1
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Mora I, Puiggròs F, Serras F, Gil-Cardoso K, Escoté X. Emerging models for studying adipose tissue metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116123. [PMID: 38484851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Understanding adipose metabolism is essential for addressing obesity and related health concerns. However, the ethical and scientific pressure to animal testing, aligning with the 3Rs, has triggered the implementation of diverse alternative models for analysing anomalies in adipose metabolism. In this review, we will address this issue from various perspectives. Traditional adipocyte cell cultures, whether animal or human-derived, offer a fundamental starting point. These systems have their merits but may not fully replicate in vivo complexity. Established cell lines are valuable for high-throughput screening but may lack the authenticity of primary-derived adipocytes, which closely mimic native tissue. To enhance model sophistication, spheroids have been introduced. These three-dimensional cultures better mimicking the in vivo microenvironment, enabling the study of intricate cell-cell interactions, gene expression, and metabolic pathways. Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms take this further by integrating multiple cell types into microfluidic devices, simulating tissue-level functions. Adipose-OoC (AOoC) provides dynamic environments with applications spanning drug testing to personalized medicine and nutrition. Beyond in vitro models, genetically amenable organisms (Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and zebrafish larvae) have become powerful tools for investigating fundamental molecular mechanisms that govern adipose tissue functions. Their genetic tractability allows for efficient manipulation and high-throughput studies. In conclusion, a diverse array of research models is crucial for deciphering adipose metabolism. By leveraging traditional adipocyte cell cultures, primary-derived cells, spheroids, AOoCs, and lower organism models, we bridge the gap between animal testing and a more ethical, scientifically robust, and human-relevant approach, advancing our understanding of adipose tissue metabolism and its impact on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Mora
- Brudy Technology S.L., 08006 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Puiggròs
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnology Area, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Florenci Serras
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katherine Gil-Cardoso
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Xavier Escoté
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, 43204 Reus, Spain.
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2
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Chaurasiya V, Nidhina Haridas PA, Olkkonen VM. Adipocyte-endothelial cell interplay in adipose tissue physiology. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116081. [PMID: 38408682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) expansion through hyperplasia or hypertrophy requires vascular remodeling that involves angiogenesis. There is quite some evidence that obese white AT (WAT) displays altered vasculature. Some studies suggest that this is associated with hypoxia, which is thought to play a role in inducing inflammatory activation of the excessively expanding WAT. Increasing evidence, based on genetic manipulations or treatments with inhibitory or activator pharmaceuticals, demonstrates that AT angiogenesis is crucial for AT metabolic function, and thereby for whole body metabolism and metabolic health. Despite some contradiction between studies, disturbance of WAT angiogenesis in obesity could be an important factor driving WAT dysfunction and the comorbidities of obesity. Endothelial cells (ECs) contribute to healthy WAT metabolism via transport of fatty acids and other plasma components, secretory signaling molecules, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). This communication is crucial for adipocyte metabolism and underscores the key role that the AT endothelium plays in systemic energy homeostasis and healthy metabolism. Adipocytes communicate towards the neighboring endothelium through several mechanisms. The pro-inflammatory status of hypertrophic adipocytes in obesity is reflected in ECs activation, which promotes chronic inflammation. On the other hand, adiponectin secreted by the adipocytes is important for healthy endothelial function, and adipocytes also secrete other pro- or anti-angiogenic effector molecules and a wealth of EVs - however, their detailed roles in signaling towards the endothelium are yet poorly understood. To conclude, targeting AT angiogenesis and promoting the healthy communication between adipocytes and ECs represent potentially promising strategies to treat obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Chaurasiya
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - P A Nidhina Haridas
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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Chaurasiya V, Pham DD, Harju J, Juuti A, Penttilä A, Emmagouni SKG, Nguyen VD, Zhang B, Perttunen S, Keskitalo S, Zhou Y, Pietiläinen KH, Haridas PAN, Olkkonen VM. Human visceral adipose tissue microvascular endothelial cell isolation and establishment of co-culture with white adipocytes to analyze cell-cell communication. Exp Cell Res 2023; 433:113819. [PMID: 37852349 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Communication between adipocytes and endothelial cells (EC) is suggested to play an important role in the metabolic function of white adipose tissue. In order to generate tools to investigate in detail the physiology and communication of EC and adipocytes, a method for isolation of adipose microvascular EC from visceral adipose tissue (VAT) biopsies of subjects with obesity was developed. Moreover, mature white adipocytes were isolated from the VAT biopsies by a method adapted from a previously published Membrane aggregate adipocytes culture (MAAC) protocol. The identity and functionality of the cultivated and isolated adipose microvascular EC (AMvEC) was validated by imaging their morphology, analyses of mRNA expression, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), immunostaining, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake, and in vitro angiogenesis assays. Finally, we established a new trans filter co-culture system (membrane aggregate adipocyte and endothelial co-culture, MAAECC) for the analysis of communication between the two cell types. EC-adipocyte communication in this system was validated by omics analyses, revealing several altered proteins belonging to pathways such as metabolism, intracellular transport and signal transduction in adipocytes co-cultured with AMvEC. In reverse experiments, induction of several pathways including endothelial development and functions was found in AMvEC co-cultured with adipocytes. In conclusion, we developed a robust method to isolate EC from small quantities of human VAT. Furthermore, the MAAECC system established during the study enables one to study the communication between primary white adipocytes and EC or vice-versa and could also be employed for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Chaurasiya
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland; Doctoral Programme in Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Dan Duc Pham
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Harju
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Juuti
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Penttilä
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Van Dien Nguyen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Birong Zhang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sanni Perttunen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salla Keskitalo
- Molecular Systems Biology Research Group & Proteomics Unit, HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - You Zhou
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; HealthyWeightHub, Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P A Nidhina Haridas
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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4
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Karanfil AS, Louis F, Matsusaki M. Biofabrication of vascularized adipose tissues and their biomedical applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1539-1558. [PMID: 36789675 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01391f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in adipose tissue engineering and cell biology have led to the development of innovative therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine for adipose tissue reconstruction. To date, the many in vitro and in vivo models developed for vascularized adipose tissue engineering cover a wide range of research areas, including studies with cells of various origins and types, polymeric scaffolds of natural and synthetic derivation, models presented using decellularized tissues, and scaffold-free approaches. In this review, studies on adipose tissue types with different functions, characteristics and body locations have been summarized with 3D in vitro fabrication approaches. The reason for the particular focus on vascularized adipose tissue models is that current liposuction and fat transplantation methods are unsuitable for adipose tissue reconstruction as the lack of blood vessels results in inadequate nutrient and oxygen delivery, leading to necrosis in situ. In the first part of this paper, current studies and applications of white and brown adipose tissues are presented according to the polymeric materials used, focusing on the studies which could show vasculature in vitro and after in vivo implantation, and then the research on adipose tissue fabrication and applications are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Sena Karanfil
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan.
| | - Fiona Louis
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan.
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
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5
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Morito S, Kawasaki M, Nishiyama M, Sakumoto T, Hashiguchi M, Narita T, Kawaguchi A, Toda S, Aoki S. Microenvironmental elements singularity synergistically regulate the behavior and chemosensitivity of endometrioid carcinoma. Hum Cell 2023; 36:1147-1159. [PMID: 36853404 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the microenvironment is widely recognized as it regulates not only malignant cell behavior but also drug sensitivity. The cancer cell microenvironment is composed of biological, physical and chemical elements, and simultaneous reproduction of these three elements are important conditions investigated in cancer research. In the present study, we focused on the epidemiological and anatomical specificities of endometrioid carcinoma, obesity (biological), fluid flow (physical) and anticancer agents (chemical) to target the specific microenvironmental elements of endometrioid carcinoma. To elucidate the individual effects of these elements on endometrioid carcinoma and to investigate the relationships between these factors, we developed an adipose tissue fragments (ATFs)-embedded cell disc under a rotational culture method to generate carcinoma-stroma interactions and to create fluid flow. ATFs and fluid flow individually or synergistically influenced proliferative cellular behavior and the morphological changes underlying endometrioid carcinoma. ATFs and fluid flow also governed the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 signaling synergistically or individually, depending on the endometrioid carcinoma cell type. Adipose tissue induced chemoresistance to cis-diamminedichloro-platinum (CDDP) in endometrioid cancer, but the resistance effect was abolished by fluid flow. Thus, a simple reconstructed model was established to investigate three elements of the microenvironment of endometrioid carcinoma in vitro. This culture model unequivocally demonstrated the individual and synergistic effects of the three elements on endometrioid carcinoma. This new culture model is a promising tool for elucidating the mechanisms underlying endometrioid carcinoma and for developing further treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Morito
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Maki Kawasaki
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Megumi Nishiyama
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Takehisa Sakumoto
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Mariko Hashiguchi
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Narita
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Education and Research Center for Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Shuji Toda
- Department of Pathology, Takagi Hospital, Okawa, Fukuoka, 831-8501, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Aoki
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, Saga, 849-8501, Japan.
