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Shannon ES, Carter SE. The effect of a 2-week ischaemic preconditioning intervention on anaerobic performance in male academy football players: a randomized, single-blinded, SHAM-Controlled study. Res Sports Med 2023:1-17. [PMID: 38126743 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2023.2297192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC), brief periods of ischaemia immediately followed by reperfusion applied to a vascular bed, has emerged as a method to improve exercise performance. There is, however, a lack of research exploring repeated episodes of IPC on anaerobic performance. The aim of this study was to determine if a 2-week repeated IPC intervention could enhance anaerobic performance in male academy football players. Eight male academy football players completed two, 2-week intervention trials: six IPC episodes (4 × 5 min at 220 mmHg per episode), and six SHAM episodes (4 × 5 min at 20 mmHg per episode). Prior to and following each intervention trial, the participants completed assessments of anaerobic performance (Running Anaerobic Sprint Test [RAST]), and superficial femoral artery endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation [FMD]). IPC significantly enhanced peak and mean power output by 12% (p = 0.026) and 11% (p = 0.019) and significantly improved superficial femoral artery FMD (p = 0.049). The increase in endothelial function suggests that this may be a mechanism contributing to this enhancement of anaerobic performance. The present study supports the use of repeated IPC prior to matches and training sessions to enhance anaerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Spencer Shannon
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, UK
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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2
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Wedig IJ, Durocher JJ, McDaniel J, Elmer SJ. Blood flow restriction as a potential therapy to restore physical function following COVID-19 infection. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1235172. [PMID: 37546539 PMCID: PMC10400776 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1235172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that some COVID-19 survivors display reduced muscle mass, muscle strength, and aerobic capacity, which contribute to impairments in physical function that can persist for months after the acute phase of illness. Accordingly, strategies to restore muscle mass, muscle strength, and aerobic capacity following infection are critical to mitigate the long-term consequences of COVID-19. Blood flow restriction (BFR), which involves the application of mechanical compression to the limbs, presents a promising therapy that could be utilized throughout different phases of COVID-19 illness. Specifically, we hypothesize that: 1) use of passive BFR modalities can mitigate losses of muscle mass and muscle strength that occur during acute infection and 2) exercise with BFR can serve as an effective alternative to high-intensity exercise without BFR for regaining muscle mass, muscle strength, and aerobic capacity during convalescence. The various applications of BFR may also serve as a targeted therapy to address the underlying pathophysiology of COVID-19 and provide benefits to the musculoskeletal system as well as other organ systems affected by the disease. Consequently, we present a theoretical framework with which BFR could be implemented throughout the progression from acute illness to outpatient rehabilitation with the goal of improving short- and long-term outcomes in COVID-19 survivors. We envision that this paper will encourage discussion and consideration among researchers and clinicians of the potential therapeutic benefits of BFR to treat not only COVID-19 but similar pathologies and cases of acute critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J. Wedig
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - John J. Durocher
- Department of Biological Sciences and Integrative Physiology and Health Sciences Center, Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, IN, United States
| | - John McDaniel
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Steven J. Elmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
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3
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Teixeira AL, Gangat A, Bommarito JC, Burr JF, Millar PJ. Ischemic Preconditioning Acutely Improves Functional Sympatholysis during Handgrip Exercise in Healthy Males but not Females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1250-1257. [PMID: 36878187 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), a procedure that involves the cyclic induction of limb ischemia and reperfusion via tourniquet inflation, has been reported to improve exercise capacity and performance, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. During exercise, sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction is dampened in active skeletal muscle. This phenomenon, termed functional sympatholysis, plays a critical role in maintaining oxygen delivery to working skeletal muscle and may contribute to determining exercise capacity. Herein, we investigate the effects of IPC on functional sympatholysis in humans. METHODS In 20 (10M/10F) healthy young adults, forearm blood flow (Doppler ultrasound) and beat-to-beat arterial pressure (finger photoplethysmography) were measured during lower body negative pressure (LBNP; -20 mm Hg) applied at rest and simultaneously during rhythmic handgrip exercise (30% maximum contraction) before and after local IPC (4 × 5-min 220 mm Hg) or sham (4 × 5-min 20 mm Hg). Forearm vascular conductance (FVC) was calculated as forearm blood flow/mean arterial pressure and the magnitude of sympatholysis as the difference of LBNP-induced changes in FVC between handgrip and rest. RESULTS At baseline, LBNP decreased FVC (females [F] = ∆-41% ± 19%; males [M] = ∆-44% ± 10%), and these responses were attenuated during handgrip (F = ∆-8% ± 9%; M = ∆-8% ± 7%). After IPC, LBNP induced similar decreases in resting FVC (F = ∆-37% ± 19%; M = ∆-44% ± 13%). However, during handgrip, this response was further attenuated in males (∆-3% ± 9%, P = 0.02 vs pre) but not females (∆-5% ± 10%, P = 0.13 vs pre), which aligned with an IPC-mediated increase in sympatholysis (M-pre = 36% ± 10% vs post = 40% ± 9%, P = 0.01; F-pre = 32% ± 15% vs post = 32% ± 14%, P = 0.82). Sham IPC had no effect on any variables. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight a sex-specific effect of IPC on functional sympatholysis and provide evidence of a potential mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of IPC on human exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L Teixeira
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Ayesha Gangat
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Julian C Bommarito
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Philip J Millar
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
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O’Brien L, Jacobs I. Potential physiological responses contributing to the ergogenic effects of acute ischemic preconditioning during exercise: A narrative review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1051529. [PMID: 36518104 PMCID: PMC9742576 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1051529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been reported to augment exercise performance, but there is considerable heterogeneity in the magnitude and frequency of performance improvements. Despite a burgeoning interest in IPC as an ergogenic aid, much is still unknown about the physiological mechanisms that mediate the observed performance enhancing effects. This narrative review collates those physiological responses to IPC reported in the IPC literature and discusses how these responses may contribute to the ergogenic effects of IPC. Specifically, this review discusses documented central and peripheral cardiovascular responses, as well as selected metabolic, neurological, and perceptual effects of IPC that have been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam O’Brien
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ira Jacobs
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Tannenbaum Institute for Science in Sport, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Ceylan B, Franchini E. Ischemic preconditioning does not improve judo-specific performance but leads to better recovery in elite judo athletes. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Meireles A, Oliveira GTD, Souza HLRD, Arriel RA, Leitão L, Santos MPD, Marocolo M. Local muscle oxygenation during different cuff-pressures intervention: a punctual near-infrared spectroscopy measurement. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420220004122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Cheng CF, Kuo YH, Hsu WC, Chen C, Pan CH. Local and Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Sprint Interval Exercise Performance in Team Sport Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10653. [PMID: 34682399 PMCID: PMC8535734 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of local (LIPC) and remote (RIPC) ischemic preconditioning on sprint interval exercise (SIE) performance. Fifteen male collegiate basketball players underwent a LIPC, RIPC, sham (SHAM), or control (CON) trial before conducting six sets of a 30-s Wingate-based SIE test. The oxygen uptake and heart rate were continuously measured during SIE test. The total work in the LIPC (+2.2%) and RIPC (+2.5%) conditions was significantly higher than that in the CON condition (p < 0.05). The mean power output (MPO) at the third and fourth sprint in the LIPC (+4.5%) and RIPC (+4.9%) conditions was significantly higher than that in the CON condition (p < 0.05). The percentage decrement score for MPO in the LIPC and RIPC condition was significantly lower than that in the CON condition (p < 0.05). No significant interaction effects were found in pH and blood lactate concentrations. There were no significant differences in the accumulated exercise time at ≥80%, 90%, and 100% of maximal oxygen uptake during SIE. Overall, both LIPC and RIPC could improve metabolic efficiency and performance during SIE in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
- Sports Performance Lab, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (C.C.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - Yu-Hsuan Kuo
- Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Chieh Hsu
- Sports Performance Lab, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (C.C.); (C.-H.P.)
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
| | - Chu Chen
- Sports Performance Lab, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (C.C.); (C.-H.P.)
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsueh Pan
- Sports Performance Lab, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (C.C.); (C.-H.P.)
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan
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Bouffard S, Paradis-Deschênes P, Billaut F. Neuromuscular Adjustments Following Sprint Training with Ischemic Preconditioning in Endurance Athletes: Preliminary Data. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:124. [PMID: 34564329 PMCID: PMC8470678 DOI: 10.3390/sports9090124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This preliminary study examined the effect of chronic ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on neuromuscular responses to high-intensity exercise. In a parallel-group design, twelve endurance-trained males (VO2max 60.0 ± 9.1 mL·kg-1·min-1) performed a 30-s Wingate test before, during, and after 4 weeks of sprint-interval training. Training consisted of bi-weekly sessions of 4 to 7 supra-maximal all-out 30-s cycling bouts with 4.5 min of recovery, preceded by either IPC (3 × 5-min of compression at 220 mmHg/5-min reperfusion, IPC, n = 6) or placebo compressions (20 mmHg, PLA, n = 6). Mechanical indices and the root mean square and mean power frequency of the electromyographic signal from three lower-limb muscles were continuously measured during the Wingate tests. Data were averaged over six 5-s intervals and analyzed with Cohen's effect sizes. Changes in peak power output were not different between groups. However, from mid- to post-training, IPC improved power output more than PLA in the 20 to 25-s interval (7.6 ± 10.0%, ES 0.51) and the 25 to 30-s interval (8.8 ± 11.2%, ES 0.58), as well as the fatigue index (10.0 ± 2.3%, ES 0.46). Concomitantly to this performance difference, IPC attenuated the decline in frequency spectrum throughout the Wingate (mean difference: 14.8%, ES range: 0.88-1.80). There was no difference in root mean square amplitude between groups. These preliminary results suggest that using IPC before sprint training may enhance performance during a 30-s Wingate test, and such gains occurred in the last 2 weeks of the intervention. This improvement may be due, in part, to neuromuscular adjustments induced by the chronic use of IPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphan Bouffard
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (S.B.); (P.P.-D.)
| | | | - François Billaut
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (S.B.); (P.P.-D.)
