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de Souza DN, Oliveira RN, Asprino PF, Bettoni F, Macedo CI, Achkar SM, Fahl WO, Brandão PE, Castilho JG. Evolution and divergence of the genetic lineage Desmodus rotundus/Artibeus lituratus of rabies virus in São Paulo State. Arch Virol 2023; 168:266. [PMID: 37798456 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The last record of a rabies case caused by the dog-specific rabies virus (RABV) lineage in dogs or cats in São Paulo State was in 1998. From 2002 to 2021, 57 cases of rabies in these animals were reported, and the vast majority (51) were genetically characterized as belonging to the Desmodus rotundus/Artibeus lituratus RABV lineage. However, it is not currently possible to infer which of these bats is the source of infection by genome sequencing of RABV isolates. The aims of this study were (a) to characterize the Desmodus rotundus/Artibeus lituratus lineage to determine the relationships between the RABV lineages and each reservoir, (b) to assess the phylogeny and common ancestors of the RABV lineages found in D. rotundus and A. lituratus, and (c) to further understand the epidemiology and control of rabies. In this study, we genetically analyzed 70 RABV isolates from São Paulo State that were received by the Virology Laboratory of the Pasteur Institute of São Paulo between 2006 and 2015. Of these isolates, 33 were associated with the hematophagous bat D. rotundus and 37 with the fruit bat A. lituratus. A genomic approach using phylogenetic analysis and nucleotide sequence comparisons demonstrated that these isolates belonged to the same genetic lineage of RABV. We also found that, in São Paulo State, the D. rotundus/A. lituratus lineage could be subdivided into at least four phylogenetic sublineages: two associated with D. rotundus and two with A. lituratus. These results are of importance for the epidemiological surveillance of rabies in São Paulo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P F Asprino
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F Bettoni
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C I Macedo
- Pasteur Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - S M Achkar
- Pasteur Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - W O Fahl
- Pasteur Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - P E Brandão
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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2
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Caraballo DA, Lema C, Novaro L, Gury-Dohmen F, Russo S, Beltrán FJ, Palacios G, Cisterna DM. A Novel Terrestrial Rabies Virus Lineage Occurring in South America: Origin, Diversification, and Evidence of Contact between Wild and Domestic Cycles. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122484. [PMID: 34960753 PMCID: PMC8707302 DOI: 10.3390/v13122484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rabies virus (RABV) is characterized by a history dominated by host shifts within and among bats and carnivores. One of the main outcomes of long-term RABV maintenance in dogs was the establishment of variants in a wide variety of mesocarnivores. In this study, we present the most comprehensive phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis, contributing to a better understanding of the origins, diversification, and the role of different host species in the evolution and diffusion of a dog-related variant endemic of South America. A total of 237 complete Nucleoprotein gene sequences were studied, corresponding to wild and domestic species, performing selection analyses, ancestral states reconstructions, and recombination analyses. This variant originated in Brazil and disseminated through Argentina and Paraguay, where a previously unknown lineage was found. A single host shift was identified in the phylogeny, from dog to the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) in the Northeast of Brazil. Although this process occurred in a background of purifying selection, there is evidence of adaptive evolution -or selection of sub-consensus sequences- in internal branches after the host shift. The interaction of domestic and wild cycles persisted after host switching, as revealed by spillover and putative recombination events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Caraballo
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria-Pabellón II, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1053ABH, Argentina
- Correspondence:
| | - Cristina Lema
- Servicio de Neurovirosis, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, Buenos Aires C1282AFF, Argentina; (C.L.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Laura Novaro
- DILAB, SENASA, Av. Paseo Colón 367, Buenos Aires C1063ACD, Argentina; (L.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Federico Gury-Dohmen
- Instituto de Zoonosis “Dr. Luis Pasteur”, Av. Díaz Vélez 4821, Buenos Aires C1405DCD, Argentina; (F.G.-D.); (F.J.B.)
| | - Susana Russo
- DILAB, SENASA, Av. Paseo Colón 367, Buenos Aires C1063ACD, Argentina; (L.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Fernando J. Beltrán
- Instituto de Zoonosis “Dr. Luis Pasteur”, Av. Díaz Vélez 4821, Buenos Aires C1405DCD, Argentina; (F.G.-D.); (F.J.B.)
