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Karadaev M, Fasulkov I, Vasilev N, Atanasova S. The use of ultrasonographic measurement of the heart size and fetal heart rate variation for gestational age determination in local Bulgarian goats. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1736-1742. [PMID: 34236761 PMCID: PMC8464287 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Determination of gestational age in goats was performed using ultrasound measurements of different fetal biometric parameters. There are no data showing quadratic and exponential dependence between fetal heart parameters and gestational age. Objectives The objective of the present study was to test the significance of the defined indicators (fetal heart rate, longitudinal and transverse fetal heart axes) for determining gestational age in local Bulgarian goats. Methods A total of 24 pregnant local Bulgarian goats, aged between 2 and 5 years, body weight 42–50 kg were included in the study. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed weekly on gestational days 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49. After gestational day 49 until parturition, scans were performed biweekly. The data from the measurements were subjected to linear (y = a + bx), quadratic (y = aх2 + bх + c) and exponential (y = axn) correlation. Results: Average fetal heart rate values decreased with pregnancy progression. The coefficient of determination (R2) and standard error of estimate (SEE) of the heart rate indicator were 0.72, 0.75, 0.58 and 15.1, 14.4, 19.2 days, respectively, for the three correlations. Longitudinal diameter (long axis) had the following values for R2 = 0.94, 0.96, 0.96 and for SEE = 7.0, 5.5, 5.5 days, for the linear, quadratic and exponential correlations, respectively, while the values of the fetal heart transverse diameter (short axis) were higher than those of the external one (R2 = 0.95, 0.97, 0.97). Simultaneously, SEE is lower (SEE = 6.1, 4.9, 5.0 days) compared to
that found for the long heart fetal axis. Conclusions For precise estimation of gestational age, use of longitudinal (long) and transverse (short) axes is recommended. Fetal heart rate is not an exact indicator but can be used as a reference for gestational age along with changes in the heart size
and echogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manol Karadaev
- Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Reproductive Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Fasulkov
- Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Reproductive Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Nasko Vasilev
- Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Reproductive Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Stefka Atanasova
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Physics, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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SHINDE GAYATRI, INGAWALE MAHESHKUMAR, KURALKAR SHAILENDRA, BANKAR PRAVIN, ALI SAJID, HAJARE SUNIL, INGOLE RANJIT. Follicle stimulating hormone receptor gene polymorphism and its association with fecundity in goats. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i7.92055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pluriparous goats (73) in between second to fifth parity with history of breeding 30 days before were selected for present study. A real time B-mode ultrasonography machine equipped with a linear array 7.5 MHz transrectal scanner was used for diagnosis of early pregnancy and twinning in goats. Out of 73 goats, 40 were detected pregnant with 22 goats with single embryo and 18 goats with twin embryos. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood of all pregnant goats and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with FSHR gene specific primers was carried out. The PCR product for FSHR gene was digested by restriction enzyme MSCI. Two genotypes AA and AB having amplification size (214 bp, 90 bp) and (214 bp, 90 bp and 304 bp) were detected, respectively. In AA genotype, 21 single and 9 twins were observed while 1 single and 9 twin embryos were observed in AB genotype. The percentage of single and twins was 70% and 30% in AA genotype, and 10% and 90% in AB genotype. In AA genotype, the average litter size was 1.3 while in AB genotype it was 1.9 and the difference was statistially significant. The AB genotype for the FSHR gene is responsible for more twining percentage.
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Use Of Hormonal and Ultrasonographic Examinations to Determine the Fetal Number in Bulgarian Local Goats. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2018-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the fetal number in goats by using hormonal and ultrasonographic examinations. The experiments were conducted with 106 clinically healthy Bulgarian local goats, 1.5 to 7 years of age, weighing 35-52 kg. Hormonal examinations were performed on 24 goats. Serum progesterone concentrations were measured during a 7 days interval, between 21-63 day of pregnancy, and during a 14 days interval until the 133rd day of pregnancy. Ultrasound examinations were performed on 82 goats with a multi-frequency linear transducer (5.0-12.0 MHz). All animals were studied once during an interval of 7 days transrectally (21-28 day, 29-35 day, 36-42 day) and transabdominally (43-49 day, 50-56 day, 57-63 day), respectively. The accuracy of determining the number of singleton and multiple pregnancies by hormonal analysis were 51%, 58%, 69% and 47%, 52%, 62%, respectively. The accuracy of ultrasonography to determine the number of fetuses is highest in singletons 76.18%, followed by twins 72.56% and the lowest in triplets and more fetuses 21.43%. Highest accuracy, sensitivity and positive predictive diagnosis were established in the period 43-49 day of pregnancy (P<0.05). The obtained results show that the most appropriate period is between 42 and 49 day of pregnancy for determination of the fetal number in Bulgarian local goats using ultrasonography.
