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Kumar P, Banik SP, Ohia SE, Moriyama H, Chakraborty S, Wang CK, Song YS, Goel A, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Current Insights on the Photoprotective Mechanism of the Macular Carotenoids, Lutein and Zeaxanthin: Safety, Efficacy and Bio-Delivery. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024; 43:505-518. [PMID: 38393321 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2024.2319090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Ocular health has emerged as one of the major issues of global health concern with a decline in quality of life in an aging population, in particular and rise in the number of associated morbidities and mortalities. One of the chief reasons for vision impairment is oxidative damage inflicted to photoreceptors in rods and cone cells by blue light as well as UV radiation. The scenario has been aggravated by unprecedented rise in screen-time during the COVID and post-COVID era. Lutein and Zeaxanthin are oxygenated carotenoids with proven roles in augmentation of ocular health largely by virtue of their antioxidant properties and protective effects against photobleaching of retinal pigments, age-linked macular degeneration, cataract, and retinitis pigmentosa. These molecules are characterized by their characteristic yellow-orange colored pigmentation and are found in significant amounts in vegetables such as corn, spinach, broccoli, carrots as well as fish and eggs. Unique structural signatures including tetraterpenoid skeleton with extensive conjugation and the presence of hydroxyl groups at the end rings have made these molecules evolutionarily adapted to localize in the membrane of the photoreceptor cells and prevent their free radical induced peroxidation. Apart from the benefits imparted to ocular health, lutein and zeaxanthin are also known to improve cognitive function, cardiovascular physiology, and arrest the development of malignancy. Although abundant in many natural sources, bioavailability of these compounds is low owing to their long aliphatic backbones. Under the circumstances, there has been a concerted effort to develop vegetable oil-based carriers such as lipid nano-emulsions for therapeutic administration of carotenoids. This review presents a comprehensive update of the therapeutic potential of the carotenoids along with the challenges in achieving an optimized delivery tool for maximizing their effectiveness inside the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- R&D Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, India
| | - Samudra P Banik
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata, India
| | - Sunny E Ohia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hiroyoshi Moriyama
- Department of Scientific Affairs, The Japanese Institute for Health Food Standards, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sanjoy Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology/CUNY, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yong Sang Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Apurva Goel
- Regulation Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, India
| | | | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Psychology, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA
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Yu H, Guo X, Wu J, Wu H, Zhao H. Analyzing the effect of blue-blocking lenses on color vision tests using the chromaticity coordinate method. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32938. [PMID: 38994067 PMCID: PMC11238008 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Significance Blue light with wavelengths of 380-445 nm can harm the retina, leading to the development of blue-blocking lenses (BBLs). Understanding whether BBLs affect color vision test outcomes and color discrimination ability is crucial for people in color-associated jobs. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the effect of BBLs on color vision tests and analyze color discrimination using mathematical models of color spaces. Approach Six pseudoisochromatic (PIC) tests and two Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) tests were conducted to assess participants' color vision. Friedman signed rank test was used to compare the outcomes of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Tests (FM 100-Hue Tests) between the BBLs and ordinary lenses groups. The CIE color difference formula and a spectral illuminometer were employed to evaluate the color differences with and without BBLs. Results All subjects showed normal outcomes in all PIC tests and Farnsworth-Munsell Dichotomous D-15 Tests (FM D-15 Tests). There were no significant differences between ordinary lenses group and BBLs groups in FM 100-Hue Tests. In the color space, the effect of BBLs on each color light was equivalent to a translation on the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram with minor distortion. Since BBLs do not disrupt the continuity of the chromaticity diagram, or cause different colors to appear the same, they do not lead to color confusion. However, colors with short wavelengths exhibited more changes in color difference when wearing BBLs. Conclusions BBLs do not impair the wearer's ability to discriminate colors or perform color vision tests accurately. However, BBLs can cause color differences especially in the recognition of blue hues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyao Yu
- College of science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Xinwei Guo
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Optometry, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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Otsuka Y, Imamura K, Oishi A, Asakawa K, Kondo T, Nakai R, Suga M, Inoue I, Sagara Y, Tsukita K, Teranaka K, Nishimura Y, Watanabe A, Umeyama K, Okushima N, Mitani K, Nagashima H, Kawakami K, Muguruma K, Tsujikawa A, Inoue H. Phototoxicity avoidance is a potential therapeutic approach for retinal dystrophy caused by EYS dysfunction. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174179. [PMID: 38646933 PMCID: PMC11141876 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are progressive diseases leading to vision loss. Mutation in the eyes shut homolog (EYS) gene is one of the most frequent causes of IRD. However, the mechanism of photoreceptor cell degeneration by mutant EYS has not been fully elucidated. Here, we generated retinal organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients with EYS-associated retinal dystrophy (EYS-RD). In photoreceptor cells of RD organoids, both EYS and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 7 (GRK7), one of the proteins handling phototoxicity, were not in the outer segment, where they are physiologically present. Furthermore, photoreceptor cells in RD organoids were vulnerable to light stimuli, and especially to blue light. Mislocalization of GRK7, which was also observed in eys-knockout zebrafish, was reversed by delivering control EYS into photoreceptor cells of RD organoids. These findings suggest that avoiding phototoxicity would be a potential therapeutic approach for EYS-RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Otsuka
- iPSC-based Drug discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Imamura
- iPSC-based Drug discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akio Oishi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Asakawa
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kondo
- iPSC-based Drug discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Risako Nakai
- iPSC-based Drug discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mika Suga
- iPSC-based Drug discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukako Sagara
- iPSC-based Drug discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kayoko Tsukita
- iPSC-based Drug discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaori Teranaka
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yu Nishimura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Umeyama
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Nanako Okushima
- Division of Systems Medicine and Gene Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kohnosuke Mitani
- Division of Systems Medicine and Gene Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Keiko Muguruma
- Department of iPS Cell Applied Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akitaka Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- iPSC-based Drug discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
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Yang Y, Yu L, Zhu T, Xu S, He J, Mao N, Liu Z, Wang D. Neuroprotective effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on light-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in mouse hippocampal neurons. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126315. [PMID: 37582438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Light at night (LAN) induced cognitive impairment associated with oxidative stress in mice has been reported. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) exhibits anti-tumor, anti-oxidant and neuroprotective effects, yet the neuroprotective effect on light-induced neuron damage still unclear. Here, mice exposed to LAN displayed cognitive impairment and depressive like behavior, which was reversed by LBP treatment. Meanwhile, LBP alleviated light-induced higher apoptosis and mitochondrial damage in HT-22 cells. Also, LBP prevented the decreased of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) level in light-treated cells. Additionally, LBP demonstrated its antioxidant potential by reducing ROS production and malondialdehyde (MDA) level, while simultaneously enhancing the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidases (GSH-Px) in both light-treated mice and HT-22 cells. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2), heme oxygenease-1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) were decreased in both light-treated mice and cells. Additionally, LBP treatment reversed light-induced the inhibition of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in both mice and cells. Moreover, Nrf2 antagonist ML385 significantly eliminated the neuroprotection of LBP on cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in light-treated cells. These results indicate that LBP can rescue light-induced neurotoxicity in mice and HT-22 cells by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Lin Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Shuwen Xu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jin He
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ningning Mao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhenguang Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Deyun Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Ogawa K, Urata K, Suzuki Y, Sugamoto K, Goto Y, Nakayama T, Nishiyama K, Kunitake H, Yamasaki M. Blueberry stem extract and stem active components prevent blue light-emitting diode light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage in vitro. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:378-388. [PMID: 36617234 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Blue light causes retinal damage that can lead to ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. In this study, we determined the protective effect of blueberry stem extract (BStEx) and active components on blue light-emitting diode (LED) light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage in vitro. Photoreceptor cells cultured in the presence of BStEx or components were exposed to blue light to induce cell damage. BStEx, fractions of BStEx containing proanthocyanidins, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and epicatechin prevented the cell damage and/or inhibited the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, BStEx reduced apoptosis and cell death, and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase leading to cellular apoptosis induced by blue light exposure. These findings suggest that BStEx and components exert a protective effect against blue light-induced photoreceptor cell damage through the inhibition of MAPK phosphorylation and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjirou Ogawa
- Institute for Tenure Track Promotion, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Karin Urata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yosuke Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yo Goto
- Biolabo Co., Ltd. 7-2-6 Minamimachi, Minatoshima, Chuouku, Kobe-City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakayama
- Biolabo Co., Ltd. 7-2-6 Minamimachi, Minatoshima, Chuouku, Kobe-City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hisato Kunitake
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masao Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
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Wang L, Yu X, Zhang D, Wen Y, Zhang L, Xia Y, Chen J, Xie C, Zhu H, Tong J, Shen Y. Long-term blue light exposure impairs mitochondrial dynamics in the retina in light-induced retinal degeneration in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 240:112654. [PMID: 36724628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Long-term light exposure, especially in the spectrum of blue light, frequently causes excessive oxidative stress in dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here, to gain insight into the underlying mechanism, we focused on mitochondrial dynamics alterations under long-term exposure to blue light in mouse and retinal cells. Six-month-old C57BL/6 mice were exposed to blue light (450 nm, 800 lx) for 2 weeks. The phenotypic changes in the retina were assayed using haematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy. Long-term blue light exposure significantly thinned each retinal layer in mice, induced retinal apoptosis and impaired retinal mitochondria. A retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) was used to verify the phototoxicity of blue light. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and MitoSox Red probe experiments confirmed that more total and mitochondria-specific ROS were generated in the blue light group than in the control group. Mito-Tracker Green probe showed fragmented mitochondrial morphology. The western blotting results indicated a significant increase in DRP1, OMA1, and BAX and a decrease in OPA1 and Bcl-2. In conclusion, long-term exposure to blue light damaged the retinas of mice, especially the ONL and RPE cells. There was destruction and dysfunction of mitochondria in RPE cells in vivo and in vitro. Mitochondrial dynamics were disrupted with characteristics of fusion-related obstruction after blue-light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shaoxing Central Hospital, Shaoxing 312030, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingying Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China
| | - Liyue Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China
| | - Yutong Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China
| | - Jianping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China.
