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Sadri A. Is Target-Based Drug Discovery Efficient? Discovery and "Off-Target" Mechanisms of All Drugs. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12651-12677. [PMID: 37672650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Target-based drug discovery is the dominant paradigm of drug discovery; however, a comprehensive evaluation of its real-world efficiency is lacking. Here, a manual systematic review of about 32000 articles and patents dating back to 150 years ago demonstrates its apparent inefficiency. Analyzing the origins of all approved drugs reveals that, despite several decades of dominance, only 9.4% of small-molecule drugs have been discovered through "target-based" assays. Moreover, the therapeutic effects of even this minimal share cannot be solely attributed and reduced to their purported targets, as they depend on numerous off-target mechanisms unconsciously incorporated by phenotypic observations. The data suggest that reductionist target-based drug discovery may be a cause of the productivity crisis in drug discovery. An evidence-based approach to enhance efficiency seems to be prioritizing, in selecting and optimizing molecules, higher-level phenotypic observations that are closer to the sought-after therapeutic effects using tools like artificial intelligence and machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Sadri
- Lyceum Scientific Charity, Tehran, Iran, 1415893697
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program (INRP), Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 1417755331
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 1417614411
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2
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Sethi NS, Prasad DN, Singh RK. Synthesis, Anticancer, and Antibacterial Studies of Benzylidene Bearing 5-substituted and 3,5-disubstituted-2,4-Thiazolidinedione Derivatives. Med Chem 2020; 17:369-379. [PMID: 32394843 DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666200512073640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop novel compounds having potent anticancer and antibacterial activities. BACKGROUND Several studies have proved that benzylidene analogues of clinical 2,4-TZDs, such as troglitazone and ciglitazone, have more potent antiproliferative activity than their parent compounds. Literature studies also revealed that the attachment of more heterocyclic rings, containing nitrogen on 5th position of 2,4-TZD, can enhance the antimicrobial activity. Hence, attachment of various moieties on the benzylidene ring may produce safe and effective compounds in the future. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to synthesize a set of novel benzylidene ring containing 5- and 3-substituted-2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives and evaluate them for their anticancer and antibacterial activity. METHODS The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, NMR, mass, and elemental studies. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed for human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human lung cancer (A549) cells and HepG2 cell-line and compared to standard drug doxorubicin by MTT assay. Antimicrobial activity of the synthesized 2,4-thiazolidinediones derivatives was carried out using the cup plate method with slight modification. RESULTS The results obtained showed that TZ-5 and TZ-13 exhibited good antiproliferative activity against A549 cancer cell-line, whereas TZ-10 exhibited moderate antiproliferative activity against HepG2 cell-line when compared to standard drug doxorubicin. TZ-5 also exhibited reasonable activity against the MCF-7 cell-line with doxorubicin as standard. TZ-4, TZ-5, TZ-6, TZ-7, and TZ- 16 exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against Gram positive and moderate activity against Gram negative bacteria with the standard drug ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSION Attachment of heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen as the hetero atom improves the anticancer and antimicrobial potential. Attachment of electronegative elements like halogens can also enhance the antimicrobial activity. Further structure modifications may lead to the development of more potent 2,4-TZD leads that can be evaluated for further advanced studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjot S Sethi
- School of Pharmacy, Maharaja Agrasen University, Atal Shiksha Kunj, Kalujhanda, Dist. Solan, 174103, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Deo N Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shivalik College of Pharmacy, Nangal, Dist. Rupnagar, 140126, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shivalik College of Pharmacy, Nangal, Dist. Rupnagar, 140126, Punjab, India
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Manikala VK, Rao VM. Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of (E)-5-[(1-Aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methylene]thiazolidine-2,4-diones. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020050206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Takada I, Makishima M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists and antagonists: a patent review (2014-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 30:1-13. [PMID: 31825687 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1703952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPARα, PPARδ, and PPARγ, play an important role in the regulation of various physiological processes, specifically lipid and energy metabolism and immunity. PPARα agonists (fibrates) and PPARγ agonists (thiazolidinediones) are used for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and type 2 diabetes, respectively. PPARδ activation enhances mitochondrial and energy metabolism but PPARδ-acting drugs are not yet available. Many synthetic ligands for PPARs have been developed to expand their therapeutic applications.Areas covered: The authors searched recent patent activity regarding PPAR ligands. Novel PPARα agonists, PPARδ agonists, PPARγ agonists, PPARα/γ dual agonists, and PPARγ antagonists have been claimed for the treatment of metabolic disease and inflammatory disease. Methods for the combination of PPAR ligands with other drugs and expanded application of PPAR agonists for bone and neurological disease have been also claimed.Expert opinion: Novel PPAR ligands and the combination of PPAR ligands with other drugs have been claimed for the treatment of mitochondrial disease, inflammatory/autoimmune disease, neurological disease, and cancer in addition to metabolic diseases including dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes. Selective therapeutic actions of PPAR ligands should be exploited to avoid adverse effects. More basic studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of selective actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Takada
