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Matsumura S, Miyakita M, Miyamori H, Kyo S, Shima D, Yokokawa T, Ishikawa F, Sasaki T, Jinno T, Tanaka J, Goto T, Momma K, Ishihara K, Berdeaux R, Inoue K. Stimulation of G s signaling in MC4R cells by DREADD increases energy expenditure, suppresses food intake, and increases locomotor activity in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E436-E445. [PMID: 35344393 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00439.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) plays an important role in the regulation of appetite and energy expenditure in humans and rodents. Impairment of MC4R signaling causes severe obesity. MC4R mainly couples to the G-protein Gs. Ligand binding to MC4R activates adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased intracellular cAMP levels. cAMP acts as a secondary messenger, regulating various cellular processes. MC4R can also couple with Gq and other signaling pathways. Therefore, the contribution of MC4R/Gs signaling to energy metabolism and appetite remains unclear. To study the effect of Gs signaling activation in MC4R cells on whole body energy metabolism and appetite, we generated a novel mouse strain that expresses a Gs-coupled designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs [Gs-DREADD (GsD)] selectively in MC4R-expressing cells (GsD-MC4R mice). Chemogenetic activation of the GsD by a designer drug [deschloroclozapine (DCZ); 0.01∼0.1 mg/kg body wt] in MC4R-expressing cells significantly increased oxygen consumption and locomotor activity. In addition, GsD activation significantly reduced the respiratory exchange ratio, promoting fatty acid oxidation, but did not affect core (rectal) temperature. A low dose of DCZ (0.01 mg/kg body wt) did not suppress food intake, but a high dose of DCZ (0.1 mg/kg body wt) suppressed food intake in MC4R-GsD mice, although either DCZ dose (0.01 or 0.1 mg/kg body wt) did not affect food intake in the control mice. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that the stimulation of Gs signaling in MC4R-expressing cells increases energy expenditure and locomotor activity and suppresses appetite.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report that Gs signaling in melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R)-expressing cells regulates energy expenditure, appetite, and locomotor activity. These findings shed light on the mechanism underlying the regulation of energy metabolism and locomotor activity by MC4R/cAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenobu Matsumura
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motoki Miyakita
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruka Miyamori
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satomi Kyo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shima
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takumi Yokokawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fuka Ishikawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Jinno
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jin Tanaka
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Momma
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kengo Ishihara
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Rebecca Berdeaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Kazuo Inoue
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Denommé M, Deakin JE, Morbey YE, Guglielmo CG. Using breath δ 13C analysis to determine the effects of dietary carbohydrate and protein on glucose and leucine oxidation at rest in the yellow-rumped warbler (Setophaga coronata). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 256:110936. [PMID: 33713811 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fat is the major fuel for migratory flight of birds, but protein is also catabolized. Flight range could be reduced if protein is used too quickly from muscles and organs, and it is important to understand factors that influence protein catabolism. Previous correlative studies suggested high protein diets may increase protein use in flight, although a wind tunnel study with yellow-rumped warblers (Setophaga coronata) did not support this relationship. We tested the hypothesis that diet composition affects nutrient oxidation in resting, fasted yellow-rumped warblers. For method development, we gavaged or subcutaneously injected warblers with 13C labelled glucose or leucine, and measured δ13C of breath CO2 in real time using infrared laser spectrometry. Regardless of route of administration, leucine had greater instantaneous and cumulative oxidation than glucose. Compared to subcutaneous injection, gavaged birds reached maximum oxidation rate faster for leucine and glucose, respectively, had a higher maximum oxidation rate, and reached final cumulative oxidation approximately faster for leucine or glucose, respectively, indicating immediate oxidation of the substrates by the digestive system. Warblers (N = 10 each) were fed isocaloric 60% carbohydrate or 60% protein diets for minimum 2 weeks, and subcutaneously injected with 13C labelled glucose or leucine. Diet composition had little effect on oxidation kinetics except that warblers fed high-carbohydrate reached final cumulative oxidation of leucine more quickly than those fed high-protein. The findings do not support the hypothesis that high protein diets increase the oxidation of protein during negative energy states in migratory birds, and provide methodology that could be applied to test it in flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Denommé
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5B7, Canada.
