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Zhang Y, Wang J. Current status and prospects of gelatin and its derivatives in oncological applications: Review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133590. [PMID: 38996884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Treating cancer remains challenging due to the substantial side effects and unfavourable pharmacokinetic characteristics of antineoplastic medications, despite the progress made in comprehending the properties and actions of tumour cells in recent years. The advancement of biomaterials, such as stents, implants, personalised drug delivery systems, tailored grafts, cell sheets, and other transplantable materials, has brought about a significant transformation in healthcare and medicine in recent years. Gelatin is a very adaptable natural polymer that finds extensive application in healthcare-related industries owing to its favourable characteristics, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, affordability, and the presence of accessible chemical groups. Gelatin is used as a biomaterial in the biomedical sector for the creation of drug delivery systems (DDSs) since it may be applied to various synthetic procedures. Gelatin nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively employed as carriers for drugs and genes, specifically targeting diseased tissues such as cancer, tuberculosis, and HIV infection, as well as treating vasospasm and restenosis. This is mostly due to their biocompatibility and ability to degrade naturally. Gelatins possess a diverse array of potential applications that require more elucidation. This review focuses on the use of gelatin and its derivatives in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The advancement of biomaterials and bioreactors, coupled with the increasing understanding of emerging applications for biomaterials, has enabled progress in enhancing the efficacy of tumour treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Zhang
- University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jia Wang
- University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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2
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Bahlool AZ, Cavanagh B, Sullivan AO, MacLoughlin R, Keane J, Sullivan MPO, Cryan SA. Microfluidics produced ATRA-loaded PLGA NPs reduced tuberculosis burden in alveolar epithelial cells and enabled high delivered dose under simulated human breathing pattern in 3D printed head models. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 196:106734. [PMID: 38417586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is second only to COVID-19 as the top infectious disease killer worldwide. Multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) may arise because of poor patient adherence to medications due to lengthy treatment duration and side effects. Delivering novel host directed therapies (HDT), like all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) may help to improve drug regimens and reduce the incidence of MDR-TB. Local delivery of ATRA to the site of infection leads to higher bioavailability and reduced systemic side effects. ATRA is poorly soluble in water and has a short half-life in plasma. Therefore, it requires a formulation step before it can be administered in vivo. ATRA loaded PLGA nanoparticles suitable for nebulization were manufactured and optimized using a scalable nanomanufacturing microfluidics (MF) mixing approach (MF-ATRA-PLGA NPs). MF-ATRA-PLGA NPs demonstrated a dose dependent inhibition of Mtb growth in TB-infected A549 alveolar epithelial cell model while preserving cell viability. The MF-ATRA-PLGA NPs were nebulized with the Aerogen Solo vibrating mesh nebulizer, with aerosol droplet size characterized using laser diffraction and the estimated delivered dose was determined. The volume median diameter (VMD) of the MF-ATRA-PLGA NPs was 3.00 ± 0.18 μm. The inhaled dose delivered in adult and paediatric 3D printed head models under a simulated normal adult and paediatric breathing pattern was found to be 47.05 ± 3 % and 20.15 ± 3.46 % respectively. These aerosol characteristics of MF-ATRA-PLGA NPs supports its suitability for delivery to the lungs via inhalation. The data generated on the efficacy of an inhalable, scalable and regulatory friendly ATRA-PLGA NPs formulation provides a foundation on which further pre-clinical testing can be built. Overall, the results of this project are promising for future research into ATRA loaded NPs formulations as inhaled host directed therapies for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Z Bahlool
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, D02 YN77, Dublin, Ireland; Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Brenton Cavanagh
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew O' Sullivan
- Research and Development, Science and Emerging Technologies, Aerogen Ltd, Galway Business Park, Dangan, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, D02 YN77, Dublin, Ireland; Research and Development, Science and Emerging Technologies, Aerogen Ltd, Galway Business Park, Dangan, Galway, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Mary P O' Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, D02 YN77, Dublin, Ireland; Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin, Ireland; SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), NUIG & RCSI, Dublin, Ireland.
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3
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Guidi L, Cascone MG, Rosellini E. Light-responsive polymeric nanoparticles for retinal drug delivery: design cues, challenges and future perspectives. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26616. [PMID: 38434257 PMCID: PMC10906429 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A multitude of sight-threatening retinal diseases, affecting hundreds of millions around the globe, lack effective pharmacological treatments due to ocular barriers and common drug delivery limitations. Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) are versatile drug carriers with sustained drug release profiles and tunable physicochemical properties which have been explored for ocular drug delivery to both anterior and posterior ocular tissues. PNPs can incorporate a wide range of drugs and overcome the challenges of conventional retinal drug delivery. Moreover, PNPs can be engineered to respond to specific stimuli such as ultraviolet, visible, or near-infrared light, and allow precise spatiotemporal control of the drug release, enabling tailored treatment regimens and reducing the number of required administrations. The objective of this study is to emphasize the therapeutic potential of light-triggered drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles to treat retinal diseases through an exploration of ocular pathologies, challenges in drug delivery, current production methodologies and recent applications. Despite challenges, light-responsive PNPs hold the promise of substantially enhancing the treatment landscape for ocular diseases, aiming for an improved quality of life for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Guidi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cascone
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rosellini
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122, Pisa, Italy
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4
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Fischer D. Sustainability in Drug and Nanoparticle Processing. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 284:45-68. [PMID: 37306814 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The formulation of drugs in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles can be accomplished by various methods, with nanoprecipitation and nanoemulsion being among the most commonly used manufacturing techniques to provide access to high-quality nanomaterials with reproducible quality. Current trends turned to sustainability and green concepts leading to a re-thinking of these techniques, particularly as the conventional solvents for the dissolution of the polymer suffer from limitations like hazards for human health and natural environment. This chapter gives an overview about the different excipients used in classical nanoformulations with a special focus on the currently applied organic solvents. As alternatives, the status quo of green, sustainable, and alternative solvents regarding their application, advantages, and limitations will be highlighted as well as the role of physicochemical solvent characteristics like water miscibility, viscosity, and vapor pressure for the selection of the formulation process, and for particle characteristics. New alternative solvents will be introduced for PLGA nanoparticle formation and compared regarding particle characteristics and biological effects as well as for in situ particle formation in a matrix consisting of nanocellulose. Conclusively, new alternative solvents are available that present a significant advancement toward the replacement of organic solvents in PLGA nanoparticle formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Fischer
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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5
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Gimondi S, Ferreira H, Reis RL, Neves NM. Size-Dependent Polymeric Nanoparticle Distribution in a Static versus Dynamic Microfluidic Blood Vessel Model: Implications for Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:7364-7374. [PMID: 37207132 PMCID: PMC10189782 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely investigated in the nanomedicine field. One of the main challenges is to accurately predict the NP distribution and fate after administration. Microfluidic platforms acquired huge importance as tools to model the in vivo environment. In this study, we leveraged a microfluidic platform to produce FITC-labeled poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG) NPs with defined sizes of 30, 50, and 70 nm. The study aimed to compare the ability of NPs with differences of 20 nm in size to cross an endothelial barrier using static (Transwell inserts) and dynamic (microfluidic perfusion device) in vitro models. Our results evidence a size-dependent NP crossing in both models (30 > 50 > 70 nm) and highlight the bias deriving from the static model, which does not involve shear stresses. The permeation of each NP size was significantly higher in the static system than in the dynamic model at the earliest stages. However, it gradually decreased to levels comparable with those of the dynamic model. Overall, this work highlights clear differences in NP distribution over time in static versus dynamic conditions and distinct size-dependent patterns. These findings reinforce the need for accurate in vitro screening models that allow for more accurate predictions of in vivo performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gimondi
- 3B’s
Research Group, I3Bs−Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables
and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters
of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da
Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT
Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helena Ferreira
- 3B’s
Research Group, I3Bs−Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables
and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters
of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da
Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT
Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s
Research Group, I3Bs−Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables
and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters
of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da
Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT
Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno M. Neves
- 3B’s
Research Group, I3Bs−Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables
and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters
of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da
Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT
Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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6
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Garcia L, Palma-Florez S, Espinosa V, Soleimani Rokni F, Lagunas A, Mir M, García-Celma MJ, Samitier J, Rodríguez-Abreu C, Grijalvo S. Ferulic acid-loaded polymeric nanoparticles prepared from nano-emulsion templates facilitate internalisation across the blood-brain barrier in model membranes. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:7929-7944. [PMID: 37067009 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr07256d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A hydroxycinnamic acid derivative, namely ferulic acid (FA) has been successfully encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). FA-loaded polymeric NPs were prepared from O/W nano-emulsion templates using the phase inversion composition (PIC) low-energy emulsification method. The obtained PLGA NPs exhibited high colloidal stability, good drug-loading capacity, and particle hydrodynamic diameters in the range of 74 to 117 nm, depending on the FA concentration used. In vitro drug release studies confirmed a diffusion-controlled mechanism through which the amount of released FA reached a plateau at 60% after 6 hours-incubation. Five kinetic models were used to fit the FA release data as a function of time. The Weibull distribution and Korsmeyer-Peppas equation models provided the best fit to our experimental data and suggested quasi-Fickian diffusion behaviour. Moderate dose-response antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of FA-loaded PLGA NPs were demonstrated using the DPPH˙ assay achieving inhibition activities close to 60 and 40%, respectively. Cell culture studies confirmed that FA-loaded NPs were not toxic according to the MTT colorimetric assay, were able to internalise efficiently SH-SY5Y neuronal cells and supressed the intracellular ROS-level induced by H2O2 leading to 52% and 24.7% of cellular viability at 0.082 and 0.041 mg mL-1, respectively. The permeability of the NPs through the blood brain barrier was tested with an in vitro organ-on-a-chip model to evaluate the ability of the FA-loaded PLGA and non-loaded PLGA NPs to penetrate to the brain. NPs were able to penetrate the barrier, but permeability decreased when FA was loaded. These results are promising for the use of loaded PLGA NPs for the management of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Garcia
- IQAC, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034-Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sujey Palma-Florez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08028-Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Spain.