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6
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Louis F, Sowa Y, Irie S, Higuchi Y, Kitano S, Mazda O, Matsusaki M. Injectable Prevascularized Mature Adipose Tissues (iPAT) to Achieve Long-Term Survival in Soft Tissue Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201440. [PMID: 36103662 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue regeneration remains a challenge in reconstructive surgery. So far, both autologous fat implantations and artificial implants methods used in clinical applications lead to various disadvantages and limited lifespan. To overcome these limitations and improve the graft volume maintenance, reproducing a mature adipose tissue already including vasculature structure before implantation can be the solution. Therefore, injectable prevascularized adipose tissues (iPAT) are made from physiological collagen microfibers mixed with human mature adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, embedded in fibrin gel. Following murine subcutaneous implantation, the iPAT show a higher cell survival (84% ± 6% viability) and volume maintenance after 3 months (up to twice heavier) when compared to non-prevascularized balls and liposuctioned fat implanted controls. This higher survival can be explained by the greater amount of blood vessels found (up to 1.6-fold increase), with balanced host anastomosis (51% ± 1% of human/mouse lumens), also involving infiltration by the lymphatic and neural vasculature networks. Furthermore, with the cryopreservation possibility enabling their later reinjection, the iPAT technology has the merit to allow noninvasive soft tissue regeneration for long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Louis
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sowa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Irie
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,TOPPAN INC, Taito, Tokyo, 110-0016, Japan
| | - Yuriko Higuchi
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shiro Kitano
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,TOPPAN INC, Taito, Tokyo, 110-0016, Japan
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
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7
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Louis F, Sowa Y, Kitano S, Matsusaki M. High-throughput drug screening models of mature adipose tissues which replicate the physiology of patients' Body Mass Index (BMI). Bioact Mater 2022; 7:227-241. [PMID: 34466729 PMCID: PMC8379425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex and incompletely understood disease, but current drug screening strategies mostly rely on immature in vitro adipose models which cannot recapitulate it properly. To address this issue, we developed a statistically validated high-throughput screening model by seeding human mature adipocytes from patients, encapsulated in physiological collagen microfibers. These drop tissues ensured the maintenance of adipocyte viability and functionality for controlling glucose and fatty acids uptake, as well as glycerol release. As such, patients' BMI and insulin sensitivity displayed a strong inverse correlation: the healthy adipocytes were associated with the highest insulin-induced glucose uptake, while insulin resistance was confirmed in the underweight and severely obese adipocytes. Insulin sensitivity recovery was possible with two type 2 diabetes treatments, rosiglitazone and melatonin. Finally, the addition of blood vasculature to the model seemed to more accurately recapitulate the in vivo physiology, with particular respect to leptin secretion metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Louis
- Osaka University, Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sowa
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kamigyo-ku Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
- Corresponding author. Kyoto, 602-8566, Kamigyo-ku Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Japan.
| | - Shiro Kitano
- Osaka University, Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- TOPPAN PRINTING CO., LTD., Technical Research Institute, 4-2-3 Takanodaiminami, Sugito-machi, Saitama, 345-8508, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Osaka University, Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Corresponding author. Osaka, 565-0871, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Japan.
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8
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Chen H, Wang X, Wang J, Shi X, Li X, Wang J, Li D, Zhu Y, Tan W, Tan Z. In vitroadipogenesis and long-term adipocyte culture in adipose tissue-derived cell banks. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 34044385 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a critical need to developin vitroculture systems appropriate for the expansion of adipose tissue, in order to gain new insights into metabolic diseases and to assist in the restoration of tissue defects. Conventional two- or three-dimensional (2D or 3D)in vitromodels of adipocytes require a combination of supplements to induce adipocyte maturation that greatly increases the cost of large-scale industrial production. In the present study, a microporous, perforated bacterial cellulose (BC)-assisted culture system was developed that promoted the adhesion, proliferation, and adipogenic differentiation of preadipocytes. Additionally, the system maintained the cells as mature unilocular adipocytesex vivoin normal cell culture medium in long-term culture. All cells were derived from isolated adipose tissue without the use of expensive enzymes for tissue digestion. In contrast to culture in hard tissue culture plates, preadipocytes in the soft 3D environments formed multidimensional interlaced cell contacts, undergoing significant spontaneous lipid accumulation and could be cultured for up to threemonths in maintenance medium. More importantly, the cultured adipose tissue-derived cell bank created here was able to produce injury repair activators that promoted the proliferation of fibroblasts with little fibrosis and the functional differentiation of myoblasts, displaying the potential for use in adipose reconstruction. Thus, the present study demonstrates the potential of a mechanically flexible BC scaffold to generate volume tunable adipose constructs and provides a low-cost and user-friendly strategy for large-scale industrial production of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Chen
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaocheng Wang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelei Shi
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghuan Li
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghua Zhu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Tan
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikai Tan
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China
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9
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Hammel JH, Bellas E. Endothelial cell crosstalk improves browning but hinders white adipocyte maturation in 3D engineered adipose tissue. Integr Biol (Camb) 2021; 12:81-89. [PMID: 32219324 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Central to the development of adipose tissue (AT) engineered models is the supporting vasculature. It is a key part of AT function and long-term maintenance, but the crosstalk between adipocytes and endothelial cells is not well understood. Here, we directly co-culture the two cell types at varying ratios in a 3D Type I collagen gel. Constructs were evaluated for adipocyte maturation and function and vascular network organization. Further, these constructs were treated with forskolin, a beta-adrenergic agonist, to stimulate lipolysis and browning. Adipocytes in co-cultures were found to be less mature than an adipocyte-only control, shown by smaller lipid droplets and downregulation of key adipocyte-related genes. The most extensive vascular network formation was found in the 1:1 co-culture, supported by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) upregulation. After forskolin treatment, the presence of endothelial cells was shown to upregulate PPAR coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) and leptin, but not uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), suggesting a specific crosstalk that enhances early stages of browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Hammel
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Evangelia Bellas
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Louis F, Piantino M, Liu H, Kang DH, Sowa Y, Kitano S, Matsusaki M. Bioprinted Vascularized Mature Adipose Tissue with Collagen Microfibers for Soft Tissue Regeneration. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2021; 2021:1412542. [PMID: 36285131 PMCID: PMC9494725 DOI: 10.34133/2021/1412542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of soft tissue regeneration has recently gained importance due to safety concerns about artificial breast implants. Current autologous fat graft implantations can result in up to 90% of volume loss in long-term outcomes due to their limited revascularization. Adipose tissue has a highly vascularized structure which enables its proper homeostasis as well as its endocrine function. Mature adipocytes surrounded by a dense vascular network are the specific features required for efficient regeneration of the adipose tissue to perform host anastomosis after its implantation. Recently, bioprinting has been introduced as a promising solution to recreate in vitro this architecture in large-scale tissues. However, the in vitro induction of both the angiogenesis and adipogenesis differentiations from stem cells yields limited maturation states for these two pathways. To overcome these issues, we report a novel method for obtaining a fully vascularized adipose tissue reconstruction using supporting bath bioprinting. For the first time, directly isolated mature adipocytes encapsulated in a bioink containing physiological collagen microfibers (CMF) were bioprinted in a gellan gum supporting bath. These multilayered bioprinted tissues retained high viability even after 7 days of culture. Moreover, the functionality was also confirmed by the maintenance of fatty acid uptake from mature adipocytes. Therefore, this method of constructing fully functional adipose tissue regeneration holds promise for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Louis
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Marie Piantino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Dong-Hee Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sowa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shiro Kitano
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
- Toppan Printing Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
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11