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kotha S, Sreevani G, Dzhemileva LU, Yunusbaeva MM, Dzhemilev UM, D'yakonov VA. Diversity-oriented synthesis of spirothiazolidinediones and their biological evaluation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2774-2781. [PMID: 31807211 PMCID: PMC6880819 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a new synthetic approach to assemble spirothiazolidinediones via a [2 + 2 + 2] cyclotrimerization reaction and the derivatives were further functionalized through DA chemistry and click reaction. Using flow cytometry, it was shown for the first time that the new benzyl alcohol derivatives of thiazolidine-2,4-dione generated here are efficient apoptosis inducers in the HeLa, Hek293, U937, Jurkat, and K562 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivarao Kotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Gaddamedi Sreevani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Lilya U Dzhemileva
- Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Octyabrya, 141, 450075, Ufa, Russian Federation.,Department of Immunology and Human Reproductive Health Bashkir State Medical University, Lenin Street, 3, 450003, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Milyausha M Yunusbaeva
- Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Octyabrya, 141, 450075, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Usein M Dzhemilev
- Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Octyabrya, 141, 450075, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A D'yakonov
- Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Octyabrya, 141, 450075, Ufa, Russian Federation
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6
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Ranjan Srivastava A, Bhatia R, Chawla P. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of novel 3,5-disubstituted 2,4-thiazolidinediones derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2019; 89:102993. [PMID: 31129500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of thirteen novel 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives were synthesized through three step reaction procedure. The title compounds were synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation at the 5th position of the 2,4-thiazolidinedione ring. Various physicochemical and spectral studies were conducted to characterize the synthesized derivatives including- IR, Mass, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The derivatives were screened for in vivo anti diabetic, in vivo anti-inflammatory and in vitro free radical scavenging activities by carrageenan induced rat paw edema method, alloxan induced diabetes in wistar rats method and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) method respectively. Some of the derivatives emerged out as potent antidiabetic, anti inflammatory and free radical scavenging agents. Molecular docking was carried out to investigate some possible structural insights into the potential binding patterns of the most potent anti-diabetic molecules NB7,NB12 and NB13 with the active sites of target PPARγ (PDB ID: 2PRG) using MOE software. Dichloro derivative compound NB-7 has shown great potential in the present study as it not only has maximum antidiabetic activity but also possess excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Ranjan Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India.
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7
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Devchand PR, Liu T, Altman RB, FitzGerald GA, Schadt EE. The Pioglitazone Trek via Human PPAR Gamma: From Discovery to a Medicine at the FDA and Beyond. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1093. [PMID: 30337873 PMCID: PMC6180177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For almost two decades, pioglitazone has been prescribed primarily to prevent and treat insulin resistance in some type 2 diabetic patients. In this review, we trace the path to discovery of pioglitazone as a thiazolidinedione compound, the glitazone tracks through the regulatory agencies, the trek to molecular agonism in the nucleus and the binding of pioglitazone to the nuclear receptor PPAR gamma. Given the rise in consumption of pioglitazone in T2D patients worldwide and the increased number of clinical trials currently testing alternate medical uses for this drug, there is also merit to some reflection on the reported adverse effects. Going forward, it is imperative to continue investigations into the mechanisms of actions of pioglitazone, the potential of glitazone drugs to contribute to unmet needs in complex diseases associated with the dynamics of adaptive homeostasis, and also the routes to minimizing adverse effects in every-day patients throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi R Devchand
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tianyun Liu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Russ B Altman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eric E Schadt
- SEMA4, a Mount Sinai Venture, Stamford, CT, United States.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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8
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Sienkiewicz-Gromiuk J. DFT approach to (benzylthio)acetic acid: Conformational search, molecular (monomer and dimer) structure, vibrational spectroscopy and some electronic properties. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 189:116-128. [PMID: 28806696 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The DFT studies were carried out with the B3LYP method utilizing the 6-31G and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets depending on whether the aim of calculations was to gain the geometry at equilibrium, or to calculate the optimized molecular structure of (benzylthio)acetic acid (Hbta) in the forms of monomer and dimer. The minimum conformational energy search was followed by the potential energy surface (PES) scan of all rotary bonds existing in the acid molecule. The optimized geometrical monomeric and dimeric structures of the title compound were compared with the experimental structural data in the solid state. The detailed vibrational interpretation of experimental infrared and Raman bands was performed on the basis of theoretically simulated ESFF-scaled wavenumbers calculated for the monomer and dimer structures of Hbta. The electronic characteristics of Hbta is also presented in terms of Mulliken atomic charges, frontier molecular orbitals and global reactivity descriptors. Additionally, the MEP and ESP surfaces were computed to predict coordination sites for potential metal complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Sienkiewicz-Gromiuk
