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Otani H, Goto T, Kobayashi Y, Goto H, Hosokawa Y, Tokizawa K, Shirato M. The fan cooling vest use reduces thermal and perceptual strain during outdoor exercise in the heat on a sunny summer day. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024; 68:1625-1635. [PMID: 38771319 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-024-02690-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The fan cooling vest is coming into very common use by Japanese outdoor manual workers. We examined that to what extent using this vest reduces thermal strain and perception during outdoor exercise in the heat on a sunny summer day. Ten male baseball players in high school conducted two baseball training sessions for 2-h with (VEST) or without (CON) a commercially available fan cooling vest on a baseball uniform. These sessions commenced at 10 a.m. on separate days in early August. The fan airflow rate attached the vest was 62 L·s-1. Neither ambient temperature (Mean ± SD: VEST 31.9 ± 0.2°C; CON 31.8 ± 0.7°C), wet-bulb globe temperature (VEST 31.2 ± 0.4°C; CON 31.4 ± 0.5°C) nor solar radiation (VEST 1008 ± 136 W·m-2; CON 1042 ± 66 W·m-2) was different between trials. Mean skin temperature (VEST 34.5 ± 1.1°C; CON 35.1 ± 1.4°C), infrared tympanic temperature (VEST 38.9 ± 0.9°C; CON 39.2 ± 1.2°C), heart rate (VEST 127 ± 31 bpm; CON 139 ± 33 bpm), body heat storage (VEST 140 ± 34 W·m-2; CON 160 ± 22 W·m-2), thermal sensation (- 4-4: VEST 0 ± 2; CON 3 ± 1) and rating of perceived exertion (6-20: VEST 11 ± 2; CON 14 ± 2) were lower in VEST than CON (all P < 0.05). Total distance measured with a global positioning system (VEST 3704 ± 293 m; CON 3936 ± 501 m) and body fluid variables were not different between trials. This study indicates that the fan cooling vest use can reduce thermal strain and perception during outdoor exercise in the heat on a sunny summer day. Cooling with this vest would be effective to mitigate thermal risks and perceptual stress in athletes and sports participants under such settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Otani
- Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 7-2-1 Kamiono, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-8524, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Goto
- National Institute of Technology, Akashi College, Uozumi-Cho, 679-3 Nishioka, Akashi, Hyogo, 674-0084, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- National Institute of Technology, Akashi College, Uozumi-Cho, 679-3 Nishioka, Akashi, Hyogo, 674-0084, Japan
| | - Heita Goto
- Kyushu Kyoritsu University, 1-8 Jiyugaoka, Yahatanishi-Ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8585, Japan
| | - Yuri Hosokawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1164, Japan
| | - Ken Tokizawa
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 1-4-6 Umezono, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-0024, Japan
| | - Minayuki Shirato
- Meiji Gakuin University, 1-2-37 Shiroganedai, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8636, Japan
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Filingeri D, Blount H, Valenza A. Female thermal sensitivity and behaviour across the lifespan: A unique journey. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38451148 DOI: 10.1113/ep091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Women are a group of individuals that undergo unique anatomical, physiological and hormonal changes across the lifespan. For example, consider the impact of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause, all of which are accompanied by both short- and long-term effects on female body morphology (e.g., changes in breast size) and temperature regulation, heat tolerance, thermal sensitivity and comfort. However, empirical evidence on how skin thermal and wetness sensitivity might change across the lifespan of women, and the implications that this has for female-specific thermal behaviours, continues to be lacking. This paper is based on a symposium presentation given at Physiology 2023 in Harrogate, UK. It aims to review new evidence on anatomical and physiological mechanisms underpinning differences in skin thermal and wetness sensitivity amongst women varying in breast size and age, in addition to their role in driving female thermal behaviours. It is hoped that this brief overview will stimulate the development of testable hypotheses to increase our understanding of the behavioural thermal physiology of women across the lifespan and at a time of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Filingeri
- ThermosenseLab, Skin Sensing Research Group, School of Health Sciences, The University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Hannah Blount
- ThermosenseLab, Skin Sensing Research Group, School of Health Sciences, The University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Alessandro Valenza
- ThermosenseLab, Skin Sensing Research Group, School of Health Sciences, The University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Scienze Psicologiche, Pedagogiche, dell'Esercizio Fisico e della Formazione, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Zhang X, Wang F, Guo H, Sun F, Li X, Zhang C, Yu C, Qin X. Advanced Cooling Textiles: Mechanisms, Applications, and Perspectives. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305228. [PMID: 38140792 PMCID: PMC10933611 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature environments pose significant risks to human health and safety. The body's natural ability to regulate temperature becomes overwhelmed under extreme heat, leading to heat stroke, dehydration, and even death. Therefore, the development of effective personal thermal-moisture management systems is crucial for maintaining human well-being. In recent years, significant advancements have been witnessed in the field of textile-based cooling systems, which utilize innovative materials and strategies to achieve effective cooling under different environments. This review aims to provide an overview of the current progress in textile-based personal cooling systems, mainly focusing on the classification, mechanisms, and fabrication techniques. Furthermore, the challenges and potential application scenarios are highlighted, providing valuable insights for further advancements and the eventual industrialization of personal cooling textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Hanyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Fengqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Xiangshun Li
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Chentian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Chongwen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco‐TextileMinistry of EducationCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Xiaohong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
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Deshayes TA, Sodabi DGA, Dubord M, Gagnon D. Shifting focus: Time to look beyond the classic physiological adaptations associated with human heat acclimation. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:335-349. [PMID: 37885125 PMCID: PMC10988689 DOI: 10.1113/ep091207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Planet Earth is warming at an unprecedented rate and our future is now assured to be shaped by the consequences of more frequent hot days and extreme heat. Humans will need to adapt both behaviorally and physiologically to thrive in a hotter climate. From a physiological perspective, countless studies have shown that human heat acclimation increases thermoeffector output (i.e., sweating and skin blood flow) and lowers cardiovascular strain (i.e., heart rate) during heat stress. However, the mechanisms mediating these adaptations remain understudied. Furthermore, several possible benefits of heat acclimation for other systems and functions involved in maintaining health and performance during heat stress remain to be elucidated. This review summarizes recent advances in human heat acclimation, with emphasis on recent studies that (1) advanced our understanding of the mechanisms mediating improved thermoeffector output and (2) investigated adaptations that go beyond those classically associated with heat acclimation. We highlight that these studies have contributed to a better understanding of the integrated physiological responses underlying human heat acclimation while leaving key unanswered questions that will need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Deshayes
- Montreal Heart InstituteMontréalCanada
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise ScienceUniversité de MontréalMontréalCanada
| | - Dèwanou Gilles Arnaud Sodabi
- Montreal Heart InstituteMontréalCanada
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise ScienceUniversité de MontréalMontréalCanada
| | - Marianne Dubord
- Montreal Heart InstituteMontréalCanada
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise ScienceUniversité de MontréalMontréalCanada
| | - Daniel Gagnon
- Montreal Heart InstituteMontréalCanada
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise ScienceUniversité de MontréalMontréalCanada
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Santiago HP, Leite LHR, Lima PMA, Fóscolo DRC, Natali AJ, Prímola-Gomes TN, Szawka RE, Coimbra CC. Effects of physical training on hypothalamic neuronal activation and expressions of vasopressin and oxytocin in SHR after running until fatigue. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:365-377. [PMID: 38308122 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
To assess the influence of physical training on neuronal activation and hypothalamic expression of vasopressin and oxytocin in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), untrained and trained normotensive rats and SHR were submitted to running until fatigue while internal body and tail temperatures were recorded. Hypothalamic c-Fos expression was evaluated in thermoregulatory centers such as the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), medial preoptic nucleus (mPOA), paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and supraoptic nucleus (SON). The PVN and the SON were also investigated for vasopressin and oxytocin expressions. Although exercise training improved the workload performed by the animals, it was reduced in SHR and followed by increased internal body temperature due to tail vasodilation deficit. Physical training enhanced c-Fos expression in the MnPO, mPOA, and PVN of both strains, and these responses were attenuated in SHR. Vasopressin immunoreactivity in the PVN was also increased by physical training to a lesser extent in SHR. The already-reduced oxytocin expression in the PVN of SHR was increased in response to physical training. Within the SON, neuronal activation and the expressions of vasopressin and oxytocin were reduced by hypertension and unaffected by physical training. The data indicate that physical training counterbalances in part the negative effect of hypertension on hypothalamic neuronal activation elicited by exercise, as well as on the expression of vasopressin and oxytocin. These hypertension features seem to negatively influence the workload performed by SHR due to the hyperthermia derived from the inability of physical training to improve heat dissipation through skin vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique P Santiago
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laura H R Leite
- Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo M A Lima
- Núcleo de Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Rio Verde, Universidade de Rio Verde, Campus Goiânia, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Daniela R C Fóscolo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio José Natali
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Raphael E Szawka
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cândido C Coimbra