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Strobel HA, Gerton T, Hoying JB. Vascularized adipocyte organoid model using isolated human microvessel fragments. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 33513595 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abe187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue organoids are proving valuable for modeling tissue health and disease in a variety of applications. This is due, in part, to the dynamic cell-cell interactions fostered within the 3D tissue-like space. To this end, the more that organoids recapitulate the different cell-cell interactions found in native tissue, such as that between parenchyma and the microvasculature, the better the fidelity of the model. The microvasculature, which is comprised of a spectrum of cell types, provides not only perfusion in its support of tissue health, but also important cellular interactions and biochemical dynamics important in tissue phenotype and function. Here, we incorporate whole, intact human microvessel fragments isolated from adipose tissue into organoids to form both MSC and adipocyte vascularized organoids. Isolated microvessels retain their native structure and cell composition, providing a more complete representation of the microvasculature within the organoids. Microvessels expanded via sprouting angiogenesis within organoids comprised of either MSCs or MSC-derived adipocytes and grew out of the organoids when placed in a 3D collagen matrix. In MSC organoids, a ratio of 50 MSCs to 1 microvessel fragment created the optimal vascularization response. We developed a new differentiation protocol that enabled the differentiation of MSCs into adipocytes while simultaneously promoting microvessel angiogenesis. The adipocyte organoids contained vascular networks, were responsive in a lipolysis assay, and expressed the functional adipocyte markers adiponectin and PPARγ. The presence of microvessels promoted insulin receptor expression by adipocytes and modified IL-6 secretion following a TNF-alpha challenge. Overall, we demonstrate a robust method for vascularizing high cell-density organoids with potential implications for other tissues as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A Strobel
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, 500 N Commercial Street, Suite 200, Manchester, Manchester, New Hampshire, 03101, UNITED STATES
| | - Thomas Gerton
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, 500 N Commercial Street, Suite 200, Manchester, Manchester, New Hampshire, 03101, UNITED STATES
| | - James B Hoying
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, 500 N Commercial St, United States, Manchester, New Hampshire, 03101, UNITED STATES
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12
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Rationale for the design of 3D-printable bioresorbable tissue-engineering chambers to promote the growth of adipose tissue. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11779. [PMID: 32678237 PMCID: PMC7367309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering chambers (TECs) bring great hope in regenerative medicine as they allow the growth of adipose tissue for soft tissue reconstruction. To date, a wide range of TEC prototypes are available with different conceptions and volumes. Here, we addressed the influence of TEC design on fat flap growth in vivo as well as the possibility of using bioresorbable polymers for optimum TEC conception. In rats, adipose tissue growth is quicker under perforated TEC printed in polylactic acid than non-perforated ones (growth difference 3 to 5 times greater within 90 days). Histological analysis reveals the presence of viable adipocytes under a moderate (less than 15% of the flap volume) fibrous capsule infiltrated with CD68+ inflammatory cells. CD31-positive vascular cells are more abundant at the peripheral zone than in the central part of the fat flap. Cells in the TEC exhibit a specific metabolic profile of functional adipocytes identified by 1H-NMR. Regardless of the percentage of TEC porosity, the presence of a flat base allowed the growth of a larger fat volume (p < 0.05) as evidenced by MRI images. In pigs, bioresorbable TEC in poly[1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione] (polyglycolic acid) PURASORB PGS allows fat flap growth up to 75 000 mm3 at day 90, (corresponding to more than a 140% volume increase) while at the same time the TEC is largely resorbed. No systemic inflammatory response was observed. Histologically, the expansion of adipose tissue resulted mainly from an increase in the number of adipocytes rather than cell hypertrophy. Adipose tissue is surrounded by perfused blood vessels and encased in a thin fibrous connective tissue containing patches of CD163+ inflammatory cells. Our large preclinical evaluation defined the appropriate design for 3D-printable bioresorbable TECs and thus opens perspectives for further clinical applications.
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13
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Donnely E, Griffin M, Butler PE. Breast Reconstruction with a Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Approach (Systematic Review). Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 48:9-25. [PMID: 31576501 PMCID: PMC6928092 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Current techniques for breast reconstruction include an autologous-tissue flap or an implant-based procedure, although both can impose further morbidity. This systematic review aims to explore the existing literature on breast reconstruction using a tissue engineering approach; conducted with the databases Medline and Embase. A total of 28 articles were included, mainly comprising of level-5 evidence with in vitro and animal studies focusing on utilizing scaffolds to support the migration and growth of new tissue; scaffolds can be either biological or synthetic. Biological scaffolds were composed of collagen or a decellularized tissue matrix scaffold. Synthetic scaffolds were primarily composed of polymers with customisable designs, adjusting the internal morphology and pore size. Implanting cells, including adipose-derived stem cells, with combined use of basic fibroblast growth factor has been studied in an attempt to enhance tissue regeneration. Lately, a level-4 evidence human case series was reported; successfully regenerating 210 mL of tissue using an arterio-venous pedicled fat flap within a tissue engineering chamber implanted on the chest wall. Further research is required to evaluate whether the use of cells and other growth factors could adjust the composition of regenerated tissue and improve vascularity; the latter a major limiting factor for creating larger volumes of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Donnely
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK.
| | - M Griffin
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - P E Butler
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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The Preparation of the Recipient Site in Fat Grafting: A Comprehensive Review of the Preclinical Evidence. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 143:1099-1107. [PMID: 30921129 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000005403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several methods to prepare the recipient site in fat grafting have been proposed in recent decades. However, to date, these procedures have never been reviewed exhaustively. The purpose of the present study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the different techniques to prepare the recipient site for fat grafting as they were investigated in preclinical studies, with resulting outcomes and underlying mechanisms of action. METHODS The PubMed/MEDLINE database was queried to search for preclinical investigations on the preparation of the recipient site in fat grafting using the following algorithm: ((recipient site) AND (fat grafting) OR (lipofilling) OR (lipograft)). A priori criteria were applied to review the resulting articles. RESULTS Thirteen animal studies met inclusion criteria. Overall, five techniques were identified: external volume expansion, implantation of alloplastic material (silicone sheets), administration of cell-proliferation factors (i.e., vascular endothelial growth factor, adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction, and interleukin-8), ischemia, and microneedling. A positive effect on cellular activity (cell proliferation and angiogenesis) was demonstrated by all studies and achieved with all techniques. Seven of the eight authors who examined this aspect reported enhancement of fat graft survival. CONCLUSIONS Improvement of fat grafting surgical outcomes is documented preclinically using different recipient-site preparation techniques, particularly through enhancement of vascularization and soft-tissue expansion. This understanding will lead to further clinical research, especially for those cases where improvement of the recipient site is recommended, such as contracted scars or preirradiated tissues.
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Louis F, Kitano S, Mano JF, Matsusaki M. 3D collagen microfibers stimulate the functionality of preadipocytes and maintain the phenotype of mature adipocytes for long term cultures. Acta Biomater 2019; 84:194-207. [PMID: 30502481 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although adipose tissue is one of the most abundant tissues of the human body, its reconstruction remains a competitive challenge. The conventional in vitro two or three-dimensional (2D or 3D) models of mature adipocytes unfortunately lead to their quick dedifferentiation after one week, and complete differentiation of adipose derived stem cells (ADSC) usually requires more than one month. In this context, we developed biomimetic 3D adipose tissues with high density collagen by mixing type I collagen microfibers with primary mouse mature adipocytes or human ADSC in transwells. These 3D-tissues ensured a better long-term maintained phenotype of unilocular mature adipocytes, compared to 2D, with a viability of 96 ± 2% at day 14 and a good perilipin immunostaining, - the protein necessary for stabilizing the fat vesicles. For comparison, in 2D culture, mature adipocytes released their fat until splitting their single adipose vesicle into several ones with significantly 4 times smaller size. Concerning ADSC, the adipogenic genes expression in 3D-tissues was found at least doubled throughout the differentiation (over 8 times higher for GLUT4 at day 21), along with it, almost 4 times larger fat vesicles were observed (10 ± 4 µm at day 14). Perilipin immunostaining and leptin secretion, the satiety protein, attested the significantly doubled better functionality of ADSC in 3D adipose tissues. These obtained long-term maintained phenotype and fast adipogenesis make this model relevant for either cosmetic/pharmaceutical assays or plastic surgery purposes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Adipose tissue has important roles in our organism, providing energy from its lipids storage and secreting many vital proteins. However, its reconstruction in a functional in vitro adipose tissue is still a challenge. Mature adipocytes directly extracted from surgery liposuctions quickly lose their lipids after a week in vitro and the use of differentiated adipose stem cells is too time-consuming. We developed a new artificial fat tissue using collagen microfibers. These tissues allowed the maintenance of viable big unilocular mature adipocytes up to two weeks and the faster adipogenic differentiation of adipose stem cells. Moreover, the adipose functionality confirmed by perilipin and leptin assessments makes this model suitable for further applications in cosmetic/pharmaceutical drug assays or for tissue reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Louis
- Osaka University, Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Japan
| | - Shiro Kitano
- Osaka University, Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Japan
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Osaka University, Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Japan; Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan; JST, PRESTO, Japan.
