1
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Kurimoto D, Sato A. Enhanced intracellular uptake of an albumin fusion protein in cancer cells by its forced cell surface recruitment. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 191:106591. [PMID: 37742986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Albumin fusion or conjugation is a well-established technique for tumor delivery and is mainly mediated by albumin-induced caveolae-dependent endocytosis. We report that caveolae-dependent endocytic signaling activated by human serum albumin (HSA) is not sufficiently strong to induce cellular uptake, mainly due to its electrostatic repulsion from the negatively charged cell surface sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and fusion of the cell-surface-retained protein with HSA is an effective strategy to activate the HSA-induced endocytic signal, thereby improving its intracellular uptake. In this study, human lactoferrin (hLF), a protein that accumulates on the cell surface along with GAGs, was selected for delivery into human lung adenocarcinoma PC-14 cells. When added exogenously, hLF-fused HSA (hLF-HSA) was successfully endocytosed, whereas the simultaneous addition of HSA and hLF did not result in endocytosis, indicating less efficient activation of endocytic signaling by HSA alone and the importance of its fusion. Importantly, the treatment of cells with chlorate, a known inhibitor of GAG sulfation, dramatically suppressed the endocytosis of hLF-HSA owing to the loss of the hLF-GAG interaction. Therefore, the cell-surface localization of HSA imposed by fusion with the cell-surface-retained protein enhances its binding to the relevant receptor, which improves intracellular delivery as an albumin-fusion platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kurimoto
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sato
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan.
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2
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Ianiro G, Niro A, Rosa L, Valenti P, Musci G, Cutone A. To Boost or to Reset: The Role of Lactoferrin in Energy Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15925. [PMID: 37958908 PMCID: PMC10650157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathological conditions, including obesity, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and cancer, are associated with abnormal metabolic states. The progressive loss of metabolic control is commonly characterized by insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, inflammation, central obesity, and hypertension, a cluster of metabolic dysregulations usually referred to as the "metabolic syndrome". Recently, nutraceuticals have gained attention for the generalized perception that natural substances may be synonymous with health and balance, thus becoming favorable candidates for the adjuvant treatment of metabolic dysregulations. Among nutraceutical proteins, lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding glycoprotein of the innate immune system, has been widely recognized for its multifaceted activities and high tolerance. As this review shows, Lf can exert a dual role in human metabolism, either boosting or resetting it under physiological and pathological conditions, respectively. Lf consumption is safe and is associated with several benefits for human health, including the promotion of oral and gastrointestinal homeostasis, control of glucose and lipid metabolism, reduction of systemic inflammation, and regulation of iron absorption and balance. Overall, Lf can be recommended as a promising natural, completely non-toxic adjuvant for application as a long-term prophylaxis in the therapy for metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance/type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Ianiro
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (G.I.); (A.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Antonella Niro
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (G.I.); (A.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (P.V.)
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (P.V.)
| | - Giovanni Musci
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (G.I.); (A.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (G.I.); (A.N.); (G.M.)