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
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9
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Seeley AD, Jacobs KA. IPC recovery length of 45 minutes improves muscle oxygen saturation during active sprint recovery. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1383-1390. [PMID: 34110272 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1939429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) involves brief, repeated bouts of limb occlusion and reperfusion capable of improving exercise performance at least partially by enhancing local skeletal muscle oxygenation. This study sought to investigate the effect of a lower limb IPC protocol, with either a 5-min or 45-min post-application delay, on vastus lateralis tissue saturation index (TSI) and systemic cardiac hemodynamics at rest and during short-duration intense cycling. Twelve young adults randomly completed four interventions: IPC (at 220 mmHg) with 5-min delay (IPC5), IPC with 45-min delay (IPC45), SHAM (at 20 mmHg) with 5-min delay (SHAM5), and SHAM with 45-min delay (SHAM45). Following IPC intervention and recovery delay, participants completed 5, 60-s high-intensity (100% Wpeak) cycle sprints separated by 120-sec of active recovery (30% Wpeak). Compared to baseline, TSI immediately following IPC5, but pre-exercise, remained lower than the equivalent for IPC45 (-5.9 ± 1.5%, p = .002). IPC, imposed at least 45-min before the completion of five 60-s sprint cycling efforts, significantly enhanced TSI during active recovery between sprint intervals compared to a 5-min delay (6.6 ± 2.4%, p = .021), and identical SHAM conditions (SHAM5: 5.8 ± 2.2%, p = .024; SHAM45: 6.2 ± 2.5%, p = .029). A 45-min delay following IPC appears to provide heightened skeletal muscle metabolic rebound prior to intense sprint cycling as compared to a 5-min delay. Furthermore, IPC followed by a 45-min delay enhanced recovery of skeletal muscle oxygenation during low intensity active sprint recovery, despite an unchanged decline in skeletal muscle oxygenation during near-maximal sprinting efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afton D Seeley
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Kevin A Jacobs
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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10
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O'Brien L, Jacobs I. Methodological Variations Contributing to Heterogenous Ergogenic Responses to Ischemic Preconditioning. Front Physiol 2021; 12:656980. [PMID: 33995123 PMCID: PMC8117357 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.656980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been repeatedly reported to augment maximal exercise performance over a range of exercise durations and modalities. However, an examination of the relevant literature indicates that the reproducibility and robustness of ergogenic responses to this technique are variable, confounding expectations about the magnitude of its effects. Considerable variability among study methodologies may contribute to the equivocal responses to IPC. This review focuses on the wide range of methodologies used in IPC research, and how such variability likely confounds interpretation of the interactions of IPC and exercise. Several avenues are recommended to improve IPC methodological consistency, which should facilitate a future consensus about optimizing the IPC protocol, including due consideration of factors such as: location of the stimulus, the time between treatment and exercise, individualized tourniquet pressures and standardized tourniquet physical characteristics, and the incorporation of proper placebo treatments into future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam O'Brien
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ira Jacobs
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Williams N, Russell M, Cook CJ, Kilduff LP. Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on Maximal Swimming Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:221-226. [PMID: 29389691 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Williams, N, Russell, M, Cook, CJ, and Kilduff, LP. Effect of ischemic preconditioning on maximal swimming performance. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 221-226, 2021-The effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on swimming performance was examined. Using a randomized, crossover design, national- and international-level swimmers (n = 20; 14 men, 6 women) participated in 3 trials (Con, IPC-2h, and IPC-24h). Lower-body IPC (4 × 5-minute bilateral blood flow restriction at 160-228 mm Hg and 5-minute reperfusion) was used 2 hours (IPC-2h) or 24 hours (IPC-24h) before a self-selected (100 m, n = 15; 200 m, n = 5) swimming time trial (TT). The Con trial used a sham intervention (15 mm Hg) 2 hours before exercise. All trials required a 40-minute standardized precompetition swimming warm-up (followed by 20-minute rest; replicating precompetition call room procedures) 1 hour before TT. Capillary blood (pH, blood gases, and lactate concentrations) was taken immediately before and after IPC, before TT and after TT. No effects on TT for 100 m (P = 0.995; IPC-2h: 64.94 ± 8.33 seconds; IPC-24h: 64.67 ± 8.50 seconds; Con: 64.94 ± 8.24 seconds), 200 m (P = 0.405; IPC-2h: 127.70 ± 10.66 seconds; IPC-24h: 129.26 ± 12.99 seconds; Con: 130.19 ± 10.27 seconds), or combined total time (IPC-2h: 84.27 ± 31.52 seconds; IPC-24h: 79.87 ± 29.72 seconds; Con: 80.55 ± 31.35 seconds) were observed after IPC. Base excess (IPC-2h: -13.37 ± 8.90 mmol·L-1; Con: -13.35 ± 7.07 mmol·L-1; IPC-24h: -16.53 ± 4.65 mmol·L-1), pH (0.22 ± 0.08; all conditions), bicarbonate (IPC-2h: -11.66 ± 3.52 mmol·L-1; Con: -11.62 ± 5.59 mmol·L-1; IPC-24h: -8.47 ± 9.02 mmol·L-1), total carbon dioxide (IPC-2h: -12.90 ± 3.92 mmol·L-1; Con: -11.55 ± 7.61 mmol·L-1; IPC-24h: 9.90 ± 8.40 mmol·L-1), percentage oxygen saturation (IPC-2h: -0.16 ± 1.86%; Con: +0.20 ± 1.93%; IPC-24h: +0.47 ± 2.10%), and blood lactate (IPC-2h: +12.87 ± 3.62 mmol·L-1; Con: +12.41 ± 4.02 mmol·L-1; IPC-24h: +13.27 ± 3.81 mmol·L-1) were influenced by swimming TT (P < 0.001), but not condition (all P > 0.05). No effect of IPC was seen when applied 2 or 24 hours before swimming TT on any indices of performance or physiological measures recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Williams
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Center (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.,Sport Wales, Welsh Institute of Sport, Sophia Gardens, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Liam P Kilduff
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Center (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.,Welsh Institute for Performance Solutions, Swansea, UK
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Vangsoe MT, Nielsen JK, Paton CD. A Comparison of Different Prerace Warm-Up Strategies on 1-km Cycling Time-Trial Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1109-1116. [PMID: 32294619 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and postactivation potentiation (PAP) are warm-up strategies proposed to improve high-intensity sporting performance. However, only few studies have investigated the benefits of these strategies compared with an appropriate control (CON) or an athlete-selected (SELF) warm-up protocol. Therefore, this study examined the effects of 4 different warm-up routines on 1-km time-trial (TT) performance with competitive cyclists. METHODS In a randomized crossover study, 12 well-trained cyclists (age 32 [10] y, mass 77.7 [4.6] kg, peak power output 1141 [61] W) performed 4 different warm-up strategies-(CON) 17 minutes CON only, (SELF) a self-determined warm-up, (IPC) IPC + CON, or (PAP) CON + PAP-prior to completing a maximal-effort 1-km TT. Performance time and power, quadriceps electromyograms, muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), and blood lactate were measured to determine differences between trials. RESULTS There were no significant differences (P > .05) in 1-km performance time between CON (76.9 [5.2] s), SELF (77.3 [6.0] s), IPC (77.0 [5.5] s), or PAP (77.3 [5.9] s) protocols. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in mean or peak power output between trials. Finally, electromyogram activity, SmO2, and recovery blood lactate concentration were not different between conditions. CONCLUSIONS Adding IPC or PAP protocols to a short CON warm-up appears to provide no additional benefit to 1-km TT performance with well-trained cyclists and is therefore not recommended. Furthermore, additional IPC and PAP protocols had no effect on electromyograms and SmO2 values during the TT or peak lactate concentration during recovery.
