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Joshi U, Pandya M, Gupta S, George LB, Highland H. Extracellular Proteomic Profiling from the Erythrocytes Infected with Plasmodium Falciparum 3D7 Holds Promise for the Detection of Biomarkers. Protein J 2024; 43:819-833. [PMID: 39009910 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), which causes the most severe form of malaria, if left untreated, has 24 h window in which it can cause severe illness and even death. The aim of this study was to create the most comprehensive and informative secretory-proteome possible by combining high-accuracy and high-sensitivity protein identification technology. In this study, we used Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (Pf3D7) as the model parasite to develop a label-free quantification proteomic strategy with the main goal of identifying Pf3D7 proteins that are supposed to be secreted outside the infected erythrocytes in the spent media culture during the in-vitro study. The spent culture media supernatant was subjected to differential and ultra-centrifugation steps followed by total protein extraction, estimation, and in-solution digestion using trypsin, digested peptides were analyzed using Nano-LC coupled with ESI for MS/MS. MS/MS spectra were processed using Maxquant software (v2.1.4.0.). Non-infected erythrocytes incubated spent cultured media supernatant were considered as control. Out of discovered 38 proteins, proteins belonging to P. falciparum spp. were EGF-like protein (C0H544), Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP170 (C0H5H0), Small GTP-binding protein sar1 (Q8I1S0), Erythrocyte membrane protein 1, PfEMP1 (Q8I639), aldehyde reductase (Q8ID61), Conserved Plasmodium proteins (Q8IEH3, Q8ILD1), Antigen 332, DBL-like protein (Q8IHN4), Fe-S cluster assembly protein (Q8II78), identified and chosen for further in-depth investigation. This study highlights the value of secretory Plasmodium proteins play crucial roles in various aspects of the disease progression and host-pathogen interactions which can serve as diagnostic markers for malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urja Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
- Department of Zoology, BMTC, Human Genetics and WLC, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
| | - Maulik Pandya
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate change, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sharad Gupta
- Biological Engineering, IIT Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | - Linz-Buoy George
- Department of Zoology, BMTC, Human Genetics and WLC, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Hyacinth Highland
- Department of Zoology, BMTC, Human Genetics and WLC, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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2
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Silvestre A, Shintre SS, Rachidi N. Released Parasite-Derived Kinases as Novel Targets for Antiparasitic Therapies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:825458. [PMID: 35252034 PMCID: PMC8893276 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.825458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient manipulation of their host cell is an essential feature of intracellular parasites. Most molecular mechanisms governing the subversion of host cell by protozoan parasites involve the release of parasite-derived molecules into the host cell cytoplasm and direct interaction with host proteins. Among these released proteins, kinases are particularly important as they govern the subversion of important host pathways, such as signalling or metabolic pathways. These enzymes, which catalyse the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP onto serine, threonine, tyrosine or histidine residues to covalently modify proteins, are involved in numerous essential biological processes such as cell cycle or transport. Although little is known about the role of most of the released parasite-derived kinases in the host cell, they are examples of kinases hijacking host cellular pathways such as signal transduction or apoptosis, which are essential for immune response evasion as well as parasite survival and development. Here we present the current knowledge on released protozoan kinases and their involvement in host-pathogen interactions. We also highlight the knowledge gaps remaining before considering those kinases - involved in host signalling subversion - as antiparasitic drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Silvestre
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
- *Correspondence: Anne Silvestre, ; Najma Rachidi,
| | - Sharvani Shrinivas Shintre
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris and INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Najma Rachidi
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris and INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Anne Silvestre, ; Najma Rachidi,
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3