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Valenza A, Blount H, Bianco A, Worsley PR, Filingeri D. Biophysical, thermo-physiological and perceptual determinants of cool-seeking behaviour during exercise in younger and older women. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:255-270. [PMID: 37975151 PMCID: PMC10988754 DOI: 10.1113/ep091533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Women continue to be under-represented in thermoregulatory research despite their undergoing unique physiological changes across the lifespan. This study investigated the biophysical, thermo-physiological, and perceptual determinants of cool-seeking behaviour during exercise in younger and older women. Eleven younger (25 ± 5 years; 1.7 ± 0.1 m; 63.1 ± 5.2 kg) and 11 older women (53 ± 6 years; 1.7 ± 0.1 m; 65.4 ± 13.9 kg) performed a 40-min incremental cycling test in a thermoneutral environment (22 ± 1.7°C; 36 ± 4% relative humidity). Throughout the test, participants freely adjusted the temperature of a cooling probe applied to their wrists to offset their thermal discomfort. We continuously recorded the probe-wrist interface temperature to quantify participants' cool-seeking behaviour. We also measured changes in participants' rate of metabolic heat production, core and mean skin temperatures, and skin wetness. Finally, we body-mapped participants' skin heat, cold and wetness sensitivity. Our results indicated that: (1) older and younger women exhibited similar onset and magnitude of cool-seeking behaviour, despite older women presented reduced autonomic heat-dissipation responses (i.e., whole-body sweat losses); (2) older women's thermal behaviour was less determined by changes in core temperature (this being a key driver in younger women), and more by changes in multiple thermo-physiological and biophysical parameters (i.e., physical skin wetness, temperature and heat production); (3) older women did not present lower regional skin thermal and wetness sensitivity than younger women. We conclude that predictions of female cool-seeking behaviours based on thermo-physiological variables should consider the effects of ageing. These findings are relevant for the design of wearable cooling systems and sports garments that meet the thermal needs of women across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Valenza
- ThermosenseLab, Skin Sensing Research Group, School of Health SciencesThe University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, SPPEFF DepartmentUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Hannah Blount
- ThermosenseLab, Skin Sensing Research Group, School of Health SciencesThe University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, SPPEFF DepartmentUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Peter R. Worsley
- PRESSURELAB, Skin Sensing Research Group, School of Health SciencesThe University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Davide Filingeri
- ThermosenseLab, Skin Sensing Research Group, School of Health SciencesThe University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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Ma Z, Ma P, Huang N, Li C, Cao Y, Chen J. Incidence of Unintentional Intraoperative Hypothermia and Its Risk Factors in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A Prospective Study. J Perianesth Nurs 2023; 38:876-880. [PMID: 37565936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Unintentional intraoperative hypothermia is a common complication in patients who undergo open surgery, increasing the risk of adverse outcomes. However, few studies have focused on intraoperative hypothermia during oral and maxillofacial surgery. Our study aimed to analyze the prevalence and risk factors of hypothermia in patients who underwent oral and maxillofacial surgery. DESIGN A prospective cohort study was conducted on 128 patients who underwent oral and maxillofacial surgery. METHODS This prospective study was conducted at West China Hospital of Stomatology between December 2020 and May 2021, and each patient was followed for at least 1-month postoperatively. Patients who underwent oral and maxillofacial surgery under general anesthesia, with at least 1-month follow-up were analyzed. The primary variable was intraoperative hypothermia, defined as core body temperature less than 36°C, measured using a tympanic thermometer during the surgery. We performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to identify the risk factors of unintentional intraoperative hypothermia. FINDINGS The mean age of the 128 patients was 31.0 ± 20.9 years, and there was a male predominance (53.1%), with male to female ratio of 1.13:1. Thirty-one patients (24.2%) developed hypothermia intraoperatively. Older age (OR = 1.068, 95% CI: 1.028-1.110, P = .001), lower weight (OR = 0.878, 95% CI: 0.807-0.955, P = .002), greater blood loss (OR = 1.003, 95% CI: 1.000-1.006, P = .034), and undergoing cancer surgery (OR = 0.210, 95% CI: 0.067-0.656, P = .007) were associated with intraoperative hypothermia. CONCLUSIONS Unintentional intraoperative hypothermia is common in patients who undergo surgery for oral cancer. Warming interventions to prevent intraoperative hypothermia for high-risk patients (older, lower weight, or more intraoperative bleeding) should be considered. Meanwhile, with careful nursing and rehabilitation instructions, intraoperative hypothermia does not lead to serious perioperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Pingchuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Nengwen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Chunjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yubin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Department of Operating Room, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 1: Foundational principles and theories of regulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2379-2459. [PMID: 37702789 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
This contribution is the first of a four-part, historical series encompassing foundational principles, mechanistic hypotheses and supported facts concerning human thermoregulation during athletic and occupational pursuits, as understood 100 years ago and now. Herein, the emphasis is upon the physical and physiological principles underlying thermoregulation, the goal of which is thermal homeostasis (homeothermy). As one of many homeostatic processes affected by exercise, thermoregulation shares, and competes for, physiological resources. The impact of that sharing is revealed through the physiological measurements that we take (Part 2), in the physiological responses to the thermal stresses to which we are exposed (Part 3) and in the adaptations that increase our tolerance to those stresses (Part 4). Exercising muscles impose our most-powerful heat stress, and the physiological avenues for redistributing heat, and for balancing heat exchange with the environment, must adhere to the laws of physics. The first principles of internal and external heat exchange were established before 1900, yet their full significance is not always recognised. Those physiological processes are governed by a thermoregulatory centre, which employs feedback and feedforward control, and which functions as far more than a thermostat with a set-point, as once was thought. The hypothalamus, today established firmly as the neural seat of thermoregulation, does not regulate deep-body temperature alone, but an integrated temperature to which thermoreceptors from all over the body contribute, including the skin and probably the muscles. No work factor needs to be invoked to explain how body temperature is stabilised during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Deshayes TA, Périard JD. Regular physical activity across the lifespan to build resilience against rising global temperatures. EBioMedicine 2023; 96:104793. [PMID: 37689024 PMCID: PMC10498184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Population aging, high prevalence of non-communicable diseases, physical inactivity, and rising global temperatures are some of the most pressing issues in public health of the current century. Such trends suggest that individuals increasingly less equipped to tolerate heat will be increasingly exposed to it, which from a public health perspective is alarming. Nonetheless, future impacts of extreme heat events will depend not only on the magnitude of climate change, but on our ability to adapt by becoming less sensitive and vulnerable. Although physical activity's role in mitigating climate change has received attention, its potential contribution to climate change adaptation and resilience remains largely unaddressed. Accordingly, in this viewpoint, we discuss how regular physical activity throughout life could have an important contribution to adapting to rising global temperatures, allowing to be better equipped to cope with heat-related health hazards and increasing individual and community resilience. This viewpoint constitutes a call for more research into the contribution that physical activity can have in adapting to rising global temperatures and, more broadly, to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Deshayes
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada; School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Julien D Périard
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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László K, Vörös D, Correia P, Fazekas CL, Török B, Plangár I, Zelena D. Vasopressin as Possible Treatment Option in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2603. [PMID: 37892977 PMCID: PMC10603886 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is rather common, presenting with prevalent early problems in social communication and accompanied by repetitive behavior. As vasopressin was implicated not only in salt-water homeostasis and stress-axis regulation, but also in social behavior, its role in the development of ASD might be suggested. In this review, we summarized a wide range of problems associated with ASD to which vasopressin might contribute, from social skills to communication, motor function problems, autonomous nervous system alterations as well as sleep disturbances, and altered sensory information processing. Beside functional connections between vasopressin and ASD, we draw attention to the anatomical background, highlighting several brain areas, including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, medial preoptic area, lateral septum, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, amygdala, hippocampus, olfactory bulb and even the cerebellum, either producing vasopressin or containing vasopressinergic receptors (presumably V1a). Sex differences in the vasopressinergic system might underline the male prevalence of ASD. Moreover, vasopressin might contribute to the effectiveness of available off-label therapies as well as serve as a possible target for intervention. In this sense, vasopressin, but paradoxically also V1a receptor antagonist, were found to be effective in some clinical trials. We concluded that although vasopressin might be an effective candidate for ASD treatment, we might assume that only a subgroup (e.g., with stress-axis disturbances), a certain sex (most probably males) and a certain brain area (targeting by means of virus vectors) would benefit from this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristóf László
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (K.L.); (D.V.); (P.C.); (C.L.F.); (B.T.); (I.P.)
- Center of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dávid Vörös
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (K.L.); (D.V.); (P.C.); (C.L.F.); (B.T.); (I.P.)
- Center of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Pedro Correia
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (K.L.); (D.V.); (P.C.); (C.L.F.); (B.T.); (I.P.)