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311003, China.
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Protective effects of Panax ginseng berry extract on blue light-induced retinal damage in ARPE-19 cells and mouse retina. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:65-73. [PMID: 36644394 PMCID: PMC9834005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a significant visual disease that induces impaired vision and irreversible blindness in the elderly. However, the effects of ginseng berry extract (GBE) on the retina have not been studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the protective effects of GBE on blue light (BL)-induced retinal damage and elucidate its underlying mechanisms in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19 cells) and Balb/c retina. Methods To investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of GBE on retinal damage in vitro, we performed cell viability assay, pre-and post-treatment of sample, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and western immunoblotting using A2E-laden ARPE-19 cells with BL exposure. In addition, Balb/c mice were irradiated with BL to induce retinal degeneration and orally administrated with GBE (50, 100, 200 mg/kg). Using the harvested retina, we performed histological analysis (thickness of retinal layers), qRT-PCR, and western immunoblotting to elucidate the effects and mechanisms of GBE against retinal damage in vivo. Results GBE significantly inhibited BL-induced cell damage in ARPE-19 cells by activating the SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway, regulating NF-kB translocation, caspase 3 activation, PARP cleavage, expressions of apoptosis-related factors (BAX/BCL-2, LC3-Ⅱ, and p62), and ROS production. Furthermore, GBE prevented BL-induced retinal degeneration by restoring the thickness of retinal layers and suppressed inflammation and apoptosis via regulation of NF-kB and SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway, cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP, and expressions of apoptosis-related factors in vivo. Conclusions GBE could be a potential agent to prevent dry AMD and progression to wet AMD.
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Jou JH, Chen JH, Lin JT, Cheng MH. An easy-to-apply method for determining permissible exposure limit of retina to light. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10927. [PMID: 36276735 PMCID: PMC9578988 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Long exposure to intensive artificial light imposes threats to the retina. It is crucial to know the permissible exposure time to prevent photoretinitis. One complicated quantification method is available, which, however, also requires instrumentally measured spectrum and illuminance. We present herein an easy-to-apply formula and a ready-to-use table derived therefrom to determine the permissible exposure limit for any given desk lamp at any viewing distance. One only needs to acquire its color temperature and luminous flux labeled on the product. The method can be used to assist the general public in quickly assessing the potential hazardous status of their desk lamps, if any, and guide the field experts in designing human-eye-friendly lighting.
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Xu N, Liu Y, Nai S, Tao Y, Ding Y, Jia L, Geng Q, Li J, Bai Y, Wei GH, Dong MQ, Luo L, Zhao M, Xu X, Li XX, Li J, Huang L. UBE3D Is Involved in Blue Light-Induced Retinal Damage by Regulating Double-Strand Break Repair. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:7. [PMID: 36094642 PMCID: PMC9482326 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.10.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is currently the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Previously, we identified ubiquitin-protein ligase E3D (UBE3D) as an AMD-associated protein for East Asian populations, and here we further demonstrate that UBE3D could be associated with DNA damage response. Methods The established I-SceI-inducible GFP reporter system was used to explore the effect of UBE3D on homologous recombination. Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (MS) was used to explore potential UBE3D-interacting proteins and validated with coimmunoprecipitation assays and the pulldown assays. Micrococcal nuclease (MNase) assays were used to investigate the function of UBE3D on heterochromatin de-condensation upon DNA damage. An aged mouse model of blue light-induced eye damage was constructed, and electroretinography (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed to compare the differences between wild-type and UBE3D+/- mice. Results First, we show that GFP-UBE3D is recruited to damage sites by PCNA, through a PCNA-interacting protein (PIP) box. Furthermore, UBE3D interacts with KAP1 via R377R378 and oxidation of the AMD-associated V379M mutation abolishes KAP1-UBE3D binding. By MNase assays, UBE3D depletion reduces the chromatin relaxation levels upon DNA damage. In addition, UBE3D depletion renders less KAP1 recruitment. Compared with wild type, blue light induces less damage in UBE3D+/- mice as measured by ERG and OCT, consistent with our biochemical results. Conclusions Hence, we propose that one potential mechanism that UBE3D-V379M contributes to AMD pathogenesis might be via defective DNA damage repair linked with oxidative stress and our results offered a potential direction for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningda Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University People's Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Nai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehe Ding
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lemei Jia
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qizhi Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University People's Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Gong-Hong Wei
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linyi Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University People's Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University People's Hospital Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lvzhen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University People's Hospital Beijing, China
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10
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Pinilla I, Maneu V, Campello L, Fernández-Sánchez L, Martínez-Gil N, Kutsyr O, Sánchez-Sáez X, Sánchez-Castillo C, Lax P, Cuenca N. Inherited Retinal Dystrophies: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Their Physiopathology and Therapeutic Implications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061086. [PMID: 35739983 PMCID: PMC9219848 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a large group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous diseases characterized by the progressive degeneration of the retina, ultimately leading to loss of visual function. Oxidative stress and inflammation play fundamental roles in the physiopathology of these diseases. Photoreceptor cell death induces an inflammatory state in the retina. The activation of several molecular pathways triggers different cellular responses to injury, including the activation of microglia to eliminate debris and recruit inflammatory cells from circulation. Therapeutical options for IRDs are currently limited, although a small number of patients have been successfully treated by gene therapy. Many other therapeutic strategies are being pursued to mitigate the deleterious effects of IRDs associated with oxidative metabolism and/or inflammation, including inhibiting reactive oxygen species’ accumulation and inflammatory responses, and blocking autophagy. Several compounds are being tested in clinical trials, generating great expectations for their implementation. The present review discusses the main death mechanisms that occur in IRDs and the latest therapies that are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pinilla
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa, University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Surgery, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain; (P.L.); (N.C.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Laura Campello
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Natalia Martínez-Gil
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Oksana Kutsyr
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Xavier Sánchez-Sáez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Carla Sánchez-Castillo
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Pedro Lax
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain; (P.L.); (N.C.)
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain; (P.L.); (N.C.)
