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Risalde MA, Romero-Palomo F, Lecchi C, Ceciliani F, Bazzocchi C, Comazzi S, Besozzi M, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Luzzago C. BVDV permissiveness and lack of expression of co-stimulatory molecules on PBMCs from calves pre-infected with BVDV. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 68:101388. [PMID: 31790941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of immunocompetent animals, not being clear whether the development of a specific humoral immune response can prevent BVDV infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of non-cytopathic BVDV to replicate and produce infectious virus in PBMCs from calves pre-infected with BVDV and to elucidate the immunomodulatory effect of BVDV on these cells in an in vitro model. Quantification of virus was by quantitative PCR, while its replicative capacity and shedding into the extracellular environment was evaluated by viral titration. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry analysis of annexin V and propidium iodide, and by expression of caspase-3/7. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the expression of CD14/CD11b/CD80, CD4/CD8/CD25, MHC-I/MHC-II and B-B2 markers. Our results showed that PBMCs from cattle naturally infected with BVDV were more susceptible to in vitro BVDV infection and showed a more severe apoptosis response than those from naïve animals. Non-cytopathic BVDV in vitro infection also resulted in a lack of effect in the expression of antigen presentation surface markers. All these findings could be related to the immunosuppressive capacity of BVDV and the susceptibility of cattle to this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Risalde
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy; Dpto. de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Fernando Romero-Palomo
- Dpto. de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Chiara Bazzocchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy; Centro di Ricerca Coordinata, Epidemiologia e Sorveglianza Molecolare delle Infezioni - EpiSoMI, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Martina Besozzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Jose C Gómez-Villamandos
- Dpto. de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Camilla Luzzago
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy; Centro di Ricerca Coordinata, Epidemiologia e Sorveglianza Molecolare delle Infezioni - EpiSoMI, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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Forsythoside A Inhibits BVDV Replication via TRAF2-Dependent CD28-4-1BB Signaling in Bovine PBMCs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162791. [PMID: 27617959 PMCID: PMC5019491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease (BVD/MD), is an important pathogen of cattle and other wild animals throughout the world. BVDV infection typically leads to an impaired immune response in cattle. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Forsythoside A (FTA) on BVDV infection of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We found that Forsythoside A could not only promote proliferation of PBMCs and T cells activation but also inhibit the replication of BVDV as well as apoptosis induced by BVDV. FTA treatment could counteract the BVDV-induced overproduction of IFN-γ to maintain the immune homeostasis in bovine PBMCs. At same time, FTA can enhance the secretion of IL-2. What's more, BVDV promotes the expression of CD28, 4-1BB and TRAF-2, which can be modulated by FTA. Our data suggest that FTA protects PBMCs from BVDV infection possibly via TRAF2-dependent CD28-4-1BB signaling, which may activate PBMCs in response to BVDV infection. Therefore, this aids in the development of an effective adjuvant for vaccines against BVDV and other specific FTA-based therapies for preventing BVDV infection.
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