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Daniel M. Cisterna
- Servicio de Neurovirosis, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, Buenos Aires C1282AFF, Argentina; (C.L.); (D.M.C.)
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3
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Oliveira RN, Freire CC, Iamarino A, Zanotto PM, Pessoa R, Sanabani SS, Souza SPD, Castilho JG, Batista HBCR, Carnieli P, Macedo CI, Watanabe JT, Brandão PE. Rabies virus diversification in aerial and terrestrial mammals. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20190370. [PMID: 32745160 PMCID: PMC7416755 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic infection of the central nervous system of mammals and has been known to humans for millennia. The etiological agent, is a neurotropic RNA virus in the order Mononegavirales, family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus. There are currently accepted to be two cycles for rabies transmission: the urban cycle and the sylvatic cycle. The fact that both cycles originated from a common RABV or lyssavirus ancestor and the adaptive divergence that occurred since then as this ancestor virus adapted to a wide range of fitness landscapes represented by reservoir species in the orders Carnivora and Chiroptera led to the emergence of the diverse RABV lineages currently found in the sylvatic and urban cycles. Here we study full genome phylogenies and the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of the RABVs in the sylvatic and urban cycles. Results show that there were differences between the nucleotide substitution rates per site per year for the same RABV genes maintained independently in the urban and sylvatic cycles. The results identify the most suitable gene for phylogenetic analysis, heterotachy among RABV genes and the TMRCA for the two cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael N Oliveira
- Instituto Pasteur, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio C Freire
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Evolução Molecular e Bioinformática, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Atila Iamarino
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Evolução Molecular e Bioinformática, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paolo M Zanotto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Evolução Molecular e Bioinformática, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pessoa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Departamento de Virologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sabri S Sanabani
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Departamento de Virologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana G Castilho
- Instituto Pasteur, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Carnieli
- Instituto Pasteur, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla I Macedo
- Instituto Pasteur, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline T Watanabe
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Departamento de Virologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Brandão
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnica, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Fernandes MES, Carnieli P, Gregório ANF, Kawai JGC, Oliveira RN, Almeida LL, Rosa JCA, Ferreira JC, Traverso SD, Roehe PM, Batista HBCR. Phylogenetic analysis of rabies viruses isolated from cattle in southern Brazil. Virus Genes 2020; 56:209-216. [PMID: 31955384 PMCID: PMC7223090 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bats and dogs are the main reservoirs of rabies virus (RABV) in Latin America and are responsible for the maintenance of different cycles of infection. In the two neighbour and most southern Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Santa Catarina (SC), rabies in dogs has been successfully controlled for more than 30 years. However, rabies associated to the rural cycle remains endemic, with a significant, though oscillating-annual incidence of rabies in cattle. Despite the plethora of studies on genetic analyses of Brazilian RABV, isolates from southern Brazil have only scarcely been investigated. This work was performed to identify the genetic lineages of RABVs circulating in states of RS and SC. Fifty-nine RABV cattle isolates from RS and SC were selected and submitted to reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by sequencing of the nucleoprotein gene. In RS, the circulation of two sublineages (1A and 1B) of RABV was detected, both with characteristics of lineages usually detected in vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus). In SC, only one sublineage of RABV (1B) was detected. Nevertheless, the findings reported here are expected to contribute to the understanding of the biology of the virus in the region and its interactions with the natural host D. rotundus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura L Almeida
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Julio C A Rosa
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - José C Ferreira
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Sandra D Traverso
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (LAPA/UDESC), Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Roehe
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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5
