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Akagi R, Nanba F, Saito S, Maruo T, Toda T, Yamashita Y, Ashida H, Suzuki T. Black Soybean Seed Coat Extract Improves Endothelial Function and Upregulates Oxidative Stress Marker Expression in Healthy Volunteers by Stimulating Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial Cells. J Med Food 2024; 27:134-144. [PMID: 38294791 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2023.k.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Black soybean seed coat extract (BE) contains multiple bioactive polyphenols, including flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins. BE improves endothelial function; however, it is unclear whether BE protects endothelial cells from senescence. In this study, we examined the effects of BE on endothelial cell senescence and vascular function in healthy individuals. High concentrations of glucose were used to induce senescence in bovine aortic endothelial cells incubated with BE. Senescence, vascular function, and oxidative stress markers were measured. Incubation with BE remarkably inhibited senescence-associated β-galactosidase and lactate dehydrogenase activities and dose dependently reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in bovine aortic endothelial cells. BE treatment increased the levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA and endothelial nitric oxide (NO) metabolites and increased the mRNA expression of klotho, a gene associated with an antiaging phenotype. To examine the effects of BE in humans, we conducted a clinical study using the second derivative of the fingertip photoplethysmogram to investigate vascular function and aging in 24 healthy volunteers. The participants consumed BE supplements (100 mg/day) or a placebo for 2 weeks. When compared with the placebo group, the BE group showed considerably improved vascular function, NO metabolite levels, and oxidative stress. These results suggest that BE supplementation improves endothelial function, possibly through antioxidant activity and NO production, and may consequently reduce the cardiovascular risk associated with aging. BE supplementation may be an effective and safe approach to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease; however, additional studies investigating chronic vascular inflammation are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Akagi
- Research and Development Department, Fujicco Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Fumio Nanba
- Research and Development Department, Fujicco Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Shizuka Saito
- Research and Development Department, Fujicco Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshinari Maruo
- Research and Development Department, Fujicco Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshiya Toda
- Research and Development Department, Fujicco Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
- Department of Innovative Food Sciences, School of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamashita
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ashida
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshio Suzuki
- Research and Development Department, Fujicco Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
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Tirado-Kulieva VA, Hernández-Martínez E, Choque-Rivera TJ. Phenolic compounds versus SARS-CoV-2: An update on the main findings against COVID-19. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10702. [PMID: 36157310 PMCID: PMC9484857 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 remains an international concern. Although there are drugs to fight it, new natural alternatives such as polyphenols are essential due to their antioxidant activity and high antiviral potential. In this context, this review reports the main findings on the effect of phenolic compounds (PCs) against SARS-CoV-2 virus. First, the proven activity of PCs against different human viruses is briefly detailed, which serves as a starting point to study their anti-COVID-19 potential. SARS-CoV-2 targets (its proteins) are defined. Findings from in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies of a wide variety of phenolic compounds are shown, emphasizing their mechanism of action, which is fundamental for drug design. Furthermore, clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of PCs in the prevention and as a possible therapeutic management against COVID-19. The results were complemented with information on the influence of polyphenols in strengthening/modulating the immune system. It is recommended to investigate compounds such as vitamins, minerals, alkaloids, triterpenes and fatty acids, and their synergistic use with PCs, many of which have been successful against SARS-CoV-2. Based on findings on other viruses, synergistic evaluation of PCs with accepted drugs against COVID-19 is also suggested. Other recommendations and limitations are also shown, which is useful for professionals involved in the development of efficient, safe and low-cost therapeutic strategies based on plant matrices rich in PCs. To the authors' knowledge, this manuscript is the first to evaluate the relationship between the antiviral and immunomodulatory (including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects) activity of PCs and their underlying mechanisms in relation to the fight against COVID-19. It is also of interest for the general population to be informed about the importance of consuming foods rich in bioactive compounds for their health benefits.