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
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11
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Remonato Franco B, Leis ML, Wong M, Shynkaruk T, Crowe T, Fancher B, French N, Gillingham S, Schwean-Lardner K. Light Color and the Commercial Broiler: Effect on Ocular Health and Visual Acuity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:855266. [PMID: 35360232 PMCID: PMC8960735 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.855266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is a critical management factor for broiler production, and the wavelength spectrum, one of its components, can affect bird physiology, behavior and production. Among all the senses, sight is important to birds, and their visual system possess several adaptations that allow them to perceive light differently from humans. Therefore, it is critical to consider whether the exposure to monochromatic light colors influences broiler visual ability, which could affect behavioral expression. The present study examined the effects of various light colors on the visual systems of broiler chickens. Ross 708 males were raised from 0 to 35 days under three wavelength programs [blue (dominant wavelengths near 455 nm), green (dominant wavelengths near 510 nm) or white]. Broilers were given a complete ophthalmic examination, including chromatic pupillary light reflex testing, rebound tonometry, anterior segment biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy (n = 36, day 21). To assess ocular anatomy, broilers were euthanized, eyes were weighed, and dimensions were taken (n = 108, day 16 and day 24). An autorefractor was used to assess the refractive index and the corneal curvature (n = 18, day 26). To evaluate spatial vision, broilers underwent a grating acuity test at one of three distances–50, 75, or 100 cm (n = 24, day 29). Data were analyzed as a one-way ANOVA using the MIXED procedure or Proc Par1way for non-normally distributed data. Significant differences were observed for refractive index and spatial vision. Birds raised under blue light were slightly more hyperopic, or far-sighted, than birds raised under white light (P = 0.01). As for spatial vision, birds raised under blue light took less time to approach the stimulus at distances of 50 cm (P = 0.03) and 75 cm (P = 0.0006) and had a higher success rate (choosing the right feeder, P = 0.03) at 100 cm than birds raised under white light. Improvements in spatial vision for birds exposed to blue light can partially explain the behavioral differences resulting from rearing broilers under different wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Remonato Franco
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Marina L. Leis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Melody Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saskatoon City Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tory Shynkaruk
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Trever Crowe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Bryan Fancher
- Aviagen™ Inc., Cummings Research Park, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Nick French
- Aviagen™ Inc., Cummings Research Park, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Scot Gillingham
- Aviagen™ Inc., Cummings Research Park, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Karen Schwean-Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Karen Schwean-Lardner,
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12
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Ren J, Ren A, Deng X, Huang Z, Jiang Z, Li Z, Gong Y. Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites Regulate Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:865-880. [PMID: 35173457 PMCID: PMC8842733 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s347231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a blinding eye disease, whose incidence strongly increases with ages. The etiology of AMD is complex, including aging, abnormal lipid metabolism, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are essential for ocular structures and functions. This review summarizes the regulatory effects of LCPUFA on inflammation in AMD. LCPUFA are related to aging, autophagy and chronic inflammation. They are metabolized to pro- and anti-inflammatory metabolites by various enzymes. These metabolites stimulate inflammation in response to oxidative stress, causing innate and acquired immune responses. This review also discusses the possible clinical applications, which provided novel targets for the prevention and treatment of AMD and other age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Ren
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anli Ren
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xizhi Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengrong Huang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Jiang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yan Gong; Zhi Li, Tel +86 27 6781 1461; +86 27 6781 2622, Fax +86 27 6781 1471; +86 27 6781 3133, Email ;
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13
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Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Gallego-Ortega A, Ortín-Martínez A, Villegas-Pérez MP, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Vidal-Sanz M. Animal Models of LED-Induced Phototoxicity. Short- and Long-Term In Vivo and Ex Vivo Retinal Alterations. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111137. [PMID: 34833013 PMCID: PMC8617611 DOI: 10.3390/life11111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototoxicity animal models have been largely studied due to their degenerative communalities with human pathologies, e.g., age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Studies have documented not only the effects of white light exposure, but also other wavelengths using LEDs, such as blue or green light. Recently, a blue LED-induced phototoxicity (LIP) model has been developed that causes focal damage in the outer layers of the superior-temporal region of the retina in rodents. In vivo studies described a progressive reduction in retinal thickness that affected the most extensively the photoreceptor layer. Functionally, a transient reduction in a- and b-wave amplitude of the ERG response was observed. Ex vivo studies showed a progressive reduction of cones and an involvement of retinal pigment epithelium cells in the area of the lesion and, in parallel, an activation of microglial cells that perfectly circumscribe the damage in the outer retinal layer. The use of neuroprotective strategies such as intravitreal administration of trophic factors, e.g., basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) or pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and topical administration of the selective alpha-2 agonist (Brimonidine) have demonstrated to increase the survival of the cone population after LIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Miralles de Imperial-Ollero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, Campus de CC de la Salud, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.M.d.I.-O.); (A.G.-O.); (M.P.V.-P.)
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, Campus de CC de la Salud, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.M.d.I.-O.); (A.G.-O.); (M.P.V.-P.)
| | - Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada;
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, Campus de CC de la Salud, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.M.d.I.-O.); (A.G.-O.); (M.P.V.-P.)
| | - Francisco J. Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, Campus de CC de la Salud, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.M.d.I.-O.); (A.G.-O.); (M.P.V.-P.)
- Correspondence: (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.); Tel.: +34-868-88-4503 (F.J.V-S.); +34-868-88-4330 (M.V.-S.)
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, Campus de CC de la Salud, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.M.d.I.-O.); (A.G.-O.); (M.P.V.-P.)
- Correspondence: (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.); Tel.: +34-868-88-4503 (F.J.V-S.); +34-868-88-4330 (M.V.-S.)
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14
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Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Gallego-Ortega A, Norte-Muñoz M, Di Pierdomenico J, Bernal-Garro JM, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Vidal-Sanz M. Short- and Long-Term Study of the Impact of Focal Blue Light-Emitting Diode-Induced Phototoxicity in Adult Albino Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189742. [PMID: 34575905 PMCID: PMC8466789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In adult rats we study the short- and long-term effects of focal blue light-emitting diode (LED)-induced phototoxicity (LIP) on retinal thickness and Iba-1+ activation. Methods: The left eyes of previously dark-adapted Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were photoexposed to a blue LED (20 s, 200 lux). In vivo longitudinal monitoring of retinal thickness, fundus images, and optical retinal sections was performed from 1 to 30 days (d) after LIP with SD-OCT. Ex vivo, we analysed the population of S-cone and Iba-1+ cells within a predetermined fixed-size circular area (PCA) centred on the lesion. Results: LIP resulted in a circular focal lesion readily identifiable in vivo by fundus examination, which showed within the PCAs a progressive thinning of the outer retinal layer, and a diminution of the S-cone population to 19% by 30 d. In parallel to S-cone loss, activated Iba-1+ cells delineated the lesioned area and acquired an ameboid morphology with peak expression at 3 d after LIP. Iba-1+ cells adopted a more relaxed-branched morphology at 7 d and by 14–30 d their morphology was fully branched. Conclusion: LIP caused a progressive reduction of the outer retina with loss of S cones and a parallel dynamic activation of microglial cells in the lesioned area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Correspondence: (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.); Tel.: +34-868-88-4503 (F.J.V.-S.); +34-868-88-4330 (M.V.-S.)