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Galhardo JA, de Azevedo CS, Remonti BR, Neres Gonçalves VM, Azevedo Marques NT, Borges LO, Ahad das Neves D. Canine Rabies in the Brazil-Bolivia Border Region from 2006 to 2014. Ann Glob Health 2019; 85:25. [PMID: 30873769 PMCID: PMC6997522 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After 2006 the cross-border region between the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil) and the Germán Busch Province (Bolivia) became risk areas for canine rabies antigenic variant 1, previously unknown in the Brazilian territory. OBJECTIVES To perform a descriptive analysis of canine rabies from 2006 to 2014, analyzing the database of the official rabies diagnostic laboratory of the State Agency of Animal and Plant Health Protection of Mato Grosso do Sul. METHODS A descriptive analysis of canine rabies from 2006 to 2014 was performed using the database of the official rabies diagnostic laboratory of the State Agency of Animal and Plant Health Protection of Mato Grosso do Sul. Location, time and residence status of the animals were analyzed. Monthly frequencies were calculated as the ratio of the number of positive samples to the total of sent samples and were then statistically compared. FINDINGS In the period, 539 samples of nervous system from dogs and cats were sent for rabies diagnosis, of which 37 (6.9%; CI95% 5.0-9.3) canine and no positive feline samples were found positive. Twenty-four (64.9%, CI95% 48.8-78.2) positive samples were from Bolivia and 13 (31.1%, CI95% 21.8-51.2) from Brazil. Most positive animals were owned. The years 2008 and 2009 showed the highest occurrence of canine rabies, with 18 cases recorded in 2008 and 6 in 2009 (17 in Bolivia and 7 in Brazil). Annual samples sent in Brazil presented a decreasing trend (R2 = 0.53) and, over the months, a higher concentration of samples was observed between May and August (R2 = 0.69). No annual or monthly trends were observed for Bolivian samples (R2 < 0.003). CONCLUSIONS AgV1 canine rabies due to antigenic variant 1 is still considered an endemic disease in the Brazil-Bolivia border region, requiring an international One Health Approach to mitigate canine rabies in Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Arena Galhardo
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Faculty, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, BR
| | - Carla Silva de Azevedo
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Faculty, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, BR
| | - Bárbara Ribeiro Remonti
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Faculty, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, BR
| | - Vitória Machado Neres Gonçalves
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Faculty, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, BR
| | - Natalia Trindade Azevedo Marques
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Faculty, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, BR
| | - Lilian Oliveira Borges
- State Agency of Animal and Plant Health Protection of Mato Grosso do Sul, Animal Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, BR
| | - Danielle Ahad das Neves
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Faculty, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, BR
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6
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Fuoco NL, Fernandes ER, Dos Ramos Silva S, Luiz FG, Ribeiro OG, Santos Katz IS. Street rabies virus strains associated with insectivorous bats are less pathogenic than strains isolated from other reservoirs. Antiviral Res 2018; 160:94-100. [PMID: 30393124 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal and viral zoonosis that causes acute, progressive encephalitis and remains an important concern in public health. In the last few years, there has been a change in the epidemiological profile of rabies after implementing canine rabies control in the Americas, which has led to a significant increase in both human and pet cases of rabies associated with insectivorous bats. Thus, it is important to understand the pathogenesis caused by Rabies virus (RABV) isolates from insectivorous bats. Viral growth kinetics, cell-to-cell spread and virus uptake in vitro were analyzed for RABV isolates from Eptesicus furiralis and Myotis nigricans. For pathogenesis evaluation, mice were inoculated with RABV isolates from Eptesicus furiralis and Myotis nigricans, and clinical signs were observed for 40 days. We observed that the insectivorous bat strains showed a higher replication rate, faster cell-to-cell spread and delayed virus uptake in N2a cells. Furthermore, after the first sign of a clinical infection, mice infected with Myotis nigricans and Eptesicus furiralis isolates succumbed rapidly (6 ± 9 days) compared with RABV strains associated with other reservoirs. Our results show that the insectivorous bat RABV strains are less pathogenic for mice than strains associated with other reservoirs. In addition, this study also indicates that the differences in the biological characteristics of the RABV strains are important to their pathogenicity. An enhanced understanding of rabies pathogenesis may be important for the development of novel therapies for humans and in the implementation of rabies control strategies.
