1
|
Bechtold TA, Curry B, Witek M. The perceived catchiness of music affects the experience of groove. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303309. [PMID: 38748741 PMCID: PMC11095763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Catchiness and groove are common phenomena when listening to popular music. Catchiness may be a potential factor for experiencing groove but quantitative evidence for such a relationship is missing. To examine whether and how catchiness influences a key component of groove-the pleasurable urge to move to music (PLUMM)-we conducted a listening experiment with 450 participants and 240 short popular music clips of drum patterns, bass lines or keys/guitar parts. We found four main results: (1) catchiness as measured in a recognition task was only weakly associated with participants' perceived catchiness of music. We showed that perceived catchiness is multi-dimensional, subjective, and strongly associated with pleasure. (2) We found a sizeable positive relationship between PLUMM and perceived catchiness. (3) However, the relationship is complex, as further analysis showed that pleasure suppresses perceived catchiness' effect on the urge to move. (4) We compared common factors that promote perceived catchiness and PLUMM and found that listener-related variables contributed similarly, while the effects of musical content diverged. Overall, our data suggests music perceived as catchy is likely to foster groove experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toni Amadeus Bechtold
- Department of Music, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Lucerne School of Music, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Ben Curry
- Department of Music, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Witek
- Department of Music, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Akerman-Nathan A, Naftalovich H, Kalanthroff E. The aversiveness of intrusiveness: Evidence from involuntary musical imagery. J Clin Psychol 2024; 80:110-126. [PMID: 37716016 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intrusive thoughts are characterized by a sense of intrusiveness of foreign entry into cognition. While not always consisting of negative content, intrusive thoughts are almost solely investigated in that context. Involuntary Musical Imagery (INMI) offers a promising alternative, as it is a type of involuntary cognition that can be used to evaluate intrusiveness without negative content. METHODS In Study 1, 200 participants completed self-report questionnaires to assess several aspects of intrusiveness: meta-awareness, control, repetitiveness, frequency, and subjective experience of INMI. In Study 2, 203 participants completed self-report questionnaires to explore the clinical characteristics (depression, stress, anxiety, and rumination) which might mediate the connection between INMI frequency and INMI negative experience. RESULTS Study 1 revealed, through exploratory factor analysis, that intrusiveness shares variance with the negative experience of INMI but not with INMI frequency. In Study 2, ruminative thinking was found to mediate the relationship between frequent INMI and the negative experience of INMI. CONCLUSION These results suggest that INMI might be used to investigate intrusiveness in the lab without the potential confound of negative emotions. In addition, the results suggest that neither the content nor the frequency of intrusive thoughts can solely explain why these thoughts are aversive to some but not others. Ruminative style might be the missing link to explain how and why these intrusive thoughts become aversive and obsessive. In other words, we suggest that the cause for intrusiveness lies not in the thought or repetitiveness, but in the thinker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Akerman-Nathan
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadar Naftalovich
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Kalanthroff
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Killingly C, Lacherez P. The song that never ends: The effect of repeated exposure on the development of an earworm. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023; 76:2535-2545. [PMID: 36622014 PMCID: PMC10585939 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231152368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An "earworm"-the experience of a catchy melody that repeats persistently in the mind-is a ubiquitous yet mysterious cognitive phenomenon. Previous research demonstrates that earworms for vocal music engage working memory resources, manifesting as "inner singing." This study investigated whether this effect is moderated by prior exposure to music. In one experimental session, participants (N = 44) were presented with four novel song choruses. To manipulate exposure, each song was presented between one and four times, counterbalanced across participants. The following day, participants undertook a serial recall task during and following presentation of each song. In addition, they rated the music on familiarity, enjoyment, their desire to sing along, and perceived catchiness, both before and following the experiment. Increased exposure to novel songs on the first day tended to result in greater interference on task performance during and following their presentation on the second day, yet the effect varied depending on the song. Ratings of the desire to sing along and perceived familiarity increased significantly between the sessions for all songs. These findings are important in understanding the relative influence of familiarity and song-level characteristics on the development of an earworm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Callula Killingly
- School of Psychology & Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Early Childhood and Inclusive Education, Faculty of Education, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Philippe Lacherez
- School of Psychology & Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jalbert MC, Hyman IE, Blythe JS, Staugaard SR. Investigating features that contribute to evaluations of intrusiveness for thoughts and memories. Conscious Cogn 2023; 110:103507. [PMID: 37001442 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
What makes a thought feel intrusive? One possibility is that traumatic experiences are the primary cause of intrusive thoughts and memories. Another possibility is that experiences of intrusiveness arise from the features involved with re-experiencing. We investigated several features that may lead a thought to feel intrusive: task-congruence, repetition, and affective content. In Experiment 1, participants listened to popular song clips expected to become stuck in one's head. In Experiment 2, participants were cued to recall their own autobiographical memories. We found that both songs and autobiographical memories replaying mentally felt more intrusive when they were incongruent with the current task, cued repeatedly, and had negative emotional content. Additionally, even liked songs and positive autobiographical memories were evaluated as highly intrusive under some conditions. Based on these findings, we argue that intrusiveness is not limited to traumatic thoughts, but rather is a context-dependent evaluation influenced by a variety of features.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kvavilashvili L, Ford RM. Metamemory for involuntary autobiographical memories and semantic mind-pops in 5-, 7- and 9-year-old children and young adults. Child Dev 2022; 93:e484-e500. [PMID: 35596709 PMCID: PMC9544794 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In a cross‐sectional study, 5‐, 7‐, and 9‐year‐old‐children and adults (N = 144, 86 females, predominantly White U.K. sample of lower‐middle to middle‐class background) were interviewed about their experiences of involuntary autobiographical memories (IAMs) and semantic mind‐pops that come to mind unintentionally. Although some age differences emerged, the majority of participants in all age groups claimed familiarity with involuntary memories and provided examples from their own experience. Moreover, the self‐reported frequency of IAMs and mind‐pops was high, and reported IAMs usually referred to incidental environmental triggers, whereas reported mind‐pops did not. This age invariance highlights the ubiquity of involuntary memories across development and opens up interesting avenues for developmental research on involuntary memories and other spontaneous phenomena (e.g., mind‐wandering, future thinking).