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Opadokun T, Rohrbach P. Extracellular vesicles in malaria: an agglomeration of two decades of research. Malar J 2021; 20:442. [PMID: 34801056 PMCID: PMC8605462 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a complex parasitic disease, caused by Plasmodium spp. More than a century after the discovery of malaria parasites, this disease continues to pose a global public health problem and the pathogenesis of the severe forms of malaria remains incompletely understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, have been increasingly researched in the field of malaria in a bid to fill these knowledge gaps. EVs released from Plasmodium-infected red blood cells and other host cells during malaria infection are now believed to play key roles in disease pathogenesis and are suggested as vital components of the biology of Plasmodium spp. Malaria-derived EVs have been identified as potential disease biomarkers and therapeutic tools. In this review, key findings of malaria EV studies over the last 20 years are summarized and critically analysed. Outstanding areas of research into EV biology are identified. Unexplored EV research foci for the future that will contribute to consolidating the potential for EVs as agents in malaria prevention and control are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosin Opadokun
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Petra Rohrbach
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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4
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Armijos-Jaramillo V, Mosquera A, Rojas B, Tejera E. The search for molecular mimicry in proteins carried by extracellular vesicles secreted by cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Commun Integr Biol 2021; 14:212-220. [PMID: 34527168 PMCID: PMC8437455 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2021.1972523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum secrete extracellular vesicles in order to facilitate the survival and infection of human cells. Various researchers have studied the composition of these extracellular vesicles and identified the proteins contained inside. In this work, we used that information to detect potential P. falciparum molecules that could be imitating host proteins. We carried out several searches to detect sequences and structural similarities between the parasite and host. Additionally, the possibility of functional mimicry was explored in line with the potential role that each candidate can perform for the parasite inside the host. Lastly, we determined a set of eight sequences (mainly moonlighting proteins) with a remarkable resemblance to human proteins. Due to the resemblance observed, this study proposes the possibility that certain P. falciparum molecules carried by extracellular vesicles could be imitating human proteins to manipulate the host cell's physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicio Armijos-Jaramillo
- Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- Grupo de Bio-Quimioinformática, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Mosquera
- Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Brian Rojas
- Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Tejera
- Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- Grupo de Bio-Quimioinformática, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
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5
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Gioseffi A, Edelmann MJ, Kima PE. Intravacuolar Pathogens Hijack Host Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis to Secrete Virulence Factors. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662944. [PMID: 33959131 PMCID: PMC8093443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered significant interest in recent years due to their contributions to cell-to-cell communication and disease processes. EVs are composed of a complex profile of bioactive molecules, which include lipids, nucleic acids, metabolites, and proteins. Although the biogenesis of EVs released by cells under various normal and abnormal conditions has been well-studied, there is incomplete knowledge about how infection influences EV biogenesis. EVs from infected cells contain specific molecules of both host and pathogen origin that may contribute to pathogenesis and the elicitation of the host immune response. Intracellular pathogens exhibit diverse lifestyles that undoubtedly dictate the mechanisms by which their molecules enter the cell’s exosome biogenesis schemes. We will discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms used during infection to traffic molecules from their vacuolar niche to host EVs by selected intravacuolar pathogens. We initially review general exosome biogenesis schemes and then discuss what is known about EV biogenesis in Mycobacterium, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Leishmania infections, which are pathogens that reside within membrane delimited compartments in phagocytes at some time in their life cycle within mammalian hosts. The review includes discussion of the need for further studies into the biogenesis of EVs to better understand the contributions of these vesicles to host-pathogen interactions, and to uncover potential therapeutic targets to control these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gioseffi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mariola J Edelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Peter E Kima
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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6