- Center of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Hungarian Research Network, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Lea Fazekas
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (K.L.); (D.V.); (P.C.); (C.L.F.); (B.T.); (I.P.)
- Center of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Hungarian Research Network, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bibiána Török
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (K.L.); (D.V.); (P.C.); (C.L.F.); (B.T.); (I.P.)
- Center of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Hungarian Research Network, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imola Plangár
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (K.L.); (D.V.); (P.C.); (C.L.F.); (B.T.); (I.P.)
- Center of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (K.L.); (D.V.); (P.C.); (C.L.F.); (B.T.); (I.P.)
- Center of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Hungarian Research Network, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Greenfield AM, Alba BK, Giersch GEW, Seeley AD. Sex differences in thermal sensitivity and perception: Implications for behavioral and autonomic thermoregulation. Physiol Behav 2023; 263:114126. [PMID: 36787810 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Temperature sensitive receptors in the skin and deep body enable the detection of the external and internal environment, including the perception of thermal stimuli. Changes in heat balance require autonomic (e.g., sweating) and behavioral (e.g., seeking shade) thermoeffector initiation to maintain thermal homeostasis. Sex differences in body morphology can largely, but not entirely, account for divergent responses in thermoeffector and perceptual responses to environmental stress between men and women. Thus, it has been suggested that innate differences in thermosensation may exist between men and women. Our goal in this review is to summarize the existing literature that investigates localized and whole-body cold and heat exposure pertaining to sex differences in thermal sensitivity and perception, and the interplay between autonomic and behavioral thermoeffector responses. Overall, it appears that local differences in thermal sensitivity and perception are minimized, yet still apparent, when morphological characteristics are well-controlled. Sex differences in the early vasomotor response to environmental stress and subsequent changes in blood flow likely contribute to the heightened thermal awareness observed in women. However, the contribution of thermoreceptors to observed sex differences in thermal perception and thermoeffector function is unclear, as human studies investigating these questions have not been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Greenfield
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States of America; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, United States of America.
| | - Billie K Alba
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle E W Giersch
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States of America
| | - Afton D Seeley
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States of America
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12
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Vargas NT, Schlader ZJ, Jay O, Hunter A. Prioritize research on human behaviour during extreme heat. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:473-474. [PMID: 36928783 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Vargas
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
- Heat and Health Research Incubator, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | - Ollie Jay
- Heat and Health Research Incubator, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arnagretta Hunter
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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13
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Lei TH, Lan L, Wang F. Indoor thermal comfort research using human participants: Guidelines and a checklist for experimental design. J Therm Biol 2023; 113:103506. [PMID: 37055124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermal comfort dictates our alliesthesia and behavioural responses in indoor environments with the primary aim of maintaining the thermal homeostasis of our human body. The recent advances in neurophysiology research have suggested that thermal comfort is a physiological response that is regulated by the deviations of both skin and core temperatures. Therefore, when conducting thermal comfort using indoor occupants in an indoor environment, proper experimental design and standardisation should be followed. However, there is no published source that provides an educational guideline on how to properly implement the thermal comfort experiment in an indoor environment using indoor occupants (normal occupational activities and during sleep in a home-based setting). Therefore, the primary purpose of this work is to illustrate how to conduct indoor thermal comfort related experiments using human trials in both normal occupational activities and during sleep in a home-based setting. Furthermore, we hope that the information presented in this article will result in better experimental design when conducting the experiment on thermal comfort using indoor occupants (occupational and home-based environments). Due to this reason, special emphasis will be focused on the experimental design, selection of participants and experimental standardisation. The key summary of this article is that thermal comfort related to indoor occupants in an indoor environment should perform priori sample analysis and follow the proper experimental design and standardisation as outlined in this article.
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Otani H. Prior heat exposure diminishes upper-body endurance work capacity and maximal arm and leg strength in young men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:337-345. [PMID: 36449084 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Workers often experience heat exposure before manual labour. This study investigated whether prior heat exposure diminished upper-body endurance work capacity and maximal isokinetic arm and leg strength in young men. Ten male participants completed two trials in a climatic chamber maintained at 25°C with 50% relative humidity. The two trials required them to complete a 30-min pre-exercise water-immersion at either 40°C (HOT) to provoke an approximately 1°C rise in rectal temperature (Tre) or 36°C (CON) to maintain a normal Tre. Pre- and post-immersion and following arm-cranking, isokinetic maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque was assessed for the elbow flexors and knee extensors. During arm-cranking, time to exhaustion was measured using arm crank ergometry at 60% peak oxygen uptake. Electromyography was recorded from the elbow flexors and knee extensors to calculate the integrated electromyography. Tre at post-immersion was higher in HOT (Mean ± SD, 38.1 ± 0.3°C) than CON (37.1 ± 0.3°C; P < 0.01). Time to exhaustion was less in HOT (41 ± 13 min) than CON (52 ± 12 min; P < 0.01). Isokinetic MVC torque in the elbow flexors and knee extensors was lower in HOT than CON (both P < 0.05). The integrated electromyography of the elbow flexors and knee extensors were lower in HOT than CON (both P < 0.05). This study indicates that a 1°C rise in Tre by prior heat exposure reduces time to exhaustion during arm-cranking and isokinetic MVC torque of the elbow flexors and knee extensors. Workers should be careful about reductions in upper-body endurance work capacity and maximal arm and leg strength when exposed to heat before manual labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Otani
- Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 7-2-1 Kamiono, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-8524, Japan.
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15
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Périard JD, Wilson MG, Tebeck ST, Gilmore JB, Stanley J, Girard O. Influence of the Thermal Environment on Work Rate and Physiological Strain during a UCI World Tour Multistage Cycling Race. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:32-45. [PMID: 35975926 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to characterize the thermal and cardiovascular strain of professional cyclists during the 2019 Tour Down Under and determine the associations between thermal indices and power output, and physiological strain. METHODS Gastrointestinal temperature ( Tgi ), heart rate (HR), and power output were recorded during the six stages (129-151.5 km) of the Tour Down Under in ≤22 male participants. Thermal indices included dry-bulb, black-globe, wet-bulb, and wet-bulb-globe (WBGT) temperature; relative humidity (RH), Heat Index; Humidex; and universal thermal climate index. The heat stress index (HSI), which reflects human heat strain, was also calculated. RESULTS Dry-bulb temperature was 23°C-37°C, and RH was 18%-72% (WBGT: 21°C-29°C). Mean Tgi was 38.2°C-38.5°C, and mean peak Tgi was 38.9°C-39.4°C, both highest values recorded during stage 3 (WBGT: 27°C). Peak individual Tgi was ≥40.0°C in three stages and ≥39.5°C in 14%-33% of cyclists in five stages. Mean HR was 131-147 bpm (68%-77% of peak), with the highest mean recorded in stage 3 ( P ≤ 0.005). Mean power output was 180-249 W, with the highest mean recorded during stage 4 ( P < 0.001; 21°C WBGT). The thermal indices most strongly correlated with power output were black-globe temperature ( r = -0.778), RH ( r = 0.768), universal thermal climate index ( r = -0.762), and WBGT ( r = -0.745; all P < 0.001). Mean Tgi was correlated with wet-bulb temperature ( r = 0.495), HSI ( r = 0.464), and Humidex ( r = 0.314; all P < 0.05), whereas mean HR was most strongly correlated with HSI ( r = 0.720), along with Tgi ( r = 0.599) and power output ( r = 0.539; all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Peak Tgi reached 40.0°C in some cyclists, although most remained <39.5°C with an HR of ~73% of peak. Power output was correlated with several thermal indices, primarily influenced by temperature, whereas Tgi and HR were associated with the HSI, which has potential for sport-specific heat policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien D Périard
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, AUSTRALIA
| | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, AUSTRALIA
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16