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15
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Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Gallego-Ortega A, Norte-Muñoz M, Di Pierdomenico J, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Vidal-Sanz M. An in vivo model of focal light emitting diode-induced cone photoreceptor phototoxicity in adult pigmented mice: Protection with bFGF. Exp Eye Res 2021; 211:108746. [PMID: 34450185 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a model of focal injury by blue light-emitting diode (LED)-induced phototoxicity (LIP) in pigmented mouse retinas and to study the effects on cone, Iba-1+ cells and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell populations after administration of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and minocycline, alone or combined. METHODS In anesthetized dark-adapted adult female pigmented C57BL/6 mice, left pupils were dilated and the eye exposed to LIP (500 lux, 45 s). The retina was monitored longitudinally in vivo with SD-OCT for 7 days (d). Ex vivo, the effects of LIP and its protection with bFGF (0.5 μg) administered alone or combined with minocycline (45 mg/kg) were studied in immunolabeled arrestin-cone outer segments (a+OS) and quantified within a predetermined fixed-size circular area (PCA) centered on the lesion in flattened retinas at 1, 3, 5 or 7d. Moreover, Iba-1+ cells and RPE cell morphology were analysed with Iba-1 and ZO-1 antibodies, respectively. RESULTS LIP caused a focal lesion within the superior-temporal retina with retinal thinning, particularly the outer retinal layers (116.5 ± 2.9 μm to 36.8 ± 6.3 μm at 7d), and with progressive diminution of a+OS within the PCA reaching minimum values at 7d (6218 ± 342 to 3966 ± 311). Administration of bFGF alone (4519 ± 320) or in combination with minocycline (4882 ± 446) had a significant effect on a+OS survival at 7d and Iba-1+ cell activation was attenuated in the groups treated with minocycline. In parallel, the RPE cell integrity was progressively altered after LIP and administration of neuroprotective components had no restorative effect at 7d. CONCLUSIONS LIP resulted in progressive outer retinal damage affecting the OS cone population and RPE. Administration of bFGF increased a+OS survival but did not prevent RPE deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Miralles de Imperial-Ollero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
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16
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Kizawa Y, Sekikawa T, Kageyama M, Tomobe H, Kobashi R, Yamada T. Effects of anthocyanin, astaxanthin, and lutein on eye functions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021; 69:77-90. [PMID: 34376917 PMCID: PMC8325772 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of a test food containing anthocyanin, astaxanthin, and lutein on the eye function in healthy Japanese adults with eye fatigue after operating visual display terminals. Forty-four subjects were randomly but equally assigned to the active or placebo group. Two active or placebo capsules were taken once daily for 6 weeks. Accommodative function, tear film break-up time, visual acuity, the value of Schirmer's test, macular pigment optical density level, muscle hardness, and a questionnaire were evaluated before and after a 6-week intervention. Each group included 20 subjects in the efficacy analysis. The active group showed a significant improvement in the percentage of pupillary response of an average of both eyes and dominant eye pre- and post-visual display terminal operation at 6 weeks compared with the placebo group. Moreover, the active group showed a significant improvement in the scores of "A sensation of trouble in focusing the eyes" and "Difficulty in seeing objects in one's hand and nearby, or fine print" compared with the placebo group between before and after ingestion. Therefore, 6-weeks consumption of the test food inhibited a decrease in the accommodative function caused by visual display terminal operation (UMIN000036989).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kizawa
- BGG Japan Co., Ltd., 8F Ginza Kobikicho Building, 8-18-1 Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0061, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sekikawa
- BGG Japan Co., Ltd., 8F Ginza Kobikicho Building, 8-18-1 Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0061, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Kageyama
- DHC Corporation, Laboratories Division 2, 2-42 Hamada, Mihama-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 261-0025, Japan
| | - Haruna Tomobe
- DHC Corporation, Laboratories Division 2, 2-42 Hamada, Mihama-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 261-0025, Japan
| | - Riyo Kobashi
- DHC Corporation, Laboratories Division 2, 2-42 Hamada, Mihama-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 261-0025, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamada
- Ario Nishiarai Eye Clinic, 2F Ario Nishiarai, 1-20-1 Nishiarai Sakae-cho, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 123-0843, Japan
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17
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Ishida K, Yako T, Tanaka M, Otsu W, Nakamura S, Shimazawa M, Tsusaki H, Hara H. Free-Radical Scavenger NSP-116 Protects the Corneal Epithelium against UV-A and Blue LED Light Exposure. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:937-946. [PMID: 34193689 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The corneal epithelium is continuously exposed to oxygen, light, and environmental substances. Excessive exposure to those stresses is thought to be a risk factor for eye diseases. Photokeratitis is damage to the corneal epithelium resulting in a painful eye condition caused by unprotected exposure to UV rays, usually from sunlight, and is often found in people who spend a long time outdoors. In modern life, human eyes are exposed to artificial light from light-emitting diode (LED) displays of computers and smartphones, and it has been shown that short-wavelength (blue) LED light can damage eyes, especially photoreceptors. However, the effect of blue LED light on the cornea is less understood. In addition, it is important to develop new treatments for preserving human eyesight and eye health from light stress. Here, we used human corneal epithelial cells-transformed (HCE-T) cells as an in-vitro model to investigate the protective effect of NSP-116, an imidazolyl aniline derivative, against the oxidative stress induced by light in the corneal epithelium. Treatment with 10 µM NSP-116 significantly increased the cell viability and reduced the death ratio following UV or blue LED light exposure. Furthermore, NSP-116 treatment decreased light-induced reactive oxygen species production and preserved the mitochondrial membrane potential. Immunoblotting data showed that NSP-116 suppressed the stress response pathway. Finally, NSP-116 treatment prevented corneal epithelial apoptosis induced by blue LED light in an in-vivo mouse model. In conclusion, NSP-116 has a protective effect against oxidative stress and corneal cell death from both UV and blue LED light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Ishida
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Tomohiro Yako
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Miruto Tanaka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Wataru Otsu
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University.,Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hideshi Tsusaki
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University.,Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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18
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Li Y, Zhang F, Sun M, Lai L, Lv X, Liu C, Wang M, Wang N. Safety and Long-term Scleral Biomechanical Stability of Rhesus Eyes after Scleral Cross-linking by Blue Light. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46:1061-1070. [PMID: 33213212 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1853781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the safety and long-term scleral biomechanical stability of rhesus eyes after blue light scleral CXL by investigating the biomechanical and microstructural changes.Methods: Seven rhesus monkeys (14 eyes) were observed in this study. All right eyes received blue light scleral CXL at the superior temporal equatorial sclera, and the left eyes served as controls. Biological ocular parameters were followed up to 1 year after scleral CXL. Stress-strain measurements of three rhesus sclera were measured, three rhesus retinas were examined histologically by H&E and TUNEL staining. And the microstructure of both the sclera and retina were observed by transmission electron microscopy at 1 year.Results: As for the retinal thickness, choroidal thickness, flow density of retinal superficial vascular networks and flash electroretinography (f-ERG) results, no significant differences were observed between the paired eyes at 1 year (P >.05). At the same time, the scleral collagen fibril distribution was much tighter, and the scleral biomechanical properties were significantly increased in the experimental eyes. However, apoptotic cells and retinal ultrastructural changes could still be found in the retina of the experimental eyes.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that blue light scleral CXL could effectively increase the scleral stiffness of the rhesus eye for at least 1 year, but ultrastructural change was still observed in the retina of scleral CXL eye. Therefore, the long-term intraocular safety of the blue light scleral CXL technique for preventing myopia progression should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Fengju Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Mingshen Sun
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Lingbo Lai
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Lv
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Hebei Ophthalmology Key Lab, Hebei Eye Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
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19
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The Role of Oxidative Stress and Autophagy in Blue-Light-Induced Damage to the Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Zebrafish In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031338. [PMID: 33572787 PMCID: PMC7866289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the progressive degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), retina, and choriocapillaris among elderly individuals and is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Thus, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms in retinal tissue activated by blue light exposure is important for developing novel treatment and intervention strategies. In this study, blue-light-emitting diodes with a wavelength of 440 nm were applied to RPE cells at a dose of 3.7 ± 0.75 mW/cm2 for 24 h. ARPE-19 cells were used to investigate the underlying mechanism induced by blue light exposure. A trypan blue exclusion assay was used for the cell viability determination. Flow cytometry was used for apoptosis rate detection and autophagy analysis. An immunofluorescence microscopy analysis was used to investigate cellular oxidative stress and DNA damage using DCFDA fluorescence staining and an anti-γH2AX antibody. Blue light exposure of zebrafish larvae was established to investigate the effect on retinal tissue development in vivo. To further demonstrate the comprehensive effect of blue light on ARPE-19 cells, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed for an ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) to reveal additional related mechanisms. The results showed that blue light exposure caused a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells in a time-dependent manner. Oxidative stress increased during the early stage of 2 h of exposure and activated DNA damage in ARPE-19 cells after 8 h. Furthermore, autophagy was activated in response to blue light exposure at 24-48 h. The zebrafish larvae model showed the unfavorable effect of blue light in prohibiting retinal tissue development. The RNA-Seq results confirmed that blue light induced cell death and participated in tissue growth inhibition and maturation. The current study reveals the mechanisms by which blue light induces cell death in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, both the in vivo and NGS data uncovered blue light's effect on retinal tissue development, suggesting that exposing children to blue light could be relatively dangerous. These results could benefit the development of preventive strategies utilizing herbal medicine-based treatments for eye diseases or degeneration in the future.
