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Kim SH, Park HM, Jeong HJ. Evaluation of PDL1 positive cancer cell-specific binding activity of recombinant anti-PDL1 scFv. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3439. [PMID: 38377106 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PDL1) is a transmembrane protein that is characterized as an immune regulatory molecule. We recently developed a recombinant single-chain fragment of variable domain (scFv) against PDL1, which showed high binding efficiency to purified recombinant PDL1 protein. However, at that time, proof-of-concept data for the effect of scFv using PDL1-expressing cells was lacking. In this study, we conducted two kinds of cell-based immunoassays, western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using anti-PDL1 scFv. The results indicate that scFv can selectively and sensitively detect PDL1 from PDL1 positive human cancer cell lines. Our findings suggest that scFv could be used as a potential PDL1 inhibitor agent and probe for cell-based immunoassays to detect PDL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Kim
- Industry-Academia Cooperation Foundation, Hongik University, Sejong-si, South Korea
| | - Hae-Min Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Jeong
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong-si, South Korea
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2
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Confino H, Sela Y, Epshtein Y, Malka L, Goldshtein M, Chaisson S, Lisi S, Avniel A, Monson JM, Dirbas FM. Intratumoral Administration of High-Concentration Nitric Oxide and Anti-mPD-1 Treatment Improves Tumor Regression Rates and Survival in CT26 Tumor-Bearing Mice. Cells 2023; 12:2439. [PMID: 37887283 PMCID: PMC10605471 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors have transformed clinical oncology. However, their use is limited as response is observed in only ~20-50% of patients. Previously, we demonstrated that treating CT26 tumor-bearing mice with ultra-high-concentration gaseous nitric oxide (UNO) followed by tumor resection stimulated antitumor immune responses. Accordingly, UNO may improve tumor response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Here, we investigated the ability of UNO to improve the efficacy of a programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) antibody in vitro and in treating CT26 tumor-bearing mice. METHODS CT26 cells were injected into the flank of Balb/c mice (n = 15-16 per group). On day 6, CT26 cells were injected into the contralateral flank, and anti-mPD-1 injections commenced. Primary tumors were treated with intratumoral UNO on day 8. Tumor volume, response rates, toxicity, and survival were monitored. RESULTS (1) Short exposure to 25,000-100,000 parts per million (ppm) UNO in vitro resulted in significant upregulation of PD-L1 expression on CT26 cells. (2) UNO treatment in vivo consistently reduced cell viability in CT26 tumors. (3) Treatment reduced regulatory T-cell (Treg) levels in the tumor and increased levels of systemic M1 macrophages. UNO responders had increased CD8+ T-cell tumor infiltration. (4) Nine days after treatment, primary tumor growth was significantly lower in the combination arm vs. anti-mPD-1 alone (p = 0.0005). (5) Complete tumor regression occurred in 8/15 (53%) of mice treated with a combination of 10 min UNO and anti-mPD-1, 100 days post-treatment, compared to 4/16 (25%) of controls treated with anti-mPD-1 alone (p = 0.1489). (6) There was no toxicity associated with UNO treatment. (7) Combination treatment showed a trend toward increased survival 100 days post-treatment compared to anti-mPD-1 alone (p = 0.0653). CONCLUSION Combining high-concentration NO and immune checkpoint inhibitors warrants further assessment especially in tumors resistant to checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Confino
- Beyond Cancer, Rehovot 7608801, Israel; (Y.S.); (Y.E.); (L.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Yogev Sela
- Beyond Cancer, Rehovot 7608801, Israel; (Y.S.); (Y.E.); (L.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Yana Epshtein
- Beyond Cancer, Rehovot 7608801, Israel; (Y.S.); (Y.E.); (L.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Lidor Malka
- Beyond Cancer, Rehovot 7608801, Israel; (Y.S.); (Y.E.); (L.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Matan Goldshtein
- Beyond Cancer, Rehovot 7608801, Israel; (Y.S.); (Y.E.); (L.M.); (M.G.)
| | | | - Steve Lisi
- Beyond Air, Garden City, NY 11530, USA; (S.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Amir Avniel
- Beyond Air, Garden City, NY 11530, USA; (S.L.); (A.A.)
- Beyond Air Inc., Rehovot 7608801, Israel
| | - Jedidiah Mercer Monson
- Beyond Cancer, Atlanta, GA 30305, USA; (S.C.); (J.M.M.)