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Sedilla KB, Maeda T. Autonomic thermoregulatory responses and subjective thermal perceptions upon the initiation of thermal behavior among resting humans in hot and humid environment. J Physiol Anthropol 2022; 41:35. [PMID: 36217190 PMCID: PMC9549644 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While thermoregulatory behavior is critical for maintaining homeostasis, our knowledge of behavioral thermoeffectors in humid heat is limited compared to the control of autonomic thermoeffectors. The predictions that the frequency and duration of intensified humid heat events are expected to increase in the coming years underline this shortcoming. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the activation of autonomic thermoregulatory responses and subjective thermal perceptions upon deciding to initiate thermal behavior in a hot and humid environment. Methods Ten young male adults participated in an experimental trial where local cooling was permitted at any time during the behavioral assessment during passive exposure to humid heat. The air temperature and relative humidity were kept at 33\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^{\circ }$$\end{document}∘C and 80\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\%$$\end{document}%, respectively. Skin temperatures, core body temperature (T\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_{\text {core}}$$\end{document}core), and skin blood flow (forearm, upper arm, and upper back) were obtained 120 s preceding thermal behavior. Local sweat rate (forearm and upper arm) and subjective thermal perceptions (neck and whole-body) upon thermal behavior initiation were also recorded. Results Mean skin temperature (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\overline{\mathrm {T}}}_{\text {sk}}$$\end{document}T¯sk) and T\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_{\text {core}}$$\end{document}core increased prior to thermal behavior initiation (p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$=$$\end{document}= 0.001). An increase in mean body temperature (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\overline{\mathrm {T}}}_{\text {body}}$$\end{document}T¯body) was also observed (p < 0.001). However, the initiation of thermal behavior is not preceded by an increase in skin blood flow (p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ge$$\end{document}≥ 0.154) and local sweat rate (p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ge$$\end{document}≥ 0.169). An increase in thermal discomfort and skin wetness perception was observed (p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\le$$\end{document}≤ 0.048; p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\le$$\end{document}≤ 0.048), while thermal sensation did not differ from the baseline (p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ge$$\end{document}≥ 0.357). Conclusion These findings suggest that when given the opportunity to behaviorally thermoregulate in a hot and humid environment, changes in skin blood flow and sweat rate are not required for thermal behavior to be initiated in resting humans. Moreover, an increase in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_{\text {core}}$$\end{document}core, which appears to cause an increase in thermal discomfort, precedes thermal behavior. In addition, an increase in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\overline{\mathrm {T}}}_{\text {body}}$$\end{document}T¯body leading up to thermal behavior initiation was observed, suggesting that changes in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\overline{\mathrm {T}}}_{\text {body}}$$\end{document}T¯body rather than \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_{\text {core}}$$\end{document}core alone mediate thermal behavior in humid heat. Collectively, the results of this study appear to support the hypothesis that the temporal recruitment of autonomic thermoeffectors follows an orderly manner based on their physiological cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keneth B. Sedilla
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Design (Human Science International Course), Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, 815-8540 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Maeda
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Human Life Design and Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, 815-8540 Fukuoka, Japan ,grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Physiological Anthropology Research Center, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, 815-8540 Fukuoka, Japan
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17
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Yanaoka T, Iwahashi M, Hasegawa H. Effects of mixed-method cooling between exercise bouts on thermoregulation and cycling time-trial performance in the heat. J Therm Biol 2022; 109:103329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cramer MN, Gagnon D, Laitano O, Crandall CG. Human temperature regulation under heat stress in health, disease, and injury. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1907-1989. [PMID: 35679471 PMCID: PMC9394784 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body constantly exchanges heat with the environment. Temperature regulation is a homeostatic feedback control system that ensures deep body temperature is maintained within narrow limits despite wide variations in environmental conditions and activity-related elevations in metabolic heat production. Extensive research has been performed to study the physiological regulation of deep body temperature. This review focuses on healthy and disordered human temperature regulation during heat stress. Central to this discussion is the notion that various morphological features, intrinsic factors, diseases, and injuries independently and interactively influence deep body temperature during exercise and/or exposure to hot ambient temperatures. The first sections review fundamental aspects of the human heat stress response, including the biophysical principles governing heat balance and the autonomic control of heat loss thermoeffectors. Next, we discuss the effects of different intrinsic factors (morphology, heat adaptation, biological sex, and age), diseases (neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic, and genetic), and injuries (spinal cord injury, deep burns, and heat stroke), with emphasis on the mechanisms by which these factors enhance or disturb the regulation of deep body temperature during heat stress. We conclude with key unanswered questions in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Cramer
- Defence Research and Development Canada-Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Gagnon
- Montreal Heart Institute and School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Orlando Laitano
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Craig G Crandall
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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19
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Vargas NT, Chapman CL, Reed EL, Lizarraga A, Fisher NM, Davis SL, Schlader ZJ. Voluntary Cooling during Exercise Is Augmented in People with Multiple Sclerosis Who Experience Heat Sensitivity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2405-2418. [PMID: 34033624 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We tested the hypothesis that people with multiple sclerosis (MS) who experience heat sensitivity voluntarily engage in cool-seeking behavior during exercise to a greater extent than healthy controls. METHODS In a 27.0°C ± 0.2°C, 41% ± 2% RH environment, seven participants with relapsing-remitting MS who exhibited heat sensitivity and seven healthy controls completed two randomized trials cycling for 40 min (EX) at 3.5 W·kg-1 metabolic heat production, followed by 30 min recovery (REC). In one trial, participants were restricted from engaging in cooling (CON). In the other trial, participants voluntarily pressed a button to receive 2 min of ~2°C water perfusing a top (COOL). Mean skin and core temperatures and mean skin wettedness were recorded continuously. Total time in cooling provided an index of cool-seeking behavior. RPE, total symptom scores (MS only), and subjective fatigue (MS only) were recorded every 10 min. RESULTS Core temperature (+0.5°C ± 0.1°C) and skin wettedness (+0.53 ± 0.02 a.u.) increased but were not different between groups or trials at end exercise (P = 0.196) or end recovery (P = 0.342). Mean skin temperature was reduced in COOL compared with CON at end exercise (P ≤ 0.002), with no differences between groups (P ≥ 0.532). MS spent more total time in cooling during EX (MS, 13 ± 3 min; healthy, 7 ± 4 min; P < 0.001) but not REC (MS, 2 ± 1 min; healthy, 0 ± 1 min; P = 0.496). RPE was greater at end exercise in MS (P = 0.001). Total symptom scores increased during exercise (P = 0.005) but was not different between trials (P = 0.321), whereas subjective fatigue was not attenuated in the cooling trial (P = 0.065). CONCLUSION Voluntary cooling is augmented in MS but does not consistently mitigate perceptions of heat-related symptoms or subjective fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexis Lizarraga
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Nadine M Fisher
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Scott L Davis
- Department of Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX
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Muzik O, Baajour S, Chowdury A, Diwadkar VA. Effective connectivity of brain networks controlling human thermoregulation. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:299-312. [PMID: 34605996 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02401-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic centers in the mammalian brainstem are critical in responding to thermal challenges. These centers play a prominent role in human thermoregulation, but humans also respond to thermal challenges through behavior modification. Behavioral modifications are presumably sub served by interactions between the brainstem and interoceptive, cognitive and affective elements in human brain networks. Prior evidence suggests that interoceptive regions such as the insula, and cognitive/affective regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex are crucial. Here we used dynamic causal modeling (DCM) to discover likely generative network architectures and estimate changes in the effective connectivity between nodes in a hierarchically organized thermoregulatory network (homeostatic-interoceptive-cognitive/affective). fMRI data were acquired while participants (N = 20) were subjected to a controlled whole body thermal challenge that alternatingly evoked sympathetic and parasympathetic responses. Using a competitive modeling framework (ten competing modeling architectures), we demonstrated that sympathetic responses (evoked by whole-body cooling) resulted in more complex network interactions along two ascending pathways: (i) homeostatic interoceptive and (ii) homeostatic cognitive/affective. Analyses of estimated connectivity coefficients demonstrated that sympathetic responses evoked greater network connectivity in key pathways compared to parasympathetic responses. These results reveal putative mechanisms by which human thermoregulatory networks evince a high degree of contextual sensitivity to thermoregulatory challenges. The patterns of the discovered interactions also reveal how information propagation from homeostatic regions to both interoceptive and cognitive/affective regions sub serves the behavioral repertoire that is an important aspect of thermoregulatory defense in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Muzik
- Departments of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,Departments of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,KCI PET Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Shahira Baajour
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Asadur Chowdury
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Vaibhav A Diwadkar
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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Greenfield AM, Charkoudian N, Alba BK. Influences of ovarian hormones on physiological responses to cold in women. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 9:23-45. [DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1953688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martin Greenfield
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Billie Katherine Alba
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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22