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7
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Castilho JG, de Souza DN, Oliveira RN, Carnieli P, Batista HBCR, Pereira PMC, Achkar SM, Macedo CI. The Epidemiological Importance of Bats in the Transmission of Rabies to Dogs and Cats in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, Between 2005 and 2014. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:423-430. [PMID: 27863049 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, rabies control in dogs and cats was pioneered by the state of São Paulo with the adoption of the Pan American Health Organization recommendations for prophylaxis and control, which led to a reduction in rabies cases from 1994 onwards. As a result of these measures, the rabies virus (RABV) genetic lineage associated with dogs has not been found in the state since 1998, and all the cases in domestic animals reported since then have been caused by bat-associated lineages of RABV. In the light of this, this study sought to investigate rabies cases in dogs and cats in the state of São Paulo between 2005 and 2014 and identify the associated transmission cycles by characterizing the RABV lineages responsible for these cases. Nine samples from dogs (n = 5) and from cats (n = 4) were collected between 2005 and 2014. The tenth animal, a rabid cat, was analysed by a different laboratory. The N gene nucleotide sequences obtained were analysed with the neighbor-joining algorithm and Kimura 2-parameter model using the MEGA 6 program. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genetic lineages identified in all the samples were those circulating in Brazilian bats. The findings of this study demonstrate that bats play an important role in the transmission of rabies to domestic animals in São Paulo state and that emphasis should be placed on the implementation of public policies to support surveillance of chiropterans for rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - P Carnieli
- Pasteur Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - S M Achkar
- Pasteur Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C I Macedo
- Pasteur Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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8
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Phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus isolated from canids in North and Northeast Brazil. Arch Virol 2016; 162:71-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Gomes A, Silva M, Bernardi F, Sakai T, Itou T, Ito F. Molecular epidemiology of animal rabies in the semiarid region of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-16572012000400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the semiarid of the state of Paraíba, the anti-rabies vaccination is not common, most of the local inhabitants who deal with the animals do not know the incidence of the disease in the region. In this study, samples of foxes (Pseudalopex vetulus), insectivorous bats (Molossus molossus), raccoons (Procyon cancrivorous) and domestic animals brains were submitted to the diagnosis of rabies, by using the direct fluorescent antibody technique (d-FAT) and mouse inoculation test (MIT). Of the 581 examined materials, 50 (8.60 %) were positive for d-FAT and 47 (8.09 %) for MIT. From the positive samples for rabies, RNAs were extracted and transformed to cDNA, at the Laboratory of Rabies/Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia/USP, SP. The phylogenetic characterization of the N gene was performed at the Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Universidade Nihon, Faculdade de Ciências Bioresource, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japão. Based on the results of genotyping and phylogenetic analyzes, it is concluded that the epidemiology of rabies is complex in the semiarid of Paraíba, with different viral variants being maintained in domestic dogs, foxes, insectivorous bats and vampire bats. All the isolates examined belong to the genotype I of the genus Lyssavirus and it is possible to state that in the region, foxes are important sylvatic reservoirs of the rabies virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - F. Bernardi
- Centro de Vigilância Sanitária e Controle de Zoonoses Tereza Rodrigues de Camargo, Brasil
| | | | | | - F.H. Ito
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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10
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Kobayashi Y, Suzuki Y, Itou T, Ito FH, Sakai T, Gojobori T. Evolutionary history of dog rabies in Brazil. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:85-90. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.026468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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11
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Saitou Y, Kobayashi Y, Hirano S, Mochizuki N, Itou T, Ito FH, Sakai T. A method for simultaneous detection and identification of Brazilian dog- and vampire bat-related rabies virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. J Virol Methods 2010; 168:13-7. [PMID: 20403387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
At present, the sporadic occurrence of human rabies in Brazil can be attributed primarily to dog- and vampire bat-related rabies viruses. Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was employed as a simultaneous detection method for both rabies field variants within 60 min. Vampire bat-related rabies viruses could be distinguished from dog variants by digesting amplicons of the RT-LAMP reaction using the restriction enzyme AlwI. Amplification and digestion could both be completed within 120 min after RNA extraction. In addition, the RT-LAMP assay also detected rabies virus in isolates from Brazilian frugivorous bats and Ugandan dog, bovine and goat samples. In contrast, there were false negative results from several Brazilian insectivorous bats and all of Chinese dog, pig, and bovine samples using the RT-LAMP assay. This study showed that the RT-LAMP assay is effective for the rapid detection of rabies virus isolates from the primary reservoir in Brazil. Further improvements are necessary so that the RT-LAMP assay can be employed for the universal detection of genetic variants of rabies virus in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Saitou
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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12
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Silva MLCR, Lima FDS, de Barros Gomes AA, de Azevedo SS, Alves CJ, Bernardi F, Ito FH. Isolation of rabies virus from the parotid salivary glands of foxes (Pseudalopex vetulus) from Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:446-9. [PMID: 24031385 PMCID: PMC3768539 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822009000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the presence of rabies virus in the parotid salivary glands, 12 road-killed rabies-positive hoary foxes (Pseudoalopex vetulus) were tested by using the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and mouse inoculation test (MIT). All 12 parotid salivary glands were positive for both tests, although in some cases several passages were required. The findings of this study support the importance of the hoary fox as rabies reservoir in the sem-iarid region of Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil.