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3
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Chen W, Zheng D, Yang C. The Emerging Roles of Ferroptosis in Neonatal Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:2661-2674. [PMID: 37396013 PMCID: PMC10312340 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s414316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a novel type of programmed cell death involved in many diseases' pathological processes. Ferroptosis is characterized by lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and iron metabolism disorder. Newborns are susceptible to ferroptosis due to their special physiological state, which is prone to abnormal iron metabolism and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Recent studies have linked ferroptosis to a variety of diseases in the neonatal period (including hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and necrotizing enterocolitis). Ferroptosis may become an effective target for the treatment of neonatal-related diseases. In this review, the ferroptosis molecular mechanism, metabolism characteristics of iron and reactive oxygen species in infants, the relationship between ferroptosis and common infant disorders, and the treatment of infant diseases targeted for ferroptosis are systematically summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dali Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Stomatology of Fujian Province, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changyi Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Nakamura M, Shiga A, Iimori A, Matsuzaki T. Efficient endocytosis of the human lactoferrin N-lobe enhances its antiproliferative activity against human cancer cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2023. [PMID: 37088555 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Human lactoferrin (hLF) is a glycosylated globular iron-binding protein with high functional versatility that elicits anticancer, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. Some of the diverse functions of hLF are induced after its internalization into various cells via cell surface endocytosis receptors, such as proteoglycans, which contain glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. We have previously demonstrated that an hLF derivative comprising the N-terminal half of hLF (referred to as the N-lobe) is internalized by intestinal enterocyte Caco-2 cells. However, the relationship between the intracellular uptake of the N-lobe and its pharmacological activity remains poorly understood. Here, we report that the N-lobe is efficiently internalized by lung cancer cells via endocytic pathways, suppressing their proliferation. Moreover, the N-lobe showed higher intracellular uptake than hLF. We found that the N-lobe was internalized into the human lung cancer cell lines PC-14 and PC-3 via clathrin- and/or caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Intracellular uptake of the N-lobe was inhibited when an equimolar concentration of chondroitin sulfate (CS)-E, a GAG subtype involved in malignant transformation and tumor metastasis, was added. The inhibitory effect of the N-lobe on PC-14 cell proliferation decreased with the addition of CS-E in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the CS-recognizing sequence on the N-lobe is necessary for its internalization or that the CS proteoglycan on cancer cells acts as an endocytosis receptor. These results suggest that the efficient endocytic uptake of the N-lobe is important for its antiproliferation effects on lung cancer cell lines. Thus, the N-lobe presents a promising drug candidate for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Nakamura
- Department of Peptidomics, Sasaki Institute, Sasaki Foundation
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Akira Shiga
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Ami Iimori
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Takumi Matsuzaki
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
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5
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Christensen B, Nielsen NR, Sørensen MR, Jacobsen LN, Ostenfeld MS, Sørensen ES. Naturally Occurring N-Terminal Fragments of Bovine Milk Osteopontin Are Transported across Models of the Intestinal Barrier. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030893. [PMID: 36979872 PMCID: PMC10045268 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a bioactive integrin-binding protein found in high concentrations in milk, where it is present both as a full-length protein and as several N-terminally derived fragments. OPN resists gastric digestion, and via interaction with receptors in the gut or by crossing the intestinal barrier into circulation, ingested milk OPN may influence physiological processes. The aim of this study was to investigate OPN interaction with intestinal cells and its transport across models of the intestinal barrier. Immunodetection of OPN incubated with Caco-2 cells at 4 °C and 37 °C showed that OPN binds to the intestinal cells, but it is not internalised. Transepithelial transport was studied using mono- and co-cultures of Caco-2 cells and mucus-producing HT29-MTX cells in transwell membranes. OPN was shown to cross the barrier models in a time-, temperature-, and energy-dependent process inhibited by wortmannin, indicating that the transport takes place via the transcytosis pathway. Analyses of the naturally occurring milk mixture of full-length and N-terminal fragments showed that the N-terminal fragments of OPN bound intestinal cells most effectively and that the fragments were transported across the intestinal membrane models. This suggests that proteolytic processing of OPN increases its biological activity after ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Christensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (B.C.)
| | - Nanna R. Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (B.C.)
| | - Marie R. Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (B.C.)
| | - Lotte N. Jacobsen
- Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, DK-8260 Viby J, Denmark; (L.N.J.); (M.S.O.)
| | - Marie S. Ostenfeld
- Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, DK-8260 Viby J, Denmark; (L.N.J.); (M.S.O.)