- Department of General and Coordination Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, M.C. Skłodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
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9
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Lv A, Cui Y, Du FS, Li ZC. Thermally Degradable Polyesters with Tunable Degradation Temperatures via Postpolymerization Modification and Intramolecular Cyclization. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- An Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Yang Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Zi-Chen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
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10
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Alagarsamy V, Senthilraja M, Raja Solomon V. Design and Synthesis of 3-Substituted-thiazolyl-2-iminothiazolidin-4-ones as a New Class of Anticonvulsants. J Heterocycl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Alagarsamy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory; MNR College of Pharmacy; Sangareddy, Gr. Hyderabad 502 294 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - M. Senthilraja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; J. K. K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy; Komarapalayam 638 183 Tamilnadu India
| | - V. Raja Solomon
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory; MNR College of Pharmacy; Sangareddy, Gr. Hyderabad 502 294 Andhra Pradesh India
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11
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Youssef J, Badr M. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Features, Functions, and Future. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.11131/2015/101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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12
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Chadha N, Bahia MS, Kaur M, Silakari O. Thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives: Programmed chemical weapons for key protein targets of various pathological conditions. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2953-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Wang S, Awad KS, Elinoff JM, Dougherty EJ, Ferreyra GA, Wang JY, Cai R, Sun J, Ptasinska A, Danner RL. G Protein-coupled Receptor 40 (GPR40) and Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ (PPARγ): AN INTEGRATED TWO-RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAY. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19544-57. [PMID: 26105050 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.638924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) ligands have been widely used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, knowledge of PPARγ signaling remains incomplete. In addition to PPARγ, these drugs also activate G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), a Gαq-coupled free fatty acid receptor linked to MAPK networks and glucose homeostasis. Notably, p38 MAPK activation has been implicated in PPARγ signaling. Here, rosiglitazone (RGZ) activation of GPR40 and p38 MAPK was found to boost PPARγ-induced gene transcription in human endothelium. Inhibition or knockdown of p38 MAPK or expression of a dominant negative (DN) p38 MAPK mutant blunted RGZ-induced PPARγ DNA binding and reporter activity in EA.hy926 human endothelial cells. GPR40 inhibition or knockdown, or expression of a DN-Gαq mutant likewise blocked activation of both p38 MAPK and PPARγ reporters. Importantly, RGZ induction of PPARγ target genes in primary human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) was suppressed by knockdown of either p38 MAPK or GPR40. GPR40/PPARγ signal transduction was dependent on p38 MAPK activation and induction of PPARγ co-activator-1 (PGC1α). Silencing of p38 MAPK or GPR40 abolished the ability of RGZ to induce phosphorylation and expression of PGC1α in PAECs. Knockdown of PGC1α, its essential activator SIRT1, or its binding partner/co-activator EP300 inhibited RGZ induction of PPARγ-regulated genes in PAECs. RGZ/GPR40/p38 MAPK signaling also led to EP300 phosphorylation, an event that enhances PPARγ target gene transcription. Thus, GPR40 and PPARγ can function as an integrated two-receptor signal transduction pathway, a finding with implications for rational drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuibang Wang
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Keytam S Awad
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jason M Elinoff
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Edward J Dougherty
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Gabriela A Ferreyra
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jennifer Y Wang
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Rongman Cai
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Junfeng Sun
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Anetta Ptasinska
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Robert L Danner
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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14
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Comparative molecular docking studies of novel 3, 5-disubstituted thiazolidinedione analogs as HIV-1-RT inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Ganguly S, Bahare RS. Molecular docking studies of novel thiazolidinedione analogs as HIV-1-RT inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Thiazolidine-2,4-diones: progress towards multifarious applications. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1599-620. [PMID: 23419324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The promising activity shown by compounds containing thiazolidine-2,4-dione nucleus in numerous categories such as anti-hyperglycaemics, aldose reductase inhibitors, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritics, anti-microbials, etc. has made it an indispensable anchor for development of new therapeutic agents. Varied substituents on the thiazolidine-2,4-dione nucleus have provided a wide spectrum of biological activities. Importance of this nucleus in some activities like, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonism and PPARγ-dependent and -independent anti-cancer activities are reviewed separately in literature. Short reviews on biological importance of this nucleus are also known in literature. However, owing to fast development of new drugs possessing thiazolidine-2,4-dione nucleus many research reports are generated in short span of time. So, there is a need to couple the latest information with the earlier information to understand the current status of thiazolidine-2,4-dione nucleus in medicinal chemistry research. In the present review, various derivatives of thiazolidine-2,4-diones with different pharmacological activities are described on the basis of substitution pattern around the nucleus combined with the docking studies performed in the active site of the corresponding receptors with an aim to help medicinal chemists for developing an SAR on thiazolidine-2,4-dione derived compounds for each activity. This discussion will further help in the development of novel thiazolidine-2,4-dione compounds.