Collapse
|
6
|
Testing the Two-Factor Model of Musical Obsessions: Can They Be Predicted by the Interaction Between Frequency and Dysfunctional Interpretations of Common Earworms? Int J Cogn Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41811-022-00136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Musical obsessions can be conceptualized as a severe form of intrusive musical imagery (IMI). The two-factor model of musical obsessions proposes that musical obsessions result from the interaction of the frequency of IMI and dysfunctional interpretations of IMI. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictions of the two-factor model. A total of 372 participants (291 without a known diagnosis of obsessive–compulsive disorder [OCD] and 81 with a lifetime diagnosis of OCD) completed online questionnaires about the frequency of IMI, their dysfunctional interpretations, and their severity. We specified a model with severity of IMI as outcome and interpretations and frequency as predictors and controlled for the type of sample. The interaction between frequency and dysfunctional interpretations predicted severity of IMI, however in another direction than suggested. Future studies should include experimental and longitudinal designs and pay particular attention to low-frequency IMI and their role in musical obsessions.
Collapse
|
7
|
Individual differences in mental imagery in different modalities and levels of intentionality. Mem Cognit 2021; 50:29-44. [PMID: 34462893 PMCID: PMC8763825 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-021-01209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mental imagery is a highly common component of everyday cognitive functioning. While substantial progress is being made in clarifying this fundamental human function, much is still unclear or unknown. A more comprehensive account of mental imagery aspects would be gained by examining individual differences in age, sex, and background experience in an activity and their association with imagery in different modalities and intentionality levels. The current online study combined multiple imagery self-report measures in a sample (n = 279) with a substantial age range (18-65 years), aiming to identify whether age, sex, or background experience in sports, music, or video games were associated with aspects of imagery in the visual, auditory, or motor stimulus modality and voluntary or involuntary intentionality level. The findings show weak positive associations between age and increased vividness of voluntary auditory imagery and decreased involuntary musical imagery frequency, weak associations between being female and more vivid visual imagery, and relations of greater music and video game experience with higher involuntary musical imagery frequency. Moreover, all imagery stimulus modalities were associated with each other, for both intentionality levels, except involuntary musical imagery frequency, which was only related to higher voluntary auditory imagery vividness. These results replicate previous research but also contribute new insights, showing that individual differences in age, sex, and background experience are associated with various aspects of imagery such as modality, intentionality, vividness, and frequency. The study's findings can inform the growing domain of applications of mental imagery to clinical and pedagogical settings.