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Abiri R, Abdul-Hamid H, Sytar O, Abiri R, Bezerra de Almeida E, Sharma SK, Bulgakov VP, Arroo RRJ, Malik S. A Brief Overview of Potential Treatments for Viral Diseases Using Natural Plant Compounds: The Case of SARS-Cov. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133868. [PMID: 34202844 PMCID: PMC8270261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the more general global increase in viral diseases, has led researchers to look to the plant kingdom as a potential source for antiviral compounds. Since ancient times, herbal medicines have been extensively applied in the treatment and prevention of various infectious diseases in different traditional systems. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential antiviral activity of plant compounds as effective and reliable agents against viral infections, especially by viruses from the coronavirus group. Various antiviral mechanisms shown by crude plant extracts and plant-derived bioactive compounds are discussed. The understanding of the action mechanisms of complex plant extract and isolated plant-derived compounds will help pave the way towards the combat of this life-threatening disease. Further, molecular docking studies, in silico analyses of extracted compounds, and future prospects are included. The in vitro production of antiviral chemical compounds from plants using molecular pharming is also considered. Notably, hairy root cultures represent a promising and sustainable way to obtain a range of biologically active compounds that may be applied in the development of novel antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rambod Abiri
- Department of Forestry Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; or
| | - Hazandy Abdul-Hamid
- Department of Forestry Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; or
- Laboratory of Bioresource Management, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.-H.); (V.P.B.); or (S.M.)
| | - Oksana Sytar
- Educational and Scientific Center “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Department of Plant Biology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska 60, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine;
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture Nitra, A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Ramin Abiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6718773654, Iran;
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6718773654, Iran
| | - Eduardo Bezerra de Almeida
- Biological and Health Sciences Centre, Laboratory of Botanical Studies, Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil;
| | - Surender K. Sharma
- Department of Physics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India;
| | - Victor P. Bulgakov
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity (Institute of Biology and Soil Science), Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Stoletija Str., 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
- Correspondence: (H.A.-H.); (V.P.B.); or (S.M.)
| | - Randolph R. J. Arroo
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK;
| | - Sonia Malik
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Biological & Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), University of Orléans, 1 Rue de Chartres-BP 6759, 45067 Orleans, France
- Correspondence: (H.A.-H.); (V.P.B.); or (S.M.)
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Padhi S, Sanjukta S, Chourasia R, Labala RK, Singh SP, Rai AK. A Multifunctional Peptide From Bacillus Fermented Soybean for Effective Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 S1 Receptor Binding Domain and Modulation of Toll Like Receptor 4: A Molecular Docking Study. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:636647. [PMID: 33869283 PMCID: PMC8044374 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.636647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented soybean products are traditionally consumed and popular in many Asian countries and the northeastern part of India. To search for potential agents for the interruption of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike glycoprotein 1 (S1) and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor interactions, the in silico antiviral prospective of peptides identified from the proteome of kinema was investigated. Soybean was fermented using Bacillus licheniformis KN1G, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KN2G and two different strains of Bacillus subtilis (KN2B and KN2M). The peptides were screened in silico for possible antiviral activity using two different web servers (AVPpred and meta-iAVP), and binding interactions of selected 44 peptides were further explored against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S1 protein (PDB ID: 6M0J) by molecular docking using ZDOCK. The results showed that a peptide ALPEEVIQHTFNLKSQ (P13) belonging to B. licheniformis KN1G fermented kinema was able to make contacts with the binding motif of RBD by blocking specific residues designated as critical (GLN493, ASN501) in the binding of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cell receptor. The selected peptide was also observed to have a significant affinity towards human toll like receptor 4 (TLR4)/Myeloid Differentiation factor 2 (MD2) (PDB ID: 3FXI) complex known for its essential role in cytokine storm. The energy properties of the docked complexes were analyzed through the Generalized Born model and Solvent Accessibility method (MM/GBSA) using HawkDock server. The results showed peptidyl amino acids GLU5, GLN8, PHE11, and LEU13 contributed most to P13-RBD binding. Similarly, ARG90, PHE121, LEU61, PHE126, and ILE94 were appeared to be significant in P13-TLR4/MD2 complex. The findings of the study suggest that the peptides from fermented soy prepared using B. licheniformis KN1G have better potential to be used as antiviral agents. The specific peptide ALPEEVIQHTFNLKSQ could be synthesized and used in combination with experimental studies to validate its effect on SARS-CoV-2-hACE2 interaction and modulation of TLR4 activity. Subsequently, the protein hydrolysate comprising these peptides could be used as prophylaxis against viral diseases, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srichandan Padhi