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Mwangi SJ, Gwela A, Mwikali K, Bargul JL, Nduati EW, Ndungu FM, Bejon P, Rayner JC, Abdi AI. Impact of Plasmodium falciparum small-sized extracellular vesicles on host peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16131.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exagerated immune activation has a key role in the pathogenesis of malaria. During blood-stage infection, Plasmodium falciparum can interact directly with host immune cells through infected red blood cells (PfiRBCs), or indirectly by the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we compared the impact of PfiRBCs and P. falciparum small-sized EVs (PfsEVs, also known as exosomes) from a Kenyan clinical isolate (PfKE12) adapted to short-term laboratory culture conditions on host peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Methods: PfsEVs were isolated from cell-free culture-conditioned media by ultracentrifugation while mature trophozoite PfiRBCs were purified by magnetic column separation. The PfsEVs and the PfiRBCs were co-cultured for 18 hours with PBMC. Cellular responses were quantified by cell surface expression of activation markers (CD25, CD69) and cytokine/chemokine levels in the supernatant. Results: Relative to negative control conditions, PfsEVs induced CD25 expression on CD4+, CD19+ and CD14+ cells, while PfiRBCs induced on CD19+ and CD14+ cells. Both PfsEVs and PfiRBCs induced CD69 on CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ cells. In addition, PfiRBCs induced higher expression of CD69 on CD14+ cells. CD69 induced by PfiRBCs on CD4+ and CD19+ cells was significantly higher than that induced by PfsEVs. Secretion of MIP1α, MIP1β, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα were significantly induced by both PfsEVs and PfiRBCs whereas MCP-1, IL-10, IL-17α were preferentially induced by PfsEVs and IP-10 and IFN-γ by PfiRBCs. Prior exposure to malaria (judged by antibodies to schizont extract) was associated with lower monocyte responses to PfsEVs. Conclusions: PfsEVs and PfiRBCs showed differential abilities to induce secretion of IL-17α and IFN-γ, suggesting that the former are better at inducing Th17, whilst the latter induce Th1 immune responses respectively. Prior exposure to malaria significantly reduces the ability of PfsEVs to activate monocytes, suggesting immune tolerance to PfsEVs may play a role in naturally acquired anti-disease immunity.
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7
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Rachidi N, Knippschild U, Späth GF. Dangerous Duplicity: The Dual Functions of Casein Kinase 1 in Parasite Biology and Host Subversion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:655700. [PMID: 33869086 PMCID: PMC8044801 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.655700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) family members are serine/threonine protein kinases that are involved in many biological processes and highly conserved in eukaryotes from protozoan to humans. Even though pathogens exploit host CK1 signaling pathways to survive, the role of CK1 in infectious diseases and host/pathogen interaction is less well characterized compared to other diseases, such as cancer or neurodegenerative diseases. Here we present the current knowledge on CK1 in protozoan parasites highlighting their essential role for parasite survival and their importance for host-pathogen interactions. We also discuss how the dual requirement of CK1 family members for parasite biological processes and host subversion could be exploited to identify novel antimicrobial interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najma Rachidi
- Unité de Parasitologie moléculaire et Signalisation, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Centre, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gerald F. Späth
- Unité de Parasitologie moléculaire et Signalisation, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
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8
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Yang B, Wang X, Jiang N, Sang X, Feng Y, Chen R, Wang X, Chen Q. Interaction Analysis of a Plasmodium falciparum PHISTa-like Protein and PfEMP1 Proteins. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:611190. [PMID: 33281807 PMCID: PMC7691434 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.611190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum extensively remodels host cells by translocating numerous proteins into the cytoplasm of red blood cells (RBCs) after invasion. Among these exported proteins, members of the Plasmodium helical interspersed subtelomeric (PHIST) family are crucial for host cell remodeling and host-parasite interactions, and thereby contribute to malaria pathogenesis. Herein, we explored the function of PF3D7_1372300, a member of the PHIST/PHISTa-like subfamily. PF3D7_1372300 was highly transcribed and expressed during the blood stage of P. falciparum, and distributed throughout RBCs, but most abundant at the erythrocyte membrane. Specific interaction of PF3D7_1372300 with the cytoplasmic tail of P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) was revealed by immunofluorescence assay, in vitro intermolecular interaction assays. The interaction sites of PF3D7_1372300 with PfEMP1 ATS domain were found involved more than 30 amino acids (aa) at several positions. The findings deepen our understanding of host-parasite interactions and malaria pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,College of Food Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,College of Basic Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
