Synthesis of 2-phenylbenzofuran derivatives as testosterone 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor

Synthesis of Elaborate Benzofuran-2-carboxamide Derivatives through a Combination of 8-Aminoquinoline Directed C-H Arylation and Transamidation Chemistry

Herein, we present a short and highly modular synthetic route that involves 8-aminoquinoline directed C-H arylation and transamidation chemistry, and which enables access to a wide range of elaborate benzofuran-2-carboxamides. For the directed C-H arylation reactions, Pd catalysis was used to install a wide range of aryl and heteroaryl substituents at the C3 position of the benzofuran scaffold in high efficiency. Directing group cleavage and further diversification of the C3-arylated benzofuran products were then achieved in a single synthetic operation through the utilization of a one-pot, two-step transamidation procedure, which proceeded via the intermediate N-acyl-Boc-carbamates. Given the high efficiency and modularity of this synthetic strategy, it constitutes a very attractive method for generating structurally diverse collections of benzofuran derivatives for small molecule screening campaigns.

Advances in the design and discovery of drugs for the treatment of prostatic hyperplasia

INTRODUCTION

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common medical problem in nearly 80% of geriatric male population severely affecting the quality of life. Several strategies has been suggested in the past for the management of BPH, but only α-blockers and 5α-reductase inhibitors are in clinical use. This review aims to give deep insight into advances in the design and discovery of newer chemical entities as 'druggable' molecule for the management of BPH.

AREAS COVERED

In this review, the authors cover various classes of drugs that have shown their potential for management of BPH. These drugs include α-adrenergic antagonists, 5α-reductase inhibitors, phytochemical agents, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone antagonists and muscarinic receptor antagonists. Literature searches were carried out using Google Scholar, SciFinder and PubMed.

EXPERT OPINION

The exact etiology of BPH is unknown; however, several mechanisms may be involved in the progression of the disease. Beside surgery and watchful waiting, medical therapies to treat BPH include α-adrenergic antagonist and 5α-reductase inhibitors. Phytotherapeutic agents are also used in some countries. Various other chemical classes of drugs are proposed for the treatment of the disease, but none of them have reached the clinic. Many classes of drugs are currently undergoing clinical trials such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone antagonists and muscarinic receptor antagonists. The current need is to develop a potent, efficacious and highly selective drug for the treatment of BPH.

Synthesis and fungicidal activities of novel indene-substituted oxime ether strobilurins

Nineteen novel indene-substituted oxime ether strobilurins, which used an indene group to stabilize the ( E)-styryl group in SYP-Z071 (an unsaturated oxime strobilurin fungicide under development by the Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry), were designed and synthesized. The biological assay results showed that all compounds possessed good or excellent fungicidal activities. It was found that most of the compounds showed higher fungicidal activities against Pyricularia oryzae, Phytophthora infestans, Erysiphe graminis, and Colletotrichum lagenarium than SYP-Z071 at the tested concentration. The biological assay results also indicated that most of the compounds exhibited higher in vivo fungicidal activities against cucumber Pseudoperonospora cubensis and C. lagenarium than the commercial fungicides trifloxystrobin and kresoxim-methyl at a concentration of 6.25 mg/L. Furthermore, it was found that alpha-(methoxyimino)- N-methylphenylacetamide oxime ethers 6m- s exhibited a broad spectrum and remarkably higher activities against all tested fungi. Especially, the 6-methylindene-substituted compound 6p was identified as the most promising candidate for further study.

Selective non-steroidal inhibitors of 5 alpha-reductase type 1

The enzyme 5 alpha-reductase (5 alpha R) catalyses the reduction of testosterone (T) into the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The abnormal production of DHT is associated to pathologies of the main target organs of this hormone: the prostate and the skin. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer, acne, androgenetic alopecia in men, and hirsutism in women appear related to the DHT production. Two isozymes of 5 alpha-reductase have been cloned, expressed and characterized (5 alpha R-1 and 5 alpha R-2). They share a poor homology, have different chromosomal localization, enzyme kinetic parameters, and tissue expression patterns. Since 5 alpha R-1 and 5 alpha R-2 are differently distributed in the androgen target organs, a different involvement of the two isozymes in the pathogenesis of prostate and skin disorders can be hypothesized. High interest has been paid to the synthesis of inhibitors of 5 alpha-reductase for the treatment of DHT related pathologies, and the selective inhibition of any single isozyme represents a great challenge for medical and pharmaceutical research in order to have more specific drugs. At present, no 5 alpha R-1 inhibitor is marketed for the treatment of 5 alpha R-1 related pathologies but pharmaceutical research is very active in this field. This paper will review the major classes of 5 alpha R inhibitors focusing in particular on non-steroidal inhibitors and on structural features that enhance the selectivity versus the type 1 isozyme. Biological tests to assess the inhibitory activity towards the two 5 alpha R isozymes will be also discussed.