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Popovici I, Le Poder S, Rîmbu CM, Horhogea CE. Phylogenetic Analysis of Alphacoronaviruses Based on 3c and M Gene Sequences Isolated from Cats with FIP in Romania. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1557. [PMID: 39203398 PMCID: PMC11356286 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are widespread in mammals and birds, causing mostly digestive and respiratory problems. In cats, feline coronaviruses undergo mutations while replicating, giving rise to the fatal coronavirus causing the feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) disease. Several mutations in viral genes, among them 3c and M, are involved in the development of FIP. In order to study these viral shifts, samples of 43 organs, feces, and ascites collected from cats showing clinical signs of feline infectious peritonitis were tested, and the sequences obtained for the 3c and M genes were analyzed. The 3c gene nucleotides showed truncations commonly observed in feline infectious peritonitis virus. Additionally, the sequences corresponding to the 3c genes obtained from different organs of the same individual displayed high similarities, supporting the internal mutation theory. The analyses of the M gene and putative polypeptides showed similarities with canine coronaviruses, supporting the recombination theory between feline and canine coronaviruses. Infectious coronaviral strains are still challenging because of the difficulty in obtaining an effective vaccine for their prevention, and also because of the limited alternatives for therapy of FIP in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Popovici
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iași University of Life Sciences, 700490 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Sophie Le Poder
- UMR Virologie, INRAe, ANSES, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94704 Paris, France;
| | - Cristina-Mihaela Rîmbu
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iași University of Life Sciences, 700490 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Cristina-Elena Horhogea
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iași University of Life Sciences, 700490 Iasi, Romania;
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2
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Zhu J, Deng S, Mou D, Zhang G, Fu Y, Huang W, Zhang Y, Lyu Y. Analysis of spike and accessory 3c genes mutations of less virulent and FIP-associated feline coronaviruses in Beijing, China. Virology 2024; 589:109919. [PMID: 37939649 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in S and 3c genes of feline coronavirus (FCoV) have been associated with the development of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). In the present study, FCoV S and 3c genes mutations were analyzed in healthy and FIP cats. M1058L mutation was found in 13.64% (3/22) feces from FIP cats, but not in feces from healthy cats (0/39). The intact 3c gene was found in feces from both healthy cats (19/19) and FIP cats (12/12). All parenteral samples from FIP cats carried one or more of the M1058L mutation, S1060A mutation and mutated 3c gene. FCoV reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of parenteral samples (including ascites, pleural effusions and tissue) is recommended as the gold standard for clinical diagnosis of FIP rather than detection of the M1058L mutation, but when cats have severe gastrointestinal symptoms and lesions, detection of the M1058L mutation in feces may be helpful in diagnosing FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuqi Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Danxia Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gege Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingying Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Huang
- China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yueping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanli Lyu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing, 100193, China.
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3
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Healey EA, Andre NM, Miller AD, Whittaker GR, Berliner EA. Outbreak of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in shelter-housed cats: molecular analysis of the feline coronavirus S1/S2 cleavage site consistent with a 'circulating virulent-avirulent theory' of FIP pathogenesis. JFMS Open Rep 2022; 8:20551169221074226. [PMID: 35173971 PMCID: PMC8841931 DOI: 10.1177/20551169221074226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Case series summary This case series describes three shelter-housed cats concurrently diagnosed with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The cats were from a cohort of seven surrendered from the site of a house fire. The three cats presented with mild upper respiratory signs. Within 10 days they clinically declined: progressive signs included pyrexia, icterus, lethargy, anorexia and cavitary effusions. Necropsy followed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed a diagnosis of FIP in all three. Molecular analysis of the causative feline coronavirus (FCoV) revealed varied amino acid alterations in the spike gene both between cats and between sample types in individual cats. A fourth cat from the cohort remained healthy in the shelter but succumbed to FIP 6 weeks post-adoption. Relevance and novel information This case series places FCoV genetic sequences in the context of clinical signs in a small shelter outbreak. Each of the three cats concurrently developed a slightly different clinical presentation. PCR amplification and genetic sequencing revealed that two cats shared an S1/S2 cleavage site mutation (R790S) previously described to be associated with the development of FIP; one of the cats had an additional S1/S2 cleavage site mutation (R793S). The third cat had a single, identical S1/S2 point mutation (R790G) unique from the other two cats; the R790G mutation has not been previously reported. This case series provides interesting data on point mutations associated with the development of FIP and provides support for a 'circulating virulent-avirulent theory' of FIP pathogenesis in a small shelter outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni A Healey
- Cornell University College of
Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nicole M Andre
- Department of Microbiology and
Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences,
Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine,
Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and
Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Master of Public Health Program,
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Berliner
- Department of Population Medicine and
Diagnostic Sciences, Maddie’s Shelter Medicine Program, Cornell University College
of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Elizabeth A Berliner DVM, DABVP (Shelter
Medicine Practice; Canine and Feline Practice), Department of Population
Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Maddie’s Shelter Medicine Program, Cornell
University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 N Campus Rd, Ithaca NY 14853, USA
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4
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Zhou Q, Li Y, Huang J, Fu N, Song X, Sha X, Zhang B. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of feline coronavirus in southwest China from 2017 to 2020. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34524074 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is the causative agent of feline infectious peritonitis and diarrhoea in kittens worldwide. In this study, a total of 173 feline diarrhoeal faecal and ascetic samples were collected from 15 catteries and six veterinary hospitals in southwest China from 2017 to 2020. FCoV was detected in 80.35 % (139/173) of the samples using the RT-nPCR method; these included infections with 122 type I FCoV and 57 type II FCoV. Interestingly, 51 cases had co-infection with types I and II, the first such report in mainland China. To further analyse the genetic diversity of FCoV, we amplified 23 full-length spike (S) genes, including 18 type I and five type II FCoV. The type I FCoV and type II FCoV strains shared 85.5-98.7% and 97.4-98.9% nucleotide (nt) sequence identities between one another, respectively. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of 23 FCoV strains showed a high degree of variation (73.6-80.3 %). There was six type I FCoV strains with two amino acid insertions (159HL160) in the NTD. In addition, 18 strains of type I FCoV belonged to the Ie cluster, and five strains of type II FCoV were in the IIb cluster based on phylogenetic analysis. Notably, it was first time that two type I FCoV strains had recombination in the NTD, and the recombination regions was located 140-857 nt of the S gene. This study constitutes a systematic investigation of the current infection status and molecular characteristics of FCoV in southwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhou
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Nengsheng Fu
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xin Song
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xue Sha
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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Zhang G, Li B, Yoo D, Qin T, Zhang X, Jia Y, Cui S. Animal coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:1097-1110. [PMID: 32799433 PMCID: PMC7461065 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has rapidly spread to 216 countries and territories since first outbreak in December of 2019, posing a substantial economic losses and extraordinary threats to the public health worldwide. Although bats have been suggested as the natural host of SARS-CoV-2, transmission chains of this virus, role of animals during cross-species transmission, and future concerns remain unclear. Diverse animal coronaviruses have extensively been studied since the discovery of avian coronavirus in 1930s. The current article comprehensively reviews and discusses the current understanding about animal coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 for their emergence, transmission, zoonotic potential, alteration of tissue/host tropism, evolution, status of vaccines and surveillance. This study aims at providing guidance for control of COVID-19 and preventative strategies for possible future outbreaks of zoonotic coronavirus via cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhi Zhang
- Institute of Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of BeijingMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary MedicineJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and TechnologyMinistry of AgricultureNanjingChina
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | - Tong Qin
- Institute of Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of BeijingMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationInstitute of Zoonosis and Department of Public HealthJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yaxiong Jia
- Institute of Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Institute of Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of BeijingMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
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Lutz M, Steiner AR, Cattori V, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Lutz H, Kipar A, Meli ML. FCoV Viral Sequences of Systemically Infected Healthy Cats Lack Gene Mutations Previously Linked to the Development of FIP. Pathogens 2020; 9:E603. [PMID: 32722056 PMCID: PMC7459962 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)-the deadliest infectious disease of young cats in shelters or catteries-is induced by highly virulent feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) emerging in infected hosts after mutations of less virulent FCoVs. Previous studies have shown that some mutations in the open reading frames (ORF) 3c and 7b and the spike (S) gene have implications for the development of FIP, but mainly indirectly, likely also due to their association with systemic spread. The aim of the present study was to determine whether FCoV detected in organs of experimentally FCoV infected healthy cats carry some of these mutations. Viral RNA isolated from different tissues of seven asymptomatic cats infected with the field strains FCoV Zu1 or FCoV Zu3 was sequenced. Deletions in the 3c gene and mutations in the 7b and S genes that have been shown to have implications for the development of FIP were not detected, suggesting that these are not essential for systemic viral dissemination. However, deletions and single nucleotide polymorphisms leading to truncations were detected in all nonstructural proteins. These were found across all analyzed ORFs, but with significantly higher frequency in ORF 7b than ORF 3a. Additionally, a previously unknown homologous recombination site was detected in FCoV Zu1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.L.); (A.R.S.); (V.C.); (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Aline R. Steiner
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.L.); (A.R.S.); (V.C.); (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Valentino Cattori
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.L.); (A.R.S.); (V.C.); (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.L.); (A.R.S.); (V.C.); (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.L.); (A.R.S.); (V.C.); (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.L.); (A.R.S.); (V.C.); (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
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