| | | | | | - Anna Lagunas
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08028-Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Spain.
| | - Mònica Mir
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08028-Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Spain.
| | - María José García-Celma
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical-chemistry, IN2UB, R+D Associated Unit to CSIC, Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08028-Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Spain.
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7
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Vogelaar A, Marcotte S, Cheng J, Oluoch B, Zaro J. Use of Microfluidics to Prepare Lipid-Based Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041053. [PMID: 37111539 PMCID: PMC10144662 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based nanoparticles (LBNPs) are an important tool for the delivery of a diverse set of drug cargoes, including small molecules, oligonucleotides, and proteins and peptides. Despite their development over the past several decades, this technology is still hindered by issues with the manufacturing processes leading to high polydispersity, batch-to-batch and operator-dependent variability, and limits to the production volumes. To overcome these issues, the use of microfluidic techniques in the production of LBNPs has sharply increased over the past two years. Microfluidics overcomes many of the pitfalls seen with conventional production methods, leading to reproducible LBNPs at lower costs and higher yields. In this review, the use of microfluidics in the preparation of various types of LBNPs, including liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, and solid lipid nanoparticles for the delivery of small molecules, oligonucleotides, and peptide/protein drugs is summarized. Various microfluidic parameters, as well as their effects on the physicochemical properties of LBNPs, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Vogelaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Samantha Marcotte
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jiaqi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Benazir Oluoch
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jennica Zaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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8
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Agha A, Waheed W, Stiharu I, Nerguizian V, Destgeer G, Abu-Nada E, Alazzam A. A review on microfluidic-assisted nanoparticle synthesis, and their applications using multiscale simulation methods. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2023; 18:18. [PMID: 36800044 PMCID: PMC9936499 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in the development of nanoparticles (NPs) owing to their potential use in a wide variety of biomedical applications, including drug delivery, imaging agents, gene therapy, and vaccines, where recently, lipid nanoparticle mRNA-based vaccines were developed to prevent SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19. NPs typically fall into two broad categories: organic and inorganic. Organic NPs mainly include lipid-based and polymer-based nanoparticles, such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymersomes, dendrimers, and polymer micelles. Gold and silver NPs, iron oxide NPs, quantum dots, and carbon and silica-based nanomaterials make up the bulk of the inorganic NPs. These NPs are prepared using a variety of top-down and bottom-up approaches. Microfluidics provide an attractive synthesis alternative and is advantageous compared to the conventional bulk methods. The microfluidic mixing-based production methods offer better control in achieving the desired size, morphology, shape, size distribution, and surface properties of the synthesized NPs. The technology also exhibits excellent process repeatability, fast handling, less sample usage, and yields greater encapsulation efficiencies. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the microfluidic-based passive and active mixing techniques for NP synthesis, and their latest developments. Additionally, a summary of microfluidic devices used for NP production is presented. Nonetheless, despite significant advancements in the experimental procedures, complete details of a nanoparticle-based system cannot be deduced from the experiments alone, and thus, multiscale computer simulations are utilized to perform systematic investigations. The work also details the most common multiscale simulation methods and their advancements in unveiling critical mechanisms involved in nanoparticle synthesis and the interaction of nanoparticles with other entities, especially in biomedical and therapeutic systems. Finally, an analysis is provided on the challenges in microfluidics related to nanoparticle synthesis and applications, and the future perspectives, such as large-scale NP synthesis, and hybrid formulations and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Agha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Waqas Waheed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | | | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eiyad Abu-Nada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Anas Alazzam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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9
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Seo H, Jeon L, Kwon J, Lee H. High-Precision Synthesis of RNA-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2203033. [PMID: 36737864 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of RNA-based therapeutics in delivering nucleic acids for gene editing and regulating protein translation has led to the effective treatment of various diseases including cancer, inflammatory and genetic disorder, as well as infectious diseases. Among these, lipid nanoparticles (LNP) have emerged as a promising platform for RNA delivery and have shed light by resolving the inherent instability issues of naked RNA and thereby enhancing the therapeutic potency. These LNP consisting of ionizable lipid, helper lipid, cholesterol, and poly(ethylene glycol)-anchored lipid can stably enclose RNA and help them release into the cells' cytosol. Herein, the significant progress made in LNP research starting from the LNP constituents, formulation, and their diverse applications is summarized first. Moreover, the microfluidic methodologies which allow precise assembly of these newly developed constituents to achieve LNP with controllable composition and size, high encapsulation efficiency as well as scalable production are highlighted. Furthermore, a short discussion on current challenges as well as an outlook will be given on emerging approaches to resolving these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjin Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea
| | - Leekang Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea
| | - Jaeyeong Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea
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10
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Fu Y, Chen C, Li C, An Q, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Li D. Photothermal properties of PLGA/graphene composite nanofiber membrane for potential anti-tumor application. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Chiesa E, Bellotti M, Caimi A, Conti B, Dorati R, Conti M, Genta I, Auricchio F. Development and optimization of microfluidic assisted manufacturing process to produce PLGA nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2022; 629:122368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Liu Y, Yang G, Hui Y, Ranaweera S, Zhao CX. Microfluidic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106580. [PMID: 35396770 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted tremendous interest in drug delivery in the past decades. Microfluidics offers a promising strategy for making NPs for drug delivery due to its capability in precisely controlling NP properties. The recent success of mRNA vaccines using microfluidics represents a big milestone for microfluidic NPs for pharmaceutical applications, and its rapid scaling up demonstrates the feasibility of using microfluidics for industrial-scale manufacturing. This article provides a critical review of recent progress in microfluidic NPs for drug delivery. First, the synthesis of organic NPs using microfluidics focusing on typical microfluidic methods and their applications in making popular and clinically relevant NPs, such as liposomes, lipid NPs, and polymer NPs, as well as their synthesis mechanisms are summarized. Then, the microfluidic synthesis of several representative inorganic NPs (e.g., silica, metal, metal oxide, and quantum dots), and hybrid NPs is discussed. Lastly, the applications of microfluidic NPs for various drug delivery applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Guangze Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yue Hui
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Supun Ranaweera
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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13
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Danafar H, Hossein Taromchi A, Rakhshbahar A, Sharafi A, Hasani V, Tafvizi S, Rostami M. Co-delivery of methotrexate and curcumin with mPEG-PCL polymeric nanoparticles and evaluation of toxicity effect on MCF7 breast cancer cell line. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Maged A, Abdelbaset R, Mahmoud AA, Elkasabgy NA. Merits and advances of microfluidics in the pharmaceutical field: design technologies and future prospects. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1549-1570. [PMID: 35612293 PMCID: PMC9154770 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2069878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics is used to manipulate fluid flow in micro-channels to fabricate drug delivery vesicles in a uniform tunable size. Thanks to their designs, microfluidic technology provides an alternative and versatile platform over traditional formulation methods of nanoparticles. Understanding the factors that affect the formulation of nanoparticles can guide the proper selection of microfluidic design and the operating parameters aiming at producing nanoparticles with reproducible properties. This review introduces the microfluidic systems' continuous flow (single-phase) and segmented flow (multiphase) and their different mixing parameters and mechanisms. Furthermore, microfluidic approaches for efficient production of nanoparticles as surface modification, anti-fouling, and post-microfluidic treatment are summarized. The review sheds light on the used microfluidic systems and operation parameters applied to prepare and fine-tune nanoparticles like lipid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoparticles as well as cross-linked nanoparticles. The approaches for scale-up production using microfluidics for clinical or industrial use are also highlighted. Furthermore, the use of microfluidics in preparing novel micro/nanofluidic drug delivery systems is presented. In conclusion, the characteristic vital features of microfluidics offer the ability to develop precise and efficient drug delivery nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Maged
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Factory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reda Abdelbaset
