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Black MH, Helander J, Segers J, Ingard C, Bervoets J, de Puget VG, Bölte S. Resilience in the face of neurodivergence: A scoping review of resilience and factors promoting positive outcomes. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 113:102487. [PMID: 39178757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Neurodivergent individuals, including a range of conditions impacting neurological function, are at an increased likelihood of poor life outcomes, such as in functional adaptation, mental health, and well-being. Yet, many live meaningful and fulfilling lives. Resilience may provide some explanation for the heterogeneity in outcomes observed in neurodivergent populations. We conducted a scoping review embedded in a neurodiversity-affirmative approach to provide an understanding of resilience in neurodivergent populations. A total of 176 articles were included in this review and were synthesized using a two-phased process. First, findings were synthesized narratively to examine how resilience has been conceptualized and explored in neurodivergent populations. Second, to identify the bio-psycho-social factors important for resilience in neurodivergent individuals, we converted concepts identified in articles to the nomenclature of the World Health Organizations' International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) using a standardized linking process. We find considerable variability in how resilience is conceptualized and measured in neurodivergent populations. We identified 83 unique ICF categories representing resilience factors, of which only 20 appeared in more than 5% of the articles. Identified ICF categories highlight the importance of support systems such as families and friends, community participation and acceptance, and individual capabilities for resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Black
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johan Helander
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Habilitation and Health, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julie Segers
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cecilia Ingard
- Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Social Work and Criminology, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Jo Bervoets
- University of Antwerp, Department of Philosophy, Compost Collective, Belgium
| | | | - Sven Bölte
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Curtin Autism Research Group, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Zhao K, Tong S, Hong L, Yang S, Yang W, Xu Y, Fan Z, Zheng J, Yao K, Zheng T. Childhood trauma, peer victimization, and non-suicidal self-injury among Chinese adolescents: a latent variable mediation analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:436. [PMID: 37322505 PMCID: PMC10268482 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood and peer experiences can influence adolescents' perceptions of interpersonal relationships, which can, in turn, influence their emotional states and behavior patterns. Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is now a common problem behavior among adolescents. The present study examined the role of childhood trauma and peer victimization in adolescents' NSSI. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1783 adolescents (1464 girls and 318 boys) in the psychiatric outpatient clinics or wards of 14 psychiatric hospitals or general hospitals in nine provinces in China. Data were collected using the Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale (MPVS), Short-form Childhood Trauma Questionnaire(CTQ-SF), and Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM). Structural equation modeling (SEM) with latent variables was used to demonstrate the mediating role of peer victimization in the association between childhoodtrauma and NSSI. RESULTS The SEM analysis demonstrated that peer victimization plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between childhood trauma and NSSI. In addition, several covariates (such as age, gender, education level, and place of residence) effectively regulated the relationship between peer victimization and NSSI. CONCLUSION In future studies of NSSI among Chinese adolescents, attention should be paid to the roles of childhood trauma and peer bullying; there is a temporal sequence between these two variables and, to some extent, childhood trauma can have an impact on bullying during adolescence which, in turn, influences NSSI behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhao
- Lishui Second People’s Hospital Afliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 China
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorder, Wenzhou, 325000 China
| | - Siyu Tong
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 China
| | - Lan Hong
- The Third Hospital of Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000 China
| | - Shang Yang
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 China
| | - Wenyun Yang
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 China
| | - Yao Xu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 China
| | - Zilin Fan
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 China
| | - Jiaqi Zheng
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 China
| | - Keqing Yao
- Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
- Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, 77 Zhenbi Road, Pingshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518118 China
| | - Tiansheng Zheng
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorder, Wenzhou, 325000 China
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Drzał E, Banaszek A, Stanicki P, Wingralek Z. Self-mutilation in people with psychiatric diagnosis - literature review. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PSYCHIATRY 2023. [DOI: 10.12923/2353-8627/2023-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Self-mutilation is of an auto-aggressive nature. They take many forms. Usually they do not occur as an isolated phenomenon. Self-injuring persons often have a diagnosed mental disorder, and a psychiatric diagnosis is one of the risk factors for the occurrence of self-harm.
Material and method: In this study, articles were analyzed that contained information on the occurrence of various mental disorders. These articles searched for information on the occurrence of self-mutilation, its type, origin and causes.
Discussion: Self-mutilation is common in patients with a psychiatric diagnosis. The frequency of such behaviors can range from 33% to 50% in people with autism, up to 22%, and even 49% in people diagnosed with psychotic disorders. Acts of selfharm may affect 50-78% of people diagnosed with border-line personality disorder. In adolescents with eating disorders, 41% of patients report self-harm. In the group of people diagnosed with bipolar disorder, it may be as high as 77.3%. People with depression are also a large self-injuring group. It is reported that it may be up to 71.2% of patients with unipolar disorder.