- California Cancer Associates for Research and Excellence, Fresno, CA 93720, USA
| | - Frederick M. Dirbas
- Department of General Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA;
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Deng Y, Adam V, Nepovimova E, Heger Z, Valko M, Wu Q, Wei W, Kuca K. c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling in cellular senescence. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2089-2109. [PMID: 37335314 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence leads to decreased tissue regeneration and inflammation and is associated with diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms of cellular senescence are not fully understood. Emerging evidence has indicated that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling is involved in the regulation of cellular senescence. JNK can downregulate hypoxia inducible factor-1α to accelerate hypoxia-induced neuronal cell senescence. The activation of JNK inhibits mTOR activity and triggers autophagy, which promotes cellular senescence. JNK can upregulate the expression of p53 and Bcl-2 and accelerates cancer cell senescence; however, this signaling also mediates the expression of amphiregulin and PD-LI to achieve cancer cell immune evasion and prevents their senescence. The activation of JNK further triggers forkhead box O expression and its target gene Jafrac1 to extend the lifespan of Drosophila. JNK can also upregulate the expression of DNA repair protein poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1 and heat shock protein to delay cellular senescence. This review discusses recent advances in understanding the function of JNK signaling in cellular senescence and includes a comprehensive analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying JNK-mediated senescence evasion and oncogene-induced cellular senescence. We also summarize the research progress in anti-aging agents that target JNK signaling. This study will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular targets of cellular senescence and provides insights into anti-aging, which may be used to develop drugs for the treatment of aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Deng
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
- Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Kiriyama Y, Nochi H. Regulation of PD-L1 Expression by Nuclear Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9891. [PMID: 37373038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The suppression of excessive immune responses is necessary to prevent injury to the body, but it also allows cancer cells to escape immune responses and proliferate. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is a co-inhibitory molecule that is present on T cells and is the receptor for programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). The binding of PD-1 to PD-L1 leads to the inhibition of the T cell receptor signaling cascade. PD-L1 has been found to be expressed in many types of cancers, such as lung, ovarian, and breast cancer, as well as glioblastoma. Furthermore, PD-L1 mRNA is widely expressed in normal peripheral tissues including the heart, skeletal muscle, placenta, lungs, thymus, spleen, kidney, and liver. The expression of PD-L1 is upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors via a number of transcription factors. In addition, various nuclear receptors, such as androgen receptor, estrogen receptor, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ, and retinoic-acid-related orphan receptor γ, also regulate the expression of PD-L1. This review will focus on the current knowledge of the regulation of PD-L1 expression by nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Kiriyama
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 769-2193, Kagawa, Japan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 769-2193, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nochi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 769-2193, Kagawa, Japan
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Ramzy A, ElSafy S, Elshoky HA, Soliman A, Youness R, Mansour S, Sebak A. Drugless nanoparticles tune-up an array of intertwined pathways contributing to immune checkpoint signaling and metabolic reprogramming in triple-negative breast cancer. Biomed Mater 2022; 18. [PMID: 36541457 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aca85d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming 'Warburg effect' and immune checkpoint signaling are immunosuppressive hallmarks of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) contributing to the limited clinical applicability of immunotherapy. Biomaterials arise as novel tools for immunomodulation of the tumor microenvironment that can be used alongside conventional immunotherapeutics. Chitosan and lecithin are examples of versatile biomaterials with interesting immunomodulatory properties. In this study, we aimed at investigation of the role of carefully designed hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) on common mediators of both programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and glycolytic metabolism. Hybrid lecithin-chitosan NPs were prepared and characterized. Their intracellular concentration, localization and effect on the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells were assessed. Glycolytic metabolism was quantified by measuring glucose consumption, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation, lactate production and extracellular acidification. Nitric oxide production was quantified using Greiss reagent. Gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB or Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α(HIF-1α) and PD-L1 was quantified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (q-RT-PCR). Chitosan, lecithin and the NPs-formulated forms have been shown to influence the 'Warburg effect' and immune checkpoint signaling of TNBC cells differently. The composition of the hybrid systems dictated their subcellular localization and hence the positive or negative impact on the immunosuppressive characteristics of TNBC cells. Carefully engineered hybrid lecithin-chitosan NPs could convert the immune-suppressive microenvironment of TNBC to an immune-active microenvironment via reduction of PD-L1 expression and reversal of the Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Ramzy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Sara ElSafy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Hisham A Elshoky
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Central Lab. (NAMCL), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.,Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Research, Tumor Biology Research Program, Basic Research Unit, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo 11441, Egypt