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza A Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermeen A Elkasabgy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Silverman L, Bhatti G, Wulff JE, Moffitt MG. Improvements in Drug-Delivery Properties by Co-Encapsulating Curcumin in SN-38-Loaded Anticancer Polymeric Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1866-1881. [PMID: 35579267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SN-38 is an immensely potent anticancer agent although its use necessitates encapsulation to overcome issues of poor solubility and stability. Since SN-38 is a notoriously challenging drug to encapsulate, new avenues to increase encapsulation efficiency in polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) are needed. In this paper, we show that nanoprecipitation with curcumin (CUR) increases SN-38 encapsulation efficiencies in coloaded SN-38/CUR-PNPs based on poly(ε-caprolactone)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL-b-PEG) by up to a factor of 10. In addition, we find a dramatic decrease in PNP polydispersities, from 0.34 to 0.07, as the initial CUR-to-polymer ratio increases from 0 to 10, with only a modest increase in PNP size (from 40 to 55 nm). Compared to coloaded PNP formation using nanoprecipitation in the bulk or in a gas-liquid, a two-phase microfluidic reactor shows similar trends with respect to CUR content, although improvements in SN-38 encapsulation efficiencies both with and without CUR are found using the microfluidic method. Additional precipitation studies without copolymer suggest that CUR increases the dispersion of SN-38 in the solvent medium of micelle formation, which may contribute to the observed encapsulation enhancement. Cytotoxicity studies of unencapsulated SN-38/CUR mixtures show that addition of CUR does not significantly affect SN-38 potency against either U87 (glioblastoma) or A204 (rhabdomyosarcoma) cell lines. However, we find significant differences in the potencies of SN-38/CUR-PNP formulations depending on initial CUR amounts, with an optimized formulation showing subnanomolar cytotoxicity against A204 cells, significantly more potent than either free SN-38 or PNPs containing only SN-38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Coloumbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Gitika Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Coloumbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Jeremy E Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Coloumbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Matthew G Moffitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Coloumbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
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16
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Markowski A, Jaromin A, Migdał P, Olczak E, Zygmunt A, Zaremba-Czogalla M, Pawlik K, Gubernator J. Design and Development of a New Type of Hybrid PLGA/Lipid Nanoparticle as an Ursolic Acid Delivery System against Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5536. [PMID: 35628352 PMCID: PMC9143619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many attempts, trials, and treatment procedures, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) still ranks among the most deadly and treatment-resistant types of cancer. Hence, there is still an urgent need to develop new molecules, drugs, and therapeutic methods against PDAC. Naturally derived compounds, such as pentacyclic terpenoids, have gained attention because of their high cytotoxic activity toward pancreatic cancer cells. Ursolic acid (UA), as an example, possesses a wide anticancer activity spectrum and can potentially be a good candidate for anti-PDAC therapy. However, due to its minimal water solubility, it is necessary to prepare an optimal nano-sized vehicle to overcome the low bioavailability issue. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymeric nanocarriers seem to be an essential tool for ursolic acid delivery and can overcome the lack of biological activity observed after being incorporated within liposomes. PLGA modification, with the addition of PEGylated phospholipids forming the lipid shell around the polymeric core, can provide additional beneficial properties to the designed nanocarrier. We prepared UA-loaded hybrid PLGA/lipid nanoparticles using a nanoprecipitation method and subsequently performed an MTT cytotoxicity assay for AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 cells and determined the hemolytic effect on human erythrocytes with transmission electron microscopic (TEM) visualization of the nanoparticles and their cellular uptake. Hybrid UA-loaded lipid nanoparticles were also examined in terms of their stability, coating dynamics, and ursolic acid loading. We established innovative and repeatable preparation procedures for novel hybrid nanoparticles and obtained biologically active nanocarriers for ursolic acid with an IC50 below 20 µM, with an appropriate size for intravenous dosage (around 150 nm), high homogeneity of the sample (below 0.2), satisfactory encapsulation efficiency (up to 70%) and excellent stability. The new type of hybrid UA-PLGA nanoparticles represents a further step in the development of potentially effective PDAC therapies based on novel, biologically active, and promising triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Markowski
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (A.J.); (E.O.); (A.Z.); (M.Z.-C.)
| | - Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (A.J.); (E.O.); (A.Z.); (M.Z.-C.)
| | - Paweł Migdał
- Polish Academy of Science Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (P.M.); (K.P.)
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Bee Division, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmońskiego 38C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Olczak
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (A.J.); (E.O.); (A.Z.); (M.Z.-C.)
| | - Adrianna Zygmunt
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (A.J.); (E.O.); (A.Z.); (M.Z.-C.)
| | - Magdalena Zaremba-Czogalla
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (A.J.); (E.O.); (A.Z.); (M.Z.-C.)
| | - Krzysztof Pawlik
- Polish Academy of Science Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (P.M.); (K.P.)
| | - Jerzy Gubernator
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (A.J.); (E.O.); (A.Z.); (M.Z.-C.)
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17
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Li M, Liu C, Yin J, Liu G, Chen D. Single-Step Synthesis of Highly Tunable Multifunctional Nanoliposomes for Synergistic Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21301-21309. [PMID: 35502842 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is still one of the major diseases that humans have not conquered yet. Nanotechnology has promoted the development of multifunctional nanoparticles, which integrate diagnostic and treatment abilities for tumor imaging and therapy. However, its preparation methods usually require complicated unit operations, which result in large batch-to-batch differences, poor reproducibility, high production costs, and difficulty in clinical transformation. Furthermore, precisely manufacturing nanoliposomes with different tunable features (e.g., size, surface charge, targeting ligands, and so forth) remains a challenge, limiting effective nanoliposome optimization for tumor therapy. Due to the accurate control of the synthesis process and continuous operation mode, microfluidic technology becomes an emerging approach for the manufacturing of nanoliposomes. However, there are few reports on the single-step preparation of complex nanoliposomes by precise tuning of the physical properties, while investigating the influence of anti-cancer efficiency. Herein, we have prepared multifunctional nanoliposomes with accurate tuning properties through a microfluidic device in a single step, with synergistic photodynamic and chemodynamic effects for targeted tumor therapy. The preparation method provides an effective way for the one-step preparation of multifunctional nanoparticles with controllable particle sizes and surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jieli Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, China
| | - Dengyue Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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18
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Cruz-Acuña M, Kakwere H, Lewis JS. The roadmap to micro: Generation of micron-sized polymeric particles using a commercial microfluidic system. J Biomed Mater Res A 2022; 110:1121-1133. [PMID: 35073454 PMCID: PMC8934288 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic-assisted particle fabrication provides a route to circumvent the disadvantages associated with traditional methods of polymeric particle generation, such as low drug loading efficiency, challenges in controlling encapsulated drug release rates, batch-to-batch variability in particle physical properties and formulation instability. However, this approach primarily produces particles with nanometer size dimensions, which limits drug delivery modalities. Herein, we systematically studied parameters for the generation of micron-sized poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) particles using a microfluidic system, the NanoAssemblr benchtop. Initially, we used two organic solvents that have been reported suitable for the fabrication of PLGA nanoparticles - acetone and acetonitrile. Subsequently, we methodically manipulated polymer concentration, organic: aqueous flow rate ratios, total flow rate, organic phase composition, and surfactant concentration to develop a route for the fabrication of micron-sized PLGA particles. Further, we incorporated hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a clinically approved drug for malaria and lymphoma, and measured how its incorporation impacted particle physicochemical properties. Briefly, altering the organic phase composition by including ethyl acetate (less polar solvent), resulted in micron-scale particles, as well as increased polydispersity indexes (PDIs). Adjusting the surfactant concentration of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) after the addition of these solvent mixtures rendered large particles with lower PDI variability. Moreover, encapsulation of HCQ influenced particle hydrodynamic diameter and PDI in a PVA concentration dependent manner. Finally, we demonstrated that unloaded and HCQ-loaded microparticles did not affect the viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages. This study provides an itinerary for fabricating biocompatible, drug-loaded, micron-sized polymeric particles, particularly when the drug of interest is not readily soluble in conventional organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Cruz-Acuña
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Hamilton Kakwere
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jamal S Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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19
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Illath K, Kar S, Gupta P, Shinde A, Wankhar S, Tseng FG, Lim KT, Nagai M, Santra TS. Microfluidic nanomaterials: From synthesis to biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2021; 280:121247. [PMID: 34801251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic platforms gain popularity in biomedical research due to their attractive inherent features, especially in nanomaterials synthesis. This review critically evaluates the current state of the controlled synthesis of nanomaterials using microfluidic devices. We describe nanomaterials' screening in microfluidics, which is very relevant for automating the synthesis process for biomedical applications. We discuss the latest microfluidics trends to achieve noble metal, silica, biopolymer, quantum dots, iron oxide, carbon-based, rare-earth-based, and other nanomaterials with a specific size, composition, surface modification, and morphology required for particular biomedical application. Screening nanomaterials has become an essential tool to synthesize desired nanomaterials using more automated processes with high speed and repeatability, which can't be neglected in today's microfluidic technology. Moreover, we emphasize biomedical applications of nanomaterials, including imaging, targeting, therapy, and sensing. Before clinical use, nanomaterials have to be evaluated under physiological conditions, which is possible in the microfluidic system as it stimulates chemical gradients, fluid flows, and the ability to control microenvironment and partitioning multi-organs. In this review, we emphasize the clinical evaluation of nanomaterials using microfluidics which was not covered by any other reviews. In the future, the growth of new materials or modification in existing materials using microfluidics platforms and applications in a diversity of biomedical fields by utilizing all the features of microfluidic technology is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Illath
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | - Srabani Kar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Pallavi Gupta
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | - Ashwini Shinde
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | - Syrpailyne Wankhar
- Department of Bioengineering, Christian Medical College Vellore, Vellore, India
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, South Korea
| | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.