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Arriel RA, Meireles A, Hohl R, Marocolo M. Ischemic preconditioning improves performance and accelerates the heart rate recovery. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1209-1215. [PMID: 32550713 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have assessed the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on exercise performance and physiological variables, such as lactate and muscle deoxygenation. In this study, we verified the IPC effects on performance and heart rate during and immediately after a maximal incremental cycling test (ICT). METHODS Eighteen recreationally trained cyclists (28±4 years) were allocated to one of three groups: IPC, SHAM and Control. After the first visit to familiarization, cyclists attended the laboratory on two separate occasions to perform an ICT: in the 1<sup>st</sup> visit they performed the reference test (baseline), and in 2<sup>nd</sup> the test ischemic preconditioning (2 cycles of 5-min occlusion [at 50 mm Hg above systolic arterial pressure]/ 5-min reperfusion), SHAM (identical to ischemic preconditioning, but at 20 mm Hg) or control (no occlusion) interventions (post intervention). During the ICT, heart rate, power output and perceived exertion were measured and the heart rate was monitored throughout the recovery. RESULTS Only ischemic preconditioning group improved performance time by 4.9±4.0% and decreased heart rate at submaximal point during ICT, of 170±8 to 166±8 bpm (P<0.05). Also, IPC promoted faster heart rate recovery, mainly on first minute (from 151±9 to 145±8 bpm; P<0.05), compared to baseline. No differences for other parameters were found. CONCLUSIONS Two cycles of five minutes of ischemia were relevant to produce positive effects on performance and alter the heart rate during and soon after ICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhaí A Arriel
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Anderson Meireles
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Hohl
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil -
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ter Beek F, Jokumsen PS, Sloth BN, Stevenson AJT, Larsen RG. Ischemic Preconditioning Attenuates Rating of Perceived Exertion But Does Not Improve Maximal Oxygen Consumption or Maximal Power Output. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2479-2485. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Changes in the quadriceps spinal reflex pathway after repeated sprint cycling are not influenced by ischemic preconditioning. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1189-1202. [PMID: 32239310 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on changes in muscle force, activation, and the spinal reflex pathway during and after repeated sprint cycling. METHODS Eight recreationally active men (high-intensity cardiorespiratory training > 3 times per week, > 6 months) completed two exercise sessions (5 sets of 5 cycling sprints, 150% max W), preceded by either IPC (3 × 5 min leg occlusions at 220 mmHg) or SHAM (3 × 5 min at 20 mmHg). Knee extensor maximal force and rate of force were measured before (PRE), immediately post (POST), 1H, and 24H after cycling. Twitch interpolation and resting potentiated twitches were applied to estimate voluntary activation and muscle contractility, respectively. Quadriceps H-reflex recruitment curves were collected at all time-points using 10 Hz doublet stimulation to allow estimation of H-reflex post-activation depression. Surface electromyograms and tissue oxygenation (via near-infrared spectroscopy) were continuously recorded during cycling. RESULTS IPC did not affect any measure of neuromuscular function or performance during cycling. Maximal force and muscle contractility were significantly lower at POST and 1H compared to PRE and 24H by up to 50% (p < 0.01). Maximal force was lower than PRE at 24H by 8.7% (p = 0.028). Voluntary activation and rate of force were unchanged. A rightwards shift was observed for the H-reflex recruitment curve POST, and post-activation depression was higher than all other time-points at 24H (p < 0.05). Muscle activation and oxygenation decreased during cycling. CONCLUSIONS IPC has a nominal effect on mechanisms associated with neuromuscular function during and after exercise in healthy populations.
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Cocking S, Ihsan M, Jones H, Hansen C, Timothy Cable N, Thijssen DHJ, Wilson MG. Repeated sprint cycling performance is not enhanced by ischaemic preconditioning or muscle heating strategies. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:166-175. [PMID: 32223385 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1749312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Both ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) and muscle heat maintenance can be effective in enhancing repeated-sprint performance (RSA) when applied individually, acting mechanisms of these interventions, however, likely differ. It is unclear if, when combined, these interventions could further improve RSA. Methods: Eleven trained cyclists undertook experimental test sessions, whereby IPC (4 × 5-min at 220 mmHg) and SHAM (4 × 5-min at 20 mmHg) were each performed on two separate visits, each combined with either passive muscle heating or thermoneutral insulation prior to an "all-out" repeated-sprint task (10 × 6-s sprints with 24-s recovery). Primary outcome measures were peak and average power output (W), whist secondary measures were muscular activation and muscular oxygenation, measured via Electromyography (EMG) and Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), respectively. Results: IPC did not enhance peak [6 (-14-26)W; P = 0.62] or average [12 (-7-31)W; P = 0.28] power output versus SHAM. Additionally, no performance benefits were observed when increasing muscle temperature in combination with IPC [5 (-14-19) watts; P = 0.67], or in isolation to IPC [9 (-9-28)W; P = 0.4] versus SHAM. No changes in EMG or microvascular changes were present (P > 0.05, respectively) between conditions. Conclusion: Overall, neither IPC, muscle heating, or a combination of both enhances RSA cycling performance in trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Cocking
- Department of Sport Science, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Helen Jones
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Clint Hansen
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - N Timothy Cable
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mathew G Wilson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
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Mota GR, Rightmire ZB, Martin JS, McDonald JR, Kavazis AN, Pascoe DD, Gladden LB. Ischemic preconditioning has no effect on maximal arm cycling exercise in women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:369-380. [PMID: 31813045 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on performance of a 3 min maximal effort arm ergometer test in young women. METHODS Twenty healthy women (23.1 (SD 3.3) years) performed a 3 min maximal effort arm cycling exercise, preceded by IPC on both arms or SHAM in a counterbalanced randomized crossover design. Both blood flow (via high resolution ultrasound; n = 17) and muscle oxygenation/deoxygenation (via near infrared spectroscopy; n = 5) were measured throughout the IPC/SHAM. Performance and perceptual/physiological (i.e., heart rate, blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, and triceps brachialis oxygenation) parameters were recorded during the exercise test. RESULTS Occlusion during IPC completely blocked brachial artery blood flow, decreased oxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin (Δ[oxy(Hb + Mb)]), and increased deoxygenated Hb/Mb (Δ[deoxy(Hb + Mb)]). There were no differences (P > 0.797) in performance (peak, mean, and end power output) or in any perceptual/physiological variables during the 3 min all-out test between IPC/SHAM. During exercise, Δ[oxy(Hb + Mb)] initially decreased with no differences (P ≥ 0.296) between conditions and returned towards baseline by the completion of the test while Δ[deoxy(Hb + Mb)] increased with no differences between conditions and remained elevated until completion of the test (P ≥ 0.755). CONCLUSIONS We verified the successful application of IPC via blood flow and NIRS measures but found no effects on performance of a 3 min maximal effort arm cranking test in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo R Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Av. Tutunas, 490, Uberaba, MG, 38061-500, Brazil.
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | | | - Jeffrey S Martin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Physiology, Debusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - David D Pascoe
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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18
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Aebi MR, Willis SJ, Girard O, Borrani F, Millet GP. Active Preconditioning With Blood Flow Restriction or/and Systemic Hypoxic Exposure Does Not Improve Repeated Sprint Cycling Performance. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1393. [PMID: 31798461 PMCID: PMC6867998 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of active preconditioning techniques using blood flow restriction or/and systemic hypoxic exposure on repeated sprint cycling performance and oxygenation responses. Methods Participants were 17 men; 8 were cycle trained (T: 21 ± 6 h/week) and 9 were untrained but physically active (UT). Each participant completed 4 cycles of 5 min stages of cycling at 1.5 W⋅kg–1 in four conditions [Control; IPC (ischemic preconditioning) with partial blood flow restriction (60% of relative total occlusion pressure); HPC (hypoxic preconditioning) in normobaric systemic hypoxia (FIO2 13.6%); and HIPC (hypoxic and ischemic preconditioning combined)]. Following a 40 min rest period, a repeated sprint exercise (RSE: 8 × 10 s sprints; 20 s of recovery) was performed. Near-infrared spectroscopy parameters [for each sprint, change in deoxyhemoglobin (Δ[HHb]), total hemoglobin (Δ[tHb]), and tissue saturation index (ΔTSI%)] were measured. Results Trained participants achieved higher power outputs (+10–16%) than UT in all conditions, yet RSE performance did not differ between active preconditioning techniques in the two groups. All conditions induced similar sprint decrement scores during RSE in both T and UT (16 ± 2 vs. 23 ± 9% in CON; 17 ± 3 vs. 19 ± 6% in IPC; 18 ± 5 vs. 20 ± 10% in HPC; and 17 ± 3 vs. 21 ± 5% in HIPC, for T and UT, respectively). During the sprints, Δ[HHb] was larger after IPC than both HPC and CON in T (p < 0.001). The Δ[tHb] was greater after HPC than all other conditions in T, whereas IPC, HPC, and HIPC induced higher Δ[tHb] than CON in UT. Conclusion None of the active preconditioning methods had an ergogenic effect on repeated sprint cycling performance, despite some specific hemodynamic responses (e.g., greater oxygen extraction and changes in blood volume), which were emphasized in the trained cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias R Aebi
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Aeromedical Center (AeMC), Swiss Air Force, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sarah J Willis
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Girard
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fabio Borrani
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Wiggins CC, Constantini K, Paris HL, Mickleborough TD, Chapman RF. Ischemic Preconditioning, O2 Kinetics, and Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:900-911. [PMID: 30601792 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) before exercise has been shown to be a novel approach to improve performance in different exercise modes in normoxia (NORM). Few studies have been conducted examining potential mechanisms behind these improvements, and less has been done examining its influence during exercise in hypoxia (HYP). Oxygen uptake and extraction kinetics are factors that have been implicated as possible determinants of cycling performance. We hypothesized that IPC would lead to improvements in oxygen extraction and peripheral blood flow kinetics, and this would translate to improvements in cycling time trial (TT) performance in both NORM and HYP. METHODS Thirteen men (age, 24 ± 7 yr; V˙O2max, 63.1 ± 5.1 mL·kg·min) participated in the study. Subjects completed trials of each combination of normobaric HYP (FiO2 = 0.16, simulating ~8000 ft/2500 m) or NORM (FiO2 = 0.21) with preexercise IPC protocol (4 × 5 min at 220 mm Hg) or SHAM procedure. Trials included submaximal constant load cycle exercise bouts (power outputs of 15% below gas exchange threshold, and 85% of V˙O2max), and a 5-km cycling performance TT. RESULTS Ischemic preconditioning significantly improved 5-km TT time in NORM by 0.9% ± 1.8% compared with SHAM (IPC, 491.2 ± 35.2 s vs SHAM, 495.9 ± 36.0 s; P < 0.05). Ischemic preconditioning did not alter 5-km TT performance times in HYP (P = 0.231). Ischemic preconditioning did, however, improve tissue oxygen extraction in HYP (deoxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin: IPC, 21.23 ± 10.95 μM; SHAM, 19.93 ± 9.91 μM; P < 0.05) during moderate-intensity exercise. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm that IPC is an effective ergogenic aid for athletes performing 5-km cycling TT bouts in NORM. Ischemic preconditioning did mitigate the declines in tissue oxygen during moderate-intensity exercise in HYP, but this did not translate to a significant effect on mean group performance. These data suggest that IPC may be of benefit for athletes training and competing in NORM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Keren Constantini
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Timothy D Mickleborough
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Robert F Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
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20
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Effects of External Counterpulsation on Postexercise Recovery in Elite Rugby League Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1350-1356. [PMID: 30958058 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE External counterpulsation (ECP) has previously been used to treat cardiac patients via compression of the lower extremities during diastole to increase venous return and coronary perfusion. However, the effects of ECP on exercise performance and markers of recovery in elite athletes are largely unknown. METHODS On 2 separate occasions, 48 h apart, 7 elite National Rugby League players performed an identical 60-min field-based conditioning session followed by a 30-min period of either regular ECP treatment or placebo. Power measures during repeated cycle bouts and countermovement jump height and contraction time derivatives were measured at rest and 5 h postexercise. Saliva samples and venous blood samples were taken at rest, postexercise, and 5 h postexercise to assess stress, inflammation, and muscle damage. RESULTS After ECP treatment, cycling peak power output (P = .028; 11%) and accumulated peak power (P = .027; 14%) increased compared with the placebo condition. Postexercise plasma interleukin 1 receptor antagonist only increased after ECP (P = .024; 84%), and concentrations of plasma interleukin 1 receptor antagonist tended to be higher (P = .093; 76%) 5 h postexercise. Furthermore, testosterone-to-cortisol ratio was increased above baseline and placebo 5 h postexercise (P = .017-.029; 24-77%). The ratio of postexercise salivary α-amylase to immunoglobulin A decreased after treatment (P = .013; 50%) compared with the placebo control. CONCLUSIONS Exercise performance and hormonal indicators of stress were improved and inflammation markers were reduced following acute ECP.
