1
|
Ko J, Jonkman L, Balakrishna Sharma V, Liu E, Connor SE. Assessing perspectives of a global health area of concentration within the PharmD curriculum. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2023; 15:933-942. [PMID: 37758596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While global health education in pharmacy expands, limited research has described the outcome of completing a global health area of concentration on career decisions, perceptions on cultural sensitivity, health disparity awareness, and global health competencies among pharmacists and students. METHODS This mixed methods study enrolled 21 graduates and 17 student pharmacists who participated in a global health concentration at one school of pharmacy in the United States. Data sources included graduate interviews and surveys, student pharmacist focus groups, and global health competency self-assessments. RESULTS Five themes emerged among graduates: (1) skills were applicable to diverse settings, (2) early exposure to underserved care prepared graduates for current practice, (3) participation impacted the lens through which graduates viewed careers, (4) participation influenced patient care in current practice, and (5) graduates gained insight on complex global health issues. Three themes were identified among student pharmacists: (1) the program provided opportunities to personalize education, (2) participants gained insight through hands-on experience, and (3) participants developed new perspectives on approaching underserved care. Many graduates (77.4%) currently practiced in an underserved setting. Graduates and fourth professional year students reported improvement in all seven global health competency domains. CONCLUSIONS A global health concentration in pharmacy curricula can facilitate skills and global health competencies that are applicable across a wide variety of patient care contexts. This concentrated experience provided opportunities to further develop career interests and personalize education, creating a cadre of pharmacists dedicated towards addressing health disparities and serving the underserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ko
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618, United States.
| | - Lauren Jonkman
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 3501 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, University of Namibia School of Pharmacy, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia.
| | - Vidya Balakrishna Sharma
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 3501 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Emily Liu
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 3501 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Sharon E Connor
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 3501 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al Assaf S, Kleiner D, Zelkó R, Hankó B. Type 2 Diabetes Patients' Views of Local Pharmacists and Fulfilment with Pharmaceutical Diabetes Care in Syria's Latakia Governorate: An Online Survey Research. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1720. [PMID: 37372838 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11121720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing the attitudes of diabetic patients towards community-pharmacy services and determining the demand for new services could help monitor and evaluate the therapeutic response. This study aimed to evaluate type 2 diabetes patients' satisfaction regarding pharmacy care in community pharmacies and shed a light on the reasons for diabetic patients' non-adherence to treatments. An online survey was conducted on a random sample of patients (n = 196) at the national Diabetes Centre in Latakia, Syria, from April to November 2022. The questionnaire consisted of four primary parts: (1) demographic characteristics of responders, (2) patients' therapeutic behaviors, (3) diabetes knowledge, and (4) the general level of satisfaction with pharmacy diabetes services. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Around 89% of respondents were satisfied with the information provided by community pharmacists. The patients' non-adherence showed a maximum as a function of the number of concomitantly taken medicines, which indicated that in most serious cases patients' adherence was increasing. Overall, most patients were delighted with community pharmacists' expertise and pharmacy services. This positive image allows pharmacists to expand their duties as healthcare providers in diabetes care, and increase the patient therapeutic adherence by performing a reconciliation of the patient's medicines, which involves reviewing all patients' drugs and identifying realistic solutions to their adherence issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al Assaf
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, 1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dénes Kleiner
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, 1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Romána Zelkó
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, 1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Hankó