| | - Jessica E Deakin
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5B7, Canada
| | - Yolanda E Morbey
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5B7, Canada
| | - Christopher G Guglielmo
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5B7, Canada
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Taniguchi H, Akiyama N, Ishihara K. Hepatic Fat Content Is Associated with Fasting-Induced Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Secretion in Mice Fed Soy Proteins. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2020; 65:515-525. [PMID: 31902865 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.65.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels are elevated in patients with fatty liver, while fasting-induced secretion of FGF21 is lower in obese patients. It has been reported that soy protein prevents hepatic fat accumulation and induces FGF21 secretion. The present study was designed to evaluate the response of circulating FGF21 levels to feeding and fasting in mice fed soy protein-rich diets. For this, C57BL/6J mice were distributed into control, high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS)-casein protein, HFHS-soy protein, and HFHS-β-conglycinin diet groups. Plasma samples were collected after 10 and 11 wk either in dark periods with feeding conditions or light periods under fasting conditions using a crossover design. After a 12-wk period of feeding, HFHS-induced hepatic fat accumulation was significantly reduced in the groups fed HFHS-soy protein and HFHS-β-conglycinin as compared to that in the HFHS-casein-fed group (p<0.05). Plasma FGF21 concentration was significantly higher in the dark/feeding periods in the HFHS-casein group (p<0.05), while in the HFHS-β-conglycinin group it was higher in the light/fasting periods (p<0.05). The amount of mesenteric fat was significantly lower in the HFHS-β-conglycinin group than in the HFHS-casein and HFHS-soy protein groups (p<0.01). The fasting-induced FGF21 secretion was significantly and negatively correlated with hepatic fat content (p<0.05). The present study revealed that hepatic fat accumulation was associated with lower fasting-induced FGF21 secretion, which was regulated better by dietary intake of soy protein. These results support the preventive effects of soy protein on central obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Taniguchi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University.,Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University
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4
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Matsumura S, Odanaka M, Ishikawa F, Sasaki T, Manio MCC, Fushiki T, Inoue K. Chronic high corticosterone with voluntary corn oil ingestion induces significant body weight gain in mice. Physiol Behav 2019; 204:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Taniguchi H, Akiyama N, Ishihara K. Effects of dietary protein contents and habitual endurance exercise on supplemental leucine oxidation in mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 83:728-737. [PMID: 30582438 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1559026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary protein contents and regular exercise on the oxidation of supplemented leucine were examined. In the short-term study, male BALB/cCrSlc mice were fed diets containing 0, 10, 20, 35, and 60% protein: energy ratios for 1 week. In the long-term study, exercised and sedentary mice were fed diets containing 20, 35, and 60% protein ratios for 9 weeks. After the feeding periods, the mice were a bolus administered oral supplements of l-[1-13C] leucine. Expired gas was analyzed, and oxidized leucine was expressed as a relative 13CO2/12CO2 ratio. In the short-term study, the peak 13CO2/12CO2 ratio significantly increased with diet protein concentrations. Moreover, the long-term study also showed that the peak 13CO2/12CO2 ratio was significantly increased by high protein diets in both exercised and sedentary mice. Our results indicate that supplemental leucine oxidation is associated with consumption of a high-protein diet, irrespective of exercise status. Abbreviations: AUC: area under the curve; EX: exercise; RQ: respiratory quotient; SED: sedentary; VO2/W: oxygen uptake per body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Taniguchi
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan.,b Faculty of Agriculture , Ryukoku University , Shiga , Japan
| | - Nao Akiyama
- b Faculty of Agriculture , Ryukoku University , Shiga , Japan
| | - Kengo Ishihara
- b Faculty of Agriculture , Ryukoku University , Shiga , Japan
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Fujitani M, Matsumura S, Masuda D, Yamashita S, Fushiki T, Inoue K. CD36, but not GPR120, is required for efficient fatty acid utilization during endurance exercise. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1871-8. [PMID: 25070011 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.940835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FA) are an important energy source during exercise. In addition to its role as an energy supply for skeletal muscle, FA may activate signaling pathways that regulate gene expression. FA translocase/cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and G protein-coupled receptor GPR120 are long-chain FA receptors. In this study, we investigated the impact of CD36 or GPR120 deletion on energy metabolism during exercise. CD36 has been reported to facilitate cellular transport and oxidation of FA during endurance exercise. We show that CD36 deletion decreased exogenous FA oxidation during exercise, using a combination of (13)C-labeled FA oxidation measurement and indirect calorimetry. In contrast, GPR120 deletion had no observable effect on energy metabolism during exercise. Our results further substantiate that CD36-mediated FA transport plays an essential role in efficient FA oxidation during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Fujitani