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Smith LL. The Central Role of Hypothermia and Hyperactivity in Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:700645. [PMID: 34421554 PMCID: PMC8377352 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.700645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Typically, the development of anorexia nervosa (AN) is attributed to psycho-social causes. Several researchers have recently challenged this view and suggested that hypothermia and hyperactivity (HyAc) are central to AN. The following hypothesis will attempt to clarify their role in AN. Anorexia nervosa patients (ANs) have significantly lower core temperatures (Tcore) compared to healthy controls (HCs). This reduced temperature represents a reset Tcore that needs to be maintained. However, ANs cannot maintain this Tcore due primarily to a reduced basal metabolic rate (BMR); BMR usually supplies heat to sustain Tcore. Therefore, to generate the requisite heat, ANs revert to the behavioral-thermoregulatory strategy of HyAc. The majority of ANs (~89%) are reportedly HyAc. Surprisingly, engagement in HyAc is not motivated by a conscious awareness of low Tcore, but rather by the innocuous sensation of "cold- hands" frequently reported by ANs. That is, local hand-thermoreceptors signal the brain to initiate HyAc, which boosts perfusion of the hands and alters the sensation of "cold-discomfort" to one of "comfort." This "rewarding" consequence encourages repetition/habit formation. Simultaneously, hyperactivity increases the availability of heat to assist with the preservation of Tcore. Additionally, HyAc induces the synthesis of specific brain neuromodulators that suppress food intake and further promote HyAc; this outcome helps preserve low weight and perpetuates this vicious cycle. Based on this hypothesis and supported by rodent research, external heat availability should reduce the compulsion to be HyAc to thermoregulate. A reduction in HyAc should decrease the production of brain neuromodulators that suppress appetite. If verified, hopefully, this hypothesis will assist with the development of novel treatments to aid in the resolution of this intractable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Lakier Smith
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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Fang Y, Chen G, Bick M, Chen J. Smart textiles for personalized thermoregulation. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9357-9374. [PMID: 34296235 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thermoregulation has substantial implications for human health. Traditional central space heating and cooling systems are less efficient due to wasted energy spent on the entire building and ignore individual thermophysiological comfort. Emerging textiles based on innovations in materials chemistry and physics, nanoscience, and nanotechnology have now facilitated thermoregulation in a far more personalized and energy-saving manner. In this tutorial review, we discuss the latest technological advances in thermoregulatory textiles. First, we outline the basic mechanisms behind the physiological chemistry processes for both internal and external thermoregulation in the human body. Then, we systematically elaborate on typical smart passive and active thermoregulatory textiles considering current working mechanisms, materials engineering towards practical applications. In light of burgeoning commercial trends, we offer important insights into green chemistry for the sustainable development of smart thermoregulatory textiles. Prospectively, we propose an autonomous textile thermoregulation system that could intelligently provide personalized thermophysiological comfort in a self-adaptive manner in the era of Internet of Things (IoT). The discussion of interdisciplinary interactions of energy, environmental science, and nanotechnology in this review will further promote development of the thermoregulatory textile field in both academia and industry, ultimately realizing personalized thermoregulation and a sustainable energy future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Périard JD, Eijsvogels TMH, Daanen HAM. Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:1873-1979. [PMID: 33829868 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A rise in body core temperature and loss of body water via sweating are natural consequences of prolonged exercise in the heat. This review provides a comprehensive and integrative overview of how the human body responds to exercise under heat stress and the countermeasures that can be adopted to enhance aerobic performance under such environmental conditions. The fundamental concepts and physiological processes associated with thermoregulation and fluid balance are initially described, followed by a summary of methods to determine thermal strain and hydration status. An outline is provided on how exercise-heat stress disrupts these homeostatic processes, leading to hyperthermia, hypohydration, sodium disturbances, and in some cases exertional heat illness. The impact of heat stress on human performance is also examined, including the underlying physiological mechanisms that mediate the impairment of exercise performance. Similarly, the influence of hydration status on performance in the heat and how systemic and peripheral hemodynamic adjustments contribute to fatigue development is elucidated. This review also discusses strategies to mitigate the effects of hyperthermia and hypohydration on exercise performance in the heat by examining the benefits of heat acclimation, cooling strategies, and hyperhydration. Finally, contemporary controversies are summarized and future research directions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien D Périard
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, Australia
| | - Thijs M H Eijsvogels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein A M Daanen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Snopkowski RL, Vargas NT, Chapman CL, Johnson BD, Mietlicki-Baase EG, Temple JL, Schlader ZJ. The requirement for physical effort reduces voluntary cooling behavior during heat exposure in humans. Physiol Behav 2021; 232:113350. [PMID: 33548222 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that cool-seeking behavior during heat exposure is attenuated when physical effort is required. Twelve healthy adults (mean(SD), 24(4) years, four women) underwent three experimental trials during two hours of exposure to 41(1) °C, 20(0)% relative humidity in which subjects undertook intermittent exercise alternating between seated rest and cycling exercise at ~4 metabolic equivalents every 15 min. In all trials, subjects wore a water perfused suit top. In the control trial (Control), no water perfused the suit. In the other trials, subjects were freely able to perfuse 2.1(0.2) °C water through the suit. In one cooling trial, subjects received two minutes of cooling by pressing a button (Button). The other cooling trial permitted cooling by engaging in isometric handgrip exercise at 15% of maximal grip strength (Handgrip), with cooling maintained throughout the duration the required force was produced or until two minutes elapsed. In both Button and Handgrip, a one-minute washout proceeded cooling. Core temperature increased over time in all trials (P<0.01) and there were no differences between trials (P = 0.32). Mean skin temperature at the end of heat exposure was lowest in Button [34.2(1.5) °C] compared to Handgrip [35.6(0.8) °C, P = 0.03] and Control [36.9(0.7) °C, P<0.01]. The total number of behaviors [8(3) vs. 10(5), P = 0.04] and cumulative cooling time [850(323) vs. 1230(616) seconds, P = 0.02] were lower in Handgrip compared to Button. These data indicate that when physical effort is required, the incidence and duration of cooling behavior during heat exposure is attenuated compared to when behaving requires minimal physical effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi L Snopkowski
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nicole T Vargas
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher L Chapman
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Blair D Johnson
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN United States
| | - Elizabeth G Mietlicki-Baase
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer L Temple
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN United States.
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Keramidas ME, Botonis PG. Short-term sleep deprivation and human thermoregulatory function during thermal challenges. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1139-1148. [PMID: 33745159 DOI: 10.1113/ep089467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? It is generally accepted that sleep deprivation constitutes a predisposing factor to the development of thermal injury. This review summarizes the available human-based evidence on the impact of sleep loss on autonomic and behavioural thermoeffectors during acute exposure to low and high ambient temperatures. What advances does it highlight? Limited to moderate evidence suggests that sleep deprivation per se impairs thermoregulatory defence mechanisms during exposure to thermal extremes. Future research is required to establish whether inadequate sleep enhances the risk for cold- and heat-related illnesses. ABSTRACT Relatively short periods of inadequate sleep provoke physiological and psychological perturbations, typically leading to functional impairments and degradation in performance. It is commonly accepted that sleep deprivation also disturbs thermal homeostasis, plausibly enhancing susceptibility to cold- and heat-related illnesses. Herein, we summarize the current state of human-based evidence on the impact of short-term (i.e., ≤4 nights) sleep deprivation on autonomic and behavioural thermoeffectors during acute exposure to low and high ambient temperatures. The purpose of this brief narrative review is to highlight knowledge gaps in the area and stimulate future research to investigate whether sleep deprivation constitutes a predisposing factor for the development of thermal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail E Keramidas
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Petros G Botonis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Adams WM, Butke EE, Lee J, Zaplatosch ME. Cooling Capacity of Transpulmonary Cooling and Cold-Water Immersion After Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia. J Athl Train 2021; 56:383-388. [PMID: 33543267 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0146.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cold-water immersion (CWI) may not be feasible in some remote settings, prompting the identification of alternative cooling methods as adjunct treatment modalities for exertional heat stroke (EHS). OBJECTIVE To determine the differences in cooling capacities between CWI and the inspiration of cooled air. DESIGN Randomized controlled clinical trial. SETTING Laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 12 recreationally active participants (7 men, 5 women; age = 26 ± 4 years, height = 170.6 ± 10.1 cm, mass = 76.0 ± 18.0 kg, body fat = 18.5% ± 9.7%, peak oxygen uptake = 42.7 ± 8.9 mL·kg-1·min-1). INTERVENTION(S) After exercise in a hot environment (40°C and 40% relative humidity), participants were randomized to 3 cooling conditions: cooling during passive rest (PASS; control), CWI, and the Polar Breeze thermal rehabilitation machine (PB) with which participants inspired cooled air (22.2°C ± 1.0°C). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Rectal temperature (TREC) and heart rate were continuously measured throughout cooling until TREC reached 38.25°C. RESULTS Cooling rates during CWI (0.18°C·min-1 ± 0.06°C·min-1) were greater than those during PASS (mean difference [95% confidence interval] of 0.16°C·min-1 [0.13°C·min-1, 0.19°C·min-1]; P < .001) and PB (0.15°C·min-1 [0.12°C·min-1, 0.16°C·min-1]; P < .001). Elapsed time to reach a TREC of 38.25°C was also faster with CWI (9.71 ± 3.30 minutes) than PASS (-58.1 minutes [-77.1, -39.9 minutes]; P < .001) and PB (-46.8 minutes [-65.5, -28.2 minutes]; P < .001). Differences in cooling rates and time to reach a TREC of 38.25°C between PASS and PB were not different (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Transpulmonary cooling via cooled-air inhalation did not promote an optimal cooling rate (>0.15°C·min-1) for the successful treatment of EHS. In remote settings where EHS is a risk, access and use of treatment methods via CWI or cold-water dousing are imperative to ensuring survival. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT0419026).