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20
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Blue Light Irradiation Induces Human Keratinocyte Cell Damage via Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) Regulation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8871745. [PMID: 33381275 PMCID: PMC7758139 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8871745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although blue light has been reported to affect skin cells negatively, little is known about its action mechanisms in skin cells. Therefore, we investigated the role of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in blue light-induced effects on human keratinocytes and its underlying mechanisms. Blue light decreased cell proliferation and upregulated TRPV1 expression. Blue light also suppressed the epidermal growth factor receptor- (EGFR-) mediated signaling pathway by reducing the protein levels of EGFR and suppressing the EGFR/PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/FoxO3a pathway. The blue light-induced effect in cell proliferation was reversed by TRPV1 siRNA, but not capsazepine, a TRPV1-specific antagonist. In addition, blue light irradiation increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Blue light irradiation also increased both phosphorylation levels of TRPV1 and calcium influx. The blue light-induced increase in production of ROS and TNF-α was reversed by capsazepine. Furthermore, the blue light-induced increase in production of TNF-α was attenuated by SP600125 or PDTC. These findings show that blue light regulates cell survival and production of ROS and TNF-α; its effects are mediated via TRPV1. Specifically, the effects of blue light on cell proliferation are mediated by upregulating TRPV1, a negative regulator of EGFR-FoxO3a signaling. Blue light-induced production of ROS and TNF-α is also mediated through increased calcium influx via TRPV1 activation.
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21
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Dabouz R, Cheng CWH, Abram P, Omri S, Cagnone G, Sawmy KV, Joyal JS, Desjarlais M, Olson D, Weil AG, Lubell W, Rivera JC, Chemtob S. An allosteric interleukin-1 receptor modulator mitigates inflammation and photoreceptor toxicity in a model of retinal degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:359. [PMID: 33246504 PMCID: PMC7694438 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and particularly interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine highly secreted by activated immune cells during early AMD pathological events, contribute significantly to retinal neurodegeneration. Here, we identify specific cell types that generate IL-1β and harbor the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) and pharmacologically validate IL-1β's contribution to neuro-retinal degeneration using the IL-1R allosteric modulator composed of the amino acid sequence rytvela (as well as the orthosteric antagonist, Kineret) in a model of blue light-induced retinal degeneration. METHODS Mice were exposed to blue light for 6 h and sacrificed 3 days later. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with rytvela, Kineret, or vehicle twice daily for 3 days. The inflammatory markers F4/80, NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β were assessed in the retinas. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to determine the cell-specific expression patterns of retinal Il1b and Il1r1. Macrophage-induced photoreceptor death was assessed ex vivo using retinal explants co-cultured with LPS-activated bone marrow-derived macrophages. Photoreceptor cell death was evaluated by the TUNEL assay. Retinal function was assessed by flash electroretinography. RESULTS Blue light markedly increased the mononuclear phagocyte recruitment and levels of inflammatory markers associated with photoreceptor death. Co-localization of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β with F4/80+ mononuclear phagocytes was clearly detected in the subretinal space, suggesting that these inflammatory cells are the main source of IL-1β. Single-cell RNA sequencing confirmed the immune-specific expression of Il1b and notably perivascular macrophages in light-challenged mice, while Il1r1 expression was found primarily in astrocytes, bipolar, and vascular cells. Retinal explants co-cultured with LPS/ATP-activated bone marrow-derived macrophages displayed a high number of TUNEL-positive photoreceptors, which was abrogated by rytvela treatment. IL-1R antagonism significantly mitigated the inflammatory response triggered in vivo by blue light exposure, and rytvela was superior to Kineret in preserving photoreceptor density and retinal function. CONCLUSION These findings substantiate the importance of IL-1β in neuro-retinal degeneration and revealed specific sources of Il1b from perivascular MPs, with its receptor Ilr1 being separately expressed on surrounding neuro-vascular and astroglial cells. They also validate the efficacy of rytvela-induced IL-1R modulation in suppressing detrimental inflammatory responses and preserving photoreceptor density and function in these conditions, reinforcing the rationale for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabah Dabouz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, 5415 Boul L'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2 M4, Canada.,Hôpital Sainte Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Colin W H Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, 5415 Boul L'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2 M4, Canada.,Hôpital Sainte Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pénélope Abram
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, 5415 Boul L'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2 M4, Canada
| | - Samy Omri
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, 5415 Boul L'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2 M4, Canada
| | - Gael Cagnone
- Hôpital Sainte Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Michel Desjarlais
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, 5415 Boul L'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2 M4, Canada
| | - David Olson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alexander G Weil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Sainte Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William Lubell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - José Carlos Rivera
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, 5415 Boul L'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2 M4, Canada.,Hôpital Sainte Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, 5415 Boul L'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2 M4, Canada. .,Hôpital Sainte Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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22
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Ozawa Y. Oxidative stress in the light-exposed retina and its implication in age-related macular degeneration. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101779. [PMID: 33172789 PMCID: PMC7767731 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina continuously receives light to enable vision, and the related processes require a marked amount of energy. During active metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in exchange. Although physiologically generated ROS may be removed by endogenous antioxidant systems, and the effects of oxidative stress may be recovered by repair systems to retain homeostasis and health, when ROS and oxidative stress exceed the capacity of the antioxidant and repair systems, the condition becomes pathological. Multiple mechanisms of oxidative stress and the effects of antioxidant and repair systems in the retina have long been analyzed using light-induced retinal degeneration models. Among the mechanisms, a positive feedback loop of oxidative stress and related inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of a blinding aging disease, age-related macular degeneration. Treatments for suppressing ROS and oxidative stress by administrating antioxidant products may support the tissue-protective function of antioxidant systems. Moreover, recent studies have proposed a new concept for maintaining homeostasis by supplying sufficient energy to activate the repair systems. The current review will help elucidate the influence of oxidative stress and guide future analyses to explore new therapeutic approaches for oxidative stress-mediated diseases. Vision formation requires marked amounts of energy and produces ROS. Balanced oxidative stress and antioxidant/repair systems determine cellular health. ROS-modified molecules affect multiple pathways to cause cell death and disorders. A positive feedback loop of oxidative stress/related inflammation may lead to AMD. Homeostasis can be retained by supplying enough energy to activate repair systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ozawa
- St Luke's International University, Department of Ophthalmology, St Luke's International Hospital, 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8560, Japan; Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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23
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Ju Y, Tang Z, Dai X, Gao H, Zhang J, Liu Y, Yang Y, Ni N, Zhang D, Wang Y, Sun N, Yin L, Luo M, Zhang J, Gu P. Protection against light-induced retinal degeneration via dual anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic functions of thrombospondin-1. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 179:1938-1961. [PMID: 33125704 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Retinal photodamage is a high-risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. However, both the pathogenesis and effective therapies for retinal photodamage are still unclear and debated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The anti-inflammatory effects of thrombospondin-1 on blue light-induced inflammation in ARPE-19 cells and in retinal inflammation were evaluated. Furthermore, the anti-angiogenic effects of thrombospondin-1 on human microvascular endothelial cells (hMEC-1 cells) and a laser-induced choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) mouse model were evaluated. in vitro experiments, including western blotting, immunocytochemistry, migration assays and tube formation assays, as well as in vivo experiments, including immunofluorescence, visual electrophysiology, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography, were employed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects of thrombospondin-1. KEY RESULTS Specific effects of blue light-induced retinal inflammation and pathological angiogenesis were reflected by up-regulation of pro-inflammatory factors and activation of angiogenic responses, predominantly regulated by the NF-κB and VEGFR2 pathways respectively. During the blue light-induced pathological progress, THBS-1 derived from retinal pigment epithelium down-regulated proteomics and biological assays. Thrombospondin-1 treatment also suppressed inflammatory infiltration and neovascular leakage. The protective effect of Thrombospondin-1 was additionally demonstrated by a substantial rescue of visual function. Mechanistically, thrombospondin-1 reversed blue light-induced retinal inflammation and angiogenesis by blocking the activated NF-κB and VEGFR2 pathways, respectively. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Thrombospondin-1, with dual anti-inflammatory and anti-neovascularisation properties, is a promising agent for protection against blue light-induced retinal damage and retinal degenerative disorders which are pathologically associated with inflammatory and angiogenic progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahan Ju
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimin Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochan Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiqin Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ni Ni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Luqiao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
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24
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Lutein protected the retina from light induced retinal damage by inhibiting increasing oxidative stress and inflammation. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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25
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Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) Fragments Prevent Mouse Cone Photoreceptor Cell Loss Induced by Focal Phototoxicity In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197242. [PMID: 33008127 PMCID: PMC7582775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we evaluated the effects of PEDF (pigment epithelium-derived factor) and PEDF peptides on cone-photoreceptor cell damage in a mouse model of focal LED-induced phototoxicity (LIP) in vivo. Swiss mice were dark-adapted overnight, anesthetized, and their left eyes were exposed to a blue LED placed over the cornea. Immediately after, intravitreal injection of PEDF, PEDF-peptide fragments 17-mer, 17-mer[H105A] or 17-mer[R99A] (all at 10 pmol) were administered into the left eye of each animal. BDNF (92 pmol) and bFGF (27 pmol) injections were positive controls, and vehicle negative control. After 7 days, LIP resulted in a consistent circular lesion located in the supratemporal quadrant and the number of S-cones were counted within an area centered on the lesion. Retinas treated with effectors had significantly greater S-cone numbers (PEDF (60%), 17-mer (56%), 17-mer [H105A] (57%), BDNF (64%) or bFGF (60%)) relative to their corresponding vehicle groups (≈42%). The 17-mer[R99A] with no PEDF receptor binding and no neurotrophic activity, PEDF combined with a molar excess of the PEDF receptor blocker P1 peptide, or with a PEDF-R enzymatic inhibitor had undetectable effects in S-cone survival. The findings demonstrated that the cone survival effects were mediated via interactions between the 17-mer region of the PEDF molecule and its PEDF-R receptor.