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Determination of gestational age by measuring defined embryonic and foetal indices with ultrasonography in Abaza and Gurcu goats. ACTA VET BRNO 2019. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201887040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine gestational age in Abaza and Gurcu goats by measuring certain embryonic and foetal indices with ultrasonography. A 5–7.5 MHz linear probe was used to obtain ultrasound measurements from 30 pregnant goats (10 Abaza and 20 Gurcu). Heart diameter (HD), biparietal diameter (BPD), crown-rump length (CRL), trunk diameter (TD) and placentome diameter (PD) were measured to determine gestational age. The mean of embryonic and foetal indices were calculated and linear regression was performed. Heart diameter measurements for Abaza and Gurcu goats were significantly different on days 45 (P= 0.048) and 60 (P= 0.019). Biparietal diameter values were significantly different on day 45 (P= 0.035). Crown-rump length measurements were significantly different at days 30 (P= 0.003) and 60 (P= 0.002). We determined that HD and TD were the best predictors of gestational age for Abaza goats (R2= 0.952, R2= 0.949, respectively), whereas HD and CRL were the best predictors of gestational age for Gurcu goats (R2= 0.933, R2= 0.942, respectively). Based upon our study results, these specific indices could be applied during ultrasonographic examinations of Abaza and Gurcu goats to confirm gestational age when the day of mating is unknown.
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Pregnancy associated protein and progesterone concentrations during early pregnancy in Sirohi goats. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kumar K, Chandolia RK, Kumar S, Pal M, Sandeep K. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis and antenatal fetal development in Beetal goats. Vet World 2015; 8:835-40. [PMID: 27047162 PMCID: PMC4774674 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.835-840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to compare two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) study of the pregnant uterus and antenatal development of the fetus. Materials and Methods: 2D and 3D ultrasound were performed from day 20 to 120 of gestation, twice in week from day 20 to 60 and once in week from day 60 to 120 of gestation on six goats. The ultrasonographic images were obtained using Toshiba, Nemio-XG (Japan) 3D ultrasound machine. Results: On the 20th day of gestation, earliest diagnosis of pregnancy was done. First 3D ultrasonographic image of the conceptus, through transabdominal approach, was obtained on day 24. On 39th day, clear pictures of conceptus, amniotic membrane, and umbilicus were seen. On 76th day of gestation, internal organs of fetus viz heart, kidney, liver, urinary bladder, and stomach were seen both in 2D and 3D images. 3D imaging showed better details of uterine structures and internal organs of the fetus. Conclusions: Comparing 3D images with 2D images, it is concluded that 2D was better in visualizing fluid while 3D images were better to view details of attachment of fetus with endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Chandolia
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Sarvan Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Madan Pal
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Kumar Sandeep
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Kouamo J, Sow A, Kalandi M, Sawadogo GJ. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive value and accuracy of ultrasonography in pregnancy rate prediction in Sahelian goats after progesterone impregnated sponge synchronization. Vet World 2014. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.744-748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Karen A, Samir H, Ashmawy T, El-Sayed M. Accuracy of B-mode ultrasonography for diagnosing pregnancy and determination of fetal numbers in different breeds of goats. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 147:25-31. [PMID: 24746553 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A total of 150 does of different breeds were used to evaluate the accuracy of transrectal (TRU) and transabdominal ultrasonography (TAU) for pregnancy diagnosis and fetal number estimation and to study the effect of breed and age of goats on the accuracy of ultrasonography. All does were scanned by TRU at days 17-22, 24-29 and 31-36 and by TAU at days 39-44 and 46-51 after breeding. The sensitivity (Se) of TRU for detecting pregnant does increased significantly (81.6% vs. 97.7%; P<0.0005) from days 17-22 to 24-29. There was a significant (P<0.05) effect of breed of goats on the specificity (Sp) of TAU for diagnosing non-pregnancy between days 39 and 51. In addition, there was a significant (P<0.01) effect of breed of goats on the Se and Sp of TRU for determination of does carrying multiples and singles, respectively, between days 24 and 36. The sensitivity of TAU for diagnosing pregnant does tended to be significantly (P=0.06) higher in young does (1.5-2 yr) than in older does (>2-9 yr) at days 39-44. The accuracy of TRU for determination of does carrying singles was significantly (P<0.05) higher in young does than that in older ones at days 24-29. In conclusions, TRU could be accurately used for early pregnancy diagnosis and fetal number estimation at days 24-29 and days 31-36, respectively, with accuracy similar to that of TAU at days 39-51. Furthermore, breed and age of does might influence the accuracy of ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis and fetal numbers estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aly Karen
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Haney Samir
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tarek Ashmawy
- Sheep & Goats Research Department, Animal Production Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Sayed