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20
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Gimondi S, Guimarães CF, Vieira SF, Gonçalves VMF, Tiritan ME, Reis RL, Ferreira H, Neves NM. Microfluidicmixing system for precise PLGA-PEG nanoparticles size control. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 40:102482. [PMID: 34748958 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a microfluidic device was employed to produce polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) with well-controlled sizes. The influence of several parameters in the synthesis process, namely, polymer concentration, flow rate and flow rate ratio between the aqueous and organic solutions was investigated. To evaluate the NPs size effect, three diameters were selected (30, 50 and 70nm). Their cytocompatibility was demonstrated on endothelial cells and macrophages. Additionally, their efficacy to act as drug carriers was assessed in an in vitro inflammatory scenario. NPs loaded and released diclofenac (DCF) in a size-dependent profile (smaller sizes presented lower DCF content and higher release rate). Moreover, 30nm NPs were the most effective in reducing prostaglandin E2 concentration. Therefore, this study demonstrates that microfluidics can generate stable NPs with controlled sizes, high monodispersity and enhanced batch-to-batch reproducibility. Indeed, NPs size is a crucial parameter for drug encapsulation, release and overall biological efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gimondi
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - C F Guimarães
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - S F Vieira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - V M F Gonçalves
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - M E Tiritan
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - H Ferreira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - N M Neves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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21
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Le TNQ, Tran NN, Escribà-Gelonch M, Serra CA, Fisk I, McClements DJ, Hessel V. Microfluidic encapsulation for controlled release and its potential for nanofertilisers. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11979-12012. [PMID: 34515721 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00465d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is increasingly being utilized to create advanced materials with improved or new functional attributes. Converting fertilizers into a nanoparticle-form has been shown to improve their efficacy but the current procedures used to fabricate nanofertilisers often have poor reproducibility and flexibility. Microfluidic systems, on the other hand, have advantages over traditional nanoparticle fabrication methods in terms of energy and materials consumption, versatility, and controllability. The increased controllability can result in the formation of nanoparticles with precise and complex morphologies (e.g., tuneable sizes, low polydispersity, and multi-core structures). As a result, their functional performance can be tailored to specific applications. This paper reviews the principles, formation, and applications of nano-enabled delivery systems fabricated using microfluidic approaches for the encapsulation, protection, and release of fertilizers. Controlled release can be achieved using two main routes: (i) nutrients adsorbed on nanosupports and (ii) nutrients encapsulated inside nanostructures. We aim to highlight the opportunities for preparing a new generation of highly versatile nanofertilisers using microfluidic systems. We will explore several main characteristics of microfluidically prepared nanofertilisers, including droplet formation, shell fine-tuning, adsorbate fine-tuning, and sustained/triggered release behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Nguyen Quang Le
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. .,Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nam Nghiep Tran
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. .,School of Chemical Engineering, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Marc Escribà-Gelonch
- Higher Polytechnic Engineering School, University of Lleida, Igualada (Barcelona), 08700, Spain
| | - Christophe A Serra
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ian Fisk
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.,The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Volker Hessel
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. .,School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Library Rd, Coventry, UK
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22
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Synthesis and Biodistribution of 99mTc-Labeled PLGA Nanoparticles by Microfluidic Technique. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111769. [PMID: 34834184 PMCID: PMC8621482 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of present study was to develop radiolabeled NPs to overcome the limitations of fluorescence with theranostic potential. Synthesis of PLGA-NPs loaded with technetium-99m was based on a Dean-Vortex-Bifurcation Mixer (DVBM) using an innovative microfluidic technique with high batch-to-batch reproducibility and tailored-made size of NPs. Eighteen different formulations were tested and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, labeling efficiency, and in vitro stability. Overall, physical characterization by dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed an increase in particle size after radiolabeling probably due to the incorporation of the isotope into the PLGA-NPs shell. NPs of 60 nm (obtained by 5:1 PVA:PLGA ratio and 15 mL/min TFR with 99mTc included in PVA) had high labeling efficiency (94.20 ± 5.83%) and >80% stability after 24 h and showed optimal biodistribution in BALB/c mice. In conclusion, we confirmed the possibility of radiolabeling NPs with 99mTc using the microfluidics and provide best formulation for tumor targeting studies.
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23
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Han FY, Xu W, Kumar V, Cui CS, Li X, Jiang X, Woodruff TM, Whittaker AK, Smith MT. Optimisation of a Microfluidic Method for the Delivery of a Small Peptide. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1505. [PMID: 34575581 PMCID: PMC8468767 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides hold promise as therapeutics, as they have high bioactivity and specificity, good aqueous solubility, and low toxicity. However, they typically suffer from short circulation half-lives in the body. To address this issue, here, we have developed a method for encapsulation of an innate-immune targeted hexapeptide into nanoparticles using safe non-toxic FDA-approved materials. Peptide-loaded nanoparticles were formulated using a two-stage microfluidic chip. Microfluidic-related factors (i.e., flow rate, organic solvent, theoretical drug loading, PLGA type, and concentration) that may potentially influence the nanoparticle properties were systematically investigated using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and biodistribution of the optimised nanoparticles were assessed in mice. Peptide-loaded lipid shell-PLGA core nanoparticles with designated size (~400 nm) and a sustained in vitro release profile were further characterized in vivo. In the form of nanoparticles, the elimination half-life of the encapsulated peptide was extended significantly compared with the peptide alone and resulted in a much higher distribution into the lung. These novel nanoparticles with lipid shells have considerable potential for increasing the circulation half-life and improving the biodistribution of therapeutic peptides to improve their clinical utility, including peptides aimed at treating lung-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Y. Han
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (W.X.); (V.K.); (C.S.C.); (X.L.); (T.M.W.); (M.T.S.)
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Weizhi Xu
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (W.X.); (V.K.); (C.S.C.); (X.L.); (T.M.W.); (M.T.S.)
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (W.X.); (V.K.); (C.S.C.); (X.L.); (T.M.W.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Cedric S. Cui
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (W.X.); (V.K.); (C.S.C.); (X.L.); (T.M.W.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Xaria Li
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (W.X.); (V.K.); (C.S.C.); (X.L.); (T.M.W.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Trent M. Woodruff
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (W.X.); (V.K.); (C.S.C.); (X.L.); (T.M.W.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Andrew K. Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Maree T. Smith
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (W.X.); (V.K.); (C.S.C.); (X.L.); (T.M.W.); (M.T.S.)