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21
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Jeffries O, Evans DT, Waldron M, Coussens A, Patterson SD. Seven-day ischaemic preconditioning improves muscle efficiency during cycling. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2798-2805. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1664537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Owen Jeffries
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel Thomas Evans
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, London, UK
| | - Mark Waldron
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam Coussens
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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22
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Marocolo M, Simim MAM, Bernardino A, Monteiro IR, Patterson SD, da Mota GR. Ischemic preconditioning and exercise performance: shedding light through smallest worthwhile change. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2123-2149. [PMID: 31451953 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been suggested as a potential ergogenic aid to improve exercise performance, although controversial findings exist. The controversies may be explained by several factors, including the mode of exercise, the ratio between the magnitude of improvement, or the error of measurement and physiological meaning. However, a relevant aspect has been lacking in the literature: the interpretation of the findings considering statistical tests and adequate effect size (ES) according to the fitness level of individuals. Thus, we performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to update the effects of IPC on exercise performance and physiological responses, using traditional statistics (P values), ES, and smallest worth change (SWC) approach contextualizing the IPC application to applied Sports and Exercise performance. Forty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the results show that IPC has a minimal or nonsignificant effect on performance considering the fitness level of the individuals, using statistical approaches (i.e., tests with P value, ES, and SWC). Therefore, IPC procedures should be revised and refined in future studies to evaluate if IPC promotes positive effects on performance in a real-world scenario with more consistent interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mario A Moura Simim
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Anderson Bernardino
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Iury Reis Monteiro
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Gustavo R da Mota
- Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
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23
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Slysz JT, Petrick HL, Marrow JP, Burr JF. An examination of individual responses to ischemic preconditioning and the effect of repeated ischemic preconditioning on cycling performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:633-640. [PMID: 31429381 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1651401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To use repeated control trials to measure within-subject variability and assess the existence of responders to ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Secondly, to determine whether repeated IPC can evoke a dosed ergogenic response. METHODS Twelve aerobically fit individuals each completed three control and three IPC 5-km cycling time trials. IPC trials included: (i) IPC 15-min preceding the trial (traditional IPC), (ii) IPC 24-h and 15-min preceding (IPC × 2), (iii) IPC 48-h, 24-h, and 15-min preceding (IPC × 3). IPC consisted of 3 × 5-min cycles of occlusion and reperfusion at the upper thighs. To assess the existence of a true response to IPC, individual performance following traditional IPC was compared to each individual's own 5-km TT coefficient of variation. In individuals who responded to IPC, all three IPC conditions were compared to the mean of the three control trials (CONavg) to determine whether repeated IPC can evoke a dosed ergogenic response. RESULTS 9 of 12 (75%) participants improved 5-km time (-1.8 ± 1.7%) following traditional IPC, however, only 7 of 12 (58%) improved greater than their own variability between repeated controls (true responders). In true responders only, we observed a significant mean improvement in 5-km TT completion following traditional IPC (478 ± 50 s), IPC × 2 (481 ± 51 s), and IPC × 3 (480.5 ± 49 s) compared to mean CONavg (488 ± 51s; p < 0.006), with no differences between various IPC trials (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION A majority of participants responded to IPC, providing support for a meaningful IPC-mediated performance benefit. However, repeated bouts of IPC on consecutive days do not enhance the ergogenic effect of a single bout of IPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Slysz
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - H L Petrick
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - J P Marrow
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - J F Burr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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Caru M, Levesque A, Lalonde F, Curnier D. An overview of ischemic preconditioning in exercise performance: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:355-369. [PMID: 31333890 PMCID: PMC6620415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an attractive method for athletes owing to its potential to enhance exercise performance. However, the effectiveness of the IPC intervention in the field of sports science remains mitigated. The number of cycles of ischemia and reperfusion, as well as the duration of the cycle, varies from one study to another. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive review examining the IPC literature in sports science. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed (MEDLINE) (from 1946 to May 2018), Web of Science (sport sciences) (from 1945 to May 2018), and EMBASE (from 1974 to May 2018). We included all studies investigating the effects of IPC on exercise performance in human subjects. To assess scientific evidence for each study, this review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. The electronic database search generated 441 potential articles that were screened for eligibility. A total of 52 studies were identified as eligible and valid for this systematic review. The studies included were of high quality, with 48 of the 52 studies having a randomized, controlled trial design. Most studied showed that IPC intervention can be beneficial to exercise performance. However, IPC intervention seems to be more beneficial to healthy subjects who wish to enhance their performance in aerobic exercises than athletes. Thus, this systematic review highlights that a better knowledge of the mechanisms generated by the IPC intervention would make it possible to optimize the protocols according to the characteristics of the subjects with the aim of suggesting to the subjects the best possible experience of IPC intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Caru
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of EXercise (LPEX), School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Paris-Nanterre, Nanterre 92000, France
- Laboratoire EA 4430 – Clinique Psychanalyse Developpement (CliPsyD), University of Paris-Nanterre, Nanterre 92000, France
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Ariane Levesque
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of EXercise (LPEX), School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - François Lalonde
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of EXercise (LPEX), School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2L 2C4, Canada
| | - Daniel Curnier
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of EXercise (LPEX), School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Canada
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Abstract
New approaches that promise more for less rarely pan out despite the hopes of physical therapists. In this Viewpoint, the author discusses blood flow restriction training, an intervention claiming that some low-intensity exercise performed while wearing a blood pressure cuff will result in strength gains, improved performance, shorter postexercise recovery, and pain reduction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019;49(5):294-298. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.0608.
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Paull EJ, Van Guilder GP. Remote ischemic preconditioning increases accumulated oxygen deficit in middle-distance runners. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1193-1203. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00585.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mediators underlying the putative benefits of remote ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on dynamic whole body exercise performance have not been widely investigated. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that remote IPC improves supramaximal exercise performance in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I middle-distance runners by increasing accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD), an indicator of glycolytic capacity. A randomized sham-controlled crossover study was employed. Ten NCAA Division I middle-distance athletes [age: 21 ± 1 yr; maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max): 65 ± 7 ml·kg−1·min−1] completed three supramaximal running trials (baseline, after mock IPC, and with remote IPC) at 110% V̇o2max to exhaustion. Remote IPC was induced in the right arm with 4 × 5 min cycles of brachial artery ischemia with 5 min of reperfusion. Supramaximal AOD (ml/kg) was calculated as the difference between the theoretical oxygen demand required for the supramaximal running bout (linear regression extrapolated from ~12 × 5 min submaximal running stages) and the actual oxygen demand for these bouts. Remote IPC [122 ± 38 s, 95% confidence interval (CI): 94–150] increased ( P < 0.001) time to exhaustion 22% compared with baseline (99 ± 23 s, 95% CI: 82–116, P = 0.014) and sham (101 ± 30 s, 95% CI: 80–123, P = 0.001). In the presence of IPC, AOD was 47 ± 36 ml/kg (95% CI: 20.8–73.9), a 29% increase compared with baseline (36 ± 28 ml/kg, 95% CI: 16.3–56.9, P = 0.008) and sham (38 ± 32 ml/kg, 95% CI: 16.2–63.0, P = 0.024). Remote IPC considerably improved supramaximal exercise performance in NCAA Division I middle-distance athletes. Greater glycolytic capacity, as estimated by increased AOD, is a potential mediator for these performance improvements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our novel findings indicate that ischemic preconditioning enhanced glycolytic exercise capacity, enabling National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) middle-distance track athletes to run ~22 s longer before exhaustion compared with baseline and mock ischemic preconditioning. The increase in “all-out” performance appears to be due to increased accumulated oxygen deficit, an index of better supramaximal capacity. Of note, enhanced exercise performance was demonstrated in a specific group of in-competition NCAA elite athletes that has already undergone substantial training of the glycolytic energy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Paull
- Vascular Protection Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Gary P. Van Guilder
- Vascular Protection Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
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Halley SL, Marshall P, Siegler JC. The effect of IPC on central and peripheral fatiguing mechanisms in humans following maximal single limb isokinetic exercise. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14063. [PMID: 31025549 PMCID: PMC6483935 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been suggested to preserve neural drive during fatiguing dynamic exercise, however, it remains unclear as to whether this may be the consequence of IPC-enhanced muscle oxygenation. We hypothesized that the IPC-enhanced muscle oxygenation during a dynamic exercise task would subsequently attenuate exercise-induced reductions in voluntary activation. Ten resistance trained males completed three 3 min maximal all-out tests (AOTs) via 135 isokinetic leg extensions preceded by treatments of IPC (3 × 5 min bilateral leg occlusions at 220 mmHg), SHAM (3 × 5 min at 20 mmHg) or CON (30 min passive rest). Femoral nerve stimulation was utilized to assess voluntary activation and potentiated twitch torque during maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) performed at baseline (BL), prior to the AOT (Pre), and then 10 sec post (Post). Tissue oxygenation (via near-infrared spectroscopy) and sEMG activity was measured throughout the AOT. MVC and twitch torque levels declined (MVC: -87 ± 23 Nm, 95% CI = -67 to -107 Nm; P < 0.001, twitch: -30 ± 13 Nm; 95% CI = -25 to -35 Nm; P < 0.001) between Pre and Post without reductions in voluntary activation (P = 0.72); there were no differences between conditions (MVC: P = 0.75, twitch: P = 0.55). There were no differences in tissue saturation index (P = 0.27), deoxyhemoglobin concentrations (P = 0.86) or sEMG activity (P = 0.92) throughout the AOT. These findings demonstrate that IPC does not preserve neural drive during an all-out 3 min isokinetic leg extension task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Halley
- Sport and Exercise ScienceSchool of Science and HealthWestern Sydney UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Paul Marshall
- Sport and Exercise ScienceSchool of Science and HealthWestern Sydney UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jason C. Siegler
- Sport and Exercise ScienceSchool of Science and HealthWestern Sydney UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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28
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Marocolo M, Billaut F, da Mota GR. Ischemic Preconditioning and Exercise Performance: An Ergogenic Aid for Whom? Front Physiol 2018; 9:1874. [PMID: 30622484 PMCID: PMC6308393 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo R da Mota
- Human Performance and Sports Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil
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29
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Angius L, Crisafulli A, Hureau TJ, Broxterman RM, Amann M, Incognito AV, Burr JF, Millar PJ, Jones H, Thijssen DJ, Patterson SD, Jeffries O, Waldron M, Silva BM, Lopes TR, Vianna LC, Smith JR, Copp SW, Van Guilder GP, Zuo L, Chuang CC. Commentaries on Viewpoint: Could small-diameter muscle afferents be responsible for the ergogenic effect of limb ischemic preconditioning? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 122:721-725. [PMID: 28302710 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00030.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruno M Silva
- Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil.,Olympic Center for Training and Research, Brazil
| | - Thiago R Lopes
- Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil.,Olympic Center for Training and Research, Brazil.,São Paulo Association for Medicine Development, Brazil
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30
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Slysz JT, Burr JF. Enhanced Metabolic Stress Augments Ischemic Preconditioning for Exercise Performance. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1621. [PMID: 30498458 PMCID: PMC6249303 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To identify the combined effect of increasing tissue level oxygen consumption and metabolite accumulation on the ergogenic efficacy of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) during both maximal aerobic and maximal anaerobic exercise. Methods: Twelve healthy males (22 ± 2 years, 179 ± 2 cm, 80 ± 10 kg, 48 ± 4 ml.kg−1.min−1) underwent four experimental conditions: (i) no IPC control, (ii) traditional IPC, (iii) IPC with EMS, and (iv) IPC with treadmill walking. IPC involved bilateral leg occlusion at 220 mmHg for 5 min, repeated three times, separated by 5 min of reperfusion. Within 10 min following the IPC procedures, a 30 s Wingate test and subsequent (after 25 min rest) incremental maximal aerobic test were performed on a cycle ergometer. Results: There was no statistical difference in anaerobic peak power between the no IPC control (1211 ± 290 W), traditional IPC (1209 ± 300 W), IPC + EMS (1206 ± 311 W), and IPC + Walk (1220 ± 288 W; P = 0.7); nor did VO2max change between no IPC control (48 ± 2 ml.kg−1.min−1), traditional IPC (48 ± 6 ml.kg−1.min−1), IPC + EMS (49 ± 4 ml.kg−1.min−1) and IPC + Walk (48 ± 6 ml.kg−1.min−1; P = 0.3). However, the maximal watts during the VO2max increased when IPC was combined with both EMS (304 ± 38 W) and walking (308 ± 40 W) compared to traditional IPC (296 ± 39 W) and no IPC control (293 ± 48 W; P = 0.02). Conclusion: This study shows that in a group of participants for whom a traditional IPC stimulus was not effective, the magnification of the IPC stress through muscle contractions while under occlusion led to a subsequent exercise performance response. These findings support that amplification of the ischemic preconditioning stimulus augments the effect for exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Slysz
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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31
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Girard O, Brocherie F, Millet GP. Effects of Altitude/Hypoxia on Single- and Multiple-Sprint Performance: A Comprehensive Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:1931-1949. [PMID: 28451905 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many sport competitions, typically involving the completion of single- (e.g. track-and-field or track cycling events) and multiple-sprint exercises (e.g. team and racquet sports, cycling races), are staged at terrestrial altitudes ranging from 1000 to 2500 m. Our aim was to comprehensively review the current knowledge on the responses to either acute or chronic altitude exposure relevant to single and multiple sprints. Performance of a single sprint is generally not negatively affected by acute exposure to simulated altitude (i.e. normobaric hypoxia) because an enhanced anaerobic energy release compensates for the reduced aerobic adenosine triphosphate production. Conversely, the reduction in air density in terrestrial altitude (i.e. hypobaric hypoxia) leads to an improved sprinting performance when aerodynamic drag is a limiting factor. With the repetition of maximal efforts, however, repeated-sprint ability is more altered (i.e. with earlier and larger performance decrements) at high altitudes (>3000-3600 m or inspired fraction of oxygen <14.4-13.3%) compared with either normoxia or low-to-moderate altitudes (<3000 m or inspired fraction of oxygen >14.4%). Traditionally, altitude training camps involve chronic exposure to low-to-moderate terrestrial altitudes (<3000 m or inspired fraction of oxygen >14.4%) for inducing haematological adaptations. However, beneficial effects on sprint performance after such altitude interventions are still debated. Recently, innovative 'live low-train high' methods, in isolation or in combination with hypoxic residence, have emerged with the belief that up-regulated non-haematological peripheral adaptations may further improve performance of multiple sprints compared with similar normoxic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar.
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Richard P, Billaut F. Time-Trial Performance in Elite Speed Skaters After Remote Ischemic Preconditioning. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1308-1316. [PMID: 29745735 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Speed skating leads to blood-flow restriction and deoxygenation in the lower limbs (especially the right leg) that may affect performance. Although the acute influence of such deoxygenation is not clearly understood, the authors tested whether remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) could modify muscular oxygenation and improve time-trial performance in that sport. METHODS Using a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, 9 elite speed skaters performed 1000-m on-ice time trials preceded by either RIPC of the upper limbs (3 × 5-min compression/5-min reperfusion cycles at 30 mm Hg >arterial systolic pressure) or placebo treatment (SHAM; 10 mm Hg). Changes in tissue saturation index, oxyhemoglobin-oxymyoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin-deoxymyoglobin, and total hemoglobin-myoglobin in the right vastus lateralis muscle were monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Differences between RIPC and SHAM were analyzed using Cohen effect size (ES) ± 90% confidence limits and magnitude-based inferences. RESULTS Compared with SHAM, RIPC had a negligible effect on performance and NIRS variables. However, in a subgroup of sprinters (n = 5), RIPC likely lowered tissue saturation index at the beginning of the time trial (-6.1%; ES = -0.65) and likely increased deoxyhemoglobin-deoxymyoglobin at the beginning (3%; ES = 0.39), middle (2.9%; ES = 0.37), and end of the trial (-2.1%; ES = 0.27). In the middle section of the trial, these metabolic changes were concomitant with a possible increase in total hemoglobin-myoglobin. CONCLUSION RIPC has no practical ergogenic impact on 1000-m long-track speed-skating performance in elite athletes. The relevance of using RIPC during training to increase physiological stress in sprinters particularly deserves further investigation.
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Lopes TR, Sabino-Carvalho JL, Ferreira THN, Succi JE, Silva AC, Silva BM. Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on the Recovery of Cardiac Autonomic Control From Repeated Sprint Exercise. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1465. [PMID: 30416451 PMCID: PMC6212507 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated sprint exercise (RSE) acutely impairs post-exercise heart rate (HR) recovery (HRR) and time-domain heart rate variability (i. e., RMSSD), likely in part, due to lactic acidosis-induced reduction of cardiac vagal reactivation. In contrast, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) mediates cardiac vagal activation and augments energy metabolism efficiency during prolonged ischemia followed by reperfusion. Therefore, we investigated whether IPC could improve recovery of cardiac autonomic control from RSE partially via improved energy metabolism responses to RSE. Fifteen men team-sport practitioners (mean ± SD: 25 ± 5 years) were randomly exposed to IPC in the legs (3 × 5 min at 220 mmHg) or control (CT; 3 × 5 min at 20 mmHg) 48 h, 24 h, and 35 min before performing 3 sets of 6 shuttle running sprints (15 + 15 m with 180° change of direction and 20 s of active recovery). Sets 1 and 2 were followed by 180 s and set 3 by 360 s of inactive recovery. Short-term HRR was analyzed after all sets via linear regression of HR decay within the first 30 s of recovery (T30) and delta from peak HR to 60 s of recovery (HRR60s). Long-term HRR was analyzed throughout recovery from set 3 via first-order exponential regression of HR decay. Moreover, RMSSD was calculated using 30-s data segments throughout recovery from set 3. Energy metabolism responses were inferred via peak pulmonary oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak), peak carbon dioxide output (V˙O2peak), peak respiratory exchange ratio (RERpeak), first-order exponential regression of V˙O2 decay within 360 s of recovery and blood lactate concentration ([Lac-]). IPC did not change T30, but increased HRR60s after all sets (condition main effect: P = 0.03; partial eta square (η2p) = 0.27, i.e., large effect size). IPC did not change long-term HRR and RMSSD throughout recovery, nor did IPC change any energy metabolism parameter. In conclusion, IPC accelerated to some extent the short-term recovery, but did not change the long-term recovery of cardiac autonomic control from RSE, and such accelerator effect was not accompanied by any IPC effect on surrogates of energy metabolism responses to RSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago R Lopes
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Olympic Center of Training and Research, São Paulo, Brazil.,São Paulo Association for Medicine Development, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeann L Sabino-Carvalho
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago H N Ferreira
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José E Succi
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio C Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Olympic Center of Training and Research, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Olympic Center of Training and Research, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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34
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Lindsay A, Petersen C, Ferguson H, Blackwell G, Rickerby S. Lack of a Dose Response from 7 Days of Ischemic Preconditioning in Moderately trained Cyclists. Sports Med Int Open 2018; 2:E91-E97. [PMID: 30539124 PMCID: PMC6225969 DOI: 10.1055/a-0639-5035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IP) has a small benefit on exercise performance, but differences in the IP method, performance tasks and exercise modality have made providing practical coach guidelines difficult. We investigated the performance-enhancing effects of IP on cyclists by comparing the frequency of IP application over a 7-day period. Using a randomized, sham-controlled, single-blinded experiment, 24 competitive age-group track cyclists (38±12 years) were assigned to one of three twice-daily (sham: 20 and 20 mmHg; once-a-day: 20 and 220 mmHg; twice-a-day: 220 and 220 mmHg) IP leg protocols (4 × 5 min ischemia/5 min reperfusion alternating between legs) over seven consecutive days. A 4000-m cycling-ergometer time trial was completed before, immediately following and one week after the protocols. Neither mean power, nor 4000-m performance time nor VO
2
were significantly affected by either of the IP protocols compared to the sham at any time point following treatment. Repeated application of IP over seven days did not enhance the performance of trained cyclists in a 4000-m laboratory time trial. More research is required to understand how changes to methodological variables can improve the chances of IP successfully enhancing athlete performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Carl Petersen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Hamish Ferguson
- Sport Performance Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gavin Blackwell
- School of Sciences and Physical Education, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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35
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Remote ischemic preconditioning accelerates systemic O 2
dynamics and enhances endurance during work-to-work cycling exercise. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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36
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Žargi T, Drobnič M, Stražar K, Kacin A. Short-Term Preconditioning With Blood Flow Restricted Exercise Preserves Quadriceps Muscle Endurance in Patients After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1150. [PMID: 30197599 PMCID: PMC6118218 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical ACL reconstruction performed with a tourniquet induces compression and ischemic stress of the quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle which can accelerate postoperative weakness. Given that low-load blood flow restricted (BFR) exercise is potent in enhancing muscle oxygenation and vascular function, we hypothesized that short-term preconditioning with low-load BFR exercise can attenuate QF muscle endurance deterioration in the postoperative period. Twenty subjects undergoing arthroscopic ACL reconstruction performed 5 exercise sessions in the last 8 days prior to surgery. They were assigned into either BFR group, performing low-load BFR knee-extension exercise, or SHAM-BFR group, replicating equal training volume with sham occlusion. Blood flow (near-infrared spectroscopy) and surface EMG of QF muscle during sustained isometric contraction at 30% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque performed to volitional failure were measured prior to the intervention and again 4 and 12 weeks after surgery. There was an overall decrease (p = 0.033) in MVIC torque over time, however, no significant time-group interaction was found. The time of sustained QF contraction shortened (p = 0.002) in SHAM-BFR group by 97 ± 85 s at week 4 and returned to preoperative values at week 12. No change in the time of sustained contraction was detected in BFR group at any time point after surgery. RMS EMG amplitude increased (p = 0.009) by 54 ± 58% at week 4 after surgery in BFR group only. BFm increased (p = 0.004) by 52 ± 47% in BFR group, and decreased (p = 0.023) by 32 ± 19% in SHAM-BFR group at week 4 after surgery. Multivariate regression models of postoperative changes in time of sustained QF contraction revealed its high correlation (R2 = 0.838; p < 0.001) with changes in BFm and RMS EMG in the SHAM-BFR group, whereas no such association was found in the BFR group. In conclusion, enhanced endurance of QF muscle was triggered by combination of augmented muscle fiber recruitment and enhanced muscle perfusion. The latter alludes to a preserving effect of preconditioning with BFR exercise on density and function of QF muscle microcirculation within the first 4 weeks after ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Žargi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Drobnič
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Stražar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alan Kacin
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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37
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Richard P, Billaut F. Combining Chronic Ischemic Preconditioning and Inspiratory Muscle Warm-Up to Enhance On-Ice Time-Trial Performance in Elite Speed Skaters. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1036. [PMID: 30108521 PMCID: PMC6079196 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite athletes in varied sports typically combine ergogenic strategies in the hope of enhancing physiological responses and competitive performance, but the scientific evidence for such practices is very scarce. The peculiar characteristics of speed skating contribute to impede blood flow and exacerbate deoxygenation in the lower limbs (especially the right leg). We investigated whether combining preconditioning strategies could modify muscular oxygenation and improve performance in that sport. Using a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, seven male elite long-track speed skaters performed on-ice 600-m time trials, preceded by either a combination of preconditioning strategies (COMBO) or a placebo condition (SHAM). COMBO involved performing remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) of the upper limbs (3 × 5-min compression at 180 mmHg and 5-min reperfusion) over 3 days (including an acute treatment before trials), with the addition of an inspiratory muscle warm-up [IMW: 2 × 30 inspirations at 40% maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP)] on the day of testing. SHAM followed the same protocol with lower intensities (10 mmHg for RIPC and 15% MIP). Changes in tissue saturation index (TSI), oxyhemoglobin–oxymyoglobin ([O2HbMb]), deoxyhemoglobin–deoxymyoglobin ([HHbMb]), and total hemoglobin–myoglobin ([THbMb]) in the right vastus lateralis muscle were monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Differences between COMBO and SHAM were analyzed using Cohen’s effect size (ES) and magnitude-based inferences. Compared with SHAM, COMBO had no worthwhile effect on performance time while mean Δ[HHbMb] (2.7%, ES 0.48; -0.07, 1.03) and peak Δ[HHbMb] (1.8%, ES 0.23; -0.10, 0.57) were respectively likely and possibly higher in the last section of the race. These results indicate that combining ischemic preconditioning and IMW has no practical ergogenic impact on 600-m speed-skating performance in elite skaters. The low-sitting position in this sport might render difficult enhancing these physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Richard
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - François Billaut
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
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38
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Leak RK, Calabrese EJ, Kozumbo WJ, Gidday JM, Johnson TE, Mitchell JR, Ozaki CK, Wetzker R, Bast A, Belz RG, Bøtker HE, Koch S, Mattson MP, Simon RP, Jirtle RL, Andersen ME. Enhancing and Extending Biological Performance and Resilience. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818784501. [PMID: 30140178 PMCID: PMC6096685 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818784501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human performance, endurance, and resilience have biological limits that are genetically and epigenetically predetermined but perhaps not yet optimized. There are few systematic, rigorous studies on how to raise these limits and reach the true maxima. Achieving this goal might accelerate translation of the theoretical concepts of conditioning, hormesis, and stress adaptation into technological advancements. In 2017, an Air Force-sponsored conference was held at the University of Massachusetts for discipline experts to display data showing that the amplitude and duration of biological performance might be magnified and to discuss whether there might be harmful consequences of exceeding typical maxima. The charge of the workshop was "to examine and discuss and, if possible, recommend approaches to control and exploit endogenous defense mechanisms to enhance the structure and function of biological tissues." The goal of this white paper is to fulfill and extend this workshop charge. First, a few of the established methods to exploit endogenous defense mechanisms are described, based on workshop presentations. Next, the white paper accomplishes the following goals to provide: (1) synthesis and critical analysis of concepts across some of the published work on endogenous defenses, (2) generation of new ideas on augmenting biological performance and resilience, and (3) specific recommendations for researchers to not only examine a wider range of stimulus doses but to also systematically modify the temporal dimension in stimulus inputs (timing, number, frequency, and duration of exposures) and in measurement outputs (interval until assay end point, and lifespan). Thus, a path forward is proposed for researchers hoping to optimize protocols that support human health and longevity, whether in civilians, soldiers, athletes, or the elderly patients. The long-term goal of these specific recommendations is to accelerate the discovery of practical methods to conquer what were once considered intractable constraints on performance maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana K. Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edward J. Calabrese
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey M. Gidday
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience, and Physiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Thomas E. Johnson
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James R. Mitchell
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C. Keith Ozaki
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reinhard Wetzker
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Regina G. Belz
- Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute, Agroecology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hans E. Bøtker
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Koch
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger P. Simon
- Departments of Medicine and Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Randy L. Jirtle
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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39
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Halley SL, Marshall P, Siegler JC. The effect of ischaemic preconditioning on central and peripheral fatiguing mechanisms in humans following sustained maximal isometric exercise. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:976-984. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Halley
- Sport and Exercise Science; School of Science and Health; Western Sydney University; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Paul Marshall
- Sport and Exercise Science; School of Science and Health; Western Sydney University; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Jason C. Siegler
- Sport and Exercise Science; School of Science and Health; Western Sydney University; Sydney NSW Australia
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40
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Impact of ischaemia-reperfusion cycles during ischaemic preconditioning on 2000-m rowing ergometer performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1599-1607. [PMID: 29796856 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although ischaemic preconditioning (IPC), induced by cycles of transient limb ischaemia and reperfusion, seems to improve exercise performance, the optimal duration of ischaemia-reperfusion cycles is not established. The present study investigated the effect of ischaemia-reperfusion duration within each IPC cycle on performance in a 2000-m rowing ergometer test. METHODS After incremental and familiarization tests, 16 trained rowers (mean ± SD: age, 24 ± 11 years; weight, 74.1 ± 5.9 kg; [Formula: see text] peak, 67.2 ± 7.4 mL·kg-1·min-1) were randomly submitted to a 2000-m rowing test preceded by intermittent bilateral cuff inflation of the lower limbs with three cycles of ischaemia-reperfusion, lasting 5 min (IPC-5) or 10 min (IPC-10) at 220 or 20 mmHg (control). Power output, [Formula: see text], heart rate, blood lactate concentration, pH, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and near-infrared spectroscopy-derived measurements of the vastus lateralis muscle were continuously recorded. RESULTS No differences among treatments were found in the 2000-m test (control: 424 ± 17; IPC-5: 425 ± 16; IPC-10: 424 ± 17 s; P = 0.772). IPC-10 reduced the tissue saturation index and oxy-haemoglobin concentration during exercise compared with control. The power output during the last 100-m segment was significantly lower with IPC-10. The IPC treatments increased the heart rate over the first 500 m and decreased the pH after exercise. No alterations were observed in [Formula: see text], blood lactate, or RPE among the trials. CONCLUSION In conclusion, IPC does not improve the 2000-m rowing ergometer performance of trained athletes regardless of the length of ischaemia-reperfusion cycles.
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Jeffries O, Waldron M, Pattison JR, Patterson SD. Enhanced Local Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Capacity and Microvascular Blood Flow Following 7-Day Ischemic Preconditioning in Healthy Humans. Front Physiol 2018; 9:463. [PMID: 29867526 PMCID: PMC5954802 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), which involves intermittent periods of ischemia followed by reperfusion, is an effective clinical intervention that reduces the risk of myocardial injury and confers ischemic tolerance to skeletal muscle. Repeated bouts of IPC have been shown to stimulate long-term changes vascular function, however, it is unclear what metabolic adaptations may occur locally in the muscle. Therefore, we investigated 7 days of bilateral lower limb IPC (4 × 5 min) above limb occlusion pressure (220 mmHg; n = 10), or sham (20 mmHg; n = 10), on local muscle oxidative capacity and microvascular blood flow. Oxidative capacity was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during repeated short duration arterial occlusions (300 mmHg). Microvascular blood flow was assessed during the recovery from submaximal isometric plantar flexion exercises at 40 and 60% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Following the intervention period, beyond the late phase of protection (72 h), muscle oxidative recovery kinetics were speeded by 13% (rate constant pre 2.89 ± 0.47 min-1 vs. post 3.32 ± 0.69 min-1; P < 0.05) and resting muscle oxygen consumption (m O2) was reduced by 16.4% (pre 0.39 ± 0.16%.s-1 vs. post 0.33 ± 0.14%.s-1; P < 0.05). During exercise, changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) from rest to steady state were reduced at 40 and 60% MVC (16 and 12%, respectively, P < 0.05) despite similar measures of total hemoglobin (tHb). At the cessation of exercise, the time constant for recovery in oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) was accelerated at 40 and 60% MVC (by 33 and 43%, respectively) suggesting enhanced reoxygenation in the muscle. No changes were reported for systemic measures of resting heart rate or blood pressure. In conclusion, repeated bouts of IPC over 7 consecutive days increased skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and microvascular muscle blood flow. These findings are consistent with enhanced mitochondrial and vascular function following repeated IPC and may be of clinical or sporting interest to enhance or offset reductions in muscle oxidative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Jeffries
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom.,School of Biomedical Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Waldron
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Pattison
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom
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Hughes L, Jeffries O, Waldron M, Rosenblatt B, Gissane C, Paton B, Patterson SD. Influence and reliability of lower-limb arterial occlusion pressure at different body positions. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4697. [PMID: 29736337 PMCID: PMC5936068 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Total arterial occlusive pressure (AOP) is used to prescribe pressures for surgery, blood flow restriction exercise (BFRE) and ischemic preconditioning (IPC). AOP is often measured in a supine position; however, the influence of body position on AOP measurement is unknown and may influence level of occlusion in different positions during BFR and IPC. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the influence of body position on AOP. Methods Fifty healthy individuals (age = 29 ± 6 y) underwent AOP measurements on the dominant lower-limb in supine, seated and standing positions in a randomised order. AOP was measured automatically using the Delfi Personalised Tourniquet System device, with each measurement separated by 5 min of rest. Results Arterial occlusive pressure was significantly lower in the supine position compared to the seated position (187.00 ± 32.5 vs 204.00 ± 28.5 mmHg, p < 0.001) and standing position (187.00 ± 32.5 vs 241.50 ± 49.3 mmHg, p < 0.001). AOP was significantly higher in the standing position compared to the seated position (241.50 ± 49.3 vs 204.00 ± 28.5 mmHg, p < 0.001). Discussion Arterial occlusive pressure measurement is body position dependent, thus for accurate prescription of occlusion pressure during surgery, BFR and IPC, AOP should be measured in the position intended for subsequent application of occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hughes
- School of Sport Health & Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Owen Jeffries
- School of Sport Health & Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Mark Waldron
- School of Sport Health & Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Ben Rosenblatt
- St. George's Park, The Football Association, Burton-Upon-Trent, UK
| | - Conor Gissane
- School of Sport Health & Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Bruce Paton
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, University of London, London, UK
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- School of Sport Health & Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
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Griffin PJ, Hughes L, Gissane C, Patterson SD. Effects of local versus remote ischemic preconditioning on repeated sprint running performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:187-194. [PMID: 29722251 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the effect of local and remote ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on repeated sprint exercise. METHODS Twelve males (age 22±2 years; stature 1.79±0.07 m; body mass 77.8±8.4 kg; mean±SD) completed four trials consisting of remote (arm) and local (leg) IPC and SHAM interventions prior to repeated sprint exercise (3x[6x15+15-m] shuttle sprints), in a double-blind, randomized, crossover designed study. These tests were immediately preceded by IPC (4x5-minute intervals at 220 mmHg bilateral occlusion) or SHAM treatment (4x5-minute intervals at 20 mmHg bilateral occlusion). Sprint performance and percentage decrement score alongside measurement of Tissue Saturation Index, blood lactate and RPE were measured throughout the intervention. RESULTS During the IPC/SHAM intervention there was a large decrease in TSI for IPC-arm in comparison to IPC-leg (P<0.05), however IPC-legs resulted in greater soreness compared with the other three conditions (P<0.05). There was no main effects or interaction effects for sprint performance. There was a significant effect of condition (P=0.047, r=0.56) on percentage decrement score across all 18 sprints with IPC demonstrating less fatigue than SHAM. There were no other effects of IPC during the sprint trials for any other physiological measure. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion local IPC resulted in more pain/soreness during the IPC/SHAM intervention but both remote and local IPC reduced the fatigue associated with repeated sprint exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Griffin
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Marys University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Luke Hughes
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Marys University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Conor Gissane
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Marys University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Marys University, Twickenham, London, UK -
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Is There an Optimal Ischemic-Preconditioning Dose to Improve Cycling Performance? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:274-282. [PMID: 28657799 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) may enhance endurance performance. No previous study has directly compared distinct IPC protocols for optimal benefit. PURPOSE To determine whether a specific IPC protocol (ie, number of cycles, amount of muscle tissue, and local vs remote occlusion) elicits greater performance outcomes. METHODS Twelve cyclists performed 5 different IPC protocols 30 min before a blinded 375-kJ cycling time trial (TT) in a laboratory. Responses to traditional IPC (4 × 5-min legs) were compared with those to 8 × 5-min legs and sham (dose cycles), 4 × 5-min unilateral legs (dose tissue), and 4 × 5-min arms (remote). Rating of perceived exertion and blood lactate were recorded at each 25% TT completion. Power (W), heart rate (beats/min), and oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) (mL · kg-1 · min-1) were measured continuously throughout TTs. Magnitude-based-inference statistics were employed to compare variable differences to the minimal practically important difference. RESULTS Traditional IPC was associated with a 17-s (0, 34) faster TT time than sham. Applying more dose cycles (8 × 5 min) had no impact on performance. Traditional IPC was associated with likely trivial higher blood lactate and possibly beneficial lower [Formula: see text] responses vs sham. Unilateral IPC was associated with 18-s (-11, 48) slower performance than bilateral (dose tissue). TT times after remote and local IPC were not different (0 [-16, 16] s). CONCLUSION The traditional 4 × 5-min (local or remote) IPC stimulus resulted in the fastest TT time compared with sham; there was no benefit of applying a greater number of cycles or employing unilateral IPC.
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Zinner C, Born DP, Sperlich B. Ischemic Preconditioning Does Not Alter Performance in Multidirectional High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1029. [PMID: 29311963 PMCID: PMC5732929 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Research dealing with ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has primarily focused on variables associated to endurance performance with little research about the acute responses of IPC on repeated multidirectional running sprint performance. Here we aimed to investigate the effects of IPC of the arms and the legs on repeated running sprint performance with changes-of-direction (COD) movements. Methods: Thirteen moderately-to-well-trained team-sport athletes (7 males; 6 females; age: 24 ± 2 years, size: 175 ± 8 cm, body mass: 67.9 ± 8.1 kg) performed 16 × 30 m all-out sprints (15 s rest) with multidirectional COD movements on a Speedcourt with IPC (3 × 5 min) of the legs (IPCleg; 240 mm Hg) or of the arms (remote IPC: IPCremote; 180–190 mm Hg) 45 min before the sprints and a control trial (CON; 20 mm Hg). Results: The mean (±SD) time for the 16 × 30 m multidirectional COD sprints was similar between IPCleg (Mean t: 16.0 ± 1.8 s), IPCremote (16.2 ± 1.7 s), and CON (16.0 ± 1.6 s; p = 0.50). No statistical differences in oxygen uptake (mean difference: 0%), heart rate (1.1%) nor muscle oxygen saturation of the vastus lateralis (4.7%) and biceps brachii (7.8%) between the three conditions were evident (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: IPC (3 × 5 min) of the legs (220 mm Hg) or arms (180–190 mm Hg; remote IPC) applied 45 min before 16 × 30 m repeated multidirectional running sprint exercise does not improve sprint performance, oxygen uptake, heart rate nor muscle oxygen saturation of the vastus lateralis muscle when compared to a control trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zinner
- Department of Sport Science, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Sport, University of Applied Sciences for Police and Administration of Hesse, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Dennis-Peter Born
- Department of Sport Science, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Department of Sport Science, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Marocolo IC, da Mota GR, Londe AM, Patterson SD, Barbosa Neto O, Marocolo M. Acute ischemic preconditioning does not influence high-intensity intermittent exercise performance. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4118. [PMID: 29204325 PMCID: PMC5712465 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the acute effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on a high-intensity intermittent exercise performance and physiological indicators in amateur soccer players. Thirteen players (21.5 ± 2 yrs) attended three trials separated by 3–5 days in a counterbalanced randomized cross-over design: IPC (4 × 5-min occlusion 220 mmHg/reperfusion 0 mmHg) in each thigh; SHAM (similar to the IPC protocol but “occlusion” at 20 mmHg) and control (seated during the same time of IPC). After 6-min of each trial (IPC, SHAM or control), the players performed the YoYo Intermittent Endurance Test level 2 (YoYoIE2). The distance covered in the YoYoIE2 (IPC 867 ± 205 m; SHAM 873 ± 212 m; control 921 ± 206 m) was not different among trials (p = 0.10), furthermore, lactate concentration and rate of perceived exertion did not differ (P > 0.05) among protocols. There were also no significant differences in either mean heart rate (HR) or peak HR (p > 0.05) for both IPC and SHAM compared to control. Therefore, we conclude that acute IPC does not influence high-intensity intermittent exercise performance in amateur soccer players and that rate of perceived exertion, heart rate and lactate do not differ between the intervention IPC, SHAM and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Coelho Marocolo
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - André Monteiro Londe
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- School of Sport, Health, and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Octávio Barbosa Neto
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Sabino-Carvalho JL, Lopes TR, Obeid-Freitas T, Ferreira TN, Succi JE, Silva AC, Silva BM. Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on Endurance Performance Does Not Surpass Placebo. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:124-132. [PMID: 27580156 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have reported ischemic preconditioning (IPC) can acutely improve endurance exercise performance in athletes. However, placebo and nocebo effects have not been sufficiently controlled, and the effect on aerobic metabolism parameters that determine endurance performance (e.g., oxygen cost of running, lactate threshold, and maximal oxygen uptake [V˙O2max]) has been equivocal. Thus, we circumvented limitations from previous studies to test the effect of IPC on aerobic metabolism parameters and endurance performance in well-trained runners. METHODS Eighteen runners (14 men/4 women) were submitted to three interventions, in random order: IPC; sham intervention (SHAM); and resting control (CT). Subjects were told both IPC and SHAM would improve performance compared to CT (i.e., similar placebo induction), and IPC would be harmless despite circulatory occlusion sensations (i.e., nocebo avoidance). Next, pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange, blood lactate concentration, and perceived effort were measured during a discontinuous incremental test on a treadmill. Then, a supramaximal test was used to verify the V˙O2max and assess endurance performance (i.e., time to exhaustion). RESULTS Ventilation, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output, lactate concentration, and perceived effort were similar among IPC, SHAM, and CT throughout the discontinuous incremental test (P > 0.05). Oxygen cost of running, lactate threshold, and V˙O2max were also similar among interventions (P > 0.05). Time to exhaustion was longer after IPC (mean ± SEM, 165.34 ± 12.34 s) and SHAM (164.38 ± 11.71 s) than CT (143.98 ± 12.09 s; P = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively), but similar between IPC and SHAM (P = 1.00). CONCLUSIONS IPC did not change aerobic metabolism parameters, whereas improved endurance performance. The IPC improvement, however, did not surpass the effect of a placebo intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeann L Sabino-Carvalho
- 1Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL; 2Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Olympic Center of Training and Research, São Paulo, BRAZIL; 3São Paulo Association for Medicine Development, São Paulo, BRAZIL; 4Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL; and 5Department of Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
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Ferreira TN, Sabino-Carvalho JLC, Lopes TR, Ribeiro IC, Succi JE, DA Silva AC, Silva BM. Ischemic Preconditioning and Repeated Sprint Swimming: A Placebo and Nocebo Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1967-75. [PMID: 27187105 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been shown to improve performance of exercises lasting 10-90 s (anaerobic) and more than 90 s (aerobic). However, its effect on repeated sprint performance has been controversial, placebo effect has not been adequately controlled, and nocebo effect has not been avoided. Thus, the IPC effect on repeated sprint performance was investigated using a swimming task and controlling placebo/nocebo effects. METHODS Short-distance university swimmers were randomized to two groups. One group (n = 15, 24 ± 1 yr [mean ± SEM]) was exposed to IPC (ischemia cycles lasted 5 min) and control (CT) (no ischemia); another (n = 15, 24 ± 1 yr) to a placebo intervention (SHAM) (ischemia cycles lasted 1 min) and CT. Seven subjects crossed over groups. Subjects were informed IPC and SHAM would improve performance compared with CT and would be harmless despite circulatory occlusion sensations. The swimming task consisted of six 50-m all-out efforts repeated every 3 min. RESULTS IPC, in contrast with SHAM, reduced worst sprint time (IPC, 35.21 ± 0.73 vs CT, 36.53 ± 0.72 s; P = 0.04) and total sprints time (IPC, 203.7 ± 4.60 vs CT, 206.03 ± 4.57 s; P = 0.02), moreover augmented swimming velocity (IPC, 1.45 ± 0.03 vs CT, 1.44 ± 0.03 m·s; P = 0.049). Six of seven subjects who crossed over groups reduced total sprints time with IPC versus SHAM (delta = -3.95 ± 1.49 s, P = 0.09). Both IPC and SHAM did not change blood lactate concentration (P = 0.20) and perceived effort (P = 0.22). CONCLUSION IPC enhanced repeated sprint swimming performance in university swimmers, whereas a placebo intervention did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago N Ferreira
- 1Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL; 2Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Olympic Center for Training and Research, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL; 3São Paulo Association for Medicine Development, São Paulo, BRAZIL; 4Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL; and 5Department of Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL
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Griffin PJ, Ferguson RA, Gissane C, Bailey SJ, Patterson SD. Ischemic preconditioning enhances critical power during a 3 minute all-out cycling test. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1038-1043. [PMID: 28686083 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1349923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that ischemic preconditioning (IPC) would increase critical power (CP) during a 3 minute all-out cycling test. Twelve males completed two 3 minute all-out cycling tests, in a crossover design, separated by 7 days. These tests were preceded by IPC (4 x 5 minute intervals at 220 mmHg bilateral leg occlusion) or SHAM treatment (4 x 5 minute intervals at 20 mmHg bilateral leg occlusion). CP was calculated as the mean power output during the final 30 s of the 3 minute test with W' taken as the total work done above CP. Muscle oxygenation was measured throughout the exercise period. There was a 15.3 ± 0.3% decrease in muscle oxygenation (TSI; [Tissue saturation index]) during the IPC stimulus, relative to SHAM. CP was significantly increased (241 ± 65 W vs. 234 ± 67 W), whereas W' (18.4 ± 3.8 vs 17.9 ± 3.7 kJ) and total work done (TWD) were not different (61.1 ± 12.7 vs 60.8 ± 12.7 kJ), between the IPC and SHAM trials. IPC enhanced CP during a 3 minute all-out cycling test without impacting W' or TWD. The improved CP after IPC might contribute towards the effect of IPC on endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Griffin
- a School of Sport, Health, and Applied Science , St. Mary's University , London , UK
| | - Richard A Ferguson
- b School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Conor Gissane
- a School of Sport, Health, and Applied Science , St. Mary's University , London , UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- b School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- a School of Sport, Health, and Applied Science , St. Mary's University , London , UK
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The Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning on Human Exercise Performance: A Counterpoint. Sports Med 2017; 46:1575-6. [PMID: 27459863 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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