| | - Esben S. Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (B.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Guzmán-Mejía F, Godínez-Victoria M, Molotla-Torres DE, Drago-Serrano ME. Lactoferrin as a Component of Pharmaceutical Preparations: An Experimental Focus. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:214. [PMID: 37259362 PMCID: PMC9961256 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is an 80 kDa monomeric glycoprotein that exhibits multitask activities. Lactoferrin properties are of interest in the pharmaceutical field for the design of products with therapeutic potential, including nanoparticles and liposomes, among many others. In antimicrobial preparations, lactoferrin has been included either as a main bioactive component or as an enhancer of the activity and potency of first-line antibiotics. In some proposals based on nanoparticles, lactoferrin has been included in delivery systems to transport and protect drugs from enzymatic degradation in the intestine, favoring the bioavailability for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Moreover, nanoparticles loaded with lactoferrin have been formulated as delivery systems to transport drugs for neurodegenerative diseases, which cannot cross the blood-brain barrier to enter the central nervous system. This manuscript is focused on pharmaceutical products either containing lactoferrin as the bioactive component or formulated with lactoferrin as the carrier considering its interaction with receptors expressed in tissues as targets of drugs delivered via parenteral or mucosal administration. We hope that this manuscript provides insights about the therapeutic possibilities of pharmaceutical Lf preparations with a sustainable approach that contributes to decreasing the resistance of antimicrobials and enhancing the bioavailability of first-line drugs for intestinal chronic inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Guzmán-Mejía
- Unidad Xochimilco, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México CP 04960, Mexico
| | - Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México CP 11340, Mexico
| | - Daniel Efrain Molotla-Torres
- Unidad Xochimilco, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México CP 04960, Mexico
| | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Unidad Xochimilco, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México CP 04960, Mexico
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7
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Naidu SAG, Wallace TC, Davies KJA, Naidu AS. Lactoferrin for Mental Health: Neuro-Redox Regulation and Neuroprotective Effects across the Blood-Brain Barrier with Special Reference to Neuro-COVID-19. J Diet Suppl 2023; 20:218-253. [PMID: 33977807 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1922567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Overall mental health depends in part on the blood-brain barrier, which regulates nutrient transfer in-and-out of the brain and its central nervous system. Lactoferrin, an innate metal-transport protein, synthesized in the substantia nigra, particularly in dopaminergic neurons and activated microglia is vital for brain physiology. Lactoferrin rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier via receptor-mediated transcytosis and accumulates in the brain capillary endothelial cells. Lactoferrin receptors are additionally present on glioma cells, brain micro-vessels, and neurons. As a regulator of neuro-redox, microglial lactoferrin is critical for protection/repair of neurons and healthy brain function. Iron imbalance and oxidative stress are common among patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, depression, and multiple sclerosis. As an endogenous iron-chelator, lactoferrin prevents iron accumulation and dopamine depletion in Parkinson's disease patients. Oral lactoferrin supplementation could modulate the p-Akt/PTEN pathway, reduce Aβ deposition, and ameliorate cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Novel lactoferrin-based nano-therapeutics have emerged as effective drug-delivery systems for clinical management of neurodegenerative disorders. Recent emergence of the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, initially considered a respiratory illness, demonstrated a broader virulence spectrum with the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and inflict a plethora of neuropathological manifestations in the brain - the Neuro-COVID-19. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections are widely reported in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and multiple sclerosis patients with aggravated clinical outcomes. Lactoferrin, credited with several neuroprotective benefits in the brain could serve as a potential adjuvant in the clinical management of Neuro-COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreus A G Naidu
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, Yorba Linda, California, USA
| | - Taylor C Wallace
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