Collapse
|
8
|
Suzuki I. Interference by linguistic processes in the occurrence of lyrics in involuntary musical imagery. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2021.1891087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
9
|
Smith ET. Examining tensions in the past and present uses of concepts. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2020; 84:84-94. [PMID: 33218469 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Examining tensions between the past and present uses of scientific concepts can help clarify their contributions as tools in experimental practices. This point can be illustrated by considering the concepts of mental imagery and hallucinations: despite debates over their respective referential reliabilities remaining unresolved within their interdependent histories, both are used as independently stable concepts in neuroimaging experiments. Building on an account of how these concepts function as tools structured for pursuit of diverging goals in experiments, this paper explores this tension by re-examining the continued reliance of each concept on inverse characterisations inherited from the nominally-discarded 'mediator-view' of sensory-like mental phenomena (SLMP). In doing so, I seek to demonstrate how examining unresolved tensions can help highlight that entrenched associations can remain both integral to, and obscured by, the uses of concepts as goal-directed tools within experimental practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eden T Smith
- School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liikkanen LA, Jakubowski K. Involuntary musical imagery as a component of ordinary music cognition: A review of empirical evidence. Psychon Bull Rev 2020; 27:1195-1217. [PMID: 32583211 PMCID: PMC7704448 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-020-01750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Involuntary musical imagery (INMI) refers to a conscious mental experience of music that occurs without deliberate efforts to initiate or sustain it. This experience often consists of the repetition of a short fragment of a melody, colloquially called an "earworm." Here, we present the first comprehensive, qualitative review of published empirical research on INMI to date. We performed an extensive literature search and discovered, in total, 47 studies from 33 peer-reviewed articles that met the inclusion criteria for the review. In analyzing the content of these studies, we identified four major research themes, which concern the phenomenology, dynamics, individual differences, and musical features of INMI. The findings answer many questions of scientific interest-for instance, what is typical in terms of INMI frequency, duration, and content; which factors influence INMI onset; and whether demographic and personality factors can explain individual differences in susceptibility and responses to INMI. This review showcases INMI as a well-established phenomenon in light of a substantial body of empirical studies that have accumulated consistent results. Although the populations under study show an unfavorable bias towards Western, educated participants, the evidence depicts INMI as a universal psychological phenomenon, the possible function of which we do not yet fully understand. The concluding section introduces several suggestions for future research to expand on the topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lassi A Liikkanen
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Earworms refer to catchy tunes that run repeatedly through a person's mind. Empirical literature regarding earworms is scant; however, some researchers have conceptualized the phenomenon as an unwanted intrusion in the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The current study expands upon past research by characterizing the experience of earworms and examining associations of earworm-related distress and interference with theoretical constructs of interest, including obsessive beliefs and experiential avoidance. Two hundred forty participants completed an online survey regarding the experience of musical obsessions (e.g., duration, frequency, distress) and related theoretical constructs (e.g., experiential avoidance) of interest. Descriptive results regarding the frequency, duration, and associated distress and interference of earworms are presented. Furthermore, results reveal that experiential avoidance is a unique predictor of earworm-related distress and interference. Results suggest that interference and distress due to earworms may be related to attempts to suppress them. Study conclusions, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Reuman
- Boston University School of Medicine and National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
have been reported in association with psychiatric diseases, brain stem strokes, deafness, degenerative diseases, intoxications, pharmacologic agents, and epilepsy. We present a patient who in the absence of these disorders developed musical hallucinations from an infarction of the right hemisphere that primarily injured his right frontal and anterior temporal lobes. This report discusses some of the possible mechanisms for this patient's presentation. Although the mechanism of his musical hallucinations remains unclear, recognition of this uncommon syndrome is important when structuring rehabilitation and management for patients with stroke who have this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Buchwald
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Fl, USA
| | - Adam Kelly
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth M Heilman
- Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine & Neurologist-Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexis N Simpkins
- Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Florida Gainesville, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Negishi K, Sekiguchi T. Individual traits that influence the frequency and emotional characteristics of involuntary musical imagery: An experience sampling study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234111. [PMID: 32497111 PMCID: PMC7272041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated individual traits that influence the frequency of involuntary musical imagery (INMI) and the emotional valence of these occurrences using the experience sampling method (ESM) that measures INMI in daily life at the moment they occur. As individual traits, the effects of non-clinical obsessive-compulsive (OC) tendencies, personality traits, and musical expertise were examined. Among them, we were particularly interested in the effect of OC tendencies that are assumed to be related to INMI but are yet to be fully examined using ESM. A total of 101 university students completed questionnaires that assessed OC tendencies, the Big Five personality traits, and musical expertise. During the seven-day sampling period, participants received smartphone notifications six times per day and responded by stating whether they had experienced INMI and described the emotional characteristics of those occurrences. A multilevel analysis showed the relationship between OC tendencies and INMI. A positive effect was observed for intrusive thoughts (obsession) on the occurrence of INMI. Regarding the emotional characteristics of INMI, a negative effect of compulsive washing was observed on both the pleasantness of INMI experiences and the extent to which the participants liked the music they had heard internally. The effects of both personality traits and musical expertise were also observed in the analysis of INMI occurrences, both of which are consistent with previous findings. In summary, the present study using ESM supports previous findings on individual traits that affect INMI and clarifies them with additional detail and accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Negishi
- Department of Educational Psychology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sekiguchi
- Department of Educational Psychology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Inhibiting the Emergence of Involuntary Musical Imagery: Implications for Improving Our Understanding of Intrusive Thoughts. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
15
|
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) reportedly possess preserved or superior music-processing skills compared to their typically developing counterparts. We examined auditory imagery and earworms (tunes that get "stuck" in the head) in adults with ASD and controls. Both groups completed a short earworm questionnaire together with the Bucknell Auditory Imagery Scale. Results showed poorer auditory imagery in the ASD group for all types of auditory imagery. However, the ASD group did not report fewer earworms than matched controls. These data suggest a possible basis in poor auditory imagery for poor prosody in ASD, but also highlight a separability between auditory imagery and control of musical memories. The separability is present in the ASD group but not in typically developing individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bacon
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AL, UK
| | - C Philip Beaman
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AL, UK.