- a Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Sakyou-ku , Japan
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Ariyasu H, Yamada G, Iwakura H, Matsumura S, Inoue K, Kangawa K, Nakao K, Akamizu T. Reduction in circulating ghrelin concentration after maturation does not affect food intake. Endocr J 2014; 61:1041-52. [PMID: 25029956 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej14-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin has a potent orexigenic effect and induces adiposity when administered exogenously. Since plasma ghrelin levels rise before meals, ghrelin was thought to play a crucial role in the regulation of appetite. In contrast, mice deficient in the production of ghrelin or the corresponding receptor, GHS-R, do not eat less, throwing the role of ghrelin in the regulation of energy homeostasis into question. Since these mice lack ghrelin or GHS-R from the time of conception, the possibility that compensatory mechanisms may have arisen during development cannot be ruled out. In this study, we used a transgenic mouse model that expresses human diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor cDNA under the control of the ghrelin promoter (GPDTR-Tg mice). As previously reported, an injection of DT into this mouse model ablates ghrelin-secreting cells in the stomach but not in the hypothalamus, resulting in a reduction in circulating ghrelin levels. We used this model system to evaluate the physiological roles of circulating ghrelin in the regulation of food intake. Meal patterns, diurnal and nocturnal meal sizes, and cumulative food intake of DT-treated GPDTR-Tg mice were not affected, although circulating ghrelin levels markedly decreased even after fasting. These mice also displayed normal responses to starvation; however, the use of fat increased and slower weight gain when maintained on a high fat diet was observed. Together, these data suggest that circulating ghrelin does not play a crucial role in feeding behavior, but rather is involved in maintaining body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ariyasu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Molenaar R, van den Borne JJGC, Hazejager E, Kristensen NB, Heetkamp MJW, Meijerhof R, Kemp B, van den Brand H. High environmental temperature increases glucose requirement in the developing chicken embryo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59637. [PMID: 23560054 PMCID: PMC3613386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental conditions during the perinatal period influence metabolic and developmental processes in mammals and avian species, which could impact pre- and postnatal survival and development. The current study investigated the effect of eggshell temperature (EST) on glucose metabolism in broiler chicken embryos. Broiler eggs were incubated at a high (38.9°C) or normal (37.8°C) EST from day 10.5 of incubation onward and were injected with a bolus of [U-(13)C]glucose in the chorio-allantoic fluid at day 17.5 of incubation. After [U-(13)C]glucose administration, (13)C enrichment was determined in intermediate pools and end-products of glucose metabolism. Oxidation of labeled glucose occurred for approximately 3 days after injection. Glucose oxidation was higher in the high than in the normal EST treatment from day 17.6 until 17.8 of incubation. The overall recovery of (13)CO2 tended to be 4.7% higher in the high than in the normal EST treatment. An increase in EST (38.9°C vs 37.8°C) increased (13)C enrichment in plasma lactate at day 17.8 of incubation and (13)C in hepatic glycogen at day 18.8 of incubation. Furthermore, high compared to normal EST resulted in a lower yolk-free body mass at day 20.9 (-2.74 g) and 21.7 (-3.81 g) of incubation, a lower hepatic glycogen concentration at day 18.2 (-4.37 mg/g) and 18.8 (-4.59 mg/g) of incubation, and a higher plasma uric acid concentration (+2.8 mg/mL/+43%) at day 21.6 of incubation. These results indicate that the glucose oxidation pattern is relatively slow, but the intensity increased consistently with an increase in developmental stage of the embryo. High environmental temperatures in the perinatal period of chicken embryos increased glucose oxidation and decreased hepatic glycogen prior to the hatching process. This may limit glucose availability for successful hatching and could impact body development, probably by increased gluconeogenesis from glucogenic amino acids to allow anaerobic glycolysis.
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9
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Electrolyte-free milk protein solution influences sodium and fluid retention in rats. J Nutr Sci 2013; 2:e8. [PMID: 25191594 PMCID: PMC4153017 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2012.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is an effective post-exercise rehydration drink that maintains the net positive
fluid balance. However, it is unclear which components are responsible for this effect. We
assessed the effect of milk protein solution (MPS) obtained by dialysis on body fluid
retention. Milk, MPS, milk electrolyte solution (MES), sports drink and water were
administered to male Wistar rats at a dose of 6 ml/rat after treadmill exercise. Total
body fluid retention was assessed by urine volume 4 h after administration of hydrating
liquids. The rate of gastric emptying was evaluated by a tracer method using
13C-labelled acetate. Plasma osmolality, Na and K levels, and urinary Na and K
were measured by HPLC and osmometry, respectively. The gastric emptying rate was not
delayed by MPS. During 4 h of rehydration, cumulative urine volumes differed significantly
between treatment groups (P < 0·05) with 4·9, 2·2 and 3·4 ml from
water-, milk- and MPS-fed rats, respectively. Thus, MPS elicited 50 % of the total body
fluid retention of milk. Plasma aldosterone levels were significantly higher in MPS- and
milk-fed rats compared with water-fed rats. Plasma osmolality was maintained at higher
levels in MPS-fed rats than in water- and MES-fed rats (P < 0·05).