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9
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Nawaz M, Malik MI, Zhang H, Hassan IA, Cao J, Zhou Y, Hameed M, Hussain Kuthu Z, Zhou J. Proteomic Analysis of Exosome-Like Vesicles Isolated From Saliva of the Tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:542319. [PMID: 33194791 PMCID: PMC7642894 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.542319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), are considered as vehicles of cellular communication. Parasites usually release EVs in their excretory-secretory products to modulate host environment. However, little is known about the secretion of EVs by ticks. In this study, we show for the first time that the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis secretes EVs in saliva that resembles exosomes. EVs were purified from pilocarpine induced saliva of partially engorged H. longicornis ticks. Electron microscopy analysis revealed the presence of exosome-like vesicles with a size of 100 nm. Proteomic analysis by LC-MS/MS identified a total of 356 proteins in tick-derived EVs. Proteome data of tick-derived EVs was validated by Western blot analysis. Immunodetection of Hsp70 and GAPDH proteins indicated that the proteomics data of tick-derived EVs were highly reliable. Bioinformatics analysis (Gene Ontology) indicated association of certain biological and molecular functions with proteins which may be helpful during tick development. Likewise, KEGG database revealed involvement of vesicular proteins in proton transport, detoxification, ECM-receptor interaction, ribosome, RNA transport, ABC transporters, and oxidative phosphorylation. The results of this study provide evidence that EVs are being secreted in tick saliva and suggest that tick saliva-derived EVs could play important roles in host-parasite relationships. Moreover, EVs could be a useful tool in development of vaccines or therapeutics against ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Nawaz
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan Malik
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Houshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ibrahim A Hassan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mudassar Hameed
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zulfiqar Hussain Kuthu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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10
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Mwangi SJ, Gwela A, Mwikali K, Bargul JL, Nduati EW, Ndungu FM, Bejon P, Rayner JC, Abdi AI. Impact of Plasmodium falciparum small-sized extracellular vesicles on host peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Wellcome Open Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16131.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exagerated immune activation has a key role in the pathogenesis of malaria. During blood-stage infection, Plasmodium falciparum can interact directly with host immune cells through infected red blood cells (PfiRBCs), or indirectly by the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we compared the impact of PfiRBCs and P. falciparum small-sized EVs (PfsEVs, also known as exosomes) from a Kenyan clinical isolate (PfKE12) adapted to short-term laboratory culture conditions on host peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Methods: PfsEVs were isolated from cell-free culture-conditioned media by ultracentrifugation while mature trophozoite PfiRBCs were purified by magnetic column separation. The PfsEVs and the PfiRBCs were co-cultured for 18 hours with PBMC. Cellular responses were quantified by cell surface expression of activation markers (CD25, CD69) and cytokine/chemokine levels in the supernatant. Results: Relative to negative control conditions, PfsEVs induced CD25 expression on CD4+, CD19+ and CD14+ cells, while PfiRBCs induced on CD19+ and CD14+ cells. Both PfsEVs and PfiRBCs induced CD69 on CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ cells. In addition, PfiRBCs induced higher expression of CD69 on CD14+ cells. CD69 induced by PfiRBCs on CD4+ and CD19+ cells was significantly higher than that induced by PfsEVs. Secretion of MIP1α, MIP1β, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα were significantly induced by both PfsEVs and PfiRBCs whereas MCP-1, IL-10, IL-17α were preferentially induced by PfsEVs and IP-10 and IFN-γ by PfiRBCs. Prior exposure to malaria (judged by antibodies to schizont extract) was associated with lower monocyte responses to PfsEVs. Conclusions: PfsEVs and PfiRBCs showed differential abilities to induce secretion of IL-17α and IFN-γ, suggesting that the former are better at inducing Th17, whilst the latter induce Th1 immune responses respectively. Prior exposure to malaria significantly reduces the ability of PfsEVs to activate monocytes, suggesting immune tolerance to PfsEVs may play a role in naturally acquired anti-disease immunity.