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, 1092 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Voss J, Yasobant S, Akridge A, Tarimo E, Seloilwe E, Hausner D, Mashalla Y. Gaps, Challenges, and Opportunities for Global Health Leadership Training. Ann Glob Health 2021; 87:62. [PMID: 34307065 PMCID: PMC8284509 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Global Health Leadership (GHL) programs are essential for training emerging health care professionals to be effective leaders. Synthesizing knowledge acquired through experience implementing GHL programs can inform future recommendations for GHL. Objective To describe the lessons learned, highlighting gaps, challenges and opportunities, during implementation of two GHL capacity building programs, namely the Afya Bora Consortium Fellowship in Global Health Leadership and the Sustaining Technical and Analytic Resources (STAR) fellowship and internship program for global health professionals. Methods A mixed methods case-comparison study was conducted, using qualitative data (expert opinion) collected from the Program Directors in order to understand the experiences of the two GHL programs. A structured response guide was used to assess the overall experience in GHL program implementation, operational challenges and reported gaps. Afya Bora and STAR have been implemented for 8 and 2.5 years respectively. Thus, the analysis reflects a snapshot of the two programs at different stages. Findings The results reflect knowledge gained through extensive experience in implementing the two GHL programs. Afya Bora has trained 188 multi-disciplinary fellows, and 100% of the African fellows are engaged in leadership positions in government departments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in their countries. STAR has placed 147 participants (89 fellows and 58 interns) in more than 25 countries globally. Both programs were successful in strengthening south-south and north-south collaborations for a common goal of improving global health. Implementation of both fellowships identified room for improvement in operational procedures and financing of the programs, and highlighted knowledge and skills gaps, as well as challenges in sustainability of the training programs. Conclusions Afya Bora and STAR have had significant impact and have contributed to changing the leadership landscape in global health. Future GHL programs should address sustainability in terms of financing, delivery modalities and domestic integration of knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Voss
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Afya Bora Consortium
| | - Sandul Yasobant
- Center for Development Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Global Health, Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anike Akridge
- Sustaining Technical and Analytical Resources (STAR) Project, Public Health Institute (PHI), Washington D.C., USA
| | - Edith Tarimo
- Afya Bora Consortium
- School of Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Esther Seloilwe
- Afya Bora Consortium
- School of Nursing, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - David Hausner
- Sustaining Technical and Analytical Resources (STAR) Project, Public Health Institute (PHI), Washington D.C., USA
| | - Yohana Mashalla
- Afya Bora Consortium
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salm M, Ali M, Minihane M, Conrad P. Defining global health: findings from a systematic review and thematic analysis of the literature. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-005292. [PMID: 34083243 PMCID: PMC8183196 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Debate around a common definition of global health has seen extensive scholarly interest within the last two decades; however, consensus around a precise definition remains elusive. The objective of this study was to systematically review definitions of global health in the literature and offer grounded theoretical insights into what might be seen as relevant for establishing a common definition of global health. METHOD A systematic review was conducted with qualitative synthesis of findings using peer-reviewed literature from key databases. Publications were identified by the keywords of 'global health' and 'define' or 'definition' or 'defining'. Coding methods were used for qualitative analysis to identify recurring themes in definitions of global health published between 2009 and 2019. RESULTS The search resulted in 1363 publications, of which 78 were included. Qualitative analysis of the data generated four theoretical categories and associated subthemes delineating key aspects of global health. These included: (1) global health is a multiplex approach to worldwide health improvement taught and pursued at research institutions; (2) global health is an ethically oriented initiative that is guided by justice principles; (3) global health is a mode of governance that yields influence through problem identification, political decision-making, as well as the allocation and exchange of resources across borders and (4) global health is a vague yet versatile concept with multiple meanings, historical antecedents and an emergent future. CONCLUSION Extant definitions of global health can be categorised thematically to designate areas of importance for stakeholders and to organise future debates on its definition. Future contributions to this debate may consider shifting from questioning the abstract 'what' of global health towards more pragmatic and reflexive questions about 'who' defines global health and towards what ends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Salm
- Anthropology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mahima Ali
- University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Patricia Conrad
- VM:PMI, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sasser CW, Miller ML, Schellhase E, Dascanio SA, Steeb DR. Creating global health leaders in pharmacy by evolving postgraduate training. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 16:1622-1625. [PMID: 32591327 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There has been a push for increasing global health education and training opportunities within the pharmacy profession. Global health postgraduate learning opportunities are necessary to define pharmacy career paths in global health and develop global health leaders. There are many challenges to starting a global health postgraduate training program including economic burden, logistics of extramural rotations, local and international resources, and program sustainability. In the face of barriers inhibiting formal program establishment, different strategies can be used to incorporate global health topics into existing postgraduate training opportunities. Possible solutions include relating local health to global health to develop a global mindset, expanding upon existing partnerships to provide international global health experiences, use of technology and simulation for virtual global health interaction, and emphasis of implementation science principles to connect and translate local health interventions to a global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline W Sasser
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Monica L Miller
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Sarah A Dascanio
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David R Steeb
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Al-Taie A, Izzettin FV, Sancar M, Köseoğlu A. Impact of clinical pharmacy recommendations and patient counselling program among patients with diabetes and cancer in outpatient oncology setting. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2020; 29:e13261. [PMID: 32537812 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The simultaneous occurrence of diabetes and cancer may complicate the management of both conditions resulting in poor prognosis and more deterioration of patient-related outcomes. OBJECTIVE To assess the effective provision of clinical pharmacy services and pharmacist-led counselling program on improving patient-related outcomes among patients with diabetes and newly diagnosed with cancer during chemotherapy administration. METHODS A single-centre, prospective, randomised, controlled study was carried out on patients with diabetes newly diagnosed with cancer during chemotherapy administration at the outpatient oncology setting. Patients were assigned as a normal care group receiving only normal care by the oncology care providers and an intervention group receiving both normal and clinical pharmacy care through an extensive oral and written patient education, pharmacotherapy optimisation and regular recommendations for diabetic self-care activities with three-month follow-up. RESULTS Patients within the intervention group showed a better glycaemic control (p = .049), a significant increase in medication adherence (p = .0049), a significant increase in diabetes self-care activities, including diet (p = .037), self-monitoring of blood glucose (p = .027) and foot care (p = .0085) and reported a lower deterioration in quality of life. CONCLUSION Patients with diabetes and cancer receiving chemotherapy experienced improved patient-related outcomes after clinical pharmacy intervention and counselling program compared to the normal care group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anmar Al-Taie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Department, Girne American University, Kyrenia, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Fikret V Izzettin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mesut Sancar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aygül Köseoğlu
- Oncology Centre, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Eneh P, Steeb DR, Cope R, Gim S, Northrop EF, Brearley AM, Okoro O. Students' perceptions of global health competencies in the doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2020; 12:531-538. [PMID: 32336449 PMCID: PMC7709946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study sought to determine pharmacy students' self-assessment of their level of competency in specified global health statements across various schools. It also evaluated attributes associated with competency and perception of importance, as well as explored students' perspectives on how best to incorporate global health content into pharmacy education. METHODS Cross-sectional survey administered online to pharmacy students from three pharmacy schools in the United States. RESULTS The self-assessed competency of pharmacy students in global health topic areas was low. Current or prior exposures outside of the PharmD curriculum to the global health content presented in the survey were significant indicators of self-assessed competency scores. Within individual participating schools, demographic characteristics such as gender, age category, speaking a non-English language, and progression through the PharmD curriculum were also significantly associated with competency scores reported. Most respondents (96%) agreed that relevant global health education should be incorporated into the pharmacy curriculum. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacy students generally perceive global health competencies to be of great importance in practice, but acknowledge their deficiencies in this area. The current burden of global health education at the schools surveyed relies on individual student experience rather than curricular support. Ensuring that future pharmacists understand their role in global health teams and are able to achieve the necessary level of competency to function in interdisciplinary initiatives will require more strategic incorporation of relevant content into the curriculum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prosperity Eneh
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, 7-168 Weaver-Densford Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - David R Steeb
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, NC, United States
| | - Rebecca Cope
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Long Island University, NY, United States
| | - Suzanna Gim
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Long Island University, NY, United States
| | - Elise F Northrop
- University of Minnesota, Division of Biostatistics, MN, United States
| | - Ann M Brearley
- University of Minnesota, Division of Biostatistics, MN, United States
| | - Olihe Okoro
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Covvey JR, Ryan M. Use of a Modified Delphi Process to Determine Course Objectives for a Model Global Health Course in a Pharmacy Curriculum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2018; 82:6358. [PMID: 30425400 PMCID: PMC6221519 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe6358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To define course objectives for a model global health course in a pharmacy curriculum. Methods. A modified Delphi process was used to determine a consensus among proposed course objectives. A three-round email panel was sent to members of three special interest groups (SIGs) within the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (Public Health, Global Pharmacy Education, and Health Disparities and Cultural Competence) to recruit educators broadly interested or engaged in this area of education. An initial list of 80 potential course objectives across 11 domains was proposed for inclusion. Objectives that were cumulatively rated as either "extremely important" or "very important" by at least 75%, 80%, and 85% of respondents in each of the three rounds, respectively, were moved forward (first and second rounds) or accepted (third round). Results. Responses were received from 87, 73, and 70 faculty panel members in the three consecutive rounds. The initial list of proposed objectives was narrowed to 65 objectives (19% reduction), and 38 objectives (53%) after the first and second rounds, respectively. The final list was composed of 20 objectives from seven domains. Global burden of disease and social/environmental determinants of health contained the most objectives selected by consensus. Conclusion. The process identified a consensus for course objectives for a model global health education course. These objectives can be used by pharmacy faculty to align global health education in the profession.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Covvey
- Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Melody Ryan
- University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saseen JJ, Ripley TL, Bondi D, Burke JM, Cohen LJ, McBane S, McConnell KJ, Sackey B, Sanoski C, Simonyan A, Taylor J, Vande Griend JP. ACCP Clinical Pharmacist Competencies. Pharmacotherapy 2017; 37:630-636. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deborah Bondi
- American College of Clinical Pharmacy; Lenexa Kansas
| | - John M. Burke
- American College of Clinical Pharmacy; Lenexa Kansas
| | | | - Sarah McBane
- American College of Clinical Pharmacy; Lenexa Kansas
| | | | - Bryan Sackey
- American College of Clinical Pharmacy; Lenexa Kansas
| | | | | | - Jodi Taylor
- American College of Clinical Pharmacy; Lenexa Kansas
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bailey LC, DiPietro Mager NA. Global Health Education in Doctor of Pharmacy Programs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2016; 80:71. [PMID: 27293238 PMCID: PMC4891869 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe80471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this Review is to characterize content related to global health in didactic and experiential curricula of doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) programs in the United States. The review was completed through a systematic website search of 133 US PharmD programs accredited or currently in the process of obtaining accreditation to identify global health dual degrees, minors/concentrations, required and elective courses, and experiential opportunities. Programs' course catalogs were referenced as needed to find more specific course listings/descriptions. More than 50 programs offered an elective course related to global health; eight had a required course; eight offered a minor or certification for global health; three offered dual degrees in pharmacy and global health. Fourteen institutions had a center for global health studies on campus. More than 50 programs offered experiential education opportunities in global health including international advanced pharmacy practice experiences or medical mission trips. Inclusion of and focus on global health-related topics in US PharmD programs was widely varied.
Collapse
|
11
|
Steeb DR, Overman RA, Sleath BL, Joyner PU. Global Experiential and Didactic Education Opportunities at US Colleges and Schools of Pharmacy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2016; 80:7. [PMID: 26941433 PMCID: PMC4776300 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the characteristics of global experiential and didactic education offerings in the pharmacy curricula. METHODS A 2-stage web-based review of US colleges and schools of pharmacy identified country locations of international advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPE), globally focused didactic courses, and whether these offerings were interprofessional. Schools were contacted to confirm their offerings and were asked about student participation and demand. RESULTS Sixty-four percent of responding schools confirmed an international APPE offering in 67 different countries with an average graduating class participation of 6.1%. Forty-seven percent of responding schools confirmed a globally focused course offering with an average graduating class participation of 13.1%. Almost two thirds of international APPEs and a majority of courses were designated as interprofessional. Student demand did not outweigh supply for either. CONCLUSION Colleges and schools of pharmacy in the United States are continuing to develop global education opportunities for students in the classroom and throughout the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Steeb
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robert A Overman
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Betsy L Sleath
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pamela U Joyner
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|