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26
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Ouyang X, Yang J, Hong Z, Wu Y, Xie Y, Wang G. Mechanisms of blue light-induced eye hazard and protective measures: a review. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110577. [PMID: 32763817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of blue light exposure to human health has attracted increased research attention. Blue light, with relatively high energy, can cause irreversible photochemical damage to eye tissue. Excessive exposure of the eye to blue light tends to cause a series of alterations, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial apoptosis, inflammatory apoptosis, mitochondrial apoptosis and DNA damage, resulting in the development of dry eye disease, glaucoma, and keratitis. Accordingly, physical protection, chemical and pharmaceutical protective measures, gene therapy, and other methods are widely used in the clinical treatment of blue light hazard. We reviewed the studies on possible blue light-induced signaling pathways and mechanisms in the eye and summarized the therapeutic approaches to addressing blue light hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Zexin Hong
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yide Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yongfang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
| | - Guohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
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27
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Lin CW, Yang CM, Yang CH. Protective Effect of Astaxanthin on Blue Light Light-Emitting Diode-Induced Retinal Cell Damage via Free Radical Scavenging and Activation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 Pathway in 661W Cell Model. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18080387. [PMID: 32722441 PMCID: PMC7459684 DOI: 10.3390/md18080387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are widely used and energy-efficient light sources in modern life that emit higher levels of short-wavelength blue light. Excessive blue light exposure may damage the photoreceptor cells in our eyes. Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll that is abundantly available in seafood, is a potent free radical scavenger and anti-inflammatory agent. We used a 661W photoreceptor cell line to investigate the protective effect of astaxanthin on blue light LED-induced retinal injury. The cells were treated with various concentrations of astaxanthin and then exposed to blue light LED. Our results showed that pretreatment with astaxanthin inhibited blue light LED-induced cell apoptosis and prevented cell death. Moreover, the protective effect was concentration dependent. Astaxanthin suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress biomarkers and diminished mitochondrial damage induced by blue light exposure. Western blot analysis confirmed that astaxanthin activated the PI3K/Akt pathway, induced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and increased the expression of phase II antioxidant enzymes. The expression of antioxidant enzymes and the suppression of apoptosis-related proteins eventually protected the 661W cells against blue light LED-induced cell damage. Thus, our results demonstrated that astaxanthin exerted a dose-dependent protective effect on photoreceptor cells against damage mediated by blue light LED exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wen Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (C.-M.Y.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chung-May Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (C.-M.Y.)
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (C.-M.Y.)
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-23123456 (ext. 63193)
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28
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Xie C, Zhu H, Chen S, Wen Y, Jin L, Zhang L, Tong J, Shen Y. Chronic retinal injury induced by white LED light with different correlated color temperatures as determined by microarray analyses of genome-wide expression patterns in mice. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 210:111977. [PMID: 32738749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Widely used white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) currently deliver higher levels of blue light than conventional domestic light sources. The high intensity of the blue component is the main source of concern regarding possible health risks of LED to chronic light toxicity to the retina. Therefore, we analyzed retinal injury and genome-wide changes in gene expression induced by white LED light with different correlated color temperatures (CCTs) in a mouse model. Balb/c mice (10 weeks old) were exposed to LED light with CCTs of 2954, 5624, and 7378 K, at different illuminance levels (250, 500, 1000, and 3000 lx) and for different exposure times (7, 14, and 28 days). Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that exposure to 7378 K light at 250 lx for 28 days resulted in a significant reduction of outer nuclear layer (ONL) nuclei, whereas 2954 K light at <3000 lx led to only a mild reduction in the number of ONL nuclei. In addition, 5624 and 7378 K light at 3000 lx resulted in a significant increase in TUNEL-positive apoptotic nuclei, which was not found at an illuminance of 1000 lx. Genome-wide expression analyses showed that, compared to a control group, there were 121 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 458 downregulated DEGs found in the 7378 K group, and 59 upregulated and only 4 downregulated DEGs in the 2954 K group. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses showed that the DEGs were involved in 341 GO terms and 16 related pathways for the 7378 K group and in 12 GO terms and 7 related pathways for the 2954 K group. Signal pathways related to ubiquitin potentially played an important role in light-induced retinal degeneration. Furthermore, retinal immunohistochemistry (IHC) indicated downregulation of ubiquitin and autophagy function caused by 7378 K light. Taken together, these results indicate that retinal injury in the mice induced by white LED light occurred in a CCT-dependent manner, and that light with a higher CCT was more likely to reduce ONL nuclei; however, the apoptosis pathway may not be the only mechanism involved. Based on genome-wide expression analyses and retinal IHC, the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis signal pathway may have participated in the induction retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuyang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, TONGDE, Hospital of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yingying Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Le Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liyue Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Kim TG, Chung J, Han J, Jin KH, Shin JH, Moon SW. Photochemical Retinopathy induced by blue light emitted from a light-emitting diode Face Mask: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20568. [PMID: 32541484 PMCID: PMC7302677 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Skin photobiomodulation involves the use of low doses of light of a specific wavelength to reduce skin inflammation and promote tissue repair. Recently, a face mask using a light-emitting diode (LED) to induce photobiomodulation has been widely introduced in the market. However, a short wavelength of high-energy blue light can cause retinal damage. We would like to report a rare case of photochemical retinopathy after using a blue LED face mask. PATIENT CONCERNS A 37-year-old woman presented with complaints of distorted vision. The patient was exposed to blue light from an LED face mask 1 month before presentation. DIAGNOSIS Color fundus photography revealed a yellowish chorioretinal lesion and optical coherence tomography revealed retinal pigment epithelium destruction in the parafoveal area. Fluorescein angiography revealed leakage from the lesion at the parafovea. The patient was diagnosed with blue LED-induced photochemical retinopathy. INTERVENTIONS Intravitreal bevacizumab was injected in the right eye. OUTCOMES After 4 weeks, dysmorphopsia was improved. LESSONS This case report demonstrates that retinal damage can occur in humans due to prolonged exposure to blue light. Therefore, it is important to be wary of eye exposure and ensure the eyes are covered during LED face mask use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Gi Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong
| | - Junkyu Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong
| | | | - Kyung Hyun Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University Medical center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong
| | - Sang Woong Moon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong
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Otsu W, Ishida K, Nakamura S, Shimazawa M, Tsusaki H, Hara H. Blue light-emitting diode irradiation promotes transcription factor EB-mediated lysosome biogenesis and lysosomal cell death in murine photoreceptor-derived cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:479-484. [PMID: 32234235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to blue light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is a source of damage for human eyes in today's modern life. Although it is well known that blue light can cause cellular damage and death, the molecular mechanism underlying this is still not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that exposure to blue LED light increased lysosome levels and perinuclear cluster formation in 661W murine photoreceptor-derived cells. Irradiation with blue LED light promoted the nuclear transport of transcription factor EB (TFEB) and a subsequent increase in lysosomal-related gene expression. Moreover, blue LED light induced morphological changes in lysosomal structure and lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). These effects were suppressed by an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Finally, a calcium ion chelator, BAPTA-AM, attenuated blue LED light-induced lysosomal biogenesis and cell death. Taken together, these findings suggest that oxidative stress under blue LED light increases lysosome levels via the TFEB pathway in a calcium-dependent manner, resulting in the accumulation of damaged lysosomes and subsequently lysosomal cell death. Our results imply that lysosomal homeostasis plays a key role in the maintenance of eye function and the progression of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Otsu