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Gangtok, India
| | | | - Rounak Chourasia
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Gangtok, India
| | | | - Sudhir P. Singh
- Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, India
| | - Amit K. Rai
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Gangtok, India
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Divya M, Vijayakumar S, Chen J, Vaseeharan B, Durán-Lara EF. South Indian medicinal plants can combat deadly viruses along with COVID-19? - A review. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104277. [PMID: 32473390 PMCID: PMC7253980 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a causative agent of Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), which is considered as a fatal disease for public health apprehension worldwide. This pathogenic virus can present everywhere. As it is a virus it can extend easily and cause severe illness to humans. Hence, an efficient international attentiveness of plan is necessary to cure and prevent. In this review, epidemic outbreak, clinical findings, prevention recommendations of COVID-19 and suggestive medicinal value of south Indian plant sources have been discussed. Though the varieties of improved approaches have been taken in scientific and medicinal concern, we have to pay attention to the medicinal value of the plant-based sources to prevent these types of pandemic diseases. This is one of the suggestive and effective ways to control the spreading of viruses. In the future, it is required to provide medicinal plant-based clinical products (Masks, sanitizers, soap, etc.,) with better techniques by clinicians to contend the scarcity and expose towards the nature-based medicine rather than chemical drugs. This may be a benchmark for the economical clinical trials of specific plant material to treat the viral diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Divya
- Nanobiosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6th Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sekar Vijayakumar
- Nanobiosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6th Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India; Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, PR China.
| | - Jingdi Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, PR China.
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Nanobiosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6th Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Esteban F Durán-Lara
- Bio & NanoMaterials Lab| Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Maule, Chile; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Maule, Chile.
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6
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Ganesan K, Xu B. A Critical Review on Polyphenols and Health Benefits of Black Soybeans. Nutrients 2017; 9:E455. [PMID: 28471393 PMCID: PMC5452185 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are plant secondary metabolites containing antioxidant properties, which help to protect chronic diseases from free radical damage. Dietary polyphenols are the subject of enhancing scientific interest due to their possible beneficial effects on human health. In the last two decades, there has been more interest in the potential health benefits of dietary polyphenols as antioxidant. Black soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr) are merely a black variety of soybean containing a variety of phytochemicals. These phytochemicals in black soybean (BSB) are potentially effective in human health, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Taking into account exploratory study, the present review aims to provide up-to-date data on health benefit of BSB, which helps to explore their therapeutic values for future clinical settings. All data of in vitro and in vivo studies of BSB and its impact on human health were collected from a library database and electronic search (Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar). The different pharmacological information was gathered and orchestrated in a suitable spot on the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ganesan
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519085, China.
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519085, China.
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Chattopadhyay D, Ojha D, Mondal S, Goswami D. Validation of Antiviral Potential of Herbal Ethnomedicine. EVIDENCE-BASED VALIDATION OF HERBAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7150199 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800874-4.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural products are the basis of treatment since the dawn of human civilization, and modern medicine has gradually developed, over the years, by scientific and observational efforts from traditional medicine. Today most of the synthetic drugs showed adverse and unacceptable side effects, however, impressive bioactivities with reduced toxicities were reported for many botanicals against several chronic or difficult-to-treat diseases. A whole range of viral diseases including human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Rabies, Dengue, and Herpes need effective drugs. Considerable research has been carried out on the pharmacognosy, chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutics of traditional medicines of diverse cultures, and many pharmaceutical companies have renewed their strategies for antiviral drug development where no effective drugs or vaccine exist. Thus, phytochemicals with antiviral potentials need to be studied in depth with standardization, chemical isolation, effectivity, molecular mechanism, along with in vivo toxicity and efficacy to reduce cost and time. This review will portray the scientific approaches and methodologies used for the development of antiviral leads from traditional medicines against selected genetically and functionally diverse viral infections.