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cotter KN. Mental Control in Musical Imagery: A Dual Component Model. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1904. [PMID: 31496973 PMCID: PMC6712095 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing music in your head is a ubiquitous experience, but the role mental control plays in these experiences has not been deeply addressed. In this conceptual analysis, a dual-component model of mental control in musical imagery experiences is developed and discussed. The first component, initiation, refers to whether the musical imagery experience began voluntarily or involuntarily. The second component, management, refers to instances of control that occur after the experience has begun (e.g., changing the song, stopping the experience). Given the complex nature of this inner experience, we propose a new model combining and integrating four literatures: lab-based auditory imagery research using musical stimuli; involuntary musical imagery; mental rehearsal and composition in musicians; and in vivo studies of musical imagery in everyday environments. These literatures support the contention that mental control of musical imagery is multi-faceted. Future research should investigate these two components of mental control and better integrate the diverse literatures on musical imagery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N. Cotter
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Visual attentional load affects the frequency of involuntary autobiographical memories and their level of meta-awareness. Mem Cognit 2019; 47:117-129. [PMID: 30191407 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-018-0854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Involuntary autobiographical memories (IAMs) are memories of past events that come to mind without deliberate retrieval attempts. Common in everyday life, IAMs have recently become a topic of experimental investigations with laboratory procedures. In the present study, we build on the recent methodological advancements in the study of IAMs, and we investigate the effects of manipulating the attentional load on the incidence of IAMs, as well as on the level of meta-awareness of these memories. In two experiments, attentional load was manipulated by varying the demands of the focal vigilance task, and reports of IAMs were collected. In Experiment 1, participants were instructed to stop the vigilance task whenever mental contents unrelated to the task came to their minds (self-caught method). In Experiment 2, participants were intermittently interrupted and probed regarding the contents of their experience (probe-caught method) and the level of meta-awareness for these contents. In both experiments, we found a reduction in the frequency of reported IAMs under increased attentional load. Moreover, in Experiment 2, IAMs were characterized by varied levels of meta-awareness, which was reduced by increased attentional load. These results indicate that allocation of attentional resources toward a focal task reduces reporting of IAMs experienced while performing this task because attentional resources play a role in both retrieval of IAMs and the realization that one is experiencing a memory.
Collapse
|
18
|
Orjuela Rojas JM, Lizarazo Rodríguez IL. The Stuck Song Syndrome: A Case of Musical Obsessions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2018; 19:1329-1333. [PMID: 30401794 PMCID: PMC6233206 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.912402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Female, 32 Final Diagnosis: Obsessive compulsive disorder Symptoms: Compulsive behavior • musical obsessions Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Treatment with serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors Specialty: Psychiatry
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Orjuela Rojas
- Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Pontifical Javeriana University), Bogotá, Colombia
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Beaman CP. The Literary and Recent Scientific History of the Earworm: A Review and Theoretical Framework. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/25742442.2018.1533735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Philip Beaman
- School of Psychology & Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Towards a new methodological approach: A novel paradigm for covertly inducing and sampling different forms of spontaneous cognition. Conscious Cogn 2018; 65:126-140. [PMID: 30144685 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of cognitions is generated involuntarily in the human mind daily. We developed a paradigm, which covertly induces and samples spontaneous cognitions in the visual and auditory modalities, focusing on 3 key characteristics: spontaneity, repetition, and emotional valence. Sixty participants watched two visual clips while listening to music and assessed their characteristics. Post-induction, participants closed their eyes for 5 min and then completed a questionnaire, which indirectly samples different forms of spontaneous cognition. Induction was effective in all categories. Results indicated that different forms of spontaneous musical cognitions are experienced as longer in duration and less negative in emotional valence compared to visual cognitions. The findings are discussed in relation to spontaneous cognition methodology and experiences in different modalities. Spontaneous cognitions are multifaceted and not unitary constructs as previously considered and studied, and as such the novel induction and sampling paradigm presents a promising line of research.
Collapse
|
21
|
Moseley P, Alderson-Day B, Kumar S, Fernyhough C. Musical hallucinations, musical imagery, and earworms: A new phenomenological survey. Conscious Cogn 2018; 65:83-94. [PMID: 30077016 PMCID: PMC6204882 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a phenomenological survey comparing musical hallucinations to other inner music. MH were more likely to be reported as externally located than other experiences. MH were less controllable and less familiar than imagery or earworms. MH were less likely to include lyrical content than other forms of inner music. Individuals with higher levels of musical expertise were less likely to report MH.
Musical hallucinations (MH) account for a significant proportion of auditory hallucinations, but there is a relative lack of research into their phenomenology. In contrast, much research has focused on other forms of internally generated musical experience, such as earworms (involuntary and repetitive inner music), showing that they can vary in perceived control, repetitiveness, and in their effect on mood. We conducted a large online survey (N = 270), including 44 participants with MH, asking participants to rate imagery, earworms, or MH on several variables. MH were reported as occurring less frequently, with less controllability, less lyrical content, and lower familiarity, than other forms of inner music. MH were also less likely to be reported by participants with higher levels of musical expertise. The findings are outlined in relation to other forms of hallucinatory experience and inner music, and their implications for psychological models of hallucinations discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Moseley
- Psychology Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Marsh Lane, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom.