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13
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Molecular characterization of Rabies Virus isolates from dogs and crab-eating foxes in Northeastern Brazil. Virus Res 2009; 141:81-9. [PMID: 19185599 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-eight samples of Rabies Virus isolated from dogs and crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) in Northeastern Brazil were characterized genetically by analyzing the G gene and the psi region. The results show that there are two groups of Rabies Virus lineages circulating among domestic and wild animals in the region. The topologies of the phylogenetic trees of the G gene and psi region are similar and reveal the existence of geographic groups. The genetic diversity of the lineages isolated from wild animals (wild group) was approximately twice that of the lineages isolated from domestic animals (domestic group), and the genetic distance between the two groups was 9.93%. Polymorphism analysis revealed specific intra- and inter-group molecular signatures for both the G gene and psi region. Together with the analysis of the N gene undertaken previously, the results of this study confirm the existence of a Rabies Virus phylogroup in Northeastern Brazil (NB) circulating in the C. thous population, making this species a rabies biotype in the region.
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14
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Kobayashi Y, Sato G, Mochizuki N, Hirano S, Itou T, Carvalho AAB, Albas A, Santos HP, Ito FH, Sakai T. Molecular and geographic analyses of vampire bat-transmitted cattle rabies in central Brazil. BMC Vet Res 2008; 4:44. [PMID: 18983685 PMCID: PMC2613875 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-4-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vampire bats are important rabies virus vectors, causing critical problems in both the livestock industry and public health sector in Latin America. In order to assess the epidemiological characteristics of vampire bat-transmitted rabies, the authors conducted phylogenetic and geographical analyses using sequence data of a large number of cattle rabies isolates collected from a wide geographical area in Brazil. Methods Partial nucleoprotein genes of rabies viruses isolated from 666 cattle and 18 vampire bats between 1987 and 2006 were sequenced and used for phylogenetic analysis. The genetic variants were plotted on topographical maps of Brazil. Results In this study, 593 samples consisting of 24 genetic variants were analyzed. Regional localization of variants was observed, with the distribution of several variants found to be delimited by mountain ranges which served as geographic boundaries. The geographical distributions of vampire-bat and cattle isolates that were classified as the identical phylogenetic group were found to overlap with high certainty. Most of the samples analyzed in this study were isolated from adjacent areas linked by rivers. Conclusion This study revealed the existence of several dozen regional variants associated with vampire bats in Brazil, with the distribution patterns of these variants found to be affected by mountain ranges and rivers. These results suggest that epidemiological characteristics of vampire bat-related rabies appear to be associated with the topographical and geographical characteristics of areas where cattle are maintained, and the factors affecting vampire bat ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan.
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KOBAYASHI Y, OKUDA H, NAKAMURA K, SATO G, ITOU T, CARVALHO AAB, SILVA MV, MOTA CS, ITO FH, SAKAI T. Genetic Analysis of Phosphoprotein and Matrix Protein of Rabies Viruses Isolated in Brazil. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:1145-54. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Go SATO
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center
| | | | - Adolorata A. B. CARVALHO
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane
| | - Marlon V. SILVA
- Jorge Vaitsmann Municipal Institute, Av. Bartolomeu de Gusmão
| | - Carla S. MOTA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universtiátria
| | - Fumio H. ITO
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universtiátria
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