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16
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Aoki S, Takezawa T, Sugihara H, Toda S. Progress in cell culture systems for pathological research. Pathol Int 2016; 66:554-562. [PMID: 27477924 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture is a well-established standard technique and a fundamental tool in biology and medicine. Establishment of a novel culture method by meeting various challenges can sometimes open up new fields of cell biology and medicine. An artificial microenvironment for cultured cells is made up of complicated factors, including cytokines, scaffold material type, cell-cell interactions, and physical stress. To replicate the tissue architecture, cell-cell interactions, and specific physical microenvironment, we previously demonstrated the effectiveness of a three-dimensional culture system, and further established two simple culture systems: air-liquid interface (ALI) and fluid flow stress (FFS). A three-dimensional collagen gel culture system can replicate cell-cell interactions in vitro. As skin is constantly exposed to air, the ALI system closely mimicked the skin microenvironment and maintained the homeostasis of the epidermis and dermis. The ALI culture system also revealed the possibility of skin regeneration through ectopic mesenchymal cell involvement. Fluid streaming and shear stress were recently demonstrated to constitute the critical microenvironment for various cell types. The FFS system demonstrated that fluid streaming induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of mesothelial cells, leading to peritoneal fibrosis. Our novel culture systems will hopefully open up new fields of regenerative medicine and pathological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Aoki
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Takezawa
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hajime Sugihara
- Department of Physical Therapy, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shuji Toda
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Shimizu Y, Sato S. In vitro study on regeneration of periodontal tissue microvasculature using human dedifferentiated fat cells. J Periodontol 2016; 86:129-36. [PMID: 25102139 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human dedifferentiated fat cells (HDFATs) may be a new cell type suitable for regenerative therapies. The aim of this study is to assess the potential of HDFATs for vascular regeneration of periodontal tissue. To do this, HDFATs and human gingival endothelial cells (HGECs) were cocultivated, and vascular regeneration was examined in vitro. METHODS HDFATs were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue, and HGECs were isolated from gingival cells using anti-cluster of differentiation 31 antibody-coated magnetic beads. HDFATs were cocultured with HGECs in microvascular endothelial cell growth medium-2 (EGM-2MV) for 7 days. Expression of endothelial cell (EC) markers, the formation of capillary-like tubes, and the expression of pericyte markers were determined. RESULTS HDFATs, cultured in EGM-2MV or cocultured with HGECs, expressed EC markers. HDFATs in both conditions initiated tube formation within 5 hours of seeding and formed extensive capillary-like structures within 12 hours. These structures disintegrated within 24 hours when cells were cultured in EGM-2MV alone, whereas cocultured HDFATs maintained tubes for >24 hours. Cocultured HDFATs significantly increased expression of pericyte markers, a cell type associated with microvasculature. CONCLUSION HDFATs possess the ability to express EC markers, and coculture with HGECs promotes differentiation into pericytes involved in the maturation and stabilization of the microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Shimizu
- Department of Periodontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata, Japan
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Volz AC, Huber B, Kluger PJ. Adipose-derived stem cell differentiation as a basic tool for vascularized adipose tissue engineering. Differentiation 2016; 92:52-64. [PMID: 26976717 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of in vitro adipose tissue constructs is highly desired to cope with the increased demand for substitutes to replace damaged soft tissue after high graded burns, deformities or tumor removal. To achieve clinically relevant dimensions, vascularization of soft tissue constructs becomes inevitable but still poses a challenge. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) represent a promising cell source for the setup of vascularized fatty tissue constructs as they can be differentiated into adipocytes and endothelial cells in vitro and are thereby available in sufficiently high cell numbers. This review summarizes the currently known characteristics of ASCs and achievements in adipogenic and endothelial differentiation in vitro. Further, the interdependency of adipogenesis and angiogenesis based on the crosstalk of endothelial cells, stem cells and adipocytes is addressed at the molecular level. Finally, achievements and limitations of current co-culture conditions for the construction of vascularized adipose tissue are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Cathrin Volz
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Huber
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Petra J Kluger
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Effect of Calcium Alginate Microsphere Loaded With Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on Adipose Tissue Transplantation. Ann Plast Surg 2015; 75:644-51. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Understanding the effects of mature adipocytes and endothelial cells on fatty acid metabolism and vascular tone in physiological fatty tissue for vascularized adipose tissue engineering. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 362:269-79. [PMID: 26340984 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of large vascularized adipose tissue constructs is still a challenge for the treatment of extensive high-graded burns or the replacement of tissue after tumor removal. Communication between mature adipocytes and endothelial cells is important for homeostasis and the maintenance of adipose tissue mass but, to date, is mainly neglected in tissue engineering strategies. Thus, new co-culture strategies are needed to integrate adipocytes and endothelial cells successfully into a functional construct. This review focuses on the cross-talk of mature adipocytes and endothelial cells and considers their influence on fatty acid metabolism and vascular tone. In addition, the properties and challenges with regard to these two cell types for vascularized tissue engineering are highlighted.
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21
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Benam KH, Dauth S, Hassell B, Herland A, Jain A, Jang KJ, Karalis K, Kim HJ, MacQueen L, Mahmoodian R, Musah S, Torisawa YS, van der Meer AD, Villenave R, Yadid M, Parker KK, Ingber DE. Engineered in vitro disease models. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:195-262. [PMID: 25621660 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of most biomedical research is to gain greater insight into mechanisms of human disease or to develop new and improved therapies or diagnostics. Although great advances have been made in terms of developing disease models in animals, such as transgenic mice, many of these models fail to faithfully recapitulate the human condition. In addition, it is difficult to identify critical cellular and molecular contributors to disease or to vary them independently in whole-animal models. This challenge has attracted the interest of engineers, who have begun to collaborate with biologists to leverage recent advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication to develop novel in vitro models of disease. As these models are synthetic systems, specific molecular factors and individual cell types, including parenchymal cells, vascular cells, and immune cells, can be varied independently while simultaneously measuring system-level responses in real time. In this article, we provide some examples of these efforts, including engineered models of diseases of the heart, lung, intestine, liver, kidney, cartilage, skin and vascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems, as well as models of infectious diseases and cancer. We also describe how engineered in vitro models can be combined with human inducible pluripotent stem cells to enable new insights into a broad variety of disease mechanisms, as well as provide a test bed for screening new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambez H Benam
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
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Huber B, Borchers K, Tovar GE, Kluger PJ. Methacrylated gelatin and mature adipocytes are promising components for adipose tissue engineering. J Biomater Appl 2015; 30:699-710. [PMID: 26017717 DOI: 10.1177/0885328215587450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vitro engineering of autologous fatty tissue constructs is still a major challenge for the treatment of congenital deformities, tumor resections or high-graded burns. In this study, we evaluated the suitability of photo-crosslinkable methacrylated gelatin (GM) and mature adipocytes as components for the composition of three-dimensional fatty tissue constructs. Cytocompatibility evaluations of the GM and the photoinitiator Lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) showed no cytotoxicity in the relevant range of concentrations. Matrix stiffness of cell-laden hydrogels was adjusted to native fatty tissue by tuning the degree of crosslinking and was shown to be comparable to that of native fatty tissue. Mature adipocytes were then cultured for 14 days within the GM resulting in a fatty tissue construct loaded with viable cells expressing cell markers perilipin A and laminin. This work demonstrates that mature adipocytes are a highly valuable cell source for the composition of fatty tissue equivalents in vitro. Photo-crosslinkable methacrylated gelatin is an excellent tissue scaffold and a promising bioink for new printing techniques due to its biocompatibility and tunable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Huber
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kirsten Borchers
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstraße, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter Em Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstraße, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Petra J Kluger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstraße, Stuttgart, Germany Reutlingen University, Process Analysis & Technology (PA&T), Alteburgstraße, Reutlingen, Germany