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11
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Rapid activation of distinct members of multigene families in Plasmodium spp. Commun Biol 2020; 3:351. [PMID: 32620892 PMCID: PMC7334209 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomes of Plasmodium spp. encode a number of different multigene families that are thought to play a critical role for survival. However, with the exception of the P. falciparum var genes, very little is known about the biological roles of any of the other multigene families. Using the recently developed Selection Linked Integration method, we have been able to activate the expression of a single member of a multigene family of our choice in Plasmodium spp. from its endogenous promoter. We demonstrate the usefulness of this approach by activating the expression of a unique var, rifin and stevor in P. falciparum as well as yir in P. yoelii. Characterization of the selected parasites reveals differences between the different families in terms of mutual exclusive control, co-regulation, and host adaptation. Our results further support the application of the approach for the study of multigene families in Plasmodium and other organisms. Omelianczyk, Loh et al. activate the expression of a single member of a multigene family in Plasmodium spp. from its endogenous promoter, identifying differences between the different families. This study supports the application of the Selection Linked Integration method for studying multigene families in Plasmodium.
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12
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de Souza W, Barrias ES. Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles secreted by parasitic protozoa: cellular structures involved in the communication between cells. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2005-2023. [PMID: 32394001 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06691-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this review is a group of structures/organelles collectively known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are secreted by most, if not all, cells, varying from mammalian cells to protozoa and even bacteria. They vary in size: some are small (100-200 nm) and others are larger (> 200 nm). In protozoa, however, most of them are small or medium in size (200-400 nm). These include vesicles from different origins. We briefly review the biogenesis of this distinct group that includes (a) exosome, which originates from the multivesicular bodies, an important component of the endocytic pathway; (b) ectosome, formed from a budding process that takes place in the plasma membrane of the cells; (c) vesicles released from the cell surface following a process of patching and capping of ligand/receptor complexes; (d) other processes where tubules secreted by the parasite subsequently originate exosome-like structures. Here, special emphasis is given to EVs secreted by parasitic protozoa such as Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Trichomonas, and Giardia. Most of them have been characterized as exosomes that were isolated using several approaches and characterized by electron microscopy, proteomic analysis, and RNA sequencing. The results obtained show clearly that they present several proteins and different types of RNAs. From the functional point of view, it is now clear that the secreted exosomes can be incorporated by the parasite itself as well as by mammalian cells with which they interact. As a consequence, there is interference both with the parasite (induction of differentiation, changes in infectivity, etc.) and with the host cell. Therefore, the EVs constitute a new system of transference of signals among cells. On the other hand, there are suggestions that exosomes may constitute potential biotechnology tools and are important players of what has been designated as nanobiotechnology. They may constitute an important delivery system for gene therapy and molecular-displaying cell regulation capabilities when incorporated into other cells and even by interfering with the exosomal membrane during its biogenesis, targeting the vesicles via specific ligands to different cell types. These vesicles may reach the bloodstream, overflow through intercellular junctions, and even pass through the central nervous system blood barrier. There is evidence that it is possible to interfere with the composition of the exosomes by interfering with multivesicular body biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-900, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia and Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, CENABIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Emile S Barrias
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia and Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, CENABIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratorio de Metrologia Aplicada à Ciências da Vida, Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada à Ciências da Vida - Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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Babatunde KA, Yesodha Subramanian B, Ahouidi AD, Martinez Murillo P, Walch M, Mantel PY. Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Cellular Cross Talk in Malaria. Front Immunol 2020; 11:22. [PMID: 32082312 PMCID: PMC7005784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infection caused by the Plasmodium species is a complex disease in which a fine balance between host and parasite factors determine the disease severity. While in some individuals, the infection will trigger only a mild and uncomplicated disease, other individuals will develop severe complications which lead to death. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by infected red blood cells (iRBCs), as well as other host cells, are important regulators of the balance that determines the disease outcome. In addition, EVs constitute a robust mode of cell-to-cell communication by transferring signaling cargoes between parasites, and between parasites and host, without requiring cellular contact. The transfer of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA through EVs not only modulate the immune response, it also mediates cellular communication between parasites to synchronize the transmission stage. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding EV roles during malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Adebayo Babatunde
