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Potential zoonotic swine enteric viruses: The risk ignored for public health. Virus Res 2022; 315:198767. [PMID: 35421434 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Swine could serve as a natural reservoir for a large variety of viruses, including potential zoonotic enteric viruses. The presence of viruses with high genetic similarity between porcine and human strains may result in the emergence of zoonotic or xenozoonotic infections. Furthermore, the globalization and intensification of swine industries exacerbate the transmission and evolution of zoonotic viruses among swine herds and individuals working in swine-related occupations. To effectively prevent the public health risks posed by zoonotic swine enteric viruses, designing, and implementing a comprehensive measure for early diagnosis, prevention, and mitigation, requires interdisciplinary a collaborative ''One Health" approach from veterinarians, environmental and public health professionals, and the swine industry. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge of selected potential zoonotic swine enteric viruses and explored swine intensive production and its associated public health risks.
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Mwanga MJ, Verani JR, Omore R, Tate JE, Parashar UD, Murunga N, Gicheru E, Breiman RF, Nokes DJ, Agoti CN. Multiple Introductions and Predominance of Rotavirus Group A Genotype G3P[8] in Kilifi, Coastal Kenya, 4 Years after Nationwide Vaccine Introduction. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9120981. [PMID: 33255256 PMCID: PMC7761311 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9120981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, rotavirus group A (RVA) remains a major cause of severe childhood diarrhea, despite the use of vaccines in more than 100 countries. RVA sequencing for local outbreaks facilitates investigation into strain composition, origins, spread, and vaccine failure. In 2018, we collected 248 stool samples from children aged less than 13 years admitted with diarrheal illness to Kilifi County Hospital, coastal Kenya. Antigen screening detected RVA in 55 samples (22.2%). Of these, VP7 (G) and VP4 (P) segments were successfully sequenced in 48 (87.3%) and phylogenetic analysis based on the VP7 sequences identified seven genetic clusters with six different GP combinations: G3P[8], G1P[8], G2P[4], G2P[8], G9P[8] and G12P[8]. The G3P[8] strains predominated the season (n = 37, 67.2%) and comprised three distinct G3 genetic clusters that fell within Lineage I and IX (the latter also known as equine-like G3 Lineage). Both the two G3 lineages have been recently detected in several countries. Our study is the first to document African children infected with G3 Lineage IX. These data highlight the global nature of RVA transmission and the importance of increasing global rotavirus vaccine coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike J. Mwanga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, off Hospital Road, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (M.J.M.); (N.M.); (E.G.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Jennifer R. Verani
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), KEMRI Complex, off Mbagathi Way, Village Market, Nairobi 00621, Kenya;
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (J.E.T.); (U.D.P.)
| | - Richard Omore
- KEMRI, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kisumu 00202, Kenya;
| | - Jacqueline E. Tate
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (J.E.T.); (U.D.P.)
| | - Umesh D. Parashar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (J.E.T.); (U.D.P.)
| | - Nickson Murunga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, off Hospital Road, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (M.J.M.); (N.M.); (E.G.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Elijah Gicheru
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, off Hospital Road, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (M.J.M.); (N.M.); (E.G.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Robert F. Breiman
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - D. James Nokes
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, off Hospital Road, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (M.J.M.); (N.M.); (E.G.); (D.J.N.)
- School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Charles N. Agoti
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, off Hospital Road, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (M.J.M.); (N.M.); (E.G.); (D.J.N.)
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
- Correspondence:
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Emergence of rotavirus G9 in 2012, as the dominant genotype in Turkish children with diarrhea, in a university hospital in Ankara. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2019-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Rotavirus infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children with diarrhea throughout the world.
Material and Methods: In this study, we aimed to determine the detection rate of rotavirus infection in 181 children less than 5 years of age presenting with acute gastroenteritis and admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Ankara, Turkey, from April to November 2012. We documented the epidemiological data by elucidating the prevalent genotypes. Stool specimens were collected, and rotavirus antigen in the samples was detected using ELISA. G and P genotypes were determined by RT-PCR via type specific primers. The nucleotide sequence of the concerned genes was determined by Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was performed by neighbor-joining method.
Results: Of the 181 samples, 28 (15.5%) were positive for the rotavirus antigen. Twenty-seven samples were positive for G genotypes and 21 were positive for P genotypes. Genotypes G1 (7.1%), G2 (7.1%), G3 (7.1%), G4 (3.6%), G9 (71.5%) and P4 (3.6%), P8 (71.4%) were identified. Genotype G9P[8] (50%) was predominant in the combination of G and P genotypes. Most of the G9 strains of this study formed an independent cluster in Lineage III, except two strains which clustered with an Ethiopian G9 strain of 2012.
Conclusions: It seems that during 2012 season, genotype G9P[8] increased significantly in Ankara due to a new circulating strain of G9.
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