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Tansriratanawong K, Tamaki Y, Ishikawa H, Sato S. Co-culture with periodontal ligament stem cells enhances osteogenic gene expression in de-differentiated fat cells. Hum Cell 2014; 27:151-61. [PMID: 24573839 PMCID: PMC4186972 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-014-0091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, de-differentiated fat cells (DFAT cells) have emerged in regenerative medicine because of their trans-differentiation capability and the fact that their characteristics are similar to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Even so, there is no evidence to support the osteogenic induction using DFAT cells in periodontal regeneration and also the co-culture system. Consequently, this study sought to evaluate the DFAT cells co-culture with periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) in vitro in terms of gene expression by comparing runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARγ2) genes. We isolated DFAT cells from mature adipocytes and compared proliferation with PDLSCs. After co-culture with PDLSCs, we analyzed transcriptional activity implying by DNA methylation in all adipogenic gene promoters using combined bisulfite restriction analysis. We compared gene expression in RUNX2 gene with the PPARγ2 gene using quantitative RT-PCR. After being sub-cultured, DFAT cells demonstrated morphology similar to fibroblast-like cells. At the same time, PDLSCs established all stem cell characteristics. Interestingly, the co-culture system attenuated proliferation while enhancing osteogenic gene expression in RUNX2 gene. Using the co-culture system, DFAT cells could trans-differentiate into osteogenic lineage enhancing, but conversely, their adipogenic characteristic diminished. Therefore, DFAT cells and the co-culture system might be a novel cell-based therapy for promoting osteogenic differentiation in periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallapat Tansriratanawong
- Department of NDU Life Sciences, Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan,
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The adipogenic potential of various extracellular matrices under the influence of an angiogenic growth factor combination in a mouse tissue engineering chamber. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1907-18. [PMID: 24296126 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) Matrigel™ has frequently and successfully been used to generate new adipose tissue experimentally, but is unsuitable for human application. This study sought to compare the adipogenic potential of a number of alternative, biologically derived or synthetic ECMs with potential for human application, with and without growth factors and a small fat autograft. Eight groups, with six severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice per group, were created with bilateral chambers (silicone tubes) implanted around the epigastric vascular pedicle, with one chamber/animal containing a 5mg fat autograft. Two animal groups were created for each of four ECMs (Matrigel™, Myogel, Cymetra® and PuraMatrix™) which filled the bilateral chambers. One group/ECM had no growth factors added to chambers whilst the other group had growth factors (GFs) (vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) plus fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) plus platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)) added to both chambers. At 6weeks, chamber tissue was morphometrically assessed for percent and absolute adipose tissue volume. Overall, the triple GF regime significantly increased percent(∗) and absolute(#) adipose tissue volume (p<0.0005(∗#)) compared to chambers without triple GF treatment. The fat autograft also significantly increased percent (p<0.0005) and absolute (p<0.011) adipose tissue volume. Cymetra® (human collagen) constructs yielded the largest total tissue and absolute adipose tissue volume. We found that the pro-angiogenic FGF-2, VEGF-A and PDGF-BB combination in ECMs of synthetic and biological origin produced an overall significantly increased adipose tissue volume at 6weeks and may have clinical application, particularly with Cymetra.
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Pellegrinelli V, Rouault C, Veyrie N, Clément K, Lacasa D. Endothelial cells from visceral adipose tissue disrupt adipocyte functions in a three-dimensional setting: partial rescue by angiopoietin-1. Diabetes 2014; 63:535-49. [PMID: 24130331 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
During obesity, chronic inflammation of human white adipose tissue (WAT) is associated with metabolic and vascular alterations. Endothelial cells from visceral WAT (VAT-ECs) exhibit a proinflammatory and senescent phenotype and could alter adipocyte functions. We aimed to determine the contribution of VAT-ECs to adipocyte dysfunction related to inflammation and to rescue these alterations by anti-inflammatory strategies. We developed an original three-dimensional setting allowing maintenance of unilocular adipocyte functions. Coculture experiments demonstrated that VAT-ECs provoked a decrease in the lipolytic activity, adipokine secretion, and insulin sensitivity of adipocytes from obese subjects, as well as an increased production of several inflammatory molecules. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β were identified as potential actors in these adipocyte alterations. The inflammatory burst was not observed in cocultured cells from lean subjects. Interestingly, pericytes, in functional interactions with ECs, exhibited a proinflammatory phenotype with diminished angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) secretion in WAT from obese subjects. Using the anti-inflammatory Ang-1, we corrected some deleterious effects of WAT-ECs on adipocytes, improving lipolytic activity and insulin sensitivity and reducing the secretion of proinflammatory molecules. In conclusion, we identified a negative impact of VAT-ECs on adipocyte functions during human obesity. Therapeutic options targeting EC inflammation could prevent adipocyte alterations that contribute to obesity comorbidities.
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Adipose tissue behavior is distinctly regulated by neighboring cells and fluid flow stress: a possible role of adipose tissue in peritoneal fibrosis. J Artif Organs 2013; 16:322-31. [PMID: 23526130 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-013-0702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue, together with the mesothelial layer and microvessels, is a major component of the mesenteric peritoneum, and the mesenterium is a target site for peritoneal fibrosis. Adipose tissue has been speculated to play a role in peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related fibrosis, but the precise cellular kinetics of adipose tissue during this process remain to be determined. To clarify this critical issue, we analyzed the kinetics of adipose tissue using a novel peritoneal reconstruction model in which the effects of mesothelial cells or endothelial cells could be identified. Adipose tissue was co-cultured with mesothelial cells or endothelial cells in a combined organ culture and fluid flow stress culture system. Spindle mesenchymal cells and immature adipocytes derived from adipose tissue were characterized by immunohistochemistry. Adipose tissue fragments cultured in this system yielded many spindle mesenchymal cells in non-co-culture conditions. However, the number of spindle mesenchymal cells emerging from adipose tissue was reduced in co-culture conditions with a covering layer of mesothelial cells. Mesothelial cells co-cultured in the separated condition did not inhibit the emergence of spindle mesenchymal cells from adipose tissue. Interestingly, endothelial cells promoted the emergence of lipid-laden immature adipocytes from adipose tissue under fluid flow stress. We have demonstrated that adipose tissue behavior is not only regulated by mesothelial cells and endothelial cells under fluid flow stress, but is also involved in fibrosis and fat mass production in the peritoneum. Our findings suggest that adipose tissue is a potential source of cells for peritoneal fibrosis caused by PD therapy.
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Topcu A, Aydin OE, Ünlü M, Barutcu A, Atabey A. Increasing the Viability of Fat Grafts by Vascular Endothelial Growth
Factor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1001/archfaci.2011.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alpaslan Topcu
- Alpaslan Topcu Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey (Dr Topcu); Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey (Dr Aydin); and Departments of Pathology (Dr Ünlü) and Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (Drs Barutcu and Atabey), Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Osman E. Aydin
- Alpaslan Topcu Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey (Dr Topcu); Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey (Dr Aydin); and Departments of Pathology (Dr Ünlü) and Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (Drs Barutcu and Atabey), Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehtat Ünlü
- Alpaslan Topcu Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey (Dr Topcu); Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey (Dr Aydin); and Departments of Pathology (Dr Ünlü) and Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (Drs Barutcu and Atabey), Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ali Barutcu
- Alpaslan Topcu Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey (Dr Topcu); Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey (Dr Aydin); and Departments of Pathology (Dr Ünlü) and Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (Drs Barutcu and Atabey), Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Atay Atabey
- Alpaslan Topcu Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey (Dr Topcu); Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey (Dr Aydin); and Departments of Pathology (Dr Ünlü) and Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (Drs Barutcu and Atabey), Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
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Investigation of coculture of human adipose-derived stem cells and mature adipocytes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:2381-7. [PMID: 22717768 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differentiation potential of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) into adipocytes by coculturing them with human mature adipocytes. The transwell culture system was utilized for indirect coculture of hADSCs and human mature adipocytes at four different hADSCs-to-mature adipocytes ratios, i.e., 1:5, 1:1, 2:1, and 5:1. After 8 days of coculture, the Oil Red O and Trypan Blue stainings were performed for the evaluation of adipogenic differentiation of hADSCs. In addition, flow cytometric analysis and Hoechst 33342/PI double staining were performed after 20 days of coculture. The Oil Red O and Trypan Blue stainings showed that hADSCs with high viability could not differentiate into mature adipocytes after 8 or 20 days of coculture. However, flow cytometric analysis indicated that CD105 expression of hADSCs decreased after 20 days of coculture. These results indicated that hADSCs cocultured with human adult adipocytes could not successfully differentiate into adipocytes.