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Ambroise Dioum Ahouidi
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.,Institute for Health Research, Epidemiological Surveillance and Training (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Michael Walch
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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14
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Dacher M, Tachiwana H, Horikoshi N, Kujirai T, Taguchi H, Kimura H, Kurumizaka H. Incorporation and influence of Leishmania histone H3 in chromatin. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:11637-11648. [PMID: 31722422 PMCID: PMC7145708 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunopathologies caused by Leishmania cause severe human morbidity and mortality. This protozoan parasite invades and persists inside host cells, resulting in disease development. Leishmania modifies the epigenomic status of the host cells, thus probably averting the host cell defense mechanism. To accomplish this, Leishmania may change the host cell chromatin structure. However, the mechanism by which the parasite changes the host cell chromatin has not been characterized. In the present study, we found that ectopically produced Leishmania histone H3, LmaH3, which mimics the secreted LmaH3 in infected cells, is incorporated into chromatin in human cells. A crystallographic analysis revealed that LmaH3 forms nucleosomes with human histones H2A, H2B and H4. We found that LmaH3 was less stably incorporated into the nucleosome, as compared to human H3.1. Consistently, we observed that LmaH3-H4 association was remarkably weakened. Mutational analyses revealed that the specific LmaH3 Trp35, Gln57 and Met98 residues, which correspond to the H3.1 Tyr41, Arg63 and Phe104 residues, might be responsible for the instability of the LmaH3 nucleosome. Nucleosomes containing LmaH3 resisted the Mg2+-mediated compaction of the chromatin fiber. These distinct physical characteristics of LmaH3 support the possibility that histones secreted by parasites during infection may modulate the host chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Dacher
- Laboratory of Chromatin Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tachiwana
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Naoki Horikoshi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kujirai
- Laboratory of Chromatin Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Taguchi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Chromatin Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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15
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Kumar V, Behl A, Sharma R, Sharma A, Hora R. Plasmodium helical interspersed subtelomeric family-an enigmatic piece of the Plasmodium biology puzzle. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2753-2766. [PMID: 31418110 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) refurbishes the infected erythrocytes by exporting a myriad of parasite proteins to the host cell. A novel exported protein family 'Plasmodium Helical Interspersed Subtelomeric' (PHIST) has gained attention for its significant roles in parasite biology. Here, we have collected and analysed available information on PHIST members to enhance understanding of their functions, varied localization and structure-function correlation. Functional diversity of PHIST proteins is highlighted by their involvement in PfEMP1 (Pf erythrocyte membrane protein 1) expression, trafficking and switching. This family also contributes to cytoadherence, gametocytogenesis, host cell modification and generation of extracellular vesicles. While the PHIST domain forms the hallmark of this family, existence and functions of additional domains (LyMP, TIGR01639) and the MEC motif underscores its diversity further. Since specific PHIST proteins seem to form pairs with PfEMP1 members, we have used in silico tools to predict such potential partners in Pf. This information and our analysis of structural data on a PHIST member provide important insights into their functioning. This review overall enables readers to view the PHIST family comprehensively, while highlighting key knowledge gaps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Ankita Behl
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rachana Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Aanchal Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rachna Hora
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
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16
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Shears MJ, Sekhar Nirujogi R, Swearingen KE, Renuse S, Mishra S, Jaipal Reddy P, Moritz RL, Pandey A, Sinnis P. Proteomic Analysis of Plasmodium Merosomes: The Link between Liver and Blood Stages in Malaria. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3404-3418. [PMID: 31335145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pre-erythrocytic liver stage of the malaria parasite, comprising sporozoites and the liver stages into which they develop, remains one of the least understood parts of the lifecycle, in part owing to the low numbers of parasites. Nonetheless, it is recognized as an important target for antimalarial drugs and vaccines. Here we provide the first proteomic analysis of merosomes, which define the final phase of the liver stage and are responsible for initiating the blood stage of infection. We identify a total of 1879 parasite proteins, and a core set of 1188 proteins quantitatively detected in every biological replicate, providing an extensive picture of the protein repertoire of this stage. This unique data set will allow us to explore key questions about the biology of merosomes and hepatic merozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Shears