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Senthilraja M, Alagarsamy V. Synthesis and pharmacological investigation of 2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-3,5-disubstituted thiazolidin-4-ones as anticonvulsants. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2012; 345:827-33. [PMID: 22836611 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201200126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-3-substituted thiazolidin-4-one-5-yl-acetyl acetamides/benzamides were synthesized by the nucleophilic substitution of 3-substituted-2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-thiazolidin-4-one-5-yl-acetylchloride with acetamide and benzamide. The starting material 3-substituted-2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-thiazolidin-4-one-5-yl-acetylchloride was synthesized from 3-substituted-2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-thiazolidin-4-one-5-yl-acetic acid, which in turn was prepared by one-pot reaction of amino component, p-dimethylamino benzaldehyde and mercapto succinic acid. The title compounds were investigated for their anticonvulsant activities; among the test compounds, compound 2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-3-phenylamino-thiazolidine-4-one-5-yl-acetylbenzamide (14) emerged as the most active compound of the series and as moderately more potent than the reference standard diazepam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manavalan Senthilraja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J.K.K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Komarapalayam, Tamilnadu, India
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Logie L, Harthill J, Patel K, Bacon S, Hamilton DL, Macrae K, McDougall G, Wang HH, Xue L, Jiang H, Sakamoto K, Prescott AR, Rena G. Cellular responses to the metal-binding properties of metformin. Diabetes 2012; 61:1423-33. [PMID: 22492524 PMCID: PMC3357267 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the antihyperglycemic biguanide metformin has been used extensively in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, despite continuing uncertainty over its direct target. In this article, using two independent approaches, we demonstrate that cellular actions of metformin are disrupted by interference with its metal-binding properties, which have been known for over a century but little studied by biologists. We demonstrate that copper sequestration opposes known actions of metformin not only on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent signaling, but also on S6 protein phosphorylation. Biguanide/metal interactions are stabilized by extensive π-electron delocalization and by investigating analogs of metformin; we provide evidence that this intrinsic property enables biguanides to regulate AMPK, glucose production, gluconeogenic gene expression, mitochondrial respiration, and mitochondrial copper binding. In contrast, regulation of S6 phosphorylation is prevented only by direct modification of the metal-liganding groups of the biguanide structure, supporting recent data that AMPK and S6 phosphorylation are regulated independently by biguanides. Additional studies with pioglitazone suggest that mitochondrial copper is targeted by both of these clinically important drugs. Together, these results suggest that cellular effects of biguanides depend on their metal-binding properties. This link may illuminate a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms enabling antihyperglycemic drug action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Logie
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | - Jean Harthill
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | - Kashyap Patel
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | - Sandra Bacon
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
- James Hutton Institute, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | - D. Lee Hamilton
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | - Katherine Macrae
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | | | - Huan-Huan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | - Alan R. Prescott
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | - Graham Rena
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
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Novel glitazones: glucose uptake and cytotoxic activities, and structure–activity relationships. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Peroxisome Proliferators-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Modulators and Metabolic Disorders. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:679137. [PMID: 18566691 PMCID: PMC2430035 DOI: 10.1155/2008/679137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity lead to an increased risk for metabolic disorders such as impaired glucose regulation/insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Several molecular drug targets with potential to prevent or treat metabolic disorders have been revealed. Interestingly, the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), which belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily, has many beneficial clinical effects. PPAR directly modulates gene expression by binding to a specific ligand. All PPAR subtypes (alpha, gamma, and sigma) are involved in glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy balance. PPAR agonists play an important role in therapeutic aspects of metabolic disorders. However, undesired effects of the existing PPAR agonists have been reported. A great deal of recent research has focused on the discovery of new PPAR modulators with more beneficial effects and more safety without producing undesired side effects. Herein, we briefly review the roles of PPAR in metabolic disorders, the effects of PPAR modulators in metabolic disorders, and the technologies with which to discover new PPAR modulators.