| | - Aya Soliman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Rana Youness
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11578, Egypt
| | - Samar Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Aya Sebak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.,Immunopharmacology of Cancer, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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Kim J, Thomas SN. Opportunities for Nitric Oxide in Potentiating Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1146-1175. [PMID: 36180108 PMCID: PMC9553106 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite nearly 30 years of development and recent highlights of nitric oxide (NO) donors and NO delivery systems in anticancer therapy, the limited understanding of exogenous NO's effects on the immune system has prevented their advancement into clinical use. In particular, the effects of exogenously delivered NO differing from that of endogenous NO has obscured how the potential and functions of NO in anticancer therapy may be estimated and exploited despite the accumulating evidence of NO's cancer therapy-potentiating effects on the immune system. After introducing their fundamentals and characteristics, this review discusses the current mechanistic understanding of NO donors and delivery systems in modulating the immunogenicity of cancer cells as well as the differentiation and functions of innate and adaptive immune cells. Lastly, the potential for the complex modulatory effects of NO with the immune system to be leveraged for therapeutic applications is discussed in the context of recent advancements in the implementation of NO delivery systems for anticancer immunotherapy applications. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Despite a 30-year history and recent highlights of nitric oxide (NO) donors and delivery systems as anticancer therapeutics, their clinical translation has been limited. Increasing evidence of the complex interactions between NO and the immune system has revealed both the potential and hurdles in their clinical translation. This review summarizes the effects of exogenous NO on cancer and immune cells in vitro and elaborates these effects in the context of recent reports exploiting NO delivery systems in vivo in cancer therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Kim
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience (J.K., S.N.T.), George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering (J.K., S.N.T.), and Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.N.T.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.N.T.); and Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea (J.K.)
| | - Susan N Thomas
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience (J.K., S.N.T.), George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering (J.K., S.N.T.), and Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.N.T.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.N.T.); and Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea (J.K.)
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Dexmedetomidine Attenuates LPS-Stimulated Alveolar Type II Cells’ Injury through Upregulation of miR-140-3p and Partial Suppression of PD-L1 Involving Inactivating JNK-Bnip3 Pathway. Can Respir J 2022; 2022:8433960. [PMID: 35958433 PMCID: PMC9357803 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8433960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (DEX), which is reported to be a newly discovered, novel α-2 adrenoceptor agonist, is known to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in several diseases. DEX regulates inflammation-related signaling pathways and genes through interactions with several miRNAs. This study verified that expression levels of miR-140-3p were diminished when alveolar type II cells were exposed to LPS. However, the levels of miR-140-3p were confirmed as showing an increase with DEX treatment. These observations revealed that the expression of miR-140-3p was related to the beneficial effects that accompanied the DEX treatment of LPS-induced ALI. In addition, PD-1/PD-L1 expression increased extensively when RLE-6TN cells were induced by LPS. The increased expression was reduced after treatment with DEX. Thus, it appears that the PD-L1 expression was targeted directly by miR-140-3p, resulting in the partial repression of PD-L1 levels, which involved the inhibition of p-JNK and Bnip3 expression. Therefore, DEX was shown to inhibit the PD-L1 expression by promoting partially increased miR-140-3p levels in RLE-6TN cells. DEX also inactivated the JNK-Bnip3 pathway, resulting in the inhibition of inflammation and alleviating alveolar type II cell injury.
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Tam SY, Law HKW. JNK in Tumor Microenvironment: Present Findings and Challenges in Clinical Translation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092196. [PMID: 34063627 PMCID: PMC8124407 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are members of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Apart from having both tumor promoting and tumor suppressing roles in cancers due to its impact on apoptosis and autophagy pathways, JNK also plays complex roles in the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME) and is involved in different tumorigenesis pathways. The JNK pathway influences various stressful and chronic inflammatory conditions along with different cell populations in TME. In this review, we aim to present the current knowledge of JNK-mediated processes in TME and the challenges in clinical translation. Abstract The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are a group of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). JNK is mainly activated under stressful conditions or by inflammatory cytokines and has multiple downstream targets for mediating cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, and immune responses. JNK has been demonstrated to have both tumor promoting and tumor suppressing roles in different cancers depending on the focused pathway in each study. JNK also plays complex roles in the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME). JNK is involved in different tumorigenesis pathways. TME closely relates with tumor development and consists of various stressful and chronic inflammatory conditions along with different cell populations, in which the JNK pathway may have various mediating roles. In this review, we aim to summarize the present knowledge of JNK-mediated processes in TME, including hypoxia, reactive oxygen species, inflammation, immune responses, angiogenesis, as well as the regulation of various cell populations within TME. This review also suggests future research directions for translating JNK modulation in pre-clinical findings to clinical benefits.
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