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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The accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography for early pregnancy diagnosis in Saanen goats: A pilot study. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Medan MS, Abd El-Aty A. Advances in ultrasonography and its applications in domestic ruminants and other farm animals reproduction. J Adv Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Amer HA. Ultrasonographic assessment of early pregnancy diagnosis, fetometry and sex determination in goats. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 117:226-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Karen AM, Fattouh ESM, Abu-Zeid SS. Estimation of gestational age in Egyptian native goats by ultrasonographic fetometry. Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 114:167-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Effect of exogenous insulin administration on ovarian function, embryo/fetal development during pregnancy in goats. Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 111:202-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Suguna K, Mehrotra S, Agarwal S, Hoque M, Singh S, Shanker U, Sarath T. Early pregnancy diagnosis and embryonic and fetal development using real time B mode ultrasound in goats. Small Rumin Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Capezzuto A, Chelini MOM, Felippe ECG, Oliveira CA. Correlation between serum and fecal concentrations of reproductive steroids throughout gestation in goats. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 103:78-86. [PMID: 17156948 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive techniques such as the measurement of fecal steroids are now widely used to monitor reproductive hormones in captive and free-ranging wild-life. These methods offer great advantages and deserve to be used in domestic animals. The aim of the present study was to determine the endocrine profile of dairy goats throughout pregnancy by the quantification of fecal progestins and estrogens and assess its correlation with serum concentrations. Blood and fecal samples were collected weekly from 11 adult, multiparous goats, from mating through pregnancy and 2 weeks post-partum. The extraction of estradiol and progesterone fecal metabolites was performed by dilution in ethanol. The radioimmunoassay (RIA) in solid phase was used to quantify serum 17beta-estradiol (estradiol) and progesterone, as well as their fecal metabolites. The mean concentrations of both fecal and serum estradiol started to increase between weeks 7 and 11, reached peak values near parturition and then decreased sharply (range: 19.8+/-5.8 ng/g of feces to 608.6+/-472.4 ng/g of feces and 0.007+/-0.005 ng/ml to 0.066+/-0.024 ng/ml). An increase in both fecal and blood progestagens occurred in the second week, mean concentrations remained greater until week 20, and then decreased in the last week of gestation and 2 weeks post-partum (range: 108.8+/-43.6 ng/g of feces to 3119.5+/-2076.9 ng/g of feces and 0.12+/-0.04 ng/ml to 13.10+/-4.29 ng/ml). The changes in blood and fecal hormone concentrations were analyzed and compared throughout gestation for each single goat, for each breed and for the whole group. Results indicated that matched values of serum and fecal hormone concentrations were correlated (r=0.79; p<0.001 for progesterone and r=0.84; p<0.001 for estradiol mean concentrations in the whole group). Regression analysis showed that logarithmic model allows significant prediction of serum from fecal concentrations with an R(2)=0.729 (y=0.013ln x-0.021) for estradiol and R(2)=0.788 (y=3.835ln x-18.543) for progesterone. Neither fecal nor serum concentrations were affected by the breed but a significant effect of the number of fetuses on progestin concentrations was found. Therefore, the profiles of progesterone and estradiol fecal metabolites reflect the serum concentrations of the same hormones in pregnant goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Capezzuto
- Hormone Quantification Laboratory, Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Medan MS, Watanabe G, Sasaki K, Groome NP, Sharawy S, Taya K. Follicular and Hormonal Dynamics during the Estrous Cycle in Goats. J Reprod Dev 2005; 51:455-63. [PMID: 16141645 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.17017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transrectal ultrasonography of ovaries was performed daily in 6 goats for 3 consecutive estrous cycles. Blood samples collected daily were measured for concentrations of FSH, inhibin A, and estradiol-17beta. Follicular and hormonal data were analyzed for associations between the follicular waves and hormonal concentrations. During the interovulatory intervals, follicular growth and regression occurred in a wave like pattern (2-5 waves), and the predominant patterns were three and four follicular waves. In addition, there was no significant difference among the diameters of dominant follicles during the growth phase of the follicular waves. The number of 3 mm follicles peaked on days 0, 7, and 11 in interovulatory intervals that had three follicular waves and on days -1, 5, 11, and 15 in those that had four follicular waves. Plasma concentrations of FSH increased around the day of follicular wave emergence and declined with the growth of follicles. Circulating FSH increased again concomitant with regression of dominant follicles in the anovulatory wave, whereas FSH levels remained low in the ovulatory wave. Inhibin A was negatively correlated with FSH, while it was positively correlated with estradiol-17beta, suggesting that inhibin A is a product of healthy growing follicles and that it contributes to the suppression of FSH secretion. In conclusion, the growth of ovarian follicles in goats exhibits a wave-like pattern, and follicular dominance is less apparent in goats. Moreover, inhibin A may be a key hormone for regulation of the follicular wave through suppression of FSH secretion in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Medan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
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