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21
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Johns BR, Reaven GM. PPAR-γ agonists, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia: not a simple relationship. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Mehendale-Munj S, Ghosh R, Ramaa CS. Synthesis and evaluation of the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of novel 5-benzylidene-2,4-thiazolidinedione analogs in a type-2 diabetes model. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Lalloyer F, Staels B. Fibrates, glitazones, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:894-9. [PMID: 20393155 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.179689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several decades ago, fibrates were approved for the treatment of dyslipidemia, whereas thiazolidinediones were screened in animal models to improve glucose homeostasis and were subsequently developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Relatively recently, these drugs were found to act via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, nuclear receptors that control lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis. In this historical perspective, we discuss the history of discovery of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, from the clinical development of their agonists to the subsequent discovery of these receptors and their mechanisms of action, to finally evoke possibilities of targeted pharmacology for future development of selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor modulators.
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25
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Lipids as targets for novel anti-inflammatory therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 124:96-112. [PMID: 19576246 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipids serve important functions as membrane constituents and also as energy storing molecules. Besides these functions certain lipid species have now been recognized as signalling molecules that regulate a multitude of cellular responses including cell growth and death, and also inflammatory reactions. Bioactive lipids are generated by hydrolysis from membrane lipids mainly by phospholipases giving rise to fatty acids and lysophospholipids that either directly exert their function or are further converted to active mediators. This review will summarize the present knowledge about bioactive lipids that either promote or attenuate inflammatory reactions. These lipids include polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosanoids including the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET), peroxisome proliferation activating receptor (PPAR) activators, cannabinoids and the sphingolipids ceramide, sphingosine 1-phosphate and sphingosylphosphorylcholine.
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26
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Kumar A, Singh P, Saxena A, De A, Chandra R, Mozumdar S. Nano-sized copper as an efficient catalyst for one pot three component synthesis of thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives. CATAL COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2008.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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27
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28
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Chaudhry J, Ghosh NN, Roy K, Chandra R. Antihyperglycemic effect of a new thiazolidinedione analogue and its role in ameliorating oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci 2007; 80:1135-42. [PMID: 17234217 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 12/02/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a new class of antidiabetic drugs, having an insulin sensitizing effect in patients with type 2 diabetes. The contribution of oxidative stress from the standpoint of lipid and protein damage, alteration in endogenous antioxidant enzymes and effects of newly synthesized compounds, 5-[4-2-(6,7-Dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-oxo-4-quinoxalinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methylene]thiazolid- ine-2,4-dione, (C(1)) in normal/alloxan-induced diabetic rats form the focus area of this study. Its effect was compared to two well-known TZDs, namely pioglitazone and rosiglitazone. It has been concluded from results that after thirty days of administration of C(1), Pg and Rg in alloxan-induced diabetic animal groups, the blood glucose level decreased, more remarkably in C(1) treated group. Also oxidative damage has been studied by estimating hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which was found to be increased (p<0.001 vs. control). An inverse change in SOD values between hepatic and pancreatic/kidney tissues were observed. Treatment with the test compounds lowered the activity of SOD in liver while increased its activity in kidney and pancreas. Similar normalizing effect of C(1) on liver, pancreatic and renal catalase (CAT)/ glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were pronounced in diabetic rats (p<0.001 vs. diabetic rats). Decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) content, found in diabetic animals, was significantly elevated to normal levels by C(1) treatment. The treatment with C(1) also decreased the levels of nitric oxide and increased the activities of glutathione-s-transferase and glutathione reductase, as compared to diabetic animals. Evidence of oxidative damage to lipids and proteins was shown through the quantification of protein carbonyl (in tissues) and malondialdehyde levels (both serum and tissues). It was observed that the protein/lipid damage in diabetic rats was improved by treatment with C(1). Total antioxidant activity (TAA) was found to be enhanced in C(1) treated rats (p>0.05 vs. group3, p<0.001 vs. group2, p<0.001 vs. group 4). These results suggest that the newly synthesized TZD derivative (C(1)) has a potential to act as antihyperglycemic and antioxidant agent. In addition, for all parameters checked, it has better efficacy than rosiglitazone and is as effective as pioglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Chaudhry
- Dr. B.R.Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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29