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Ottonelli I, Duskey JT, Rinaldi A, Grazioli MV, Parmeggiani I, Vandelli MA, Wang LZ, Prud’homme RK, Tosi G, Ruozi B. Microfluidic Technology for the Production of Hybrid Nanomedicines. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1495. [PMID: 34575571 PMCID: PMC8465086 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic technologies have recently been applied as innovative methods for the production of a variety of nanomedicines (NMeds), demonstrating their potential on a global scale. The capacity to precisely control variables, such as the flow rate ratio, temperature, total flow rate, etc., allows for greater tunability of the NMed systems that are more standardized and automated than the ones obtained by well-known benchtop protocols. However, it is a crucial aspect to be able to obtain NMeds with the same characteristics of the previously optimized ones. In this study, we focused on the transfer of a production protocol for hybrid NMeds (H-NMeds) consisting of PLGA, Cholesterol, and Pluronic® F68 from a benchtop nanoprecipitation method to a microfluidic device. For this aim, we modified parameters such as the flow rate ratio, the concentration of core materials in the organic phase, and the ratio between PLGA and Cholesterol in the feeding organic phase. Outputs analysed were the chemico-physical properties, such as size, PDI, and surface charge, the composition in terms of %Cholesterol and residual %Pluronic® F68, their stability to lyophilization, and the morphology via atomic force and electron microscopy. On the basis of the results, even if microfluidic technology is one of the unique procedures to obtain industrial production of NMeds, we demonstrated that the translation from a benchtop method to a microfluidic one is not a simple transfer of already established parameters, with several variables to be taken into account and to be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Ottonelli
- Nanotech Lab, Te. Far.T.I., Department Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (I.O.); (J.T.D.); (A.R.); (M.V.G.); (I.P.); (M.A.V.); (B.R.)
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine Ph.D. Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Jason Thomas Duskey
- Nanotech Lab, Te. Far.T.I., Department Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (I.O.); (J.T.D.); (A.R.); (M.V.G.); (I.P.); (M.A.V.); (B.R.)
| | - Arianna Rinaldi
- Nanotech Lab, Te. Far.T.I., Department Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (I.O.); (J.T.D.); (A.R.); (M.V.G.); (I.P.); (M.A.V.); (B.R.)
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine Ph.D. Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Grazioli
- Nanotech Lab, Te. Far.T.I., Department Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (I.O.); (J.T.D.); (A.R.); (M.V.G.); (I.P.); (M.A.V.); (B.R.)
| | - Irene Parmeggiani
- Nanotech Lab, Te. Far.T.I., Department Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (I.O.); (J.T.D.); (A.R.); (M.V.G.); (I.P.); (M.A.V.); (B.R.)
| | - Maria Angela Vandelli
- Nanotech Lab, Te. Far.T.I., Department Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (I.O.); (J.T.D.); (A.R.); (M.V.G.); (I.P.); (M.A.V.); (B.R.)
| | - Leon Z. Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; (L.Z.W.); (R.K.P.)
| | - Robert K. Prud’homme
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; (L.Z.W.); (R.K.P.)
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Nanotech Lab, Te. Far.T.I., Department Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (I.O.); (J.T.D.); (A.R.); (M.V.G.); (I.P.); (M.A.V.); (B.R.)
| | - Barbara Ruozi
- Nanotech Lab, Te. Far.T.I., Department Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (I.O.); (J.T.D.); (A.R.); (M.V.G.); (I.P.); (M.A.V.); (B.R.)
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25
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Ejeta F. Recent Advances of Microfluidic Platforms for Controlled Drug Delivery in Nanomedicine. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:3881-3891. [PMID: 34531650 PMCID: PMC8439440 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s324580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine drug delivery systems hold great potential for the therapy of many diseases, especially cancer. However, the controlled drug delivery systems of nanomedicine bring many challenges to clinical practice. These difficulties can be attributed to the high batch-to-batch variations and insufficient production rate of traditional preparation methods, as well as a lack of technology for fast screening of nanoparticulate drug delivery structures with high correlation to in vivo tests. These problems may be addressed through microfluidic technology. Microfluidics, for example, can not only produce nanoparticles in a well-controlled, reproducible, and high-throughput manner, but it can also continuously create three-dimensional environments to mimic physiological and/or pathological processes. This overview gives a top-level view of the microfluidic devices advanced to put together nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, including drug nanosuspensions, polymer nanoparticles, polyplexes, structured nanoparticles and therapeutic nanoparticles. Additionally, highlighting the current advances of microfluidic systems in fabricating the more and more practical fashions of the in vitro milieus for fast screening of nanoparticles was reviewed. Overall, microfluidic technology provides a promising technique to boost the scientific delivery of nanomedicine and nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. Nonetheless, digital microfluidics with droplets and liquid marbles is the answer to the problems of cumbersome external structures, in addition to the rather big pattern volume. As the latest work is best at the proof-of-idea of liquid-marble-primarily based on totally virtual microfluidics, computerized structures for developing liquid marble, and the controlled manipulation of liquid marble, including coalescence and splitting, are areas of interest for bringing this platform toward realistic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikadu Ejeta
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
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26
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Wei C, Yu C, Li S, Pan F, Li T, Wang Z, Li J. Rapid Microfluidic Mixing Method Based on Droplet Rotation Due to PDMS Deformation. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080901. [PMID: 34442523 PMCID: PMC8400329 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Droplet-based micromixers have shown great prospects in chemical synthesis, pharmacology, biologics, and diagnostics. When compared with the active method, passive micromixer is widely used because it relies on the droplet movement in the microchannel without extra energy, which is more concise and easier to operate. Here we present a droplet rotation-based microfluidic mixer that allows rapid mixing within individual droplets efficiently. PDMS deformation is used to construct subsidence on the roof of the microchannel, which can deviate the trajectory of droplets. Thus, the droplet shows a rotation behavior due to the non-uniform distribution of the flow field, which can introduce turbulence and induce cross-flow enhancing 3D mixing inside the droplet, achieving rapid and homogenous fluid mixing. In order to evaluate the performance of the droplet rotation-based microfluidic mixer, droplets with highly viscous fluid (60% w/w PEGDA solution) were generated, half of which was seeded with fluorescent dye for imaging. Mixing efficiency was quantified using the mixing index (MI), which shows as high as 92% mixing index was achieved within 12 mm traveling. Here in this work, it has been demonstrated that the microfluidic mixing method based on the droplet rotation has shown the advantages of low-cost, easy to operate, and high mixing efficiency. It is expected to find wide applications in the field of pharmaceutics, chemical synthesis, and biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Wei
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Robotic Sensing and Human-Robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300132, China; (C.W.); (F.P.); (Z.W.)
| | - Chengzhuang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China;
| | - Shanshan Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Robotic Sensing and Human-Robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300132, China; (C.W.); (F.P.); (Z.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China;
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (T.L.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-22-60202605 (S.L.); +86-22-60202605 (T.L.); +86-22-60201070 (J.L.)
| | - Feng Pan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Robotic Sensing and Human-Robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300132, China; (C.W.); (F.P.); (Z.W.)
| | - Tiejun Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Robotic Sensing and Human-Robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300132, China; (C.W.); (F.P.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (T.L.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-22-60202605 (S.L.); +86-22-60202605 (T.L.); +86-22-60201070 (J.L.)
| | - Zichao Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Robotic Sensing and Human-Robot Interactions, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300132, China; (C.W.); (F.P.); (Z.W.)
| | - Junwei Li
- Institute of Biophysics, School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Langfang 065000, China
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (T.L.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-22-60202605 (S.L.); +86-22-60202605 (T.L.); +86-22-60201070 (J.L.)