- Think Healthy Group, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Division of Biogerontology, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Li W, Liu B, Lin Y, Xue P, Lu Y, Song S, Li Y, Szeto IMY, Ren F, Guo H. The application of lactoferrin in infant formula: The past, present and future. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5748-5767. [PMID: 36533432 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2157792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is universally regarded as the gold standard to fulfill nutrition needs of infants. Lactoferrin (LF) is a major multiple bioactive glycoprotein in human milk but little is presented in infant formula. LF can resist digestion in the infant gastrointestinal tract and is absorbed into the bloodstream in an intact form to perform physiological functions. Evidence suggest that LF prevents pathogen infection, promotes immune system development, intestinal development, brain development and bone health, as well as ameliorates iron deficiency anemia. However, more clinical studies of LF need to be further elucidated to determine an appropriate dosage for application in infant formula. LF is sensitive to denaturation induced by processing of infant formula such as heat treatments and spay drying. Thus, further studies should be focus on maximizing the retention of LF activity in the infant formula process. This review summarizes the structural features of LF. Then the digestion, absorption and metabolism of LF in infants are discussed, followed by the function of LF for infants. Further, we summarize LF in infant formula and effects of processing of infant formula on bioactivities of LF, as well as future perspectives of LF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wusun Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Biao Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Yingying Lin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Peng Xue
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yao Lu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Sijia Song
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ignatius Man-Yau Szeto
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd, Hohhot, PR China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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9
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Nopia H, Kurimoto D, Sato A. Albumin fusion with human lactoferrin shows enhanced inhibition of cancer cell migration. Biometals 2022; 36:629-638. [PMID: 36167912 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fusion of human serum albumin (HSA) with human lactoferrin (hLF) (designated as hLF-HSA) has improved the pharmacokinetic properties and anti-proliferative activities of hLF against cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the anti-migratory activities of hLF and hLF-HSA against the human lung adenocarcinoma PC-14 cell line using wound healing and Boyden chamber assays. Despite the unexpected hLF-induced migration, hLF-HSA clearly demonstrated the complete inhibition of PC-14 cell migration. To examine the mechanism underlying the enhanced PC-14 cell migration by hLF alone but suppressed migration by hLF-HSA, we focused on the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of endopeptidases because MMPs are often reported to play important roles in facilitating the migration and metastasis of cancer cells. Furthermore, hLF is a transactivator of MMP1 transcription. As expected, treatment of cells with hLF and hLF-HSA led to the upregulation and downregulation of MMP1, respectively. In contrast, MMP9 expression levels, which are often associated with cancer migration, were unchanged in the presence of either protein. An MMP inhibitor attenuated hLF-induced migration of PC-14 cells. Therefore, specific enhancement and suppression of MMP1 expression by hLF and hLF-HSA have been implicated as causes of a marked increase and decrease in PC-14 cell migration, respectively. In conclusion, the fusion of HSA with hLF (hLF-HSA) promoted its anti-migratory effects against cancer cells. Therefore, hLF-HSA is a promising anti-cancer drug candidate based on its improved anti-migratory activity towards cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Nopia
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, 192-0982, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurimoto
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, 192-0982, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sato
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, 192-0982, Tokyo, Japan.
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10
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Kruger A, Vlok M, Turner S, Venter C, Laubscher GJ, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Proteomics of fibrin amyloid microclots in long COVID/post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) shows many entrapped pro-inflammatory molecules that may also contribute to a failed fibrinolytic system. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:190. [PMID: 36131342 PMCID: PMC9491257 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), also now known as long COVID, has become a major global health and economic burden. Previously, we provided evidence that there is a significant insoluble fibrin amyloid microclot load in the circulation of individuals with long COVID, and that these microclots entrap a substantial number of inflammatory molecules, including those that might prevent clot breakdown. Scientifically, the most challenging aspect of this debilitating condition is that traditional pathology tests such as a serum CRP (C-reactive protein) may not show any significant abnormal inflammatory markers, albeit these tests measure only the soluble inflammatory molecules. Elevated, or abnormal soluble biomarkers such as IL-6, D-Dimer or fibrinogen indicate an increased risk for thrombosis or a host immune response in COVID-19. The absence of biomarkers in standard pathology tests, result in a significant amount of confusion for patients and clinicians, as patients are extremely sick or even bed-ridden but with no regular identifiable reason for their disease. Biomarkers that are currently available cannot detect the molecules present in the microclots we identified and are therefore unable to confirm their presence or the mechanisms that drive their formation. Methods Here we analysed the protein content of double-digested microclots of 99 long COVID patients and 29 healthy controls. The patients suffering from long COVID reported their symptoms through a questionnaire completed by themselves or their attending physician. Results Our long COVID cohort’s symptoms were found to be in line with global findings, where the most prevalent symptoms were constant fatigue (74%,) cognitive impairment (71%) and depression and anxiety (30%). Our most noteworthy findings were a reduced level of plasma Kallikrein compared to our controls, an increased level of platelet factor 4 (PF4) von Willebrand factor (VWF), and a marginally increased level of α-2 antiplasmin (α-2-AP). We also found a significant presence of antibodies entrapped inside these microclots. Conclusion Our results confirm the presence of pro-inflammatory molecules that may also contribute to a failed fibrinolysis phenomenon, which could possibly explain why individuals with long COVID suffer from chronic fatigue, dyspnoea, or cognitive impairment. In addition, significant platelet hyperactivation was noted. Hyperactivation will result in the granular content of platelets being shed into the circulation, including PF4. Overall, our results provide further evidence of both a failed fibrinolytic system in long COVID/PASC and the entrapment of many proteins whose presence might otherwise go unrecorded. These findings might have significant implications for individuals with pre-existing comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arneaux Kruger
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Mare Vlok
- Central Analytical Facility, Mass Spectrometry Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, Room 6054, Clinical Building, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa
| | - Simone Turner
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Chantelle Venter
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | | | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa. .,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK. .,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 200, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa. .,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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11
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Berthon BS, Williams LM, Williams EJ, Wood LG. Effect of Lactoferrin Supplementation on Inflammation, Immune Function, and Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:1799-1819. [PMID: 35481594 PMCID: PMC9526865 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a glycoprotein present in human and bovine milk with antimicrobial and immune-modulating properties. This review aimed to examine the evidence for the effect of Lf supplementation on inflammation, immune function, and respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in humans. Online databases were searched up to December 2020 to identify relevant, English-language articles that examined the effect of Lf supplementation in human subjects of all ages, on either inflammation, immune cell populations or activity, or the incidence, duration, or severity of respiratory illness or RTIs. Twenty-five studies (n = 20 studies in adults) were included, of which 8 of 13 studies (61%) in adults reported a decrease in at least 1 systemic inflammatory biomarker. Immune function improved in 6 of 8 studies (75%) in adults, with changes in immune cell populations in 2 of 6 studies (33%), and changes in immune cell activity in 2 of 5 studies (40%). RTI outcomes were reduced in 6 of 10 studies (60%) (n = 5 in adults, n = 5 in children), with decreased incidence in 3 of 9 studies (33%), and either decreased frequency (2/4, 50%) or duration (3/6, 50%) in 50% of studies. In adults, Lf reduced IL-6 [mean difference (MD): -24.9 pg/mL; 95% CI: -41.64, -8.08 pg/mL], but not C-reactive protein (CRP) [standardized mean difference: -0.09; 95% CI: -0.82, 0.65], or NK cell cytotoxicity [MD: 4.84%; 95% CI: -3.93, 13.60%]. RTI incidence was reduced in infants and children (OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.98) but not in adults (OR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.76, 1.32). Clinical studies on Lf supplementation are limited, although findings show 200 mg Lf/d reduces systemic inflammation, while formulas containing 35-833 mg Lf/d may reduce RTI incidence in infants and children, suggesting improved immune function. Future research is required to determine optimal supplementation strategies and populations most likely to benefit from Lf supplementation. This trial was registered at PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021232186) as CRD42021232186.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lily M Williams