| | - Ben Alderson-Day
- Psychology Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Sukhbinder Kumar
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Fernyhough
- Psychology Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Involuntary and voluntary recall of musical memories: A comparison of temporal accuracy and emotional responses. Mem Cognit 2018; 46:741-756. [PMID: 29380139 PMCID: PMC6061003 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-018-0792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Comparisons between involuntarily and voluntarily retrieved autobiographical memories have revealed similarities in encoding and maintenance, with differences in terms of specificity and emotional responses. Our study extended this research area into the domain of musical memory, which afforded a unique opportunity to compare the same memory as accessed both involuntarily and voluntarily. Specifically, we compared instances of involuntary musical imagery (INMI, or “earworms”)—the spontaneous mental recall and repetition of a tune—to deliberate recall of the same tune as voluntary musical imagery (VMI) in terms of recall accuracy and emotional responses. Twenty participants completed two 3-day tasks. In an INMI task, participants recorded information about INMI episodes as they occurred; in a VMI task, participants were prompted via text message to deliberately imagine each tune they had previously experienced as INMI. In both tasks, tempi of the imagined tunes were recorded by tapping to the musical beat while wearing an accelerometer and additional information (e.g., tune name, emotion ratings) was logged in a diary. Overall, INMI and VMI tempo measurements for the same tune were strongly correlated. Tempo recall for tunes that have definitive, recorded versions was relatively accurate, and tunes that were retrieved deliberately (VMI) were not recalled more accurately in terms of tempo than spontaneous and involuntary instances of imagined music (INMI). Some evidence that INMI elicited stronger emotional responses than VMI was also revealed. These results demonstrate several parallels to previous literature on involuntary memories and add new insights on the phenomenology of INMI.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
SummaryObsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the most debilitating psychiatric conditions in young people. In DSM-5 it is no longer characterised as an anxiety disorder, but instead is part of a group of ‘obsessive–compulsive and related disorders'. In the past 10 years, cognitive—behavioural therapy (CBT) has become well established as the first-choice treatment. This article explains some of the elements of CBT and describes new directions in research which might improve interventions.
Collapse
|
24
|
Floridou GA, Williamson VJ, Stewart L. A novel indirect method for capturing involuntary musical imagery under varying cognitive load. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2016; 70:2189-2199. [PMID: 27557154 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1227860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Involuntary musical imagery (INMI), i.e the internal experience of a repetitive musical fragment, is one of the most ubiquitous forms of spontaneous cognition. Findings regarding the relationship between INMI and cognitive load are conflicting. In the present study, 200 participants watched and evaluated two non-dialogue, music-only film trailers. Subsequently, they either closed their eyes for 5 min (baseline), or engaged in one of three dot tasks of varying challenge and attentional demand (low, medium, and high cognitive load). Finally, they completed a novel "Mind Activity Questionnaire", which allows for indirect INMI sampling rather than direct questioning. The same questionnaire was completed 24 hours later. Overall, a significant negative linear trend was found. At baseline, 65% of people reported experiencing INMI. This rate decreased to 32.5% in the low load condition with further reductions observed in the medium and high conditions, which did not differ significantly from each other. INMI frequency and duration followed the same pattern as the induction rates. In the 24-hour follow-up, 21% of participants reported INMI experiences. This study supports the hypothesis that INMI occurrence, frequency, and duration relate to spare cognitive capacity and demonstrates an ecologically valid laboratory paradigm for covertly inducing and documenting INMI experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia A Floridou
- a Department of Psychology , Goldsmiths, University of London , London , UK
| | - Victoria J Williamson
- b Department of Music , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK.,c Hochscule Luzern , Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts , Lucerne , Switzerland
| | - Lauren Stewart
- a Department of Psychology , Goldsmiths, University of London , London , UK.,d Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine , Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg , Aarhus , Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Elua I, Laws KR, Kvavilashvili L. Increased frequency of involuntary semantic memories or mind-pops in schizophrenia: a diary study. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2016; 20:502-11. [PMID: 26457762 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2015.1092431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hallucinations constitute a prominent symptom of schizophrenia and may take a variety of forms (verbal, visual, musical, or environmental noises). Interesting similarities exist between hallucinations and so-called mind-pops which refer to isolated fragments of one's semantic knowledge (e.g., a word/sentence, visual image, or a song/melody) that come to mind unexpectedly, often without any obvious triggers, and are difficult to control. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether mind-pops may constitute the raw cognitive material from which hallucinations are constructed by studying the nature and frequency of mind-pops in the everyday life of people with schizophrenia and non-clinical controls. METHODS Eleven participants with schizophrenia and 14 non-clinical controls kept a diary of their mind-pops for seven days and completed a brief questionnaire every time they had a mind-pop. RESULTS Schizophrenia participants reported significantly more verbal and image mind-pops than controls and their content was negative more often than in controls. No group differences were obtained in terms of reported triggers or ongoing activities. Data from both groups also supported the priming hypothesis by showing that stimuli encountered in one's environment or thoughts could later re-appear in the form of a mind-pop. CONCLUSIONS The findings have implications for models of schizophrenia that emphasise the role of intrusive thoughts and memories in the aetiology and development of key psychotic symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ia Elua
- a Department of Psychology , University of Hertfordshire , College Lane, Hatfield , Herts AL10 9AB , UK.,b Jewish Board , Brooklyn REAL PROS , 2020 Coney Island Avenue, Brooklyn , NY 11223 , USA
| | - Keith R Laws
- a Department of Psychology , University of Hertfordshire , College Lane, Hatfield , Herts AL10 9AB , UK
| | - Lia Kvavilashvili