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Rittig K, Dolderer JH, Balletshofer B, Machann J, Schick F, Meile T, Küper M, Stock UA, Staiger H, Machicao F, Schaller HE, Königsrainer A, Häring HU, Siegel-Axel DI. The secretion pattern of perivascular fat cells is different from that of subcutaneous and visceral fat cells. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1514-25. [PMID: 22327346 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We have previously found that the mass of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) correlates negatively with insulin sensitivity and post-ischaemic increase in blood flow. To understand how PVAT communicates with vascular vessels, interactions between perivascular, subcutaneous and visceral fat cells with endothelial cells (ECs) were examined with regard to inflammatory, metabolic and angiogenic proteins. To test for possible in vivo relevance of these findings, circulating levels of the predominant secretion product, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), was measured in individuals carefully phenotyped for fat distribution patterns. METHODS Mono- and co-cultures of human primary fat cells with ECs were performed. mRNA expression and protein production were studied using Luminex, cytokine array, RealTime Ready and ELISA systems. Effects of HGF on vascular cells were determined by WST assays. In patients, HGF levels were measured by ELISA, and the mass of different fat compartments was determined by whole-body MRI. RESULTS In contrast with other fat cell types, PVAT cells released higher amounts of angiogenic factors, e.g. HGF, acidic fibroblast growth factor, thrombospondin-1, serpin-E1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein -3. Cocultures showed different expression profiles from monocultures, and mature adipocytes differed from pre-adipocytes. HGF was preferentially released by PVAT cells and stimulated EC growth and smooth muscle cell cytokine release. Finally, in 95 patients, only PVAT, not visceral or subcutaneous mass, correlated independently with serum HGF levels (p = 0.03; r = 0.225). CONCLUSIONS Perivascular (pre-)adipocytes differ substantially from other fat cells with regard to mRNA expression and protein production of angiogenic factors. This may contribute to fat tissue growth and atherosclerotic plaque complications. Higher levels of angiogenic factors, such as HGF, in patients with increased perivascular fat mass may have pathological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rittig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Otfried-Müller Str 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Urs S, Turner B, Tang Y, Rostama B, Small D, Liaw L. Effect of soluble Jagged1-mediated inhibition of Notch signaling on proliferation and differentiation of an adipocyte progenitor cell model. Adipocyte 2012; 1:46-57. [PMID: 23700510 PMCID: PMC3661121 DOI: 10.4161/adip.19186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue development is dependent on multiple signaling mechanisms and cell-cell interactions that regulate adipogenesis, angiogenesis and extracellular remodeling. The Notch signaling pathway is an important cell-fate determinant whose role in adipogenesis is not clearly defined. To address this issue, we examined the effect of inhibition of Notch signaling by soluble-Jagged1 in the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte line. In vitro, soluble-Jagged1 expression in 3T3-L1 cells altered cell morphology, increased the rate of cell proliferation and induced an early transcriptional response to differentiation stimuli. However, these cells did not form mature adipocytes due to their inability to exit the cell-cycle in response to serum-starvation and glucocorticoid-induced cell-cycle arrest. In contrast, subcutaneous allografts of soluble-Jagged1 cells formed larger fat pads containing lipid-filled adipocytes with improved neovascularization compared with controls. Since adipogenesis is tightly associated with angiogenesis, we evaluated the influence of soluble-Jagged1 on endothelial cells by culturing them in cell-free conditioned media from preadipocytes. Soluble Jagged1-mediated inhibition of Notch signaling increased levels of secreted cytokines, potentially contributing to the improved cell growth and proliferation observed in these cultures. Our findings demonstrate an initial requirement of Notch signaling inactivation for preadipocyte cell commitment and support the hypothesis that cell-to-cell crosstalk between the preadipocytes and endothelial cells is required for neovascularization and remodeling of the tissue to promote hyperplasia and hypertrophy of differentiating adipocytes.
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Or-Tzadikario S, Sopher R, Gefen A. Quantitative monitoring of lipid accumulation over time in cultured adipocytes as function of culture conditions: toward controlled adipose tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 16:1167-81. [PMID: 20163242 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue engineering is investigated for native fat substitutes and wound healing model systems. Research and clinical applications of bioartificial fat require a quantitative and objective method to continuously measure adipogenesis in living cultures as opposed to currently used culture-destructive techniques that stain lipid droplet (LD) accumulation. To allow standardization, automatic quantification of LD size is further needed, but currently LD size is measured mostly manually. We developed an image processing-based method that does not require staining to monitor adipose cell maturation in vitro nondestructively using optical micrographs taken consecutively during culturing. We employed our method to monitor LD accumulation in 3T3-L1 and mesenchymal stem cells over 37 days. For each cell type, percentage of lipid area, number of droplets per cell, and droplet diameter were obtained every 2-3 days. In 3T3-L1 cultures, high insulin concentration (10 microg/mL) yielded a significantly different (p < 0.01) time course of all three outcome measures. In mesenchymal stem cell cultures, high fetal bovine serum concentration (12.5%) produced significantly more lipid area (p < 0.01). Our method was able to successfully characterize time courses and extents of adipogenesis and is useful for a wide range of applications testing the effects of biochemical, mechanical, and thermal stimulations in tissue engineering of bioartificial fat constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Or-Tzadikario
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Armani A, Mammi C, Marzolla V, Calanchini M, Antelmi A, Rosano GM, Fabbri A, Caprio M. Cellular models for understanding adipogenesis, adipose dysfunction, and obesity. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:564-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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33
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Uchihashi K, Aoki S, Shigematsu M, Kamochi N, Sonoda E, Soejima H, Fukudome K, Sugihara H, Hotokebuchi T, Toda S. Organotypic culture of human bone marrow adipose tissue. Pathol Int 2010; 60:259-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aoki S, Kitajima Y, Takezawa T, Uchihashi K, Matsunobu A, Sugihara H, Toda S. Epidermal regeneration by keratinocyte-alien mesenchymal cell interactions. Inflamm Regen 2010. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.30.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Kang JH, Gimble JM, Kaplan DL. In vitro 3D model for human vascularized adipose tissue. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:2227-36. [PMID: 19207036 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical need for both three-dimensional (3D) soft tissue replacements and in vitro adipose tissue models continues to grow. In this study, we evaluated structural and functional characteristics of an in vitro 3D coculture model of vascularized adipose tissue. Tomato red-infected human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) and green fluorescence protein-infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cocultured on 3D aqueous-derived silk scaffolds for 2 weeks. Confocal microscopy images demonstrated viability of cocultures and organization of both cell types over time. Endothelial cells aligned with time, and further histological analyses revealed continuous endothelial lumen formation in both differentiated and undifferentiated cocultures. Differentiated adipose cocultures secreted significantly higher levels of leptin than undifferentiated cocultures at 1 and 2 weeks. Additionally, lipid accumulation was demonstrated with Oil Red O staining, where positive staining was higher in the differentiated cocultures. A promising in vitro approach for the vascularization of tissue-engineered adipose tissue, and the ability to vascularize a construct containing hASCs was demonstrated. The strategy outlined provides a basis for the formation of other in vitro vascularized tissues as well as a path forward for the sustainable formation of soft tissue due to the use of slowly degrading silk scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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36
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Long-Term Persistence of Tissue-Engineered Adipose Flaps in a Murine Model to 1 Year: An Update. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 124:1077-1084. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3181b59ff6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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37
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Lai N, Jayaraman A, Lee K. Enhanced proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes in coculture. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:1053-61. [PMID: 18767968 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between adipocytes and endothelial cells in adipose tissue development are poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the growth and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in planar and collagen gel cocultures. In planar coculture, preadipocyte proliferation was up to three times as great as in the control culture with only preadipocytes, where the increase was proportional to the HUVEC fraction in the seeding mixture. In the collagen gel coculture, triglyceride (TG) content (per adipocyte) was up to 3.4 times as much as in the control with only adipocytes. This effect depended on the total density and composition of the seeding mixture, with the largest increase observed at the highest density (2 x 10(6) cells/mL collagen) and preadipocyte:HUVEC ratio (90:10) tested in this study. Immunostaining showed that the collagen gel coculture also supported the elongation of endothelial cells. Blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) abolished the adipogenesis- and neovascularization-related effects of the coculture. Taken together, our results indicate that endothelial cell-mediated enhancement of adipocyte differentiation requires the activation of VEGFR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to present recent data on the effects of substance P on the development of two common pathological conditions, namely obesity and gut inflammation, and elucidate the role of this neuropeptide as a potential regulator between increased adiposity and exacerbated inflammatory responses during inflammatory bowel disease. RECENT FINDINGS We present data that demonstrate a role for substance P in both obesity and inflammatory bowel disease and investigate potential effects on fat tissue that may influence the progression of intestinal inflammation. More specifically, we discuss new evidence for direct effects of substance P on fat tissue that determine fat depot size and overall weight in mice and analyze some of the potential mechanisms. Furthermore, we present data that describe changes in the intestinal sensory innervation, in particular substance P-positive innervation, during gut inflammation and new direct evidence of the effects of preestablished obesity in the outcome of experimental inflammation of the colon in mice. In the end we propose a link between the role of substance P in the promotion of obesity and the potential consequences on inflammatory bowel disease. SUMMARY We propose that substance P may promote fat tissue expansion either centrally or peripherally and thus create a proinflammatory environment (as is the case with obesity) which may in turn affect the progression (exacerbate) of gut inflammation. Further studies are required on the effects of 'creeping fat' in inflammatory bowel disease in order to decipher the role of this type of fat-depot expansion in the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iordanes Karagiannides