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Adams
- Hydration, Environment, and Thermal Stress Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Erin E Butke
- Hydration, Environment, and Thermal Stress Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Junyong Lee
- Hydration, Environment, and Thermal Stress Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Mitchell E Zaplatosch
- Hydration, Environment, and Thermal Stress Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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Combined effects of solar radiation and airflow on endurance exercise capacity in the heat. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113264. [PMID: 33245998 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the combined effects of different levels of solar radiation and airflow on endurance exercise capacity and thermoregulatory responses during exercise-heat stress. Ten males cycled at 70% peak oxygen uptake until exhaustion in an environmental chamber (30°C, 50% relative humidity). Four combinations of solar radiation and airflow were tested (800 W⋅m-2 and 10 km⋅h-1 [High-Low], 800 W⋅m-2 and 25 km⋅h-1 [High-High], 0 W⋅m-2 and 10 km⋅h-1 [No-Low], and 0 W⋅m-2 and 25 km⋅h-1 [No-High]). Participants were exposed to solar radiation by a ceiling-mounted solar simulator (Metal halide lamps) and the headwind by two industrial fans. Time to exhaustion was shorter (p < 0.05) in High-Low (mean ± SD; 35 ± 7 min) than the other trials and in High-High (43 ± 6 min) and No-Low (46 ± 9 min) than No-High (61 ± 9 min). There was an interaction effect in total (dry + evaporative) heat exchange which was less in High-Low and High-High than No-Low and No-High, and in No-Low than No-High (all p < 0.001). Core temperature, heart rate and thermal sensation were higher in high (High-Low and High-High) than no (No-Low and No-High) solar radiation trials and in lower (High-Low and No-Low) than higher (High-High and No-High) airflow trials (p < 0.05). Mean skin temperature and rating of perceived exertion were higher in high than no solar radiation trials (p < 0.05). This study indicates that combining high solar radiation and lower airflow have negative effects on thermoregulatory and perceptual strain and endurance exercise capacity than when combining high solar radiation and higher airflow and combining no solar radiation and lower/higher airflow during exercise-heat stress.
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Otani H, Goto T, Kobayashi Y, Shirato M, Goto H, Hosokawa Y, Tokizawa K, Kaya M. Greater thermoregulatory strain in the morning than late afternoon during judo training in the heat of summer. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242916. [PMID: 33259509 PMCID: PMC7707556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The time-of-day variations in environmental heat stress have been known to affect thermoregulatory responses and the risk of exertional heat-related illness during outdoor exercise in the heat. However, such effect and risk are still needed to be examined during indoor sports/exercises. The current study investigated the diurnal relationships between thermoregulatory strain and environmental heat stress during regular judo training in a judo training facility without air conditioning on a clear day in the heat of summer. Methods Eight male high school judokas completed two 2.5-h indoor judo training sessions. The sessions were commenced at 09:00 h (AM) and 16:00 h (PM) on separate days. Results During the sessions, indoor and outdoor heat stress progressively increased in AM but decreased in PM, and indoor heat stress was less in AM than PM (mean ambient temperature: AM 32.7±0.4°C; PM 34.4±1.0°C, P<0.01). Mean skin temperature was higher in AM than PM (P<0.05), despite greater dry and evaporative heat losses in AM than PM (P<0.001). Infrared tympanic temperature, heart rate and thermal sensation demonstrated a trial by time interaction (P<0.001) with no differences at any time point between trials, showing relatively higher responses in these variables in PM compared to AM during the early stages of training and in AM compared to PM during the later stages of training. There were no differences between trials in body mass loss and rating of perceived exertion. Conclusions This study indicates a greater thermoregulatory strain in the morning from 09:00 h than the late afternoon from 16:00 h during 2.5-h regular judo training in no air conditioning facility on a clear day in the heat of summer. This observation is associated with a progressive increase in indoor and outdoor heat stress in the morning, despite a less indoor heat stress in the morning than the afternoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Otani
- Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Goto
- National Institute of Technology, Akashi College, Akashi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- National Institute of Technology, Akashi College, Akashi, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Heita Goto
- Kyushu Kyoritsu University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuri Hosokawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ken Tokizawa
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
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Keramidas ME, Kölegård R, Eiken O. Hypoxia gradually augments metabolic and thermoperceptual responsiveness to repeated whole-body cold stress in humans. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:2123-2140. [PMID: 33140429 PMCID: PMC7756580 DOI: 10.1113/ep089070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
New Findings What is the central question of this study? In male lowlanders, does hypoxia modulate thermoregulatory effector responses during repeated whole‐body cold stress encountered in a single day? What is the main finding and its importance? A ∼10 h sustained exposure to hypoxia appears to mediate a gradual upregulation of endogenous heat production, preventing the progressive hypothermic response prompted by serial cold stimuli. Also, hypoxia progressively degrades mood, and compounds the perceived thermal discomfort, and sensations of fatigue and coldness.
Abstract We examined whether hypoxia would modulate thermoeffector responses during repeated cold stress encountered in a single day. Eleven men completed two ∼10 h sessions, while breathing, in normobaria, either normoxia or hypoxia (PO2: 12 kPa). During each session, subjects underwent sequentially three 120 min immersions to the chest in 20°C water (CWI), interspersed by 120 min rewarming. In normoxia, the final drop in rectal temperature (Trec) was greater in the third (∼1.2°C) than in the first and second (∼0.9°C) CWIs (P < 0.05). The first hypoxic CWI augmented the Trec fall (∼1.2°C; P = 0.002), but the drop in Trec did not vary between the three hypoxic CWIs (P = 0.99). In normoxia, the metabolic heat production (M˙) was greater during the first half of the third CWI than during the corresponding part of the first CWI (P = 0.02); yet the difference was blunted during the second half of the CWIs (P = 0.89). In hypoxia, by contrast, the increase in M˙ was augmented by ∼25% throughout the third CWI (P < 0.01). Regardless of the breathing condition, the cold‐induced elevation in mean arterial pressure was blunted in the second and third CWI (P < 0.05). Hypoxia aggravated the sensation of coldness (P = 0.05) and thermal discomfort (P = 0.04) during the second half of the third CWI. The present findings therefore demonstrate that prolonged hypoxia mediates, in a gradual manner, metabolic and thermoperceptual sensitization to repeated cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail E Keramidas
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Kölegård
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Eiken
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hanna N, Riad K. Mechanisms of thermal dysregulation in primary hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis. J Physiol 2020; 598:4753-4754. [DOI: 10.1113/jp280322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nardin Hanna
- Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Karine Riad
- Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
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Greaney JL, Stanhewicz AE, Wolf ST, Kenney WL. Thermoregulatory reflex control of cutaneous vasodilation in healthy aging. Temperature (Austin) 2020; 8:176-187. [PMID: 33997116 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2020.1832950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reflex cutaneous vasodilation during heating is attenuated in healthy human aging secondary to blunted increases in efferent skin sympathetic nervous system activity (SSNA) and reductions in end-organ sensitivity. Whether age-related alterations in the mean body temperature ( T - b) threshold for increasing SSNA and/or the sensitivity of responses are evident with aging have not been examined. We tested the hypotheses that the Tb threshold for SSNA and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) would be increased, but the sensitivity would be reduced, with aging. Reflex vasodilation was induced in 13 young (23 ± 3 y) and 13 older (67 ± 7 y) adults using a water-perfused suit to systematically increase mean skin and esophageal temperatures. SSNA (peroneal microneurography) and red cell flux (laser Doppler flowmetry) in the innervated dermatome were continuously measured. SSNA was normalized to baseline; CVC was normalized as a percentage of maximal CVC. Baseline T - b was lower in older adults (36.0 ± 0.4°C vs 36.4 ± 0.3°C; p = 0.005). During passive heating, the ∆ T - b thresholds for increasing SSNA and CVC were greater (1.3 ± 0.4°C vs 0.9 ± 0.3°C; p = 0.007 and 1.3 ± 0.4°C vs 0.8 ± 0.3°C; p = 0.002, respectively) in older adults. The slope of the relation between both SSNA (0.31 ± 0.23 vs 0.13 ± 0.10 V⋅s⋅°C -1; p = 0.01) and CVC (87.5 ± 50.1 vs 32.4 ± 18.1%max⋅°C-1; p = 0.002) vs T - b was lower in older adults. The relative T - b threshold for activation of SSNA and the initiation of reflex cutaneous vasodilation is higher in older adults, and once activated, the sensitivity of both responses is diminished, supporting the concept that the efferent component of the thermoregulatory reflex arc is impaired in healthy aging. Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval; CVC: cutaneous vascular conductance; SSNA: skin sympathetic nervous system activity; T - b: mean body temperature; Tes: esophageal temperature; T - sk: mean skin temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody L Greaney
- Noll Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Anna E Stanhewicz
- Noll Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - S Tony Wolf
- Noll Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - W Larry Kenney