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Evan J Williams
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Lisa G Wood
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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12
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Lin X, Yao H, Guo J, Huang Y, Wang W, Yin B, Li X, Wang T, Li C, Xu X, Zhou G, Voglmeir J, Liu L. Protein Glycosylation and Gut Microbiota Utilization Can Limit the in vitro and in vivo Metabolic Cellular Incorporation of Neu5Gc. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100615. [PMID: 34921741 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Red meat intake was reported to be correlated with chronic diseases. A potential causal factor is N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) which metabolically incorporates into diverse glycoconjugates in humans. This study aims to investigate the impact of exposure to Neu5Gc-rich red meat on healthy cytidine-5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (Cmah) knock-out mice and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS CMAH-/- mice were fed Neu5Gc-rich diet for short-term (4 months) and long-term (10 months). Health status and levels of inflammatory cytokines were assessed. Caco-2 cells were used to investigate the intestinal absorption of Neu5Gc-containing glycoprotein, and in vitro fermentation was used to investigate the Neu5Gc utilization by gut microbiota. Neu5Gc-rich diets showed neither measurable abnormality in physio-biochemical and inflammatory indexes nor observable alterations of liver tissue in mice. Glycosylation of lactoferrin limited its intestinal epithelial absorption, and the absorption of Neu5Gc attached onto glycoprotein was thus limited. Neu5Gc was also simultaneously utilized by microorganisms under simulated gut conditions. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the long-term intake of Neu5Gc-rich red meat had no adverse effect on the health of CMAH-/- mice, which may be related to the limited absorption of Neu5Gc regulated by protein glycosylation, and the metabolism of Neu5Gc by gut microorganisms. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xisha Lin
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Hongliang Yao
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.,Food Science Department, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingyu Guo
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Wenjiao Wang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Binru Yin
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xiang'an Li
- Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
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13
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Pu X, Ye N, Lin M, Chen Q, Dong L, Xu H, Luo R, Han X, Qi S, Nie W, He H, Wang Y, Dai L, Lin D, Gao F. β-1,3-d-Glucan based yeast cell wall system loaded emodin with dual-targeting layers for ulcerative colitis treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118612. [PMID: 34561010 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a β-1,3-d-glucan based microcarrier, yeast cell wall microparticles (YPs), was used to develop a food-source-based nano-in-micro oral delivery system for ulcerative colitis (UC) treatment. Briefly, lactoferrin (Lf), which targets intestinal epithelial cells, was used to encapsulate emodin (EMO) to form nanoparticles (EMO-NPs), and then loaded into YPs with the natural macrophages targeting ability, forming a final formula with two outer-inner targeting layers (EMO-NYPs). These dual-targeting strategy could enhance the dual-effects of EMO in anti-inflammatory and mucosal repair effects respectively. As expected, cell uptake assessment confirmed that EMO-NPs and EMO-NYPs could target on the Lf and dection-1 receptors on the membranes of Caco-2 cells and macrophages, respectively. Importantly, EMO-NYPs showed the best anti-UC effects compared to EMO-NPs and free EMO, by inhibiting NF-κB pathway to anti-inflammation and promoting intestinal mucosa repair via MLCK/pMLC2 pathway. The results show that EMO-NYPs are a promising food-based oral delivery system in anti-UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Naijing Ye
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Meisi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China; Sichuan Provincial Acupuncture School, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Qiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lingling Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Haiting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ruifeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoqin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shanshan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenbiao Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Haoqi He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Linxin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dasheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China; Chengdu Huashen Technology Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China.