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-7019, USA
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Rayalam S, Della-Fera MA, Krieg PA, Cox CM, Robins A, Baile CA. A putative role for apelin in the etiology of obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 368:815-9. [PMID: 18275845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Apelin, the endogenous ligand of the G protein-coupled APJ receptor has been shown to promote tumor angiogenesis. However, the effect of apelin on inducing angiogenesis in adipose tissue has not been investigated. In this review, we propose a putative role for apelin in promoting angiogenesis in adipose tissue. We further propose that targeting adipose tissue vasculature by blocking apelin signaling with anti-apelin antibodies will lead not only to inhibition of angiogenesis in adipose tissue but also to decreased adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srujana Rayalam
- Department of Animal & Dairy Science, University of Georgia, 444 Animal Science Complex, Athens, GA 30602-2771, USA
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Cho SW, Song KW, Rhie JW, Park MH, Choi CY, Kim BS. Engineered adipose tissue formation enhanced by basic fibroblast growth factor and a mechanically stable environment. Cell Transplant 2007; 16:421-34. [PMID: 17658132 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783464795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered adipose tissue can be used in plastic and reconstructive surgery to augment soft tissue lost due to mastectomy or lumpectomy. The three-dimensional space provided by a scaffold capable of withstanding in vivo compressive forces and neovascularization may promote engineered adipose tissue formation. The objective of this study was to determine whether voluminous adipose tissue can be engineered by combining a mechanically stable environment with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Mechanical support structures, fabricated from biodegradable synthetic polymers, were placed into subcutaneous pockets of athymic mice. Human preadipocytes, containing fibrin matrix, with (group 1) or without (group 2) bFGF were injected into the space created by the support structures. Additionally, human preadipocytes containing fibrin matrix, with (group 3) or without (group 4) bFGF, were injected into subcutaneous spaces without support structures. Six weeks after implantation, the original implant volume was approximately maintained in groups 1 and 2, whereas groups 3 and 4 showed significant implant shrinkage. Adipogenesis and angiogenesis were more extensive in the group 1 than any other group. The fraction of human nuclear antigen-positive adipocytes in the implant was highest in group 1. Mouse adipocyte-specific genes were also expressed in the implants, again at the highest levels in group 1. Implanted preadipocyte apoptosis was significantly reduced in the groups treated with bFGF (groups 1 and 3) as opposed to those without (groups 2 and 4). This study demonstrates that combining a mechanically stable environment with bFGF can promote voluminous adipose tissue regeneration. This adipogenesis was likely promoted by the mechanically stable three-dimensional space, enhanced neovascularization, implanted cell survival, and host adipogenic cell migration. The method described in this study could be useful to augment adipose tissue used in plastic and reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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Abstract
The emerging field of regenerative medicine will require a reliable source of stem cells in addition to biomaterial scaffolds and cytokine growth factors. Adipose tissue represents an abundant and accessible source of adult stem cells with the ability to differentiate along multiple lineage pathways. The isolation, characterization, and preclinical and clinical application of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Gimble
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory and Clinical Nutrition Research Unit, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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Kelly JL, Findlay MW, Knight KR, Penington A, Thompson EW, Messina A, Morrison WA. Contact with existing adipose tissue is inductive for adipogenesis in matrigel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:2041-7. [PMID: 16889532 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The effect of adipose tissue on inductive adipogenesis within Matrigel (BD Biosciences) was assessed by using a murine chamber model containing a vascular pedicle. Three-chamber configurations that varied in the access to an adipose tissue source were used, including sealed- and open-chamber groups that had no access and limited access, respectively, to the surrounding adipose tissue, and a sealed-chamber group in which adipose tissue was placed as an autograft. All groups showed neovascularization, but varied in the amount of adipogenesis seen in direct relation to their access to preexisting adipose tissue: open chambers showed strong adipogenesis, whereas the sealed chambers had little or no adipose tissue; adipogenesis was restored in the autograft chamber group that contained 2- to 5-mg fat autografts. These showed significantly more adipogenesis than the sealed chambers with no autograft ( p < 0.01). Autografts with 1mg of fat were capable of producing adipogenesis but did so less consistently than the larger autografts. These findings have important implications for adipose tissue engineering strategies and for understanding de novo production of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Kelly
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery, Melbourne, Australia
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Frye CA, Wu X, Patrick CW. Microvascular endothelial cells sustain preadipocyte viability under hypoxic conditions. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2006; 41:160-4. [PMID: 16153149 DOI: 10.1290/0502015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, soft tissue wound healing, adipose tissue engineering, lipomas, and other physiological and pathophysiological conditions necessitate a clear understanding of the interactions between adipocytes and endothelial cells. Adipogenesis and angiogenesis are intimately integrated, despite not being in direct apposition with one another. However, underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this study, the interactions of preadipocytes (PAs) and microvascular endothelial cells are investigated under varying defined O2 conditions, using a coculture system. Results clearly demonstrate that endothelial cells release a soluble factor that sustains PAs viability under hypoxic conditions. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor is not the potential soluble factor (data not shown).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Frye
- Laboratory of Reparative Biology & Bioengineering, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Mabuchi T, Yatsuya H, Tamakoshi K, Otsuka R, Nagasawa N, Zhang H, Murata C, Wada K, Ishikawa M, Hori Y, Kondo T, Hashimoto S, Toyoshima H. Association between serum leptin concentration and white blood cell count in middle-aged Japanese men and women. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2005; 21:441-7. [PMID: 15724240 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin's hematopoietic or proinflammatory role has been experimentally reported. We investigated whether serum leptin concentrations are associated with white blood cell (WBC) counts in humans. METHODS Serum leptin concentrations of Japanese civil servants aged 40 to 59 years (1082 men and 200 women) were analyzed in relation to their WBC count. Serum leptin concentrations and WBC counts were measured by radioimmunoassay and automated particle counter respectively, using samples obtained at the time of the participants' annual health checkups. RESULTS The geometric mean (+/-geometric standard deviation) leptin concentrations were 3.25 +/- 1.82 ng/mL and 6.25 +/- 3.99 ng/mL, and the geometric mean WBC counts, 5770 +/- 1269/mm(3) and 5107 +/- 1228/mm(3), in men and women respectively. The WBC count adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and drinking and smoking habits increased together with the increase in leptin concentration. Multiple linear regression against WBC count by the leptin concentration and those covariates revealed a significant and independent association with serum leptin concentration especially in women (standardized beta = 0.31, p < 0.001), and also in men (standardized beta = 0.17, p < 0.001). BMI was not significantly associated with WBC counts in the multivariate model adjusting for leptin levels in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS Our results are in line with leptin's hematopoietic or proinflammatory functions. The increased WBC counts often observed in obese people would be mediated by the increased leptin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Mabuchi
- Department of Public Health/Health Information Dynamics, Field of Social Life Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Kokta TA, Dodson MV, Gertler A, Hill RA. Intercellular signaling between adipose tissue and muscle tissue. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2004; 27:303-31. [PMID: 15519037 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2003] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adipose and muscle tissues undergo regulated growth and differentiation processes that are modulated by a wide range of factors. The interactions between myogenic cells and adipocytes play a significant role in growth and development, including the rate and extent of myogenesis, muscle growth, adipogenesis, lipogenesis/lipolysis, and in the utilization of energy substrates. Important hormones and growth factors involved in the regulation of these processes include glucocorticoids, insulin-like growth factors, various cytokines, insulin, and leptin. Interactions among these axes have important implications in their influence on relative fat and lean deposition and the efficiency of energy utilization in growth and development. As research progresses to better clarify the interactions among adipose tissue depots and muscle of different fiber types, pathways will become better understood, ultimately leading to the optimized management of fat and lean growth in domestic livestock species. This review will focus on elements of intercellular signaling, using data from cell culture studies to illustrate specific examples of signaling pathways between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Kokta