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8
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Jiang L, Wang J, Li Y, Wang Z, Liang J, Wang R, Chen Y, Ma W, Qi B, Zhang M. Effects of ultrasound on the structure and physical properties of black bean protein isolates. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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9
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Enhancements of isoflavone aglycones, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of black soybean by solid-state fermentation with Rhizopus spp. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-1936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Epimedium koreanum Nakai Water Extract Exhibits Antiviral Activity against Porcine Epidermic Diarrhea Virus In Vitro and In Vivo. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:985151. [PMID: 23259003 PMCID: PMC3521454 DOI: 10.1155/2012/985151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes diarrhea of pigs age-independently and death of young piglets, resulting in economic loss of porcine industry. We have screened 333 natural oriental herbal medicines to search for new antiviral candidates against PEDV. We found that two herbal extracts, KIOM 198 and KIOM 124, contain significant anti-PED viral effect. KIOM 198 and KIOM 124 were identified as Epimedium koreanum Nakai and Lonicera japonica Thunberg, respectively. The further plaque and CPE inhibition assay in vitro showed that KIOM 198 has much stronger antiviral activity than KIOM 124. Additionally, KIOM 198 exhibited a similar extent of antiviral effect against other subtypes of Corona virus such as sm98 and TGE viruses. Cytotoxicity results showed that KIOM 198 is nontoxic on the cells and suggest that it can be delivered safely for therapy. Furthermore, when we orally administered KIOM 198 to piglets and then infected them with PEDV, the piglets did not show any disease symptoms like diarrhea and biopsy results showed clean intestine, whereas control pigs without KIOM 198 treatment exhibited PED-related severe symptoms. These results imply that KIOM 198 contains strong antiviral activity and has a potential to be developed as an antiviral phytomedicine to treat PEDV-related diseases in pigs.
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Kuo CM, Yuo SH, Lu CY. Integration of the Kano and QFD model in health food development: using black beans as examples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11135-012-9762-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Abstract
In recent years, significant progress has been achieved for the development of novel anti-viral drugs. These newly developed drugs belong to three groups of compounds, nucleoside analogues, thymidine kinase-dependent nucleotide analogues and specific viral enzyme inhibitors. It has been found that the natural products, like plant-derived compounds (phytochemicals) as well as traditional medicines, like traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), Ayurvedic medicines and so on, are the important sources for potential and novel anti-viral drugs. In this chapter, the history of natural products as antiviral drugs, the approaches to discover potential lead compounds, and the anti-viral properties of phytochemicals with different action mechanisms are discussed. The key conclusion is that natural products are most important sources for novel anti-viral drugs.
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Antitumor and HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitory Activities of a Hemagglutinin and a Protease Inhibitor from Mini-Black Soybean. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:851396. [PMID: 21527979 PMCID: PMC3057713 DOI: 10.1155/2011/851396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors (PIs) and hemagglutinins are defense proteins produced by many organisms. From Chinese mini-black soybeans, a 17.5-kDa PI was isolated using chromatography on Q-Sepharose, SP-Sepharose, and DEAE-cellulose. A 25-kDa hemagglutinin was purified similarly, but using Superdex 75 instead of DEAE-cellulose in the final step. The PI inhibited trypsin and chymotrypsin (IC50 = 7.2 and 8.8 μM). Its trypsin inhibitory activity was stable from pH 2 to pH 13 and from 0°C to 70°C. The hemagglutinin activity of the hemagglutinin was stable from pH 2 to pH 13 and from 0°C to 75°C. The results indicated that both PI and hemagglutinin were relatively thermostable and pH-stable. The trypsin inhibitory activity was inhibited by dithiothreitol, signifying the importance of the disulfide bond to the activity. The hemagglutinating activity was inhibited most potently by D (+)-raffinose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, suggesting that the hemagglutinin was specific for these two sugars. Both PI and hemagglutinin inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (IC50 = 3.2 and 5.5 μM), proliferation of breast cancer cells (IC50 = 9.7 and 3.5 μM), and hepatoma cells (IC50 = 35 and 6.2 μM), with relatively high potencies.