- a Department of Psychology , University of Hertfordshire , College Lane, Hatfield , Herts AL10 9AB , UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gabriel D, Wong TC, Nicolier M, Giustiniani J, Mignot C, Noiret N, Monnin J, Magnin E, Pazart L, Moulin T, Haffen E, Vandel P. Don't forget the lyrics! Spatiotemporal dynamics of neural mechanisms spontaneously evoked by gaps of silence in familiar and newly learned songs. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 132:18-28. [PMID: 27131744 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of people experience musical imagery, the sensation of reliving a song in absence of any external stimulation. Internal perception of a song can be deliberate and effortful, but also may occur involuntarily and spontaneously. Moreover, musical imagery is also involuntarily used for automatically completing missing parts of music or lyrics from a familiar song. The aim of our study was to explore the onset of musical imagery dynamics that leads to the automatic completion of missing lyrics. High-density electroencephalography was used to record the cerebral activity of twenty healthy volunteers while they were passively listening to unfamiliar songs, very familiar songs, and songs previously listened to for two weeks. Silent gaps inserted into these songs elicited a series of neural activations encompassing perceptual, attentional and cognitive mechanisms (range 100-500ms). Familiarity and learning effects emerged as early as 100ms and lasted 400ms after silence occurred. Although participants reported more easily mentally imagining lyrics in familiar rather than passively learnt songs, the onset of neural mechanisms and the power spectrum underlying musical imagery were similar for both types of songs. This study offers new insights into the musical imagery dynamics evoked by gaps of silence and on the role of familiarity and learning processes in the generation of these dynamics. The automatic and effortless method presented here is a potentially useful tool to understand failure in the familiarity and learning processes of pathological populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Gabriel
- Centre d'investigation Clinique-Innovation Technologique CIC-IT 1431, Inserm, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France; Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques EA 481, Univ. Franche-Comté, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France.
| | - Thian Chiew Wong
- Centre d'investigation Clinique-Innovation Technologique CIC-IT 1431, Inserm, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Magali Nicolier
- Centre d'investigation Clinique-Innovation Technologique CIC-IT 1431, Inserm, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France; Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques EA 481, Univ. Franche-Comté, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; Service de psychiatrie de l'adulte, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Julie Giustiniani
- Service de psychiatrie de l'adulte, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Coralie Mignot
- Centre d'investigation Clinique-Innovation Technologique CIC-IT 1431, Inserm, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Noiret
- Centre Mémoire de Ressource et de Recherche de Franche-Comté, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France; Laboratoire de psychologie EA 3188, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Julie Monnin
- Centre d'investigation Clinique-Innovation Technologique CIC-IT 1431, Inserm, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France; Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques EA 481, Univ. Franche-Comté, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; Service de psychiatrie de l'adulte, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Eloi Magnin
- Centre Mémoire de Ressource et de Recherche de Franche-Comté, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France; Service de neurologie, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Lionel Pazart
- Centre d'investigation Clinique-Innovation Technologique CIC-IT 1431, Inserm, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France; Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques EA 481, Univ. Franche-Comté, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Thierry Moulin
- Centre d'investigation Clinique-Innovation Technologique CIC-IT 1431, Inserm, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France; Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques EA 481, Univ. Franche-Comté, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; Service de neurologie, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Centre d'investigation Clinique-Innovation Technologique CIC-IT 1431, Inserm, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France; Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques EA 481, Univ. Franche-Comté, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; Service de psychiatrie de l'adulte, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Pierre Vandel
- Centre d'investigation Clinique-Innovation Technologique CIC-IT 1431, Inserm, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France; Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques EA 481, Univ. Franche-Comté, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; Service de psychiatrie de l'adulte, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France; Centre Mémoire de Ressource et de Recherche de Franche-Comté, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
From mind wandering to involuntary retrieval: Age-related differences in spontaneous cognitive processes. Neuropsychologia 2015; 80:142-156. [PMID: 26617263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The majority of studies that have investigated the effects of healthy aging on cognition have focused on age-related differences in voluntary and deliberately engaged cognitive processes. Yet many forms of cognition occur spontaneously, without any deliberate attempt at engaging them. In this article we review studies that have assessed age-related differences in four such types of spontaneous thought processes: mind-wandering, involuntary autobiographical memory, intrusive thoughts, and spontaneous prospective memory retrieval. These studies suggest that older adults exhibit a reduction in frequency of both mind-wandering and involuntary autobiographical memory, whereas findings regarding intrusive thoughts have been more mixed. Additionally, there is some preliminary evidence that spontaneous prospective memory retrieval may be relatively preserved in aging. We consider the roles of age-related differences in cognitive resources, motivation, current concerns and emotional regulation in accounting for these findings. We also consider age-related differences in the neural correlates of spontaneous cognitive processes.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The study of spontaneous and everyday cognitions is an area of rapidly growing interest. One of the most ubiquitous forms of spontaneous cognition is involuntary musical imagery (INMI), the involuntarily retrieved and repetitive mental replay of music. The present study introduced a novel method for capturing temporal features of INMI within a naturalistic setting. This method allowed for the investigation of two questions of interest to INMI researchers in a more objective way than previously possible, concerning (1) the precision of memory representations within INMI and (2) the interactions between INMI and concurrent affective state. Over the course of 4 days, INMI tempo was measured by asking participants to tap to the beat of their INMI with a wrist-worn accelerometer. Participants documented additional details regarding their INMI in a diary. Overall, the tempo of music within INMI was recalled from long-term memory in a highly veridical form, although with a regression to the mean for recalled tempo that parallels previous findings on voluntary musical imagery. A significant positive relationship was found between INMI tempo and subjective arousal, suggesting that INMI interacts with concurrent mood in a similar manner to perceived music. The results suggest several parallels between INMI and voluntary imagery, music perceptual processes, and other types of involuntary memories.