- Noll Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Chapman CL, Johnson BD, Parker MD, Hostler D, Pryor RR, Schlader Z. Kidney physiology and pathophysiology during heat stress and the modification by exercise, dehydration, heat acclimation and aging. Temperature (Austin) 2020; 8:108-159. [PMID: 33997113 PMCID: PMC8098077 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2020.1826841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidneys' integrative responses to heat stress aid thermoregulation, cardiovascular control, and water and electrolyte regulation. Recent evidence suggests the kidneys are at increased risk of pathological events during heat stress, namely acute kidney injury (AKI), and that this risk is compounded by dehydration and exercise. This heat stress related AKI is believed to contribute to the epidemic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurring in occupational settings. It is estimated that AKI and CKD affect upwards of 45 million individuals in the global workforce. Water and electrolyte disturbances and AKI, both of which are representative of kidney-related pathology, are the two leading causes of hospitalizations during heat waves in older adults. Structural and physiological alterations in aging kidneys likely contribute to this increased risk. With this background, this comprehensive narrative review will provide the first aggregation of research into the integrative physiological response of the kidneys to heat stress. While the focus of this review is on the human kidneys, we will utilize both human and animal data to describe these responses to passive and exercise heat stress, and how they are altered with heat acclimation. Additionally, we will discuss recent studies that indicate an increased risk of AKI due to exercise in the heat. Lastly, we will introduce the emerging public health crisis of older adults during extreme heat events and how the aging kidneys may be more susceptible to injury during heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Chapman
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Blair D. Johnson
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Mark D. Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - David Hostler
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Riana R. Pryor
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zachary Schlader
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Vargas NT, Chapman CL, Ji W, Johnson BD, Gathercole R, Schlader ZJ. Increased skin wetness independently augments cool-seeking behaviour during passive heat stress. J Physiol 2020; 598:2775-2790. [PMID: 32347543 DOI: 10.1113/jp279537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Skin wetness occurring secondary to the build-up of sweat on the skin provokes thermal discomfort, the precursor to engaging in cool-seeking behaviour. Associative evidence indicates that skin wetness stimulates cool-seeking behaviour to a greater extent than increases in core and mean skin temperatures. The independent contribution of skin wetness to cool-seeking behaviour during heat stress has never been established. We demonstrate that skin wetness augments cool-seeking behaviour during passive heat stress independently of differential increases in skin temperature and core temperature. We also identify that perceptions of skin wetness were not elevated despite increases in actual skin wetness. These data support the proposition that afferent signalling from skin wetness enhances the desire to engage in cool-seeking behaviour during passive heat stress. ABSTRACT This study tested the hypothesis that elevations in skin wetness augments cool-seeking behaviour during passive heat stress. Twelve subjects (6 females, age: 24 ± 2 y) donned a water-perfused suit circulating 34 °C water and completed two trials resting supine in a 28.5 ± 0.4 °C environment. The trials involved a 20 min baseline period (26 ± 3% relative humidity (RH)), 60 min while ambient humidity was maintained at 26±3% RH (LOW) or increased to 67 ± 5% RH (HIGH), followed by 60 min passive heat stress (HS) where the water temperature in the suit was incrementally increased to 50 °C. Subjects were able to seek cooling when their neck was thermally uncomfortable by pressing a button. Each button press initiated 30 s of -20 °C fluid perfusing through a custom-made device secured against the skin on the dorsal neck. Mean skin (Tskin ) and core (Tcore ) temperatures, mean skin wetness (Wskin ) and neck device temperature (Tdevice ) were measured continuously. Cool-seeking behaviour was determined from total time receiving cooling (TTcool ) and cumulative button presses. Tskin and Tcore increased during HS (P < 0.01) but were not different between conditions (P ≥ 0.11). Wskin was elevated in HIGH vs. LOW during HS (60 min: by + 0.06 ± 0.07 a.u., P ≤ 0.04). Tdevice was lower in HIGH vs. LOW at 40-50 min of HS (P ≤ 0.01). TTcool was greater for HIGH (330 ± 172 s) vs. LOW (225 ± 167 s, P < 0.01), while the number of cumulative button presses was greater from 40-60 min in HS for HIGH vs. LOW (P ≤ 0.04). Increased skin wetness amplifies the engagement in cool-seeking behaviour during passive heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Vargas
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher L Chapman
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Wenjie Ji
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Blair D Johnson
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Zachary J Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Lei TH, Matsukawa H, Okushima D, Gerrett N, Schlader ZJ, Mündel T, Fujiwara M, Kondo N. Autonomic and perceptual thermoregulatory responses to voluntarily engaging in a common thermoregulatory behaviour. Physiol Behav 2020; 215:112768. [PMID: 31836448 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether partial clothing removal is an effective thermoregulatory behaviour to attenuate both thermoregulatory and perceptual strain in a moderate environment (23 °C, 65% RH) during and after exercise. Ten healthy males (age: 21.9 (0.9) years; height: 173.9 (6.2) cm; mass: 62.3 (8.2) kg; body surface area: 1.8 (0.1) m2; VO2max: 51.8 (13.3) mL.kg-1.min-1) wore a long sleeve polyester shirt and performed two randomized cycling trials for 40 min at 40% VO2max followed by 20 min recovery. In one trial, they were permitted to roll up their sleeves at any time they wanted (Roll) whereas in the other trial, they were instructed to remain with long sleeves (No Roll) until the end of the recovery. Thermoregulatory variables were measured continuously whilst thermal perceptions (forearm wettedness perception (WPForearm), forearm and whole-body thermal discomfort (TDForearm, TDWhole), local and whole-body thermal sensation (TSForearm, TSWhole) and whole-body wettedness perception (WPwhole)) were measured every 10 min. All subjects behaved by rolling up their sleeves at 21.6 (4.7) minutes. Tskin (32.3 (0.2) °C, vs 32.0 (0.1) °C, p = 0.03), local sweat rate on the forearm (0.24 (0.08) mg.cm-2.min-1 vs 0.2 (0.04) mg.cm-2.min-1, p = 0.05), WPForearm, TDForearm, TSForearm and WPWhole were all lower in Roll than No Roll (all p < 0.05) whilst Tcore and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) on the forearm were not different (all p > 0.7) throughout the entire trial. We conclude that this behavioural response is an effective thermoregulatory behaviour to modulate local sudomotor function and thermal perceptions, WPWhole during exercise but only Tsk, TDForearm WPForearm and WPWhole persisted throughout the recovery in a moderate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze-Huan Lei
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsukawa
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Dai Okushima
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Osaka International University, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Nicola Gerrett
- Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Toby Mündel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Masashi Fujiwara
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Narihiko Kondo
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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Hunt AP, Minett GM, Gibson OR, Kerr GK, Stewart IB. Could Heat Therapy Be an Effective Treatment for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases? A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1556. [PMID: 31998141 PMCID: PMC6965159 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases involve the progressive deterioration of structures within the central nervous system responsible for motor control, cognition, and autonomic function. Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are among the most common neurodegenerative disease and have an increasing prevalence over the age of 50. Central in the pathophysiology of these neurodegenerative diseases is the loss of protein homeostasis, resulting in misfolding and aggregation of damaged proteins. An element of the protein homeostasis network that prevents the dysregulation associated with neurodegeneration is the role of molecular chaperones. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are chaperones that regulate the aggregation and disaggregation of proteins in intracellular and extracellular spaces, and evidence supports their protective effect against protein aggregation common to neurodegenerative diseases. Consequently, upregulation of HSPs, such as HSP70, may be a target for therapeutic intervention for protection against neurodegeneration. A novel therapeutic intervention to increase the expression of HSP may be found in heat therapy and/or heat acclimation. In healthy populations, these interventions have been shown to increase HSP expression. Elevated HSP may have central therapeutic effects, preventing or reducing the toxicity of protein aggregation, and/or peripherally by enhancing neuromuscular function. Broader physiological responses to heat therapy have also been identified and include improvements in muscle function, cerebral blood flow, and markers of metabolic health. These outcomes may also have a significant benefit for people with neurodegenerative disease. While there is limited research into body warming in patient populations, regular passive heating (sauna bathing) has been associated with a reduced risk of developing neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, the emerging evidence is compelling and warrants further investigation of the potential benefits of heat acclimation and passive heat therapy for sufferers of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Hunt
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M. Minett
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Oliver R. Gibson
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
- Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graham K. Kerr
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian B. Stewart
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Rising vs. falling phases of core temperature on endurance exercise capacity in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:481-491. [PMID: 31894415 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Core temperature (Tc) shows rising (05:00-17:00 h) and falling (17:00-05:00 h) phases. This study examined the time-of-day effects on endurance exercise capacity and heat-loss responses to control Tc in the heat at around the midpoint of the rising and falling phases of Tc. METHODS Ten male participants completed cycling exercise at 70% peak oxygen uptake until exhaustion in the heat (30 °C, 50% relative humidity). Participants commenced exercise in the late morning at 10:00 h (AM) or evening at 21:00 h (PM). RESULTS Time to exhaustion was 28 ± 13% (mean ± SD) longer in PM (49.1 ± 16.3 min) than AM (38.7 ± 14.6 min; P < 0.001). Tc before and during exercise were higher in PM than AM (both P < 0.01) in accordance with the diurnal variation of Tc. The rates of rise in Tc, mean skin temperature, thermal sensation and rating of perceived exertion during exercise were slower in PM than AM (all P < 0.05). Dry and evaporative heat losses and skin blood flow during exercise were greater in PM than AM (all P < 0.05). During 30-min post-exercise recovery, the rates of fall in Tc and skin blood flow were faster and thermal sensation was lower in PM than AM (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that endurance exercise capacity is greater and heat-loss responses to control Tc during and following exercise in the heat are more effective in the late evening than morning. Moreover, perceived fatigue during exercise and thermal perception during and following exercise are lower in the late evening than morning.