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14
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Cheng KC, Lin JT, Wu JY, Liu WH. Isoflavone Conversion of Black Soybean by ImmobilizedRhizopusspp. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2010.524459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Wu MH, Lee YC, Tsai WJ, Yang WB, Chen YC, Chuang KA, Liao JF, Wang CC, Kuo YC. Characterized polysaccharides from black soybean induce granulocyte colony-stimulated factor gene expression in a phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent manner. Immunol Invest 2010; 40:39-61. [PMID: 20809699 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2010.513021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Black soybean (Glycine max L. merr.) is an edible Chinese medicine for nourishment spleen. In the present study, effects of characterized polysaccharides from black soybean (PGM) on granulocyte colony-stimulated factor (G-CSF) production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were determined and their action mechanisms were examined. The results indicated that PGM concentration-dependently enhanced G-CSF production in PBMC through modulation of mRNA expression. Data from Western blotting showed that PGM significantly induced the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) activation in PBMC. The nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation in PBMC was increased with PGM by modulation of IκB degradation and PKC θ activation. The levels of G-CSF mRNA in PGM-treated PBMC could be reduced by ERK inhibitor U0126 and NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, respectively. Furthermore, the data showed that PGM stimulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-regulated Akt phosphorylation. The PI3K inhibitor, Ly294002, blocked ERK, NF-κB, and PKC θ activation and G-CSF mRNA expression in PBMC induced by PGM. Thus, we first proved that the enhancement mechanisms of PGM on G-CSF production, appeared to be mediated, at least in part, through activation of PI3K, ERK, PKC θ, and NF-κB signaling pathways in PBMC. We suggest that PGM from black soybean is a potential G-CSF stimulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsi Wu
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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16
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Hagiwara A, Imai N, Numano T, Nakashima H, Tamano S, Sakaue K, Tanaka K, Yasuhara K, Hayashi SM. A twenty eight-day repeated dose toxicity study of black soybean extract in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Toxicol Sci 2010; 35:87-96. [PMID: 20118628 DOI: 10.2131/jts.35.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate any adverse effect of a hot water extract of black soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), when administered to both sexes of Crj:CD(SD)IGS rats at dietary levels of 0 (control), 0.5, 1.5 and 5.0% (6 rats/sex/group). During the study, the treatment had no adverse effects on clinical signs, survival, body weights, and food and water consumption, or on findings of ophthalmology, urinalysis, hematology, or blood biochemistry. Organ weights, gross pathology and histopathology exhibited no differences of toxicological significance between control and treated rats. Thus, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of black soybean extract was concluded to be 5.0% (3,618 mg/kg body weight/day for males and 4,066 mg/kg body weight/day for females) from the present study.