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, 311 Agricultural Biotechnology Building, P.O. Box 442330, Moscow, ID 83844-2330, USA
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Abstract
A review of adipose tissue angiogenesis includes the morphological and cytochemical development of adipose tissue vasculature and the concept of primitive fat organs. Spatial and temporal relationships between fetal vascular and fat cell development are discussed, including depot- and genetic-dependent arteriolar differentiation. The relationship between connective tissue deposition and elaboration of adipose tissue vasculature is discussed with respect to regulating adipocyte development in a depot-dependent manner. In vitro studies indicated that depot-dependent vascular traits may be attributable to intrinsic growth characteristics of adipose tissue endothelial cells. These studies indicate that adipogenesis may be regulated by factors that drive angiogenesis. Fundamental aspects of angiogenesis, including basement membrane breakdown, vasculogenesis, angiogenic remodeling, vessel stabilization, and vascular permeability were reviewed. Critical angiogenic factors include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptors, angiopoietins (Ang), ephrins, matrix metalloproteinases, and the plasminogen enzymatic system. Vascular endothelial growth factor is the most critical factor because it initiates the formation of immature vessels and disruption of a single VEGF allele leads to embryonic lethality in mice. Expression of VEGF is influenced by hypoxia, insulin, growth factors, and several cytokines. Angiogenic factors secreted and/or produced by adipocytes or preadipocytes are discussed. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression and secretion by adipocytes is regulated by insulin and hypoxia, and is associated with adipose tissue accretion. Vascular endothelial growth factor accounts for most of the angiogenic activity of adipose tissue. The proposed role of leptin as an adipogenic factor is reviewed with respect to efficacy on various aspects of angiogenesis relative to other angiogenic factors. The VEGF and leptin genes are both hypoxia inducible, but potential links between VEGF and leptin gene expression have not been examined. Finally, several studies including a study of mice treated with antiangiogenic factors indicate that adipose tissue accretion can be controlled through the vasculature per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Hausman
- USDA-ARS, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Animal Physiology Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720, USA.
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47
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Aoki S, Toda S, Ando T, Sugihara H. Bone marrow stromal cells, preadipocytes, and dermal fibroblasts promote epidermal regeneration in their distinctive fashions. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:4647-57. [PMID: 15292451 PMCID: PMC519156 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-01-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal cell types, under mesenchymal-epithelial interaction, are involved in tissue regeneration. Here we show that bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), subcutaneous preadipocytes, and dermal fibroblasts distinctively caused keratinocytes to promote epidermal regeneration, using a skin reconstruction model by their coculture with keratinocytes. Three mesenchymal cell types promoted the survival, growth, and differentiation of keratinocytes, whereas BMSCs and preadipocytes inhibited their apoptosis. BMSCs and preadipocytes induced keratinocytes to reorganize rete ridge- and epidermal ridge-like structures, respectively. Keratinocytes with fibroblasts or BMSCs expressed the greatest amount of interleukin (IL)-1alpha protein, which is critical for mesenchymal-epithelial cross-talk in skin. Keratinocytes with or without three mesenchymal supports displayed another cross-talk molecule, c-Jun protein. Without direct mesenchymal-epithelial contact, the rete ridge- and epidermal ridge-like structures were not replicated, whereas the other phenomena noted above were. DNA microarray analysis showed that the mesenchymal-epithelial interaction affected various gene expressions of keratinocytes and mesenchymal cell types. Our results suggest that not only skin-localized fibroblasts and preadipocytes but also BMSCs accelerate epidermal regeneration in complexes and that direct contact between keratinocytes and BMSCs or preadipocytes is required for the skin-specific morphogenesis above, through mechanisms that differ from the IL-1alpha/c-Jun pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Aoki
- Department of Pathology and Biodefence, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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48
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von Heimburg D, Kuberka M, Rendchen R, Hemmrich K, Rau G, Pallua N. Preadipocyte-loaded collagen scaffolds with enlarged pore size for improved soft tissue engineering. Int J Artif Organs 2004; 26:1064-76. [PMID: 14738190 DOI: 10.1177/039139880302601204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extended soft tissue defects after extensive deep burns or tumor resections are still an unresolved problem in plastic and reconstructive surgery. There is a clinical need for an adequate solution to this problem but currently, no adequate implant material is available for the correction of these defects. Since the autologous transplantation of mature adipose tissue gives poor results, this study explores the advantages of using human preadipocytes in collagen sponges for tissue reconstruction purposes. Human preadipocytes of young adults were isolated, cultured, seeded onto collagen sponges with uniform pore size, and implanted into immunodeficient mice. After 24 hours of incubation in vitro and after explantation at 3, 8, and 12 weeks, sponges were examined for macroscopic appearance, weight, thickness, histology, immuno-histochemistry, and ultrastructure. We find good penetration of cells into the scaffold, layers of adipose tissue, and new vessels on all grafts while controls appear unchanged. These results are promising for improving the reconstruction of soft tissue defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D von Heimburg
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery-Burn Center, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany.
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49
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Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and cancer. Angiogenesis is a critical component of these pathological processes, and expanding adipose tissue represents one of the few sites of active angiogenesis in the adult. Despite the potential importance of angiogenesis in obesity, little is known about underlying mechanisms. This problem is magnified by the absence of useful quantitative model systems. In this report, we examine the angiogenic process using the 3T3-F442A model of adipose tissue development. In this model, 3T3-F442A preadipocytes are implanted subcutaneously into athymic Balb/c nude mice. We show that these cells develop into highly vascularized fat pads over the next 14-21 days, and that these fat pads are morphologically similar to normal subcutaneous adipose tissue. Histological studies demonstrate that a new microvasculature is evident as early as 5 days after cell implantation, and real-time quantitative RT-PCR analyses show that the expression of endothelial cell markers and adipogenesis markers increase in parallel during fat pad development. Finally, these preliminary studies suggest that the neovasculature originates by sprouting from larger, host-derived blood vessels that run parallel to peripheral nerves and that endothelial progenitor cells play little, if any, role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap G Neels
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Division of Vascular Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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50
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Planat-Benard V, Silvestre JS, Cousin B, André M, Nibbelink M, Tamarat R, Clergue M, Manneville C, Saillan-Barreau C, Duriez M, Tedgui A, Levy B, Pénicaud L, Casteilla L. Plasticity of human adipose lineage cells toward endothelial cells: physiological and therapeutic perspectives. Circulation 2004; 109:656-63. [PMID: 14734516 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000114522.38265.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1239] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue development and remodeling are closely associated with the growth of vascular network. We hypothesized that adipose tissue may contain progenitor cells with angiogenic potential and that therapy based on adipose tissue-derived progenitor cells administration may constitute a promising cell therapy in patients with ischemic disease. METHODS AND RESULTS In mice, cultured stromal-vascular fraction (SVF) cells from adipose tissue have a great proangiogenic potential, comparable to that of bone marrow mononuclear cells in the mouse ischemic hindlimb model. Similarly, cultured human SVF cells differentiate into endothelial cells, incorporate into vessels, and promote both postischemic neovascularization in nude mice and vessel-like structure formation in Matrigel plug. In vitro, these cells represent a homogeneous population of CD34- and CD13-positive cells, which can spontaneously express the endothelial cell markers CD31 and von Willebrand factor when cultured in semisolid medium. Interestingly, dedifferentiated mature human adipocytes have the potential to rapidly acquire the endothelial phenotype in vitro and to promote neovascularization in ischemic tissue and vessel-like structure formation in Matrigel plug, suggesting that cells of endothelial and adipocyte phenotypes may have a common precursor. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates, for the first time, that adipocytes and endothelial cells have a common progenitor. Such adipose lineage cells participate in vascular-like structure formation in Matrigel plug and enhance the neovascularization reaction in ischemic tissue. These results also highlight the concept that adipose lineage cells represent a suitable new cell source for therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Planat-Benard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5018 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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