Cumulative urine Na excretion was also suppressed in the milk- and MPS-fed groups compared
with the MES-fed group. Our results demonstrate that MPS obtained by dialysis clearly
affects net body water balance without affecting gastric emptying after exercise. This
effect was attributed to retention of Na and water, and maintenance of plasma
osmolality.
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MORI N, KURATA M, YAMAZAKI H, HOSOKAWA H, NADAMOTO T, INOUE K, FUSHIKI T. Intragastric Administration of Allyl Isothiocyanate Reduces Hyperglycemia in Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test (IPGTT) by Enhancing Blood Glucose Consumption in Mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2013; 59:56-63. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.59.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mori N, Kawabata F, Matsumura S, Hosokawa H, Kobayashi S, Inoue K, Fushiki T. Intragastric administration of allyl isothiocyanate increases carbohydrate oxidation via TRPV1 but not TRPA1 in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 300:R1494-505. [PMID: 21430076 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00645.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family is composed of a wide variety of cation-permeable channels activated polymodally by various stimuli and is implicated in a variety of cellular functions. Recent investigations have revealed that activation of TRP channels is involved not only in nociception and thermosensation but also in thermoregulation and energy metabolism. We investigated the effect of intragastric administration of TRP channel agonists on changes in energy substrate utilization of mice. Intragastric administration of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC; a typical TRPA1 agonist) markedly increased carbohydrate oxidation but did not affect oxygen consumption. To examine whether TRP channels mediate this increase in carbohydrate oxidation, we used TRPA1 and TRPV1 knockout (KO) mice. Intragastric administration of AITC increased carbohydrate oxidation in TRPA1 KO mice but not in TRPV1 KO mice. Furthermore, AITC dose-dependently increased intracellular calcium ion concentration in cells expressing TRPV1. These findings suggest that AITC might activate TRPV1 and that AITC increased carbohydrate oxidation via TRPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Mori
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Japan
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12
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Tracking the Oxidative and Nonoxidative Fates of Isotopically Labeled Nutrients in Animals. Bioscience 2011. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Ontogeny and Nutritional Status Influence Oxidative Kinetics of Nutrients and Whole-Animal Bioenergetics in Zebra Finches,Taeniopygia guttata: New Applications for13C Breath Testing. Physiol Biochem Zool 2011; 84:32-42. [DOI: 10.1086/657285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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McCue MD, Sivan O, McWilliams SR, Pinshow B. Tracking the oxidative kinetics of carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids in the house sparrow using exhaled 13CO2. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:782-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.039842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Clinicians commonly measure the 13CO2 in exhaled breath samples following administration of a metabolic tracer (breath testing) to diagnose certain infections and metabolic disorders. We believe that breath testing can become a powerful tool to investigate novel questions about the influence of ecological and physiological factors on the oxidative fates of exogenous nutrients. Here we examined several predictions regarding the oxidative kinetics of specific carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids in a dietary generalist, the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). After administering postprandial birds with 20 mg of one of seven 13C-labeled tracers, we measured rates of 13CO2 production every 15 min over 2 h. We found that sparrows oxidized exogenous amino acids far more rapidly than carbohydrates or fatty acids, and that different tracers belonging to the same class of physiological fuels had unique oxidative kinetics. Glycine had a mean maximum rate of oxidation (2021 nmol min−1) that was significantly higher than that of leucine (351 nmol min−1), supporting our prediction that nonessential amino acids are oxidized more rapidly than essential amino acids. Exogenous glucose and fructose were oxidized to a similar extent (5.9% of dose), but the time required to reach maximum rates of oxidation was longer for fructose. The maximum rates of oxidation were significantly higher when exogenous glucose was administered as an aqueous solution (122 nmol min−1), rather than as an oil suspension (93 nmol min−1), supporting our prediction that exogenous lipids negatively influence rates of exogenous glucose oxidation. Dietary fatty acids had the lowest maximum rates of oxidation (2-6 nmol min−1), and differed significantly in the extent to which each was oxidized, with 0.73%, 0.63% and 0.21% of palmitic, oleic and stearic acid tracers oxidized, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. D. McCue
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - O. Sivan
- Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - S. R. McWilliams
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, 1 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - B. Pinshow
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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Matsumura S, Saitou K, Miyaki T, Yoneda T, Mizushige T, Eguchi A, Shibakusa T, Manabe Y, Tsuzuki S, Inoue K, Fushiki T. Mercaptoacetate inhibition of fatty acid β-oxidation attenuates the oral acceptance of fat in BALB/c mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R82-91. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00060.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of β-oxidation inhibition on the fat ingestive behavior of BALB/c mice. Intraperitoneal administration to mice of mercaptoacetate, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, significantly suppressed intake of corn oil but not intake of sucrose solution or laboratory chow. To further examine the effect of mercaptoacetate on the acceptability of corn oil in the oral cavity, we examined short-term licking behavior. Mercaptoacetate significantly and specifically decreased the number of licks of corn oil within a 60-s period but did not affect those of a sucrose solution, a monosodium glutamate solution, or mineral oil. In contrast, the administration of 2-deoxyglucose, an inhibitor of glucose metabolism, did not affect the intake or short-term licking counts of any of the tasted solutions. These findings suggest that fat metabolism is involved in the mechanism underlying the oral acceptance of fat as an energy source.