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27
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Bolze H, Riewe J, Bunjes H, Dietzel A, Burg TP. Continuous Production of Lipid Nanoparticles by Ultrasound‐Assisted Microfluidic Antisolvent Precipitation. Chem Eng Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Bolze
- Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemisty Research Group Biological Micro- and Nanotechnology Am Fassberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Merckstr. 25 64283 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Juliane Riewe
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie Mendelssohnstr. 1 38106 Braunschweig Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig PVZ – Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie Mendelssohnstr. 1 38106 Braunschweig Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig PVZ – Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Institute of Microtechnology Alte Salzdahlumer Str. 203 38124 Braunschweig Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig PVZ – Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Thomas P. Burg
- Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemisty Research Group Biological Micro- and Nanotechnology Am Fassberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Merckstr. 25 64283 Darmstadt Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt Centre for Synthetic Biology Rundeturmstraße 12 64283 Darmstadt Germany
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Roces CB, Christensen D, Perrie Y. Translating the fabrication of protein-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles from bench to scale-independent production using microfluidics. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 10:582-593. [PMID: 31919746 PMCID: PMC7228990 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-019-00699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the formulation of nanoparticles, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is commonly employed due to its Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency approval for human use, its ability to encapsulate a variety of moieties, its biocompatibility and biodegradability and its ability to offer a range of controlled release profiles. Common methods for the production of PLGA particles often adopt harsh solvents, surfactants/stabilisers and in general are multi-step and time-consuming processes. This limits the translation of these drug delivery systems from bench to bedside. To address this, we have applied microfluidic processes to develop a scale-independent platform for the manufacture, purification and monitoring of nanoparticles. Thereby, the influence of various microfluidic parameters on the physicochemical characteristics of the empty and the protein-loaded PLGA particles was evaluated in combination with the copolymer employed (PLGA 85:15, 75:25 or 50:50) and the type of protein loaded. Using this rapid production process, emulsifying/stabilising agents (such as polyvinyl alcohol) are not required. We also incorporate in-line purification systems and at-line particle size monitoring. Our results demonstrate the microfluidic control parameters that can be adopted to control particle size and the impact of PLGA copolymer type on the characteristics of the produced particles. With these nanoparticles, protein encapsulation efficiency varies from 8 to 50% and is controlled by the copolymer of choice and the production parameters employed; higher flow rates, combined with medium flow rate ratios (3:1), should be adopted to promote higher protein loading (% wt/wt). In conclusion, herein, we outline the process controls for the fabrication of PLGA polymeric nanoparticles incorporating proteins in a rapid and scalable manufacturing process. Scale-independent production of polymer nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B Roces
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland.
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29
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Xu J, Li R, Xu H, Yang Y, Zhang S, Ren T. Recent progress of continuous intraocular pressure monitoring. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Xu
- Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Ruisong Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Department of Bioengineering College of Engineering University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Haokai Xu
- Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Tian‐Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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30
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Jara MO, Landin M, Morales JO. Screening of critical variables in fabricating polycaprolactone nanoparticles using Neuro Fuzzy Logic. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120558. [PMID: 33831482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we used the artificial intelligence tool known as neurofuzzy logic (NFL) for fabricating uniform nanoparticles of polycaprolactone by the nanoprecipitation method with a focus on stabilizer selection. The adaptability of NFL assisted the decision-making on different manufacturing and formulation conditions. The nanoprecipitation method can be summarized as mixing a poorly water-soluble polymer solution with water and its consequent precipitation. Although nanoprecipitation seems simple, the process is highly variable to even slight modifications, leading to polydispersity and nanoparticle aggregation. Here, the NFL model established relationships between mixing conditions, different stabilizers and solvents, among other parameters. Seven parameters measured by dynamic light scattering and laser doppler electrophoresis were modelized with high predictability using NFL tool, as a function of the raw materials and operation conditions. The model allowed the principal component analysis to be carried out, showing that the selection of a stabilizer is the most critical parameter for avoiding nanoparticle aggregation. Then, inputs related to fluid dynamics were relevant to tune the characteristics of the stabilized nanoparticles even further. NFL model showed great potential to support pharmaceutical research by finding subtle relationships between several variables, even from incomplete or fragmented data, which is common in pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel O Jara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 964, 4to piso, Of. 09, Independencia, 8380494 Santiago, Chile; Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, 78712 Austin, TX, USA(1)
| | - Mariana Landin
- R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Health Research Institute of Santiago De Compostela (IDIS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier O Morales
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 964, 4to piso, Of. 09, Independencia, 8380494 Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), 8380494 Santiago, Chile; Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), 8380494 Santiago, Chile.
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31
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Aghaei H, Solaimany Nazar AR, Varshosaz J. Double flow focusing microfluidic-assisted based preparation of methotrexate–loaded liposomal nanoparticles: Encapsulation efficacy, drug release and stability. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Liu H, Singh RP, Zhang Z, Han X, Liu Y, Hu L. Microfluidic Assembly: An Innovative Tool for the Encapsulation, Protection, and Controlled Release of Nutraceuticals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2936-2949. [PMID: 33683870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals have been gradually accepted as food ingredients that can offer health benefits and provide protection against several diseases. It is widely accepted due to potential nutritional benefits, safety, and therapeutic effects. Most nutraceuticals are vulnerable to the changes in the external environment, which leads to poor physical and chemical stability and absorption. Several researchers have designed various encapsulation technologies to promote the use of nutraceuticals. Microfluidic technology is an emerging approach which can be used for nutraceutical delivery with precise control. The delivery systems using microfluidic technology have obtained much interest in recent years. In this review article, we have summarized the recently introduced nutraceutical delivery platforms including emulsions, liposomes, microspheres, microgels, and polymer nanoparticles based on microfluidic techniques. Emphasis has been made to discuss the advantages, preparations, characterizations, and applications of nutraceutical delivery systems. Finally, the challenges, several up-scaling methods, and future expectations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofan Liu
- College of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Rahul Pratap Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical & Allied Sciences, G.D. Goenka University, Sohna, Gurgaon, India, 122103
| | - Zhengyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Liandong Hu
- College of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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33
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Ozeki T, Tagami T. [Development of Drug Delivery Technology and Nanomedicine by Using Gold Nanoparticles]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:323-326. [PMID: 33642498 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a new medical field involving the use of nanoparticles. Early examples of biocompatible nanomedicines include liposomes (Doxil®) and albumin nanoparticles (Abraxane®), and promising new nanomedicines include nanocarriers such as nanomicelles and nanoemulsions. A new trend towards the use of metal-based nanoparticles, including gold nanoparticles, has led to global clinical trials. These particles exhibit novel properties compared to conventional nanomedicines such as liposomes and albumin nanoparticles. These properties hold promise for nanomedicines, and thus the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of metal-based nanoparticles should be carefully investigated. This had led to an increasing number of clinical trials investigating metal nanoparticles and inorganic nanoparticles. The present review evaluates multi-functional gold nanoparticles described in recent articles and shows that the unique properties of gold nanoparticles are applicable for not only drug delivery, but also for imaging. The combined therapeutic modality between therapeutics and diagnostics is called "theranostics" and is promising for future personalized cancer therapy. This review also introduces recent research from our laboratory involving the use of various kinds of molecules [polyethylene glycol (PEG), drug/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes, biosimilars and small interfering (siRNAs)] loaded onto and/or conjugated with gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ozeki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Tatsuaki Tagami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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34
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Bolze H, Riewe J, Bunjes H, Dietzel A, Burg TP. Protective Filtration for Microfluidic Nanoparticle Precipitation for Pharmaceutical Applications. Chem Eng Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Bolze
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry Research Group Biological Micro- and Nanotechnology Am Fassberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Merckstr. 25 64283 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Juliane Riewe
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie Mendelssohnstr. 1 38106 Braunschweig Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig PVZ – Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie Mendelssohnstr. 1 38106 Braunschweig Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig PVZ – Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Institute of Microtechnology Alte Salzdahlumer Str. 203 38124 Braunschweig Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig PVZ – Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Thomas P. Burg
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry Research Group Biological Micro- and Nanotechnology Am Fassberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Merckstr. 25 64283 Darmstadt Germany
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Abdelkarim M, Abd Ellah NH, Elsabahy M, Abdelgawad M, Abouelmagd SA. Microchannel geometry vs flow parameters for controlling nanoprecipitation of polymeric nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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36
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Zhang M, Zhang W, Wang Z, Chen W. Experimental Study on the Viscoelastic Flow Mixing in Microfluidics. BIO INTEGRATION 2021. [DOI: 10.15212/bioi-2020-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Background: The study of blood flow in vessels is always crucial to understand cardiovascular diseases such as arrhythmias, coronary artery disease and deep vein thrombosis. A viscoelastic fluid in a microchannel is modeled for the blood flow study.Methods:
In this paper, we modeled the blood flow through a viscoelastic fluid in a microfluidic channel. The flow properties, especially the flow pattern and transient mixing of two fluid streams in a T-shaped microchannel, are experimentally studied.Results: It was found that the viscoelastic
fluid has a transiently unstable flow pattern compared to the normal Newtonian fluid, and the mixing is also increased due to its elastic property. Similar to the pulsatile blood flow, the fluid is driven under a periodically pulsed stimulus, and the flow pattern and transient mixing are compared
at different flow rates and driving period conditions.Conclusions: The integration of microfluidic technology with the blood flow research could provide a new approach to understand the related disease mechanism, which can also be used to analyze the drug mixing and delivery in
the blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wu Zhang
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Zihuang Wang
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Weiqian Chen
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006 China
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Behnke M, Vollrath A, Klepsch L, Beringer-Siemers B, Stumpf S, A. Czaplewska J, Hoeppener S, Werz O, S. Schubert U. Optimized Encapsulation of the FLAP/PGES-1 Inhibitor BRP-187 in PVA-Stabilized PLGA Nanoparticles Using Microfluidics. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2751. [PMID: 33233853 PMCID: PMC7699897 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dual inhibitor of the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) and the microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1), named BRP-187, represents a promising drug candidate due to its improved anti-inflammatory efficacy along with potentially reduced side effects in comparison to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, BRP-187 is an acidic lipophilic drug and reveals only poor water solubility along with a strong tendency for plasma protein binding. Therefore, encapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles is a promising approach to enable its therapeutic use. With the aim to optimize the encapsulation of BRP-187 into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, a single-phase herringbone microfluidic mixer was used for the particle preparation. Various formulation parameters, such as total flow rates, flow rate ratio, the concentration of the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a surfactant, initial polymer concentration, as well as presence of a co-solvent on the final particle size distribution and drug loading, were screened for best particle characteristics and highest drug loading capacities. While the size of the particles remained in the targeted region between 121 and 259 nm with low polydispersities (0.05 to 0.2), large differences were found in the BRP-187 loading capacities (LC = 0.5 to 7.29%) and drug crystal formation during the various formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Behnke
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.V.); (L.K.); (B.B.-S.); (S.S.); (J.A.C.); (S.H.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Antje Vollrath
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.V.); (L.K.); (B.B.-S.); (S.S.); (J.A.C.); (S.H.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Lea Klepsch
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.V.); (L.K.); (B.B.-S.); (S.S.); (J.A.C.); (S.H.)