Collapse
|
29
|
Beaman CP, Powell K, Rapley E. Rapid Communication: Want to block earworms from conscious awareness? B(u)y gum! Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2015; 68:1049-57. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1034142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments examine the role of articulatory motor planning in experiencing an involuntary musical recollection (an “earworm”). Experiment 1 shows that interfering with articulatory motor programming by chewing gum reduces both the number of voluntary and the number of involuntary—unwanted—musical thoughts. This is consistent with other findings that chewing gum interferes with voluntary processes such as recollections from verbal memory, the interpretation of ambiguous auditory images, and the scanning of familiar melodies, but is not predicted by theories of thought suppression, which assume that suppression is made more difficult by concurrent tasks or cognitive loads. Experiment 2 shows that chewing the gum affects the experience of “hearing” the music and cannot be ascribed to a general effect on thinking about a tune only in abstract terms. Experiment 3 confirms that the reduction of musical recollections by chewing gum is not the consequence of a general attentional or dual-task demand. The data support a link between articulatory motor programming and the appearance in consciousness of both voluntary and unwanted musical recollections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Philip Beaman
- Centre for Cognition Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- School of Psychology & Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Kitty Powell
- School of Psychology & Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Ellie Rapley
- School of Psychology & Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Farrugia N, Jakubowski K, Cusack R, Stewart L. Tunes stuck in your brain: The frequency and affective evaluation of involuntary musical imagery correlate with cortical structure. Conscious Cogn 2015; 35:66-77. [PMID: 25978461 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a growing interest in the neuroscience of spontaneous cognition. One form of such cognition is involuntary musical imagery (INMI), the non-pathological and everyday experience of having music in one's head, in the absence of an external stimulus. In this study, aspects of INMI, including frequency and affective evaluation, were measured by self-report in 44 subjects and related to variation in brain structure in these individuals. Frequency of INMI was related to cortical thickness in regions of right frontal and temporal cortices as well as the anterior cingulate and left angular gyrus. Affective aspects of INMI, namely the extent to which subjects wished to suppress INMI or considered them helpful, were related to gray matter volume in right temporopolar and parahippocampal cortices respectively. These results provide the first evidence that INMI is a common internal experience recruiting brain networks involved in perception, emotions, memory and spontaneous thoughts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Farrugia
- Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, UK.
| | - Kelly Jakubowski
- Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, UK; Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Rhodri Cusack
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lauren Stewart
- Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Floridou GA, Müllensiefen D. Environmental and mental conditions predicting the experience of involuntary musical imagery: An experience sampling method study. Conscious Cogn 2015; 33:472-86. [PMID: 25800098 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An experience sampling method (ESM) study on 40 volunteers was conducted to explore the environmental factors and psychological conditions related to involuntary musical imagery (INMI) in everyday life. Participants reported 6 times per day for one week on their INMI experiences, relevant contextual information and associated environmental conditions. The resulting data was modeled with Bayesian networks and led to insights into the interplay of factors related to INMI experiences. The activity that a person is engaged was found to play an important role in the experience of mind wandering, which in turn enables the experience of INMI. INMI occurrence is independent of the time of the day while the INMI trigger affects the subjective evaluation of the INMI experience. The results are compared to findings from earlier studies based on retrospective surveys and questionnaires and highlight the advantage of ESM techniques in research on spontaneous experiences like INMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia A Floridou
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross Road, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniel Müllensiefen
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross Road, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Clark CN, Downey LE, Warren JD. Brain disorders and the biological role of music. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:444-52. [PMID: 24847111 PMCID: PMC4350491 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its evident universality and high social value, the ultimate biological role of music and its connection to brain disorders remain poorly understood. Recent findings from basic neuroscience have shed fresh light on these old problems. New insights provided by clinical neuroscience concerning the effects of brain disorders promise to be particularly valuable in uncovering the underlying cognitive and neural architecture of music and for assessing candidate accounts of the biological role of music. Here we advance a new model of the biological role of music in human evolution and the link to brain disorders, drawing on diverse lines of evidence derived from comparative ethology, cognitive neuropsychology and neuroimaging studies in the normal and the disordered brain. We propose that music evolved from the call signals of our hominid ancestors as a means mentally to rehearse and predict potentially costly, affectively laden social routines in surrogate, coded, low-cost form: essentially, a mechanism for transforming emotional mental states efficiently and adaptively into social signals. This biological role of music has its legacy today in the disordered processing of music and mental states that characterizes certain developmental and acquired clinical syndromes of brain network disintegration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla N Clark