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14
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Wei YS, Feng K, Li SF, Hu TG, Linhardt RJ, Zong MH, Wu H. Oral fate and stabilization technologies of lactoferrin: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6341-6358. [PMID: 33749401 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1900774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), a bioactive protein initially found in many biological secretions including milk, is regarded as the nutritional supplement or therapeutic ligand due to its multiple functions. Research on its mode of action reveals that intact Lf or its active peptide (i.e., lactoferricin) shows an important multifunctional performance. Oral delivery is considered as the most convenient administration route for this bioactive protein. Unfortunately, Lf is sensitive to the gastrointestinal (GI) physicochemical stresses and lactoferricin is undetectable in GI digesta. This review introduces the functionality of Lf at the molecular level and its degradation behavior in GI tract is discussed in detail. Subsequently, the absorption and transport of Lf from intestine into the blood circulation, which is pivotal to its health promoting effects in various tissues, and some assisting labeling methods are discussed. Stabilization technologies aiming at preserving the structural integrity and functional properties of orally administrated Lf are summarized and compared. Altogether, this work comprehensively reviews the structure-function relationship of Lf, its oral fate and the development of stabilization technologies for the enhancement of the oral bioavailability of Lf. The existing limitations and scope for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Shan Wei
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Feng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Fang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Teng-Gen Hu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Nakamura M, Matsuzaki T, Iimori A, Sato A. Harnessing the chondroitin sulfate-binding characteristics of human lactoferrin to neutralize neurite outgrowth inhibition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:1076-1082. [PMID: 33129446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human lactoferrin (hLF) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-binding protein involved in various biological functions. It consists of two globular functional domains, referred to as the N- and C-lobes. Both heparin (HP) and heparan sulfate (HS) bind to the N-lobe domain of hLF. Although some biological functions of hLF such as neuroprotective effects and cancer growth inhibition are regulated by its binding to HS, the binding characteristics of hLF with other GAG subtypes, and their effects on biological activities are still poorly understood. Here, we report that hLF binds to chondroitin sulfate (CS)-E, a GAG subtype involved in various neurodegenerative diseases. The α-helical content of hLF, which is an indicator of changes in the secondary structure of hLF, increased in the presence of CS-C, CS-D, or CS-E, but not in the presence of HP, HS, CS-A, or CS-B. This structural change was also observed in the N-lobe, the N-terminal half region of the hLF. Additionally, the thermal stability of the N-lobe showed a dose-dependent improvement in the presence of CS-E, but not in the presence of HP. This indicates that the binding mode of hLF/N-lobe to CS-E may differ from that of HP. hLF was also found to neutralize CS-E-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth and neuronal growth cone collapse, which are neurodegenerative responses to spinal cord injury, in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. Thus, hLF is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of CS-E-induced neurodegenerative diseases such as spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Nakamura
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan; Department of Peptidomics, Sasaki Institute, Sasaki Foundation, 2-2 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Takumi Matsuzaki
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan
| | - Ami Iimori
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sato
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan.
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16
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Ueda K, Shimizu M, Ohashi A, Murata D, Suzuki T, Kobayashi N, Baba J, Takeuchi T, Shiga Y, Nakamura M, Kagaya S, Sato A. Albumin fusion at the N-terminus or C-terminus of human lactoferrin leads to improved pharmacokinetics and anti-proliferative effects on cancer cell lines. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 155:105551. [PMID: 32946958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human lactoferrin (hLF), a soluble factor of the innate immune system, exhibits various biological functions and therefore has potential as a therapeutic protein. However, the clinical applications of hLF are limited by its low stability in blood. We therefore attempted to resolve this by producing recombinant hLF fused to human serum albumin (HSA). Two HSA-fused hLFs with different fusion orientations (hLF-HSA and HSA-hLF) were produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DG44 cells. hLF-HSA revealed higher thermal stability, resistance to peptic degradation, and stability during the process of cellular uptake and release in an intestinal enterocyte model (Caco-2 cells) than HSA-hLF. The lower stability of HSA-hLF is presumably due to the steric hindrance imposed by HSA fusion to the N-terminus of hLF. Both HSA fusion proteins, especially HSA-hLF, displayed improved pharmacokinetic properties despite the lower protein stability of HSA-hLF. hLF-HSA and HSA-hLF exhibited approximately 3.3- and 20.7-fold longer half-lives (64.0 and 403.6 min), respectively, than holo-rhLF (19.5 min). Both HSA fusion proteins were found to exert enhanced growth inhibition effects on cancer cells in vitro, but not normal cells. Their enhanced growth inhibitory activities were considered to be due to the synergetic effects of hLF and HSA because hLF alone or HSA alone failed to exert such an effect. Altogether, Fusion of HSA to hLF yielded superior pharmacokinetics and anti-proliferative activities against cancer cells. HSA-fused hLF is a novel candidate for further application of hLF as biopharmaceuticals for intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1, Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan
| | - Maya Shimizu
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1, Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan
| | - Aimi Ohashi
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1, Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan
| | - Daisuke Murata
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1, Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan
| | - Takuo Suzuki
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health, Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Natsuki Kobayashi
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1, Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan
| | - Junpei Baba
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1, Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeuchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yuki Shiga
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1, Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan
| | - Masao Nakamura
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1, Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan
| | - Shinji Kagaya
- NRL Pharma, Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 213-0012, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sato
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1, Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan.