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , 615 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Raja Sekhar Nirujogi
- Department of Biological Chemistry , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , 733 N. Broadway , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States.,Institute of Bioinformatics , International Tech Park , Bangalore 560 066 , India
| | - Kristian E Swearingen
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue , North Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Santosh Renuse
- Department of Biological Chemistry , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , 733 N. Broadway , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Satish Mishra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , 615 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Panga Jaipal Reddy
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue , North Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Robert L Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue , North Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Biological Chemistry , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , 733 N. Broadway , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Photini Sinnis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , 615 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
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17
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Tuju J, Mackinnon MJ, Abdi AI, Karanja H, Musyoki JN, Warimwe GM, Gitau EN, Marsh K, Bull PC, Urban BC. Antigenic cartography of immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1). PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007870. [PMID: 31260501 PMCID: PMC6625739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally acquired clinical immunity to Plasmodium falciparum is partly mediated by antibodies directed at parasite-derived antigens expressed on the surface of red blood cells which mediate disease and are extremely diverse. Unlike children, adults recognize a broad range of variant surface antigens (VSAs) and are protected from severe disease. Though crucial to the design and feasibility of an effective malaria vaccine, it is not yet known whether immunity arises through cumulative exposure to each of many antigenic types, cross-reactivity between antigenic types, or some other mechanism. In this study, we measured plasma antibody responses of 36 children with symptomatic malaria to a diverse panel of 36 recombinant proteins comprising part of the DBLα domain (the 'DBLα-tag') of PfEMP1, a major class of VSAs. We found that although plasma antibody responses were highly specific to individual antigens, serological profiles of responses across antigens fell into one of just two distinct types. One type was found almost exclusively in children that succumbed to severe disease (19 out of 20) while the other occurred in all children with mild disease (16 out of 16). Moreover, children with severe malaria had serological profiles that were narrower in antigen specificity and shorter-lived than those in children with mild malaria. Borrowing a novel technique used in influenza-antigenic cartography-we mapped these dichotomous serological profiles to amino acid sequence variation within a small sub-region of the PfEMP1 DBLα domain. By applying our methodology on a larger scale, it should be possible to identify epitopes responsible for eliciting the protective version of serological profiles to PfEMP1 thereby accelerating development of a broadly effective anti-disease malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Tuju
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | - George M. Warimwe
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Evelyn N. Gitau
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kevin Marsh
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Britta C. Urban
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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18
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Demarta‐Gatsi C, Rivkin A, Di Bartolo V, Peronet R, Ding S, Commere P, Guillonneau F, Bellalou J, Brûlé S, Abou Karam P, Cohen SR, Lagache T, Janse CJ, Regev‐Rudzki N, Mécheri S. Histamine releasing factor and elongation factor 1 alpha secreted via malaria parasites extracellular vesicles promote immune evasion by inhibiting specific T cell responses. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13021. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Demarta‐Gatsi
- Institut PasteurUnité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites Paris France
- Department of Parasites and Insect vectors, Institut PasteurCNRS ERL9195 Paris France
- Department of Parasites and Insect vectors, Institut PasteurINSERM U1201 Paris France
| | - Anna Rivkin
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Institut Pasteur, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Department of ImmunologyINSERM U1221 Paris France
| | - Roger Peronet
- Institut PasteurUnité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites Paris France
- Department of Parasites and Insect vectors, Institut PasteurCNRS ERL9195 Paris France
- Department of Parasites and Insect vectors, Institut PasteurINSERM U1201 Paris France
| | - Shuai Ding
- Institut PasteurUnité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites Paris France
- Department of Parasites and Insect vectors, Institut PasteurCNRS ERL9195 Paris France
- Department of Parasites and Insect vectors, Institut PasteurINSERM U1201 Paris France
| | | | - François Guillonneau
- 3P5 proteomics Facility of the Université Paris DescartesInstitut Cochin Paris France
| | - Jacques Bellalou
- Platform of Recombinant ProteinsC2RT—Institut Pasteur Paris France
| | - Sébastien Brûlé
- Platform of Molecular BiophysicsInstitut Pasteur Paris France
| | - Paula Abou Karam
