Tinnitus caused by traumatic posterior auricular artery--internal jugular vein fistula

Carotid-Cavernous Fistula as a Complication of Facial Trauma: A Case Report

Posttraumatic carotid-cavernous fistula is a very rare complication that can occur in patients with craniomaxillofacial trauma. Symptoms involve headache, diplopia, ptosis of the upper lid, conjunctival chemosis, pulsating exophthalmos, and ophthalmoplegia. Diagnosis can be challenging because various pathologic entities can present with similar symptoms such as superior orbital fissure syndrome, orbital apex syndrome, retrobulbar hematoma, and cavernous sinus syndrome. However, accurate and early diagnosis is of utmost importance because treatment delay may lead to blindness or permanent neurologic deficits. In this article, a case of posttraumatic carotid-cavernous fistula that was twice misdiagnosed is presented.

Arteriovenous malformation and Color Doppler: posterior auricular artery

Arterio-venous malformations (AVM) are rare in head and neck region and are generally arise from intracranial vessels. We present a case of spontaneous AV malformation in the post auricular region with posterior auricular artery as the feeding vessel that was diagnosed by Color Doppler sonography.

Traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula: pathophysiology and treatment

Traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulae are rare yet potentially lethal vascular anomalies in the skull base seen after craniomaxillofacial trauma. This aberrant vascular communication has been extensively evaluated and classified, with a number of treatment modalities available to clinicians. The ultimate and definitive treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulae falls beyond the scope of craniomaxillofacial surgery. Nevertheless, clinicians treating patients with craniofacial injuries should have a complete understanding of this pathological entity, because urgent intervention may improve patient outcome.