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Stefanski DA, Majkowska L. Existing and potential therapeutic approaches targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the management of Type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.12.1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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30
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Hernández H, Bernès S, Quintero L, Sansinenea E, Ortiz A. Novel rearrangement of N-enoyl oxazolidinethiones to N-substituted 1,3-thiazine-2,4-diones promoted by NbCl5. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Hashimoto Y, Miyachi H. Nuclear receptor antagonists designed based on the helix-folding inhibition hypothesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5080-93. [PMID: 16051104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we review our studies on the molecular design of nuclear receptor antagonists, including retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonists, retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonists, androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, and vitamin D receptor (VDR) antagonists, based on inhibition of folding of helix 12, which contains a co-activator binding site. Recent progress in structural development studies of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligands is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Hashimoto
- Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
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32
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Mendoza G, Hernández H, Quintero L, Sosa-Rivadeneyra M, Bernès S, Sansinenea E, Ortiz A. Synthesis of N-substituted 2,4-thiazolidinediones from oxazolidinethiones. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Kumar R, Ramachandran U, Srinivasan K, Ramarao P, Raichur S, Chakrabarti R. Design, synthesis and evaluation of carbazole derivatives as PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonists and antioxidants. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:4279-90. [PMID: 15869880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of hydroxycarbazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonist as well as antioxidant activities. While most compounds showed good antioxidant activity, some compounds were identified as potential PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonists as well. Compounds 10a and 16 were found to be active in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar 160 062, India
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Bouskila M, Pajvani UB, Scherer PE. Adiponectin: a relevant player in PPARgamma-agonist-mediated improvements in hepatic insulin sensitivity? Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29 Suppl 1:S17-23. [PMID: 15711577 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The potent insulin-sensitizing effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists are well established. However, it is still a matter of intense debate as to which tissue(s) represent the most critical sites of action for PPARgamma agonists, and what the relevant target genes are that ultimately mediate the improvements in insulin sensitivity. The cell type with the highest levels of PPARgamma is the adipocyte, and as such the adipocyte is an excellent candidate cell to look for critical mediators of PPARgamma agonist action. Adiponectin, an adipocyte-specific secretory protein, is upregulated in response to PPARgamma agonist exposure, and its serum levels consequently increase significantly. Genetic, pharmacological and clinical studies have demonstrated potent insulin-sensitizing effects of adiponectin. Here, we summarize the evidence that implicates adiponectin as a critical mediator of PPARgamma-agonist-mediated improvements in insulin sensitivity, particularly in the context of PPARgamma-agonist-mediated enhancements of hepatic insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bouskila
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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35
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Ortiz A, Hernández H, Mendoza G, Quintero L, Bernès S. Asymmetric synthesis of 3-methylthio alcohols by intramolecular Michael addition reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Fink MP. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligands: a pluripotent class of pharmacological agents that may prove to be useful for adjuvant treatment of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:604-5. [PMID: 14758194 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000110667.86935.f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Henke BR. 1. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligands and their therapeutic utility. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004; 42:1-53. [PMID: 15003718 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brad R Henke
- Metabolic and Viral Diseases Drug Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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38
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Franceschini N, Da Nascimento S, Sonnet P, Guillaume D. Efficient enantioselective synthesis of 2-substituted thiomorpholin-3-ones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2003.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Desai RC, Han W, Metzger EJ, Bergman JP, Gratale DF, MacNaul KL, Berger JP, Doebber TW, Leung K, Moller DE, Heck JV, Sahoo SP. 5-aryl thiazolidine-2,4-diones: discovery of PPAR dual alpha/gamma agonists as antidiabetic agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2795-8. [PMID: 12873517 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 5-aryl thiazolidine-2,4-diones based dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists was identified. A number of highly potent and orally bioavailable analogues were synthesized. Efficacy study results of some of these analogues in the db/db mice model of type 2 diabetes showed them superior to rosiglitazone in correcting hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit C Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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40
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Koyama H, Boueres JK, Han W, Metzger EJ, Bergman JP, Gratale DF, Miller DJ, Tolman RL, MacNaul KL, Berger JP, Doebber TW, Leung K, Moller DE, Heck JV, Sahoo SP. 5-Aryl thiazolidine-2,4-diones as selective PPARgamma agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1801-4. [PMID: 12729668 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5-aryl thiazolidine-2,4-diones containing 4-phenoxyphenyl side chains was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for PPAR agonist activities. One such compound 28 exhibited comparable levels of glucose correction to rosiglitazone in the db/db mouse type 2 diabetes animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Koyama
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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41
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Santini C, Berger GD, Han W, Mosley R, MacNaul K, Berger J, Doebber T, Wu M, Moller DE, Tolman RL, Sahoo SP. Phenylacetic acid derivatives as hPPAR agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1277-80. [PMID: 12657263 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Beginning with the weakly active lead structure 1, a new series of hPPAR agonists was developed. In vivo glucose and triglyceride lowering activity was obtained by homologation and oxamination to 3, then conversion to substituted benzisoxazoles 4 and 5. Further manipulation afforded benzofurans 6 and 7. Compound 7 was of comparable potency as a glucose and triglyceride lowering agent in insulin resistant rodents to BRL 49653.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Santini
- Department of Basic Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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42
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Sohda T, Kawamatsu Y, Fujita T, Meguro K, Ikeda H. [Discovery and development of a new insulin sensitizing agent, pioglitazone]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2002; 122:909-18. [PMID: 12440149 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.122.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of type II diabetes as well as obesity. This insulin resistant state at the peripheral tissue level causes impaired glucose utilization, leading to hyperglycemia. Studies of antidiabetic agents by Takeda originated more than three decades ago when KK mice were introduced, followed by the development of a highly insulin-resistant animal model, KKAy mice. The first 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivative AL-321, which exhibited hypoglycemic effects in KKAy mice, was discovered by modification of the hypolipidemic agent AL-294 as a lead compound. Extensive structure-activity relationship studies on the analogues of AL-321 led to the selection of ciglitazone (ADD-3878) as a candidate for clinical evaluation. Ciglitazone, a prototypical compound in the series, was shown to normalize hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia in various insulin-resistant animal models without altering normoglycemia in nondiabetic animal models. However, it appeared that a more potent compound was needed for further clinical evaluation of this class of compound. Further study of this series of compounds led to the finding of pioglitazone (AD-4833) as a promising clinical candidate. Pioglitazone clearly ameliorates the abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic patients and was marketed in the USA in August 1999 for the treatment of type II diabetes. Pioglitazone is now marketed in more than 40 countries world wide. Historical aspects of our studies on pioglitazone and its biological activities are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sohda
- Pharmaceutieal Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., 2-17-85 Jusohonmachi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
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43
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Ikeda H, Sugiyama Y. [Insulin resistance-reducing effect of a new thiazolidinedione derivative, pioglitazone]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2001; 117:335-42. [PMID: 11411343 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.117.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Takeda has a relatively long history in diabetes research. Pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione derivative, was developed from our basic research on diabetic animal models in the 1960s and our chemical research on lipid-lowering agents in the 1970s. Pioglitazone reduced plasma glucose, triglyceride and insulin levels in obese-diabetic animal models with insulin resistance in liver and/or peripheral tissues, but did not decrease normoglycemia in normal rats and aged dogs or hyperglycemia in insulin-deficient streptozocin-induced diabetic rats and impaired-insulin-secretory Goto-Kakizaki rats. The ED50 of plasma glucose-lowering action was 0.5 mg/kg/day in Wistar fatty rats. These findings clearly indicate that pioglitazone works in animals with insulin resistance and has a quite different mechanism from sulfonylureas and insulin itself. Although the exact mechanism of pioglitazone still remains obscure, pioglitazone normalized abnormalities in the cellular signal transduction of insulin. These effects seem to be due to the inhibitory action of pioglitazone on TNF-alpha production, which is one of the factors responsible for insulin resistance. Pioglitazone is a potent agonist for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, (PPAR)-gamma, that is related to differentiation of adipocytes, and the relationship between TNF-alpha production and PPAR-gamma has been reported. Therefore, the agonistic activity of pioglitazone on PPAR-gamma may be involved in the mechanism of reduction of insulin resistance. The clinical data clearly demonstrated that pioglitazone, at clinical doses of 15-45 mg/day, decreased plasma glucose, HbA1c and triglyceride, increased plasma HDL-cholesterol, but did not alter total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. These findings suggest that pioglitazone has a benefit for prevention of cardiovascular diseases in addition to diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ikeda
- Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Pharmaceutical Research Division, 17-85, Juso-Honmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan.