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Ishihara K, Fukuchi Y, Mizunoya W, Mita Y, Fukuya Y, Fushiki T, Yasumoto K. Amino acid composition of soybean protein increased postprandial carbohydrate oxidation in diabetic mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2004; 67:2505-11. [PMID: 14730126 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.67.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effects of an amino acid mixture simulating dietary soybean protein on the postprandial energy metabolism was investigated using type II diabetic mice. KK-A(y) strain mice were fed restrictive isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets (35% of energy as protein and 5% as fat) based on either casein, soybean protein isolate hydrolysate (SPI-H), SPI-HET (ethanol unsoluble fraction of SPI-H), SPI-AA and casein-AA (amino acid mixtures simulating SPI-H and casein). To measure dietary carbohydrate oxidation, the animals were fed a diet containing (13)C-glucose. Postprandial respiratory quotient and expired (13)CO(2) were higher in the SPI-AA than in the casein-AA group, as the differences were similarly observed in mice fed SPI-H and casein diet. No significant differences were observed in the postprandial respiratory quotient and expired (13)CO(2) between the SPI-H and SPI-HET group. In conclusion, this study on food-restricted mice indicates that the amino acid mixtures simulating SPI-H or casein could affect postprandial energy metabolism in diabetic mice, as observed in those fed SPI-H or casein in the form of peptide or protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Ishihara
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Ishihara K, Oyaizu S, Fukuchi Y, Mizunoya W, Segawa K, Takahashi M, Mita Y, Fukuya Y, Fushiki T, Yasumoto K. A soybean peptide isolate diet promotes postprandial carbohydrate oxidation and energy expenditure in type II diabetic mice. J Nutr 2003; 133:752-7. [PMID: 12612148 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.3.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of dietary proteins on the oxidation of dietary carbohydrate and lipids in type II diabetic mice. KK-A(y) strain mice were provided free access to a high fat diet (30% of energy as fat) for an initial 4-wk period to induce diabetes. To reduce body weight gain, the mice were subsequently fed restrictive isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets (35% of energy as protein and 5% as fat) based on either casein or soy protein isolate hydrolysate (SPI-H) for 4 wk. To measure exogenous carbohydrate and lipid oxidation, the mice were fed a diet containing (13)C-glucose or (13)C-triolein while they were in a respiratory chamber for 72 h. Postprandial energy expenditure was higher in the SPI-H than in the casein group; this difference was due to an increase in postprandial exogenous and endogenous carbohydrate oxidation. There were no differences in 24-h energy expenditure between dietary groups. Oxidation of exogenous carbohydrate tended to be higher (P = 0.054) in the SPI-H group during the 24 h of measurement. Fecal excretion of (13)C-glucose was lower but the excretion of lipid was higher in mice fed the SPI-H diet than in casein-fed mice. These results indicate that in type II diabetic mice, dietary SPI-H not only inhibits the absorption of dietary lipids and increases the absorption of dietary carbohydrates but also augments postprandial energy expenditure, which is accompanied by a postprandial increase in oxidation of dietary carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Ishihara
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya 464-8662, Japan.
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Reconciling Clinical Criteria and the Use of Genetically Engineered Animals in Sepsis Research. Intensive Care Med 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-5548-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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