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17
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Tan X, Yin N, Liu Z, Sun R, Gou J, Yin T, Zhang Y, He H, Tang X. Hydrophilic and Electroneutral Nanoparticles to Overcome Mucus Trapping and Enhance Oral Delivery of Insulin. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3177-3191. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wen Hua Road No. 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Na Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wen Hua Road No. 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zixu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wen Hua Road No. 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Rong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wen Hua Road No. 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jingxin Gou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wen Hua Road No. 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tian Yin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wen Hua Road No. 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wen Hua Road No. 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Haibing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wen Hua Road No. 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wen Hua Road No. 103, Shenyang 110016, China
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18
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Kell DB, Heyden EL, Pretorius E. The Biology of Lactoferrin, an Iron-Binding Protein That Can Help Defend Against Viruses and Bacteria. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1221. [PMID: 32574271 PMCID: PMC7271924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a nutrient classically found in mammalian milk. It binds iron and is transferred via a variety of receptors into and between cells, serum, bile, and cerebrospinal fluid. It has important immunological properties, and is both antibacterial and antiviral. In particular, there is evidence that it can bind to at least some of the receptors used by coronaviruses and thereby block their entry. Of importance are Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) and the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as based on other activities lactoferrin might prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from attaching to the host cells. Lactoferrin (and more specifically enteric-coated LF because of increased bioavailability) may consequently be of preventive and therapeutic value during the present COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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19
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Cutone A, Rosa L, Ianiro G, Lepanto MS, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC, Valenti P, Musci G. Lactoferrin's Anti-Cancer Properties: Safety, Selectivity, and Wide Range of Action. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030456. [PMID: 32183434 PMCID: PMC7175311 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in cancer therapy, current treatments, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, although beneficial, present attendant side effects and long-term sequelae, usually more or less affecting quality of life of the patients. Indeed, except for most of the immunotherapeutic agents, the complete lack of selectivity between normal and cancer cells for radio- and chemotherapy can make them potential antagonists of the host anti-cancer self-defense over time. Recently, the use of nutraceuticals as natural compounds corroborating anti-cancer standard therapy is emerging as a promising tool for their relative abundance, bioavailability, safety, low-cost effectiveness, and immuno-compatibility with the host. In this review, we outlined the anti-cancer properties of Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding glycoprotein of the innate immune defense. Lf shows high bioavailability after oral administration, high selectivity toward cancer cells, and a wide range of molecular targets controlling tumor proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, and metastasization. Of note, Lf is able to promote or inhibit cell proliferation and migration depending on whether it acts upon normal or cancerous cells, respectively. Importantly, Lf administration is highly tolerated and does not present significant adverse effects. Moreover, Lf can prevent development or inhibit cancer growth by boosting adaptive immune response. Finally, Lf was recently found to be an ideal carrier for chemotherapeutics, even for the treatment of brain tumors due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, thus globally appearing as a promising tool for cancer prevention and treatment, especially in combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (M.S.L.); (P.V.)
| | - Giusi Ianiro
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy;
| | - Maria Stefania Lepanto
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (M.S.L.); (P.V.)
| | | | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (M.S.L.); (P.V.)
| | - Giovanni Musci
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (G.M.)
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