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17
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Chattopadhyay D, Sarkar MC, Chatterjee T, Sharma Dey R, Bag P, Chakraborti S, Khan MTH. Recent advancements for the evaluation of anti-viral activities of natural products. N Biotechnol 2009; 25:347-68. [PMID: 19464980 PMCID: PMC7185506 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been achieved for the development of novel anti-viral drugs in the recent years. Large numbers of these newly developed drugs belong to three groups of compounds, nucleoside analogues, thymidine kinase-dependent nucleotide analogues and specific viral enzyme inhibitors. It has been found that the natural products, like plant extract, plant-derived compounds (phytochemicals) and so on, as well as traditional medicines, like Ayurvedic, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Chakma medicines and so on, are the potential sources for potential and novel anti-viral drugs based on different in vitro and in vivo approaches. In this chapter some of these important approaches utilised in the drug discovery process of potential candidate(s) for anti-viral agents are being discussed. The key conclusion is that natural products are one of the most important sources of novel anti-viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR Virus Unit, I.D. & B.G. Hospital, GB-4, First Floor, 57 Dr Suresh C Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
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Xu B, Chang SKC. Antioxidant capacity of seed coat, dehulled bean, and whole black soybeans in relation to their distributions of total phenolics, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and isoflavones. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8365-73. [PMID: 18729453 DOI: 10.1021/jf801196d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Black soybeans have been used as an excellent dietary source for disease prevention and health promotion in China for hundreds of years. However, information about the distribution of health-promoting phenolic compositions in different physical parts of black soybean and the contribution of phenolic compositions to overall antioxidant capacity is limited. To elucidate the distribution of phenolic composition and their contribution to antioxidant activities in black soybean, the total and individual phenolic profiles, and antioxidant capacities of seed coat, dehulled and whole black soybean were systematically investigated. The seed coat exhibited much higher total phenolic indexes and antioxidant activities than whole and dehulled black soybean. Dehulled black soybean possessed similar levels of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, 2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) activities as compared to whole yellow soybean. Cyanidin-3-glucoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, and peonidin-3-glucoside were detected in the seed coat but not in dehulled black soybean and yellow soybean. Among benzoic acid detected, caffeic and chlorogenic acid were the predominant phenolic acids. Whole black soybean and dehulled black soybean exhibited similar isoflavone contents in 7- O-beta-glucosides and malonylglucosides of daidzein and genistein. The seed coat possessed significantly ( p < 0.05) lower 7- O-beta-glucosides and malonylglucosides of daidzein and genistein, acetylglycitin, and total isoflavones than whole and dehulled black soybean. The contribution of phenolics in the seed coat to the antioxidant activity of black soybean parts depends on the assay methods. When measured with the DPPH and FRAP methods, the seed coat contributed 90% of the total antioxidant capacity of black soybean. However, when measured with the ORAC method, the seed coat and dehulled portion contributed approximately equally the total antioxidant capacity of black soybeans. The information generated from this study on the distribution and content of their active components is useful for the effective use of black soybeans as an ingredient for promoting health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Xu
- Department of Cereal and Food Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA
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Mukhtar M, Arshad M, Ahmad M, Pomerantz RJ, Wigdahl B, Parveen Z. Antiviral potentials of medicinal plants. Virus Res 2007; 131:111-20. [PMID: 17981353 PMCID: PMC7114233 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been widely used to treat a variety of infectious and non-infectious ailments. According to one estimate, 25% of the commonly used medicines contain compounds isolated from plants. Several plants could offer a rich reserve for drug discovery of infectious diseases, particularly in an era when the latest separation techniques are available on one hand, and the human population is challenged by a number of emerging infectious diseases on the other hand. Among several other ailments, viral infections, particularly infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and 2 (HIV-2), and newly emerging infectious viruses have challenged mankind survival. Of importance, a variety of medicinal plants have shown promise to treat a number of viral infections, and some of them possess broad-spectrum antiviral activity. In the past, exploration into the antiviral activity of various promising medicinal plants was limited due to: (a) highly infectious nature of viruses and (b) lack of appropriate separation techniques for the identification of antiviral components from plants. Development of vector-based strategies, in which non-infectious molecular clone of a virus could be used for antiviral screening purposes, and advancement in separation technologies offers promise for medicinal plants usage in modern drug discovery. This article describes potential antiviral properties of medicinal plants against a diverse group of viruses, and suggests screening the potential of plants possessing broad-spectrum antiviral effects against emerging viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mukhtar