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Sidney R. Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research SupportWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Thibault Lagache
- Department of Biological SciencesColumbia University New York New York
| | - Chris J. Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, ParasitologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC) Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Neta Regev‐Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Salaheddine Mécheri
- Institut PasteurUnité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites Paris France
- Department of Parasites and Insect vectors, Institut PasteurCNRS ERL9195 Paris France
- Department of Parasites and Insect vectors, Institut PasteurINSERM U1201 Paris France
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19
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Abdi A, Yu L, Goulding D, Rono MK, Bejon P, Choudhary J, Rayner J. Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles from a Plasmodium falciparum Kenyan clinical isolate defines a core parasite secretome. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:50. [PMID: 28944300 PMCID: PMC5583745 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11910.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many pathogens secrete effector molecules to subvert host immune responses, to acquire nutrients, and/or to prepare host cells for invasion. One of the ways that effector molecules are secreted is through extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes. Recently, the malaria parasite P. falciparum has been shown to produce EVs that can mediate transfer of genetic material between parasites and induce sexual commitment. Characterizing the content of these vesicles may improve our understanding of P. falciparum pathogenesis and virulence. METHODS Previous studies of P. falciparum EVs have been limited to long-term adapted laboratory isolates. In this study, we isolated EVs from a Kenyan P. falciparum clinical isolate adapted to in vitro culture for a short period and characterized their protein content by mass spectrometry (data are available via ProteomeXchange, with identifier PXD006925). RESULTS We show that P. falciparum extracellular vesicles ( PfEVs) are enriched in proteins found within the exomembrane compartments of infected erythrocytes such as Maurer's clefts (MCs), as well as the secretory endomembrane compartments in the apical end of the merozoites, suggesting that these proteins play a role in parasite-host interactions. Comparison of this novel clinically relevant dataset with previously published datasets helps to define a core secretome present in Plasmodium EVs. CONCLUSIONS P. falciparum extracellular vesicles contain virulence-associated parasite proteins. Therefore, analysis of PfEVs contents from a range of clinical isolates, and their functional validation may improve our understanding of the virulence mechanisms of the parasite, and potentially identify targets for interventions or diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdirahman Abdi
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.,KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Lu Yu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin K Rono
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.,KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jyoti Choudhary
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julian Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Abdi A, Yu L, Goulding D, Rono MK, Bejon P, Choudhary J, Rayner J. Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles from a Plasmodium falciparum Kenyan clinical isolate defines a core parasite secretome. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [PMID: 28944300 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11910.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many pathogens secrete effector molecules to subvert host immune responses, to acquire nutrients, and/or to prepare host cells for invasion. One of the ways that effector molecules are secreted is through extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes. Recently, the malaria parasite P. falciparum has been shown to produce EVs that can mediate transfer of genetic material between parasites and induce sexual commitment. Characterizing the content of these vesicles may improve our understanding of P. falciparum pathogenesis and virulence. METHODS Previous studies of P. falciparum EVs have been limited to long-term adapted laboratory isolates. In this study, we isolated EVs from a Kenyan P. falciparum clinical isolate adapted to in vitro culture for a short period and characterized their protein content by mass spectrometry (data are available via ProteomeXchange, with identifier PXD006925). RESULTS We show that P. falciparum extracellular vesicles ( PfEVs) are enriched in proteins found within the exomembrane compartments of infected erythrocytes such as Maurer's clefts (MCs), as well as the secretory endomembrane compartments in the apical end of the merozoites, suggesting that these proteins play a role in parasite-host interactions. Comparison of this novel clinically relevant dataset with previously published datasets helps to define a core secretome present in Plasmodium EVs. CONCLUSIONS P. falciparum extracellular vesicles contain virulence-associated parasite proteins. Therefore, analysis of PfEVs contents from a range of clinical isolates, and their functional validation may improve our understanding of the virulence mechanisms of the parasite, and potentially identify targets for interventions or diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdirahman Abdi
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.,KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Lu Yu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin K Rono
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.,KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jyoti Choudhary
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julian Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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