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Vargas NT, Chapman CL, Johnson BD, Gathercole R, Cramer MN, Schlader ZJ. Thermal Behavior Augments Heat Loss Following Low Intensity Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010020. [PMID: 31861405 PMCID: PMC6981425 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that thermal behavior alleviates thermal discomfort and accelerates core temperature recovery following low intensity exercise. Methods: In a 27 0 C, 48 6% relative humidity environment, 12 healthy subjects (six females) completed 60 min of exercise followed by 90 min of seated recovery on two occasions. Subjects wore a suit top perfusing 34 ± 0 °C water during exercise. In the control trial, this water continually perfused throughout recovery. In the behavior trial, the upper body was maintained thermally comfortable by pressing a button to receive cool water (3 2 °C) perfusing through the top for 2 min per button press. Results: Physiological variables (core temperature, p ≥ 0.18; mean skin temperature, p = 0.99; skin wettedness, p ≥ 0.09; forearm skin blood flow, p = 0.29 and local axilla sweat rate, p = 0.99) did not differ between trials during exercise. Following exercise, mean skin temperature decreased in the behavior trial in the first 10 min (by -0.5 0.7 °C, p < 0.01) and upper body skin temperature was reduced until 70 min into recovery (by 1.8 1.4 °C, p < 0.05). Core temperature recovered to pre-exercise levels 17 31 min faster (p = 0.02) in the behavior trial. There were no differences in skin blood flow or local sweat rate between conditions during recovery (p ≥ 0.05). Whole-body thermal discomfort was reduced (by -0.4 0.5 a.u.) in the behavior trial compared to the control trial within the first 20 min of recovery (p ≤ 0.02). Thermal behavior via upper body cooling resulted in augmented cumulative heat loss within the first 30 min of recovery (Behavior: 288 92 kJ; Control: 160 44 kJ, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Engaging in thermal behavior that results in large reductions in mean skin temperature following exercise accelerates the recovery of core temperature and alleviates thermal discomfort by promoting heat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T. Vargas
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (N.T.V.); (C.L.C.); (B.D.J.)
| | - Christopher L. Chapman
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (N.T.V.); (C.L.C.); (B.D.J.)
| | - Blair D. Johnson
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (N.T.V.); (C.L.C.); (B.D.J.)
| | - Rob Gathercole
- Lululemon Athletica Inc., Vancouver, BC V6J 1C7, Canada;
| | - Matthew N. Cramer
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75231, USA;
| | - Zachary J. Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (N.T.V.); (C.L.C.); (B.D.J.)
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-812-855-6953
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Urciuolo F, Casale C, Imparato G, Netti PA. Bioengineered Skin Substitutes: the Role of Extracellular Matrix and Vascularization in the Healing of Deep Wounds. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E2083. [PMID: 31805652 PMCID: PMC6947552 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of severe scars still represents the result of the closure process of extended and deep skin wounds. To address this issue, different bioengineered skin substitutes have been developed but a general consensus regarding their effectiveness has not been achieved yet. It will be shown that bioengineered skin substitutes, although representing a valid alternative to autografting, induce skin cells in repairing the wound rather than guiding a regeneration process. Repaired skin differs from regenerated skin, showing high contracture, loss of sensitivity, impaired pigmentation and absence of cutaneous adnexa (i.e., hair follicles and sweat glands). This leads to significant mobility and aesthetic concerns, making the development of more effective bioengineered skin models a current need. The objective of this review is to determine the limitations of either commercially available or investigational bioengineered skin substitutes and how advanced skin tissue engineering strategies can be improved in order to completely restore skin functions after severe wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Urciuolo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Costantino Casale
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (P.A.N.)
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy;
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Lang TC, Zhao R, Kim A, Wijewardena A, Vandervord J, Xue M, Jackson CJ. A Critical Update of the Assessment and Acute Management of Patients with Severe Burns. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2019; 8:607-633. [PMID: 31827977 PMCID: PMC6904939 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2019.0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Burns are debilitating, life threatening, and difficult to assess and manage. Recent advances in assessment and management have occurred since a comprehensive review of the care of patients with severe burns was last published, which may influence research and clinical practice. Recent Advances: Recent advances have occurred in the understanding of burn pathophysiology, which has led to the identification of potential biomarkers of burn severity, such as protein C. There is new evidence about the potential superiority of natural colloids over crystalloids during fluid resuscitation, and new evidence about components of initial and perioperative management, including an improved understanding of pain following burns. Critical Issues: The limitations of the clinical examination highlight the need for imaging and biomarkers to assist in estimations of burn severity. Fluid resuscitation reduces mortality, although there is conjecture over the ideal method. The subsequent perioperative period is associated with significant morbidity and the evidence for preventing and treating pain, infection, and fluid overload while maximizing wound healing potential is described. Future Directions: Promising developments are ongoing in imaging technology, histopathology, biomarkers, and wound healing adjuncts such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy, topical negative pressure therapy, stem cell treatments, and skin substitutes. The greatest benefit from further research on management of patients with burns would most likely be derived from the elucidation of optimal fluid resuscitation protocols, pain management protocols, and surgical techniques from randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Charles Lang
- Department of Anesthesia, Prince of Wales and Sydney Children's Hospitals, Randwick, Australia
| | - Ruilong Zhao
- Sutton Laboratories, The Kolling Institute, St. Leonards, Australia
| | - Albert Kim
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Australia
| | - Aruna Wijewardena
- Department of Burns, Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Australia
| | - John Vandervord
- Department of Burns, Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Australia
| | - Meilang Xue
- Sutton Laboratories, The Kolling Institute, St. Leonards, Australia
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Vargas NT, Chapman CL, Johnson BD, Gathercole R, Cramer MN, Schlader ZJ. Thermal behavior alleviates thermal discomfort during steady-state exercise without affecting whole body heat loss. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:984-994. [PMID: 31414951 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00379.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that thermal behavior resulting in reductions in mean skin temperature alleviates thermal discomfort and mitigates the rise in core temperature during light-intensity exercise. In a 27 ± 0°C, 48 ± 6% relative humidity environment, 12 healthy subjects (6 men, 6 women) completed 60 min of recumbent cycling. In both trials, subjects wore a water-perfused suit top continually perfusing 34 ± 0°C water. In the behavior trial, subjects maintained their upper body thermally comfortable by pressing a button to perfuse cool water (2.2 ± 0.5°C) through the top for 2 min per button press. Metabolic heat production (control: 404 ± 52 W, behavior: 397 ± 65 W; P = 0.44) was similar between trials. Mean skin temperature was reduced in the behavior trial (by -2.1 ± 1.8°C, P < 0.01) because of voluntary reductions in water-perfused top temperature (P < 0.01). Whole body (P = 0.02) and local sweat rates were lower in the behavior trial (P ≤ 0.05). Absolute core temperature was similar (P ≥ 0.30); however, the change in core temperature was greater in the behavior trial after 40 min of exercise (P ≤ 0.03). Partitional calorimetry did not reveal any differences in cumulative heat storage (control: 554 ± 229, behavior: 544 ± 283 kJ; P = 0.90). Thermal behavior alleviated whole body thermal discomfort during exercise (by -1.17 ± 0.40 arbitrary units, P < 0.01). Despite lower evaporative cooling in the behavior trial, similar heat loss was achieved by voluntarily employing convective cooling. Therefore, thermal behavior resulting in large reductions in skin temperature is effective at alleviating thermal discomfort during exercise without affecting whole body heat loss.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of thermal behavior in maintaining thermal comfort during exercise by allowing subjects to voluntarily cool their torso and upper limbs with 2°C water throughout a light-intensity exercise protocol. We show that voluntary cooling of the upper body alleviates thermal discomfort while maintaining heat balance through convective rather than evaporative means of heat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Vargas
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Christopher L Chapman
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Blair D Johnson
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rob Gathercole
- lululemon athletica inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew N Cramer
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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