| | - Baerbel Beringer-Siemers
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.V.); (L.K.); (B.B.-S.); (S.S.); (J.A.C.); (S.H.)
| | - Steffi Stumpf
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.V.); (L.K.); (B.B.-S.); (S.S.); (J.A.C.); (S.H.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Justyna A. Czaplewska
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.V.); (L.K.); (B.B.-S.); (S.S.); (J.A.C.); (S.H.)
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.V.); (L.K.); (B.B.-S.); (S.S.); (J.A.C.); (S.H.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Oliver Werz
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.V.); (L.K.); (B.B.-S.); (S.S.); (J.A.C.); (S.H.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany;
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Huguet-Casquero A, Gainza E, Pedraz JL. Towards Green Nanoscience: From extraction to nanoformulation. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 46:107657. [PMID: 33181241 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanotechnology has revolutionized many biotechnological sectors, from bioengineering to medicine, passing through food and cosmetic fields. However, their clinic and industrial application has been into the spotlight due to their safety risk and related side effects. As a result, Green Nanoscience/Nanotechnology emerged as a strategy to prevent any associated nanotoxicity, via implementation of sustainable processes across the whole lifecycle of nanoformulation. Notwithstanding its success across inorganic nanoparticles, the green concept for organic nanoparticle elaboration is still at its infancy. This, coupled with the organic nanoparticles being the most commonly used in biomedicine, highlights the need to implement specific green principles for their elaboration. In this review, we will discuss the possible green routes for the proper design of organic nanoparticles under the umbrella of Green Nanoscience: from the extraction of nanomaterials and active compounds to their final nanoformulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Huguet-Casquero
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), School of Pharmacy, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria- Gasteiz 01006, Spain; Biosasun S.A, Iturralde 10, Etxabarri-Ibiña, Zigoitia 01006, Spain
| | - Eusebio Gainza
- Biosasun S.A, Iturralde 10, Etxabarri-Ibiña, Zigoitia 01006, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), School of Pharmacy, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria- Gasteiz 01006, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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Melich R, Bussat P, Morici L, Vivien A, Gaud E, Bettinger T, Cherkaoui S. Microfluidic preparation of various perfluorocarbon nanodroplets: Characterization and determination of acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) threshold. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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40
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Webb C, Forbes N, Roces CB, Anderluzzi G, Lou G, Abraham S, Ingalls L, Marshall K, Leaver TJ, Watts JA, Aylott JW, Perrie Y. Using microfluidics for scalable manufacturing of nanomedicines from bench to GMP: A case study using protein-loaded liposomes. Int J Pharm 2020; 582:119266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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41
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Öztürk AA, Yenilmez E, Şenel B, Kıyan HT, Güven UM. Effect of different molecular weight PLGA on flurbiprofen nanoparticles: formulation, characterization, cytotoxicity, and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect by using HET-CAM assay. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:682-695. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1755304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Alper Öztürk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Evrim Yenilmez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Behiye Şenel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Hülya Tuba Kıyan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Umay Merve Güven
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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42
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Shrimal P, Jadeja G, Patel S. A review on novel methodologies for drug nanoparticle preparation: Microfluidic approach. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Operti MC, Dölen Y, Keulen J, van Dinther EAW, Figdor CG, Tagit O. Microfluidics-Assisted Size Tuning and Biological Evaluation of PLGA Particles. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E590. [PMID: 31717354 PMCID: PMC6921086 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric particles made up of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are promising tools for several biomedical applications including drug delivery. Particular emphasis is placed on the size and surface functionality of these systems as they are regarded as the main protagonists in dictating the particle behavior in vitro and in vivo. Current methods of manufacturing polymeric drug carriers offer a wide range of achievable particle sizes, however, they are unlikely to accurately control the size while maintaining the same production method and particle uniformity, as well as final production yield. Microfluidics technology has emerged as an efficient tool to manufacture particles in a highly controllable manner. Here, we report on tuning the size of PLGA particles at diameters ranging from sub-micron to microns using a single microfluidics device, and demonstrate how particle size influences the release characteristics, cellular uptake and in vivo clearance of these particles. Highly controlled production of PLGA particles with ~100 nm, ~200 nm, and >1000 nm diameter is achieved through modification of flow and formulation parameters. Efficiency of particle uptake by dendritic cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells isolated from mice is strongly correlated with particle size and is most efficient for ~100 nm particles. Particles systemically administered to mice mainly accumulate in liver and ~100 nm particles are cleared slower. Our study shows the direct relation between particle size varied through microfluidics and the pharmacokinetics behavior of particles, which provides a further step towards the establishment of a customizable production process to generate tailor-made nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Camilla Operti
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.C.O.); (Y.D.); (J.K.); (E.A.W.v.D.); (C.G.F.)
| | - Yusuf Dölen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.C.O.); (Y.D.); (J.K.); (E.A.W.v.D.); (C.G.F.)
- Oncode Institute, 3553 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jibbe Keulen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.C.O.); (Y.D.); (J.K.); (E.A.W.v.D.); (C.G.F.)
| | - Eric A. W. van Dinther
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.C.O.); (Y.D.); (J.K.); (E.A.W.v.D.); (C.G.F.)
- Oncode Institute, 3553 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.C.O.); (Y.D.); (J.K.); (E.A.W.v.D.); (C.G.F.)
- Oncode Institute, 3553 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oya Tagit
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.C.O.); (Y.D.); (J.K.); (E.A.W.v.D.); (C.G.F.)