- University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, Murree Road, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
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Kim HJ, Bae IY, Ahn CW, Lee S, Lee HG. Purification and identification of adipogenesis inhibitory peptide from black soybean protein hydrolysate. Peptides 2007; 28:2098-103. [PMID: 17935831 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adipogenesis inhibitory peptide was isolated and identified from black soybean (Rhynchosia volubilis Lour.) hydrolysate. An adipogenesis inhibitor was purified using consecutive methods including: ultrafiltration (MWCO; 3 and 10kDa), gel filtration chromatography (Superdex Peptide 10/300 GL column), and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (microBondapak C(18) column). Also, the adipogenesis inhibition effect of the purified peptide was measured by observation of droplet of 3T3-L1 adipocyte by Oil Red O staining in the highest active fraction in each step. The peptide was shown to inhibit the differentiation of the 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte, which was confirmed by morphological study. The adipogenesis inhibitory peptide was purified 71.43-fold from black soybean hydrolysate throughout a five-step purification procedure. The adipogenesis inhibitor was identified to be a tripeptide, Ile-Gln-Asn, having an IC(50) value of 0.014 mg protein/ml. Furthermore, the synthetic tripeptide (Ile-Gln-Asn) exhibited the similar adipogenesis effects to the purified peptide. Thus, these results showed the potential anti-obesity effect of the purified peptide through control of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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Inagaki S, Morimura S, Gondo K, Tang Y, Akutagawa H, Kida K. Isolation of tryptophol as an apoptosis-inducing component of vinegar produced from boiled extract of black soybean in human monoblastic leukemia U937 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71:371-9. [PMID: 17284845 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We isolated a novel apoptosis-inducing component, tryptophol, from vinegar produced from boiled extract of black soybean (black soybean vinegar). Compound-6 purified from an ethyl acetate extract of black soybean vinegar using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) induced fragmentation of DNA and the development of apoptotic bodies (characteristic physiological features of apoptosis) in U937 cells. By analysis of chemical structure, this active compound was identified as tryptophol. Tryptophol induced apoptosis involving caspase-8 and -3 activation, followed by cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), as shown by measurement of enzyme activity and immunoblot analysis. The cell viability of normal lymphocytes separated from human blood was less affected by tryptophol, and fragmentation of DNA was not induced in normal lymphocytes. These results indicate that tryptophol isolated from black soybean vinegar inhibited the proliferation of U937 cells by inducing apoptosis via a pathway involving caspase-8 followed by caspase-3, without affecting normal lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyuichiro Inagaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Kuo LC, Cheng WY, Wu RY, Huang CJ, Lee KT. Hydrolysis of black soybean isoflavone glycosides by Bacillus subtilis natto. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 73:314-20. [PMID: 16715232 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides by Bacillus subtilis natto NTU-18 in black soymilk is reported. At the concentration of 3-5% (w/v), black soymilk in flask cultures, the isoflavones, daidzin, and genistin were highly deglycosylated within 24 h. Deglycosylation of isoflavones was further carried out in a 7-l fermenter with 5% black soymilk. During the fermentation, viable cells increased from 10(3) to 10(9) CFU ml(-1) in 15 h, and the activity of beta-glucosidase appeared at 8 h after inoculation and reached a maximum (3.3 U/ml) at 12 h, then decreased rapidly. Deglycosylation of isoflavone glycosides was observed at the same period, the deglycosylation rate of daidzin and genistin at 24 h was 100 and 75%, respectively. It is significantly higher than the previous reports of fermentation with lactic acid bacteria. In accordance with the deglycosylation of isoflavone glycosides, the estrogenic activity of the 24 h fermented black soymilk for ERbeta estrogen receptor increased to threefold; meanwhile, the fermented broth activated ERalpha estrogen receptor to a less extent than ERbeta. These results suggest that this fermentation effectively hydrolyzed the glycosides from isoflavone in black soymilk and the fermented black soymilk has the potential to be applied to selective estrogen receptor modulator products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun-Cheng Kuo
- Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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INAGAKI S, MORIMURA S, SHIGEMATSU T, KIDA K, AKUTAGAWA H. Apoptosis Induction by Vinegar Produced from Boiled Extract of Black Soybeans in Human Monoblastic Leukemia U937 Cells: Difference in Sensitivity to Cell Toxicity Compared to Normal Lymphocytes. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.11.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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