Conclusions: Self-mutilation is a phenomenon that is more and more topical and common not only in the adolescent population. This is a multi-factorial issue. One of the risk factors are mental disorders. Self-mutineers choose various methods, and this choice depends, among others, on from recognition. The size of the phenomenon and its evolution make it necessary to study it in order to increase the level of knowledge, update information and, consequently, the ability to help people at risk of NSSI.
Keywords: self-mutilation, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, personality disorders
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Drzał
- I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Banaszek
- Student Research Group at the I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Stanicki
- Student Research Group at the I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Wingralek
- Student Research Group at the I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
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Moseley RL, Gregory NJ, Smith P, Allison C, Cassidy S, Baron-Cohen S. Non-suicidal self-injury and its relation to suicide through acquired capability: investigating this causal mechanism in a mainly late-diagnosed autistic sample. Mol Autism 2022; 13:45. [PMID: 36371252 PMCID: PMC9655904 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-022-00522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been linked with a higher risk of suicide attempts in autistic and non-autistic people. In the general population, NSSI may confer acquired capability for suicide by eroding one's fear and avoidance of pain and death. The present study aimed to explore acquired capability as the mediator of increased suicide risk conferred by NSSI in autistic and non-autistic adults. METHODS Autistic and non-autistic adults (n = 314, n = 312) completed an online survey exploring lifetime suicide attempts, experience with NSSI, and acquired capability for suicide. We explored relationships between lifetime incidence of NSSI and lifetime suicide attempts via three facets of acquired capability (pain tolerance, reduced fear of death, and mental rehearsal of suicide). In self-harming participants (224 autistic and 156 non-autistic), we explored whether particular types and features of NSSI might be especially associated with capability and through that with suicide: namely engagement in scratching, cutting, and self-hitting, and engaging in more numerous forms of NSSI. RESULTS While a higher frequency of NSSI was associated with all three facets of acquired capability, only reduced fear of death and mental rehearsal of suicide mediated an indirect relationship with lifetime suicide attempts. NSSI also directly predicted more numerous suicide attempts. Autistic people tended towards reduced fear of death and mental rehearsal regardless of NSSI status. Among self-harming autistic and non-autistic participants, cutting and an increased number of NSSI behaviours were associated with lifetime suicide attempts directly and indirectly via acquired capability. In both groups, self-hitting was associated with lifetime suicide attempts only via acquired capability. LIMITATIONS Our cross-sectional methodology negates inferences of directionality. While we controlled for age, our samples were poorly matched, with the autistic group two times older on average. The autistic sample, predominantly late-diagnosed, female and highly qualified, were unrepresentative of the whole autistic community. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that acquired capability, as measured herein, is an incomplete explanation for the association between NSSI and suicide risk. A broader construct with stable and transient facets may offer greater explanatory power, but it is probable that other variables explain or provide additional means through which this association arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Moseley
- grid.17236.310000 0001 0728 4630Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB UK
| | - Nicola J. Gregory
- grid.17236.310000 0001 0728 4630Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB UK
| | - Paula Smith
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carrie Allison
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Cassidy
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Calvo N, García-González S, Perez-Galbarro C, Regales-Peco C, Lugo-Marin J, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ferrer M. Psychotherapeutic interventions specifically developed for NSSI in adolescence: A systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 58:86-98. [PMID: 35325633 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a clinically significant behavior with high relevance and prevalence, especially affecting approximately 17-18% of the adolescent population worldwide. The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of the available Specific Psychotherapeutic Interventions (SPI) focused on the reduction of NSSI behaviors. A systematic review was performed analyzing PsychINFO, MEDLINE, Web of Science, PubMed and Cochrane CentralRegister of Controlled Trials to identify studies of interest from January 2010 to December 2020. According to PRISMA guidelines, only 13 studies were included in the review. Six SPI were found to specifically and significantly reduce NSSI in adolescents: Developmental Group Psychotherapy (DGP), Therapeutic Assessment (TA), Cutting Down Program (CDP), Emotional Regulation Individual Therapy for Adolescents (ERITA), Treatment for Self-Injurious Behaviors (T-SIB) and Intensive Contextual Treatment (ICT). Furthermore, relevant improvements in anxiety and depression symptoms were observed. The results of this review demonstrate the effectiveness of these interventions, mainly the CPD and T-SIB, which are the only SPI that have been studied using Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). Considering the clinical relevance and associated functional impairment of NSSI, more research is needed to replicate the results and to increase knowledge about SPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Calvo
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatry and Legal Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain; Grup TLP Barcelona.
| | - Sara García-González
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Citlalli Perez-Galbarro
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christina Regales-Peco
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Lugo-Marin
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep-Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatry and Legal Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain; Grup TLP Barcelona
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatry and Legal Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain; Grup TLP Barcelona
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Myers AK, Talbot CF, Del Rosso LA, Maness AC, Simmons SMV, Garner JP, Capitanio JP, Parker KJ. Assessment of medical morbidities in a rhesus monkey model of naturally occurring low sociality. Autism Res 2021; 14:1332-1346. [PMID: 33847078 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit a variety of medical morbidities at significantly higher rates than the general population. Using an established monkey model of naturally occurring low sociality, we investigated whether low-social monkeys show an increased burden of medical morbidities compared to their high-social counterparts. We systematically reviewed the medical records of N = 152 (n = 73 low-social; n = 79 high-social) rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) to assess the number of traumatic injury, gastrointestinal, and inflammatory events, as well as the presence of rare medical conditions. Subjects' nonsocial scores, determined by the frequency they were observed in a nonsocial state (i.e., alone), and macaque Social Responsiveness Scale-Revised (mSRS-R) scores were also used to test whether individual differences in social functioning were related to medical morbidity burden. Medical morbidity type significantly differed by group, such that low-social monkeys incurred higher rates of traumatic injury compared to high-social monkeys. Nonsocial scores and mSRS-R scores also significantly and positively predicted traumatic injury rates, indicating that monkeys with the greatest social impairment were most impacted on this health measure. These findings from low-social monkeys are consistent with well-documented evidence that people with ASD incur a greater number of traumatic injuries and receive more peer bullying than their neurotypical peers, and add to growing evidence for the face validity of this primate model. LAY SUMMARY: People with autism exhibit multiple medical problems at higher rates than the general population. We conducted a comprehensive medical record review of monkeys that naturally exhibit differences in sociality and found that low-social monkeys are more susceptible to traumatic injuries than high-social monkeys. These results are consistent with reports that people with autism also incur greater traumatic injury and peer bullying and add to growing evidence for the validity of this monkey model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Catherine F Talbot
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Laura A Del Rosso
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alyssa C Maness
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sierra M V Simmons
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Joseph P Garner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - John P Capitanio
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Karen J Parker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Koposov R, Stickley A, Ruchkin V. Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Incarcerated Adolescents: Prevalence, Personality, and Psychiatric Comorbidity. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:652004. [PMID: 34093271 PMCID: PMC8170036 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.652004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Incarcerated adolescents represent a risk group for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), but research on this population has been limited and no studies have been conducted in Russia. To address this deficit, this study examined NSSI and the factors associated with it among youth in a juvenile correctional facility in Russia. Methods: NSSI and psychopathology were assessed using a psychiatric interview and self-report questionnaire in 368 incarcerated male adolescents aged 14-19 years (mean age 16.4 years, S.D. 0.9) from Northern Russia. Results: 18.2% (N = 67) of the study participants had a history of NSSI and also had higher rates of anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, community violence exposure and scored higher on most of the Youth Self-Report problem scales. In addition, 31.3% of the NSSI group reported previous suicidal ideation and had thought about a specific suicide method compared to 12.0% in the No-NSSI group. Adolescents with NSSI also differed significantly from the No-NSSI group on self-directedness (lower) and self-transcendence (higher) personality traits. Conclusion: NSSI is common in incarcerated adolescents in Russia and is associated with extensive psychiatric comorbidity, suicidal ideation and specific personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Koposov
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Epidemiology and Modern Technologies of Vaccination, Institute of Professional Education, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrew Stickley
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.,Stockholm Center for Health and Social Change (SCOHOST), Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Vladislav Ruchkin
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Säter Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Säter, Sweden
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Steenfeldt-Kristensen C, Jones CA, Richards C. The Prevalence of Self-injurious Behaviour in Autism: A Meta-analytic Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:3857-3873. [PMID: 32297123 PMCID: PMC7557528 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Self-injurious behaviour is purportedly common in autism, but prevalence rates have not yet been synthesised meta-analytically. In the present study, data from 14,379 participants in thirty-seven papers were analysed to generate a pooled prevalence estimate of self-injury in autism of 42% (confidence intervals 0.38-0.47). Hand-hitting topography was the most common form of self-injury (23%), self-cutting topography the least common (3%). Sub-group analyses revealed no association between study quality, participant intellectual disability or age and overall prevalence rate of self-injury. However, females obtained higher prevalence rates than males (p = .013) and hair pulling and self-scratching were associated with intellectual disability (p = .008 and p = .002, respectively). The results confirm very high rates of self-injury in autism and highlight within group risk-markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Steenfeldt-Kristensen
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Children's Neurodevelopmental Service, Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership Trust, City of Coventry Health Centre, Paybody Building, 2 Stoney Stanton Road, Coventry, CV1 4FS, UK
| | - Chris A Jones
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Caroline Richards
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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