2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:2448-50. [PMID: 16758011 DOI: 10.1039/b604039j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure of a new metastable geometric isomer of [Ru(NH3)4(H2O)(SO2)][MeC6H4SO3]2 in which the SO2 group is coordinated through a single oxygen in an eta1-OSO bonding mode has been determined at 13 K; the new isomer was obtained as a 36% component of the structure within a single crystal upon irradiation using a tungsten lamp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine F Bowes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UKCB2 1EW
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37
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Hoshino M, Sekine A, Uekusa H, Ohashi Y. X-ray Analysis of Bond Elongation in VO(acac)2at the Excited State. CHEM LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2005.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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38
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Vorontsov II, Kovalevsky AY, Chen YS, Graber T, Gembicky M, Novozhilova IV, Omary MA, Coppens P. Shedding light on the structure of a photoinduced transient excimer by time-resolved diffraction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:193003. [PMID: 16090170 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.193003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved single-crystal diffraction performed with synchrotron radiation shows that the 53(1) micros phosphorescent state, generated in the crystalline phase of trimeric {[3,5-(CF3)(2)Pyrazolate]Cu}(3) molecules by exposure to 355 nm of light at 17 K, is due to the formation of an excimer rather than the shortening of the intramolecular Cu...Cu distances within the trimeric units, or the formation of a continuous chain of interacting molecules. One of the intermolecular Cu...Cu distances contracts by 0.56 Angstroms from 4.018(1) to 3.46(1) Angstroms;, whereas the interplanar spacing of the trimers is reduced by 0.65 Angstroms; from 3.952(1) to 3.33(1) Angstroms. Density-functional theory calculations support the formation of a Cu...Cu bond through the intermetallic transfer of a Cu 3d electron to a molecular orbital with a large 4p contribution on the reacting Cu atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan I Vorontsov
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA
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Ma B, Li J, Djurovich PI, Yousufuddin M, Bau R, Thompson ME. Synthetic Control of Pt···Pt Separation and Photophysics of Binuclear Platinum Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 127:28-9. [PMID: 15631432 DOI: 10.1021/ja044313w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new series of luminescent mu-pyrazolate-bridged cyclometalated platinum binuclear complexes having the formula CwedgeNPt(mu-pz')2PtCwedgeN (CwedgeN = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridyl, pz' = pyrazolate for 1, 3,5-dimethylpyrazolate for 2, 3-methyl-5-tert-butylpyrazolate for 3, and 3,5-bis(tert-butyl)pyrazolate for 4) have been synthesized and characterized. The two Pt(CwedgeN) moieties are bridged by two mu-pyrazolate ligands in an exo-bidentate fashion. A mononuclear complex with an isolated Pt center, CwedgeNPt(pz)2BEt2, 5, is also described. The X-ray crystal structures of 1-4 show the following Pt-Pt spacings: 1 = 3.3763(7) A, 2 = 3.1914(9) A, 3 = 3.0457(7) A, and 4 = 2.8343(6) A. At 77 K, the emission energy of the complexes varies from blue (for 1, 2, and 5) to green (for 3) to red (for 4). The changes in the photophysical properties of the binuclear complexes can be correlated with the decreasing Pt-Pt distance; the emissive state changes from a mixed ligand center triplet/metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited state (for 1 and 2) to a lower-energy, Pt-Pt metal-metal-to-ligand charge transfer state (for 3 and 4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Biwu Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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Yasuda N, Uekusa H, Ohashi Y. X-ray Analysis of Excited-State Structures of the Diplatinum Complex Anions in Five Crystals with Different Cations. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.77.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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41
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Coppens P, Gerlits O, Vorontsov II, Kovalevsky AY, Chen YS, Graber T, Gembicky M, Novozhilova IV. A very large Rh–Rh bond shortening on excitation of the [Rh2(1,8-diisocyano-p-menthane)4]2+ion by time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2004:2144-5. [PMID: 15467843 DOI: 10.1039/b409463h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A very large Rh-Rh contraction of approximately 0.85 A occurs on excitation of the [Rh(2)(1,8-diisocyano-p-menthane)(4)](2+) ion to its triplet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Coppens
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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Calabro G, Drommi D, Bruno G, Faraone F. Effect of chelating vs. bridging coordination of chiral short-bite P–X–P (X = C, N, O) ligands in enantioselective palladium-catalysed allylic substitution reactions. Dalton Trans 2004:81-9. [PMID: 15356745 DOI: 10.1039/b309385a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chiral short-bite ligands (Ra,Ra)-bis(dinaphthylphosphonito)methane, (Ra,Ra)-1, (Ra,Ra)-bis-dinaphthylpyrophosphite, (Ra,Ra)-2, (Sc)-bis(diphenylphosphino)-sec-butylamine, (Sc)-3, (Ra,Ra)-bis(dinaphthylphosphonito)phenylamine, (Ra,Ra)-4a, (Ra,Ra,Sc)-bis(dinaphthylphosphonito)-sec-butylamine, (Ra,Ra,Sc)-4b, and (Ra,Sc)-(dinaphthylphosphonito)(diphenylphosphino)-sec-butylamine, (Ra,Sc)-5, have been synthesised. The cationic palladium-allyl mononuclear chelate, [Pd(eta3-PhCHCHCHPh)(mu-L-Lshort-bite)]PF6 [L-Lshort-bite=(Sc)-3, (Ra,Ra)-4a, (Ra,Ra,Sc)-4b and (Ra,Sc)-5 for complexes, and, respectively] and binuclear bridged [Pd(eta3-PhCHCHCHPh)(mu-Ra,Ra-2)]2(PF6)2, 12, have been isolated. The short-bite chiral ligands synthesised have been tested in the palladium-allyl catalysed substitution reaction of 1,3-diphenylallyl acetate with dimethyl malonate. The catalytic system was studied, in solution, by a multinuclear NMR technique. In the catalytically active species formed with (Ra,Ra)-2 ligand, [Pd(eta3-PhCHCHCHPh)(Ra,Ra-2)]2(PF6)2, 12, the palladium(II) centres are bridged by two ligands which are forced to adopt a nearly cis-coordination to allow coordination of the allyl-moiety. Semiempirical calculations on a biphenyl-model molecule, similar to the species 12, indicate that this situation induces a strain and rigid conformation in the chiral ligands, which produce differences in the terminal allyl carbon atoms. As consequence, the catalytic product was obtained with an enantiomeric excess of 57.1% in the S form. A low e.e. value was obtained when the (Ra,Ra)-1, (Sc)-3, (Ra,Ra)-4a, (Ra,Ra,Sc)-4b and (Ra,Sc)-5 ligands have been tested in the same palladium-catalysed reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- GianPiero Calabro
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica dell'Universita di Messina Salita Sperone 31, Villaggio S. Agata, I-98166 Messina, Italy
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Kawano M, Takayama T, Uekusa H, Ohashi Y, Ozawa Y, Matsubara K, Imabayashi H, Mitsumi M, Toriumi K. Structure Analysis of Photo-induced Triplet Phenylnitrene Using Synchrotron Radiation. CHEM LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2003.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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44
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Coppens P. What can time-resolved diffraction tell us about transient species?: excited-state structure determination at atomic resolution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2003:1317-20. [PMID: 12841224 DOI: 10.1039/b301371p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The author describes his work for which he coined the word 'photocrystallography', a technique which consists of using a laser to pump, or excite, a molecular crystal while the X-ray diffractometer probes its structure at the atomic level. The technique is being used to study highly reactive excited molecules that exist for just millionths or even billionths of a second using very intense light sources at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory and the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Coppens
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, USA.
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