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44
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Kulkarni SS, Gediya LK, Kulkarni VM. Three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationships (3-D-QSAR) of antihyperglycemic agents. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:1475-85. [PMID: 10465422 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship study (3-D-QSAR) was performed on a set of thiazolidinedione antihyperglycemic agents using the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) method. The CoMFA models were derived from a training set of 53 compounds. Fifteen compounds, which were not used in model generation were used to validate the CoMFA models. All the compounds were superimposed to the template structure by atom-based and shape-based strategies. The SYBYL QSAR rigid body field fit was also used for aligning the ligands. A total of twelve different alignments were generated. The resulting models exhibited a good cross-validated r2cv values (0.624-0.764) and the conventional r2 values (0.689-0.921). A more robust cross-validation test using cross-validation by 2 groups (leave half out method) was performed 100 times to ascertain the predictiveness of the CoMFA models. The mean of r2cv values from 100 runs ranged from 0.611-0.690. Few models exhibited good external predictivity. These models were then used to define a hypothetical receptor model for antihyperglycemic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, India
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45
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Abstract
Recent large-scale studies in patients with type 2 diabetes have suggested that improved glycemic control will reduce the incidence and severity of chronic complications. However, it is difficult to maintain the blood glucose levels of diabetic patients within a narrow range. Since insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion cause hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, both improvement of insulin resistance and compensation for defective insulin secretion are necessary. Recently, the first insulin sensitizer was released, and a short-acting insulinotropic agent, which should be more convenient for strict glycemic control than sulfonylureas, has also been launched. This review focuses on these two new classes of hypoglycemic agents.
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46
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Nomura M, Kinoshita S, Satoh H, Maeda T, Murakami K, Tsunoda M, Miyachi H, Awano K. (3-substituted benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-diones as structurally new antihyperglycemic agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:533-8. [PMID: 10098657 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-[(2,4-dioxothiazolidin-5-yl)methyl]benzamide derivatives was prepared as part of a search for antidiabetic agents. A structure-activity relationship study of these compounds led to the identification of 5-[(2,4-dioxothiazolidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methoxy-N-[[4-(trifluorome thyl)-phenyl]methyl]benzamide (KRP-297) as a candidate drug for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nomura
- Central Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan
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Reddy KA, Lohray BB, Bhushan V, Reddy AS, Kishore PH, Rao VV, Saibaba V, Bajji AC, Rajesh BM, Reddy KV, Chakrabarti R, Rajagopalan R. Novel euglycemic and hypolipidemic agents: Part-2. Antioxidant moiety as structural motif. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:999-1002. [PMID: 9871696 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several thiazolidinediones having antioxidant moities in their structural motif have been synthesised and evaluated for their euglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. A few of them have been found to be superior to troglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Reddy
- Dr. Reddy's Research Foundation, Hyderabad, India
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Novel indole containing thiazolidinedione derivatives as potent euglycemic and hypolipidaemic agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Buckle D, Cantello B, Cawthorne M, Coyle P, Dean D, Faller A, Haigh D, Hindley R, Jefcott L, Lister C, Pinto I, Rami H, Smith D, Smith S. Non thiazolidinedione antihyperglycaemic agents. 1: α-Heteroatom substituted β-phenylpropanoic acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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