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Kodai Ishida
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan; Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hideshi Tsusaki
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan; Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
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31
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Chandel L, Sharma R, Rana V. Exploring the Protective Potential of Carboxymethyl Terminalia catappa Polysaccharide on Blue Light Light-Emitting Diode Induced Corneal Damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 13:310-322. [PMID: 31849292 DOI: 10.2174/1872211314666191218110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive blue light light-emitting diode (LED) exposure and consequent oxidative stress causes corneal damage and corneal injuries are the major problem arising these days due to excessive use of mobile phone, TV, environment pollution, etc. Objective: In the present investigation, the protectiveness of carboxymethyl Terminalia catappa (CTC) from blue light LED-induced corneal damage was explored. METHODS For this purpose, Terminalia catappa (TC) was functionalized by carboxymethylation and its structural modification was confirmed by spectral attributes. Further, the CTC protective eye drop formulations (0.025-1%, w/v) were prepared and evaluated for their capability of protection from blue light LEDinduced corneal damage as compared to CTC protective eye gel (1.25-7%, w/v). The findings pointed towards excellent protection of CTC gel formulations as compared to CTC eye drop formulations. In addition, the prepared optimized CTC gel had thixotropic behavior as evident from percentage structural recovery which was 1.75 fold higher than marketed formulation (I-Comfort, HPMC 2%, w/v). The safety and non-toxicity of CTC protective eye drop and gel were confirmed by HET-CAM test. Further, a rat eye model was implemented that mimic blue light light-emitting diode induced corneal damage in day to day life to assess the protective effect of CTC protective eye drop and gel. RESULTS The order of protectiveness of CTC formulations was found to be CTC protective eye gel (4%, w/v) (no corneal damage)>marketed eye gel (12.34% corneal damage)=CTC protective eye drop (0.75%, w/v) (17.48% corneal damage)> marketed eye drop (51% corneal damage). The mechanism behind the protective effect of CTC eye drop and gel was associated with good free radical scavenging activity and corneal adhesive property of CTC. It is established from the present work that, carboxymethyl Terminalia catappa has protective action against blue light light-emitting diode induced corneal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Chandel
- Pharmaceutics Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Radhika Sharma
- Pharmaceutics Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Vikas Rana
- Pharmaceutics Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
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Valiente-Soriano FJ, Ortín-Martínez A, Di Pierdomenico J, García-Ayuso D, Gallego-Ortega A, Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Jiménez-López M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Wheeler LA, Vidal-Sanz M. Topical Brimonidine or Intravitreal BDNF, CNTF, or bFGF Protect Cones Against Phototoxicity. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:36. [PMID: 31890348 PMCID: PMC6919195 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.6.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop a focal photoreceptor degeneration model by blue light-emitting diode (LED)-induced phototoxicity (LIP) and investigate the protective effects of topical brimonidine (BMD) or intravitreal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Methods In anesthetized, dark-adapted, adult female Swiss mice, the left eye was dilated and exposed to blue light (10 seconds, 200 lux). After LIP, full-field electroretinograms (ERG) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were obtained longitudinally, and reactive-Iba-1+monocytic cells, TUNEL+ cells and S-opsin+ cone outer segments were examined up to 7 days. Left eyes were treated topically with BMD (1%) or vehicle, before or right after LIP, or intravitreally with BDNF (2.5 μg), CNTF (0.2 μg), bFGF (0.5 μg), or corresponding vehicle right after LIP. At 7 days, S-opsin+ cone outer segments were counted within predetermined fixed-size areas (PFA) centered on the lesion in both flattened retinas. Results SD-OCT showed a circular region in the superior-temporal left retina with progressive thinning (207.9 ± 5.6 μm to 160.7 ± 6.8 μm [7 days], n = 8), increasing TUNEL+ cells (peak at 3 days), decreasing S-opsin+ cone outer segments, and strong microglia activation. ERGs were normal by 3 days. Total S-opsin+ cones in the PFA for LIP-treated and fellow-retinas were 2330 ± 262 and 5601 ± 583 (n = 8), respectively. All neuroprotectants (n = 7–11), including topical BMD pre- or post-LIP, or intravitreal BDNF, CNTF, and bFGF, showed significantly greater S-opsin+ cone survival than their corresponding vehicle-treated groups. Conclusions LIP is a reliable, quantifiable focal photoreceptor degeneration model. Topical BMD or intravitreal BDNF, CNTF, or bFGF protect against LIP-induced cone-photoreceptor loss. Translational Relevance Topical BMD or intravitreal BDNF, CNTF, or bFGF protect cones against phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Present Address: Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan A Miralles de Imperial-Ollero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Larry A Wheeler
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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Effects of Different Light Sources on Neural Activity of the Paraventricular Nucleus in the Hypothalamus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55110732. [PMID: 31717519 PMCID: PMC6915334 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55110732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Physical function is influenced by light irradiation, and interest in the influence of light irradiation on health is high. Light signals are transmitted from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) via the retinal hypothalamic tract as non-image vision. Additionally, the SCN projects a nerve to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) which acts as a stress center. This study examined the influences of three different light sources on neural activity in the PVN region using two different color temperatures. Materials and Methods: Experiments were conducted using twenty-eight Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice (10 week old males). Three light sources were used: (1) organic light-emitting diode (OLED) lighting, (2) LED lighting, and (3) fluorescent lighting. We examined the effects of light irradiation from the three light sources using two different color temperatures (2800 K and 4000 K). Perfusion was done 60 min after light irradiation, and then the brain was removed from the mouse for an immunohistochemistry analysis. c-Fos was immunohistochemically visualized as a marker of neural activity in the PVN region. Results: The number of c-Fos-positive cells was found to be significantly lower under OLED lighting and LED lighting conditions than under fluorescent lighting at a color temperature of 2800 K, and significantly lower under OLED lighting than LED lighting conditions at a color temperature of 4000 K. Conclusions: This study reveals that different light sources and color temperatures alter the neural activity of the PVN region. These results suggest that differences in the light source or color temperature may affect the stress response.
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The metabolic face of migraine - from pathophysiology to treatment. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:627-643. [PMID: 31586135 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Migraine can be regarded as a conserved, adaptive response that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals with a mismatch between the brain's energy reserve and workload. Given the high prevalence of migraine, genotypes associated with the condition seem likely to have conferred an evolutionary advantage. Technological advances have enabled the examination of different aspects of cerebral metabolism in patients with migraine, and complementary animal research has highlighted possible metabolic mechanisms in migraine pathophysiology. An increasing amount of evidence - much of it clinical - suggests that migraine is a response to cerebral energy deficiency or oxidative stress levels that exceed antioxidant capacity and that the attack itself helps to restore brain energy homeostasis and reduces harmful oxidative stress levels. Greater understanding of metabolism in migraine offers novel therapeutic opportunities. In this Review, we describe the evidence for abnormalities in energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in migraine, with a focus on clinical data (including neuroimaging, biochemical, genetic and therapeutic studies), and consider the relationship of these abnormalities with the abnormal sensory processing and cerebral hyper-responsivity observed in migraine. We discuss experimental data to consider potential mechanisms by which metabolic abnormalities could generate attacks. Finally, we highlight potential treatments that target cerebral metabolism, such as nutraceuticals, ketone bodies and dietary interventions.
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Liu X, Zhou Q, Lin H, Wu J, Wu Z, Qu S, Bi Y. The Protective Effects of Blue Light-Blocking Films With Different Shielding Rates: A Rat Model Study. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:19. [PMID: 31143526 PMCID: PMC6526960 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.3.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine light emitting diode (LED)-induced retinal photochemical damage and assess the protective performance of blue light-shielding films with different shielding rates in Sprague-Dawley rats (SD rats). Methods SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: blank control (group I), white LED illumination (group II), and white LED illumination combined with shielding of blue light of wavelength 440 nm at 40%, 60%, and 80% (groups III, IV, and V). The illumination was 200 lux. All animals underwent electroretinography (ERG), hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation after 14 days of dark-adaptation before illumination, after 14 days of cyclic illumination, and after 14 days of darkness for recovery following illumination. Results ERG showed retinal functional loss after LED light exposure. However, retinal cell function was partly recovered after a further 2 weeks of dark adaptation. H&E staining and TEM revealed increases in photoreceptor cell death after illumination. IHC staining demonstrated that oxidative stress was associated with retinal injury. Although retinal light injury was discovered in the LED light-exposure groups, shielding 60% of blue light of wavelength 440 nm (bandwidth 20 nm) protected retinas. Conclusions Cyclic illumination of low light intensity (200 lux) for 14 days produced retinal degeneration; shielding 60% of blue light may protect retinas from light damage. Translational Relevance This study found the effective shielding rate that could protect retinas from light damage when shielding specific narrow-band harmful blue light; thus providing a more normative method for protecting eyes from blue light hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinzhong Wu
- Actif Polarizers Technology R & D Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zijing Wu
- Actif Polarizers Technology R & D Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanlong Bi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Lin CW, Yang CM, Yang CH. Effects of the Emitted Light Spectrum of Liquid Crystal Displays on Light-Induced Retinal Photoreceptor Cell Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092318. [PMID: 31083373 PMCID: PMC6539598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are used as screens in consumer electronics and are indispensable in the modern era of computing. LCDs utilize light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as backlight modules and emit high levels of blue light, which may cause retinal photoreceptor cell damage. However, traditional blue light filters may decrease the luminance of light and reduce visual quality. We adjusted the emitted light spectrum of LED backlight modules in LCDs and reduced the energy emission but maintained the luminance. The 661W photoreceptor cell line was used as the model system. We established a formula of the ocular energy exposure index (OEEI), which could be used as the indicator of LCD energy emission. Cell viability decreased and apoptosis increased significantly after exposure to LCDs with higher emitted energy. Cell damage occurred through the induction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The molecular mechanisms included activation of the NF-κB pathway and upregulation of the expression of proteins associated with inflammation and apoptosis. The effect was correlated with OEEI intensity. We demonstrated that LCD exposure-induced photoreceptor damage was correlated with LCD energy emission. LCDs with lower energy emission may, therefore, serve as suitable screens to prevent light-induced retinal damage and protect consumers’ eye health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wen Lin
- Departments of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Zhongshan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-May Yang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Zhongshan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Zhongshan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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Benedetto MM, Contin MA. Oxidative Stress in Retinal Degeneration Promoted by Constant LED Light. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:139. [PMID: 31105526 PMCID: PMC6499158 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Light pollution by artificial light, might accelerate retinal diseases and circadian asynchrony. The excess of light exposure is a growing problem in societies, so studies on the consequences of long-term exposure to low levels of light are needed to determine the effects on vision. The possibility to understand the molecular mechanisms of light damage will contribute to the knowledge about visual disorders related to defects in the phototransduction. Several animal models have been used to study retinal degeneration (RD) by light; however, some important aspects remain to be established. Previously, we demonstrated that cool white treatment of 200 lux light-emitting diode (LED) induces retinal transformation with rods and cones cell death and significant changes in opsin expression in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL). Therefore, to further develop describing the molecular pathways of RD, we have examined here the oxidative stress and the fatty acid composition in rat retinas maintained at constant light. We demonstrated the existence of oxidative reactions after 5 days in outer nuclear layer (ONL), corresponding to classical photoreceptors; catalase (CAT) enzyme activity did not show significant differences in all times studied and the fatty acid study showed that docosahexaenoic acid decreased after 4 days. Remarkably, the docosahexaenoic acid diminution showed a correlation with the rise in stearic acid indicating a possible association between them. We assumed that the reduction in docosahexaenoic acid may be affected by the oxidative stress in photoreceptors outer segment which in turn affects the stearic acid composition with consequences in the membrane properties. All these miss-regulation affects the photoreceptor survival through unknown mechanisms involved. We consider that oxidative stress might be one of the pathways implicated in RD promoted by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Benedetto
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria A Contin
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Zhao ZC, Zhou Y, Tan G, Li J. Research progress about the effect and prevention of blue light on eyes. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:1999-2003. [PMID: 30588436 PMCID: PMC6288536 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.12.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, people have become increasingly attentive to light pollution influences on their eyes. In the visible spectrum, short-wave blue light with wavelength between 415 nm and 455 nm is closely related to eye light damage. This high energy blue light passes through the cornea and lens to the retina causing diseases such as dry eye, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, even stimulating the brain, inhibiting melatonin secretion, and enhancing adrenocortical hormone production, which will destroy the hormonal balance and directly affect sleep quality. Therefore, the effect of Blu-rays on ocular is becoming an important concern for the future. We describe blue light's effects on eye tissues, summarize the research on eye injury and its physical prevention and medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an No.4 Hospital, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Gang Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an No.4 Hospital, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
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Liou JC, Yang SL, Wang PH, Wu JL, Huang YP, Chen BY, Lee MC. Protective effect of crocin against the declining of high spatial frequency-based visual performance in mice. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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40
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Nakamura M, Yako T, Kuse Y, Inoue Y, Nishinaka A, Nakamura S, Shimazawa M, Hara H. Exposure to excessive blue LED light damages retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors of pigmented mice. Exp Eye Res 2018; 177:1-11. [PMID: 30040948 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To determine the characteristics of the damages of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors of pigmented mice induced by exposure to blue light emitting diode (LED) light, and to determine the mechanisms causing the damages. Exposure to blue LED light for 3 days induced retinal damage, and the characteristics of the damage differed from that induced by white fluorescent light exposure. Ophthalmoscopy showed that blue LED exposure for 3 days induced white spots on the retina, and histological examinations showed materials accumulated at the IS/OS junction of the photoreceptors. The accumulated materials were stained by ionized calcium binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1), a marker for macrophages. The debris was also positive for periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). An enlarging the area of RPE was detected just after the blue LED exposure especially around the optic nerve, and this led to a secondary degeneration of the photoreceptors. Exposure of pigmented mice to 3 consecutive days of blue LED light will cause RPE and photoreceptor damage. The damage led to an accumulation of macrophages and drusen-like materials around the outer segments of the photoreceptors. This blue light exposed model may be useful for investigating the pathogenesis of non-exudative age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yako
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kuse
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Anri Nishinaka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
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Antioxidant effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on photoreceptor degeneration in the light-exposed mouse retina. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:829-837. [PMID: 29684862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the neuroprotective effects of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides (LBP) on photoreceptor degeneration and the mechanisms involved in oxidative stress in light-exposed mouse retinas. Mice were given a gavage of LBP (150 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 7 days before exposure to light (5000 lx for 24 h). We found that LBP significantly improved the electroretinography (ERG) amplitudes of the a- and b-waves that had been attenuated by light exposure. In addition, changes caused by light exposure including photoreceptor cell loss, nuclear condensation, an increased number of mitochondria vacuoles, outer membrane disc swelling and cristae fractures were distinctly ameliorated by LBP. LBP treatment also significantly prevented the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared with PBS treatment. The levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1) mRNA were decreased in PBS-treated mice compared with controls but increased remarkably in LBP-treated mice. The mRNA levels of the DNA repair gene Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP14) was increased in PBS-treated mice but decreased significantly in the LBP-treated mice. Our findings indicate that pretreatment with LBP effectively protected photoreceptor cells against light-induced retinal damage probably through the up-regulation of the antioxidative genes Nrf2 and TrxR1, the elimination of oxygen free radicals, and the subsequent reduction in the mitochondrial reaction to oxidative stress and enhancement in antioxidant capacity. In addition, the decreased level of PARP14 mRNA in LBP-treated mice also indicated a protective effect of LBP on delaying photoreceptor in the light-damaged retina.
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