- Oncode Institute, 3553 Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Poller B, Painter GF, Walker GF. Influence of Albumin in the Microfluidic Synthesis of PEG-PLGA Nanoparticles. Pharm Nanotechnol 2019; 7:460-468. [PMID: 31657694 DOI: 10.2174/2211738507666191023091938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key challenge in the manufacturing of polymeric colloids is producing nanoparticles with good batch-to-batch consistency. OBJECTIVE Develop a robust microfluidics method for the preparation of PEG-PLGA nanoparticles using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the organic phase solvent for the encapsulation of DMSO soluble agents. METHODS Microfluidic process parameters, total flow rate (10 mL/min), flow rate ratio (1:1) of the aqueous phase and the organic polymer solution, and polymer concentration (5 mg/ml). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or human serum albumin (HSA) was included in the aqueous phase. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the size and morphology of particles. RESULTS PLGA nanoparticles made using DMSO with the aqueous solvent containing PVA (2%) had an average size of 60 nm while PLGA-PEG nanoparticles made with and without PVA (2%) had an average size of 70 and 100 nm, respectively. PLGA-PEG nanoparticles generated with or without PVA had a high batch-to-batch coefficient of variation for the particle size of 20% while for PLGA nanoparticles with PVA it was 4%. HSA added to the aqueous phase reduced the size and the zeta potential of PEG-PLGA nanoparticles as well the batch-to-batch coefficient of variation for particle size to < 5%. Nanoparticles were stable in solution and after lyophilized in the presence of sucrose. CONCLUSION Albumin was involved in the self-assembly of PEG-PLGA nanoparticles altering the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles. Adding protein to the aqueous phase in the microfluidic fabrication process may be a valuable tool for tuning the properties of nanoparticles and improving batch-to-batch consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Poller
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gavin F Painter
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Greg F Walker
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Mandl HK, Quijano E, Suh HW, Sparago E, Oeck S, Grun M, Glazer PM, Saltzman WM. Optimizing biodegradable nanoparticle size for tissue-specific delivery. J Control Release 2019; 314:92-101. [PMID: 31654688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are promising vehicles for drug delivery because of their potential to target specific tissues [1]. Although it is known that NP size plays a critical role in determining their biological activity, there are few quantitative studies of the role of NP size in determining biodistribution after systemic administration. Here, we engineered fluorescent, biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs in a range of sizes (120-440nm) utilizing a microfluidic platform and used these NPs to determine the effect of diameter on bulk tissue and cellular distribution after systemic administration. We demonstrate that small NPs (∼120nm) exhibit enhanced uptake in bulk lung and bone marrow, while larger NPs are sequestered in the liver and spleen. We also show that small NPs (∼120nm) access specific alveolar cell populations and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells more readily than larger NPs. Our results suggest that size of PLGA NPs can be used to tune delivery to certain tissues and cell populations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna K Mandl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Elias Quijano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Hee Won Suh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Emily Sparago
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sebastian Oeck
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Molly Grun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Peter M Glazer
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Department of Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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Hamano N, Böttger R, Lee SE, Yang Y, Kulkarni JA, Ip S, Cullis PR, Li SD. Robust Microfluidic Technology and New Lipid Composition for Fabrication of Curcumin-Loaded Liposomes: Effect on the Anticancer Activity and Safety of Cisplatin. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3957-3967. [PMID: 31381352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin exhibits potent anticancer activity via various mechanisms, but its in vivo efficacy has been hampered by poor solubility. Nanotechnology has been employed to deliver curcumin, but most of the reported systems suffered from low drug loading capacity and poor stability. Here, we report the development and optimization of a liposomal formulation for curcumin (Lipo-Cur) using an automated microfluidic technology. Lipo-Cur exhibited a mean diameter of 120 nm with a low polydispersity index (<0.2) and superior loading capacity (17 wt %) compared to other reported liposomal systems. Lipo-Cur increased the water solubility of curcumin by 700-fold, leading to 8-20-fold increased systemic exposure compared to the standard curcumin suspension formulation. When coadministered with cisplatin to tumor-bearing mice, Lipo-Cur augmented the antitumor efficacy of cisplatin in multiple mouse tumor models and decreased the nephrotoxicity. This is the first report demonstrating the dual effects of curcumin enabled by a nanoformulation in enhancing the efficacy and reducing the toxicity of a chemo-drug in animal models under a single and low dose administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shell Ip
- Precision NanoSystems Inc , Vancouver , British Columbia V6P 6T7 , Canada
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47
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Streck S, Neumann H, Nielsen HM, Rades T, McDowell A. Comparison of bulk and microfluidics methods for the formulation of poly-lactic- co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles modified with cell-penetrating peptides of different architectures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2019; 1:100030. [PMID: 31517295 PMCID: PMC6733288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2019.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficient and reproducible production of nanoparticles using bulk nanoprecipitation methods is still challenging because of low batch to batch reproducibility. Here, we optimize a bulk nanoprecipitation method using design of experiments and translate to a microfluidic device to formulate surface-modified poly-lactic-co-glycolic (PLGA) nanoparticles. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) with a short, long linear or branched architecture were used for the surface modification of PLGA nanoparticles. The microfluidics method was more time efficient than the bulk nanoprecipitation method and allowed the formulation of uniform PLGA nanoparticles with a size of 150 nm, a polydispersity index below 0.150 and with better reproducibility in comparison to the bulk nanoprecipitation method. After surface modification the size of CPP-tagged PLGA nanoparticles increased to 160–180 nm and the surface charge of the CPP-tagged PLGA nanoparticles varied between −24 mV and +3 mV, depending on the architecture and concentration of the conjugated CPP. Covalent attachment of CPPs to the PLGA polymer was confirmed with FTIR by identifying the formation of an amide bond. The conjugation efficiency of CPPs to the polymeric PLGA nanoparticles was between 32 and 80%. The development and design of reproducible nanoformulations with tuneable surface properties is crucial to understand interactions at the nano-bio interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Streck
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | | | - Hanne Mørck Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arlene McDowell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Cheung CCL, Al-Jamal WT. Sterically stabilized liposomes production using staggered herringbone micromixer: Effect of lipid composition and PEG-lipid content. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:687-696. [PMID: 31212051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of lipid-based drug delivery systems by microfluidics has been increasingly popular, due to the reproducible, continuous and scalable nature of the microfluidic process. Despite exciting development in the field, versatility and superiority of microfluidics over conventional methods still need further evidence, since preparing clinically-relevant sterically stabilised liposomes has been lacking. The present study describes the optimisation of PEGylated liposomal formulations of various rigidity using staggered herringbone micromixer (SHM). The effect of both processing parameters (total flow rate (TFR) and aqueous-to-ethanol flow rate ratio (FRR)) and formulation parameters (lipid components and composition, initial lipid concentration and aqueous media) was investigated and discussed. Liposomal formulations consist of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), with cholesterol and PEGylated lipid (DSPE-PEG2000) were successfully prepared with the desired size (∼100 nm) and dispersity (<0.2). Doxorubicin was successfully encapsulated in these liposomes at high (>80%) encapsulation efficiency using the pH-gradient remote loading method, illustrating their bilayer integrity and capability as drug delivery systems. We demonstrated that clinically-relevant PEGylated liposomal formulations could be prepared with properties comparable to conventional techniques. Limitations and recommendations on the microfluidic production of PEGylated liposomes were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin C L Cheung
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Wafa T Al-Jamal
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
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The Use of a Microfluidic Device to Encapsulate a Poorly Water-Soluble Drug CoQ 10 in Lipid Nanoparticles and an Attempt to Regulate Intracellular Trafficking to Reach Mitochondria. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2668-2676. [PMID: 30959057 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A number of drugs that are currently on the market, as well as new candidates for drugs, are poorly water soluble. Because of this, a need exists to develop drug formulations that will permit the expanded use of such drugs. The use of liposomes and lipid nanoparticles for drug delivery has attracted attention as a technique for solubilizing molecules that are poorly water soluble, but this technique faces serious scale-up risks. In this study, we report on attempts to encapsulate Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) as a model of a poorly water-soluble drug in an MITO-Porter, a liposome for mitochondrial delivery using a microfluidic device (a CoQ10-MITO-Porter [μ]). The physical properties of the CoQ10-MITO-Porter [μ] including homogeneity, size, and preparation volume were compared with those for a CoQ10-MITO-Porter prepared by the ethanol dilution method (a CoQ10-MITO-Porter [ED]). In the case where a microfluidic device was used, a small-sized CoQ10-MITO-Porter was formed homogeneously, and it was possible to prepare it on a large scale. Intracellular observations using HeLa cells showed that the CoQ10-MITO-Porter [μ] was efficiently internalized by cells to reach mitochondria. These results indicate that the CoQ10-MITO-Porter [μ] represents a potential candidate for use in mitochondrial nanomedicine.
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50
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Streck S, Hong L, Boyd BJ, McDowell A. Microfluidics for the Production of Nanomedicines: Considerations for Polymer and Lipid-based Systems. Pharm Nanotechnol 2019; 7:423-443. [PMID: 31629401 DOI: 10.2174/2211738507666191019154815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microfluidics is becoming increasingly of interest as a superior technique for the synthesis of nanoparticles, particularly for their use in nanomedicine. In microfluidics, small volumes of liquid reagents are rapidly mixed in a microchannel in a highly controlled manner to form nanoparticles with tunable and reproducible structure that can be tailored for drug delivery. Both polymer and lipid-based nanoparticles are utilized in nanomedicine and both are amenable to preparation by microfluidic approaches. AIM Therefore, the purpose of this review is to collect the current state of knowledge on the microfluidic preparation of polymeric and lipid nanoparticles for pharmaceutical applications, including descriptions of the main synthesis modalities. Of special interest are the mechanisms involved in nanoparticle formation and the options for surface functionalisation to enhance cellular interactions. CONCLUSION The review will conclude with the identification of key considerations for the production of polymeric and lipid nanoparticles using microfluidic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Streck
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, 18 Frederick Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Linda Hong
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Arlene McDowell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, 18 Frederick Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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