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Laura E Downey
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jason D Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Perham N, Lewis A, Turner J, Hodgetts HM. The Sound of Silence: Can Imagining Music Improve Spatial Rotation Performance? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-014-9232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
34
|
Islam L, Scarone S, Gambini O. Obsessive-compulsive disorder presenting with musical obsessions in otosclerosis: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2014; 8:384. [PMID: 25418908 PMCID: PMC4304165 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Musical obsessions consist of intrusive recollections of music fragments that are experienced as unwanted. Otosclerosis is caused by an abnormal bone homeostasis of the otic capsule and represents a frequent cause of hearing impairment. Many conditions causing hearing loss have been associated with musical hallucinations, but the association between musical obsessions and hearing loss is frequently overlooked. Case presentation We present the case of a 51-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of obsessive-compulsive disorder who developed musical obsessions soon after being diagnosed with otosclerosis. She was referred to our obsessive-compulsive disorder outpatient unit by her general psychiatrist. At the time of our first evaluation, she had severe musical obsessions that interfered with her social functioning and made her unable to follow conversations. She was started on 40mg of paroxetine and 2.5mg of aripiprazole, which led to significant improvement of her symptoms and of her social and work functioning. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of musical obsessions in a patient with hearing loss due to otosclerosis and a history of obsessive-compulsive disorder. This case suggests that a differential diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder should be carefully considered in patients with hearing impairment who complain of involuntary musical imagery, especially in those patients who have a previous history of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Islam
- Psychiatry, University of Milan Medical School, Ospedale San Paolo, Psichiatria Ovest, Via A Di Rudini 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Taylor S, McKay D, Miguel EC, De Mathis MA, Andrade C, Ahuja N, Sookman D, Kwon JS, Huh MJ, Riemann BC, Cottraux J, O'Connor K, Hale LR, Abramowitz JS, Fontenelle LF, Storch EA. Musical obsessions: a comprehensive review of neglected clinical phenomena. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:580-9. [PMID: 24997394 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Intrusive musical imagery (IMI) consists of involuntarily recalled, short, looping fragments of melodies. Musical obsessions are distressing, impairing forms of IMI that merit investigation in their own right and, more generally, research into these phenomena may broaden our understanding of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which is phenomenologically and etiologically heterogeneous. We present the first comprehensive review of musical obsessions, based on the largest set of case descriptions ever assembled (N=96). Characteristics of musical obsessions are described and compared with normal IMI, musical hallucinations, and visual obsessional imagery. Assessment, differential diagnosis, comorbidity, etiologic hypotheses, and treatments are described. Musical obsessions may be under-diagnosed because they are not adequately assessed by current measures of OCD. Musical obsessions have been misdiagnosed as psychotic phenomena, which has led to ineffective treatment. Accurate diagnosis is important for appropriate treatment. Musical obsessions may respond to treatments that are not recommended for prototypic OCD symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Niraj Ahuja
- Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kieron O'Connor
- Centre de Recherche, University Institute of Mental Health at Montreal, PQ, Canada
| | - Lisa R Hale
- Kansas City Center for Anxiety Treatment, KS, USA
| | | | | | - Eric A Storch
- Rogers Memorial Hospital, WI, USA; University of South Florida, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Husain F, Levin J, Scott J, Fjeldstad C. Recurrent refrains in a patient with multiple sclerosis: Earworms or musical hallucinations? Mult Scler Relat Disord 2014; 3:276-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
Williamson VJ, Liikkanen LA, Jakubowski K, Stewart L. Sticky tunes: how do people react to involuntary musical imagery? PLoS One 2014; 9:e86170. [PMID: 24497938 PMCID: PMC3908735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of people experience involuntary musical imagery (INMI) or ‘earworms’; perceptions of spontaneous, repetitive musical sound in the absence of an external source. The majority of INMI episodes are not bothersome, while some cause disruption ranging from distraction to anxiety and distress. To date, little is known about how the majority of people react to INMI, in particular whether evaluation of the experience impacts on chosen response behaviours or if attempts at controlling INMI are successful or not. The present study classified 1046 reports of how people react to INMI episodes. Two laboratories in Finland and the UK conducted an identical qualitative analysis protocol on reports of INMI reactions and derived visual descriptive models of the outcomes using grounded theory techniques. Combined analysis carried out across the two studies confirmed that many INMI episodes were considered neutral or pleasant, with passive acceptance and enjoyment being among the most popular response behaviours. A significant number of people, however, reported on attempts to cope with unwanted INMI. The most popular and effective behaviours in response to INMI were seeking out the tune in question, and musical or verbal distraction. The outcomes of this study contