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Nishimori A, Hirose S, Ogino S, Andoh K, Isoda N, Sakoda Y. Endemic infections of bovine viral diarrhea virus genotypes 1b and 2a isolated from cattle in Japan between 2014 and 2020. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 84:228-232. [PMID: 34911882 PMCID: PMC8920713 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea. In
Japan, a previous study reported that subgenotype 1b viruses were predominant until 2014.
Because there is little information regarding the recent epidemiological status of BVDV
circulating in Japan, we performed genetic characterization of 909 BVDV isolates obtained
between 2014 and 2020. We found that 657 and 252 isolates were classified as BVDV-1 and
BVDV-2, respectively, and that they were further subdivided into 1a (35 isolates, 3.9%),
1b (588, 64.7%), 1c (34, 3.7%), and 2a (252, 27.7%). Phylogenetic analysis using entire E2
coding sequence revealed that a major domestic cluster in Japan among BVDV-1b and 2a
viruses were unchanged from a previous study conducted from 2006 to 2014. These results
provide updated information concerning the epidemic strain of BVDV in Japan, which would
be helpful for appropriate vaccine selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Nishimori
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Shizuka Hirose
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Saho Ogino
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Kiyohiko Andoh
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
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Potărniche AV, Czopowicz M, Szaluś-Jordanow O, Moroz A, Mickiewicz M, Witkowski L, Markowska-Daniel I, Bagnicka E, Cerbu C, Olah D, Spinu M, Kaba J. Diagnostic accuracy of three commercial immunoenzymatic assays for small ruminant lentivirus infection in goats performed on individual milk samples. Prev Vet Med 2021; 191:105347. [PMID: 33862543 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) caused by small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection is one of the most widespread and devastating diseases of goats. Serological methods, mainly immunoenzymatic assays (ELISA), are the mainstay of CAE diagnostics. Even though blood is still the most commonly tested material, animal welfare issues and increasing costs of veterinary service prompt the development of serological methods based on milk testing. Several different types of ELISAs for CAE are available on the market. All of them perform well on serum, however their diagnostic accuracy for testing milk has not been so far compared. Therefore, we carried out the study in 5 dairy goat herds in Poland whose previous epidemiological situation regarding CAE was known. Paired serum and milk samples were collected from all adult females (n = 420) and tested with 3 commercial ELISAs - indirect ELISA based on the whole-virus antigen (wELISA), indirect ELISA based on the recombined transmembrane and capsid protein (TM/CA-ELISA), and competitive ELISA based on the surface glycoprotein (SU-ELISA). Milk was tested as lactoserum at dilution of 1/2 in wELISA and TM/CA-ELISA, and undiluted in SU-ELISA. The true status of goats was based on the composite reference standard comprising the results of all three ELISAs done on serum and the true prevalence of SRLV infection in the herd of origin. 243 (57.9 %) goats were classified as truly positive and 177 (42.1 %) goats as truly negative. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated using the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) as well as sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for a range of cut-off values. AUROC was 98.8 % (CI 95 %: 97.5 %, 100 %) for wELISA, 97.9 % (CI 95 %: 96.5 %, 99.2 %) for TM/CA-ELISA, and 91.7 % (CI 95 %: 88.9 %, 94.5 %) for SU-ELISA. At the cut-off values recommended by the manufacturers both indirect ELISAs were highly sensitive (89.3 % and 91.4 %, respectively) and highly specific (98.3 % and 95.5 %, respectively), whereas SU-ELISA had only moderate Se (71.2 %) at comparably high Sp (96.6 %). Nevertheless, the optimal cut-off values were lower than those recommended by manufacturers for serum - sample-to-positive control serum ratio (S/P%) of 10 % for wELISA, S/P% of 80 % for TM/CA-ELISA, and percentage inhibition of 23 % for SU-ELISA. Concluding, the study shows that wELISA and TM/CA-ELISA may be interchangeably used for testing individual goat milk samples for SRLV infection. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of these ELISAs appear not to be lower on milk than on serum. SU-ELISA is considerably less sensitive on milk samples than indirect ELISAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian-Valentin Potărniche
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Olga Szaluś-Jordanow
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Moroz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Mickiewicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucjan Witkowski
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Markowska-Daniel
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Constantin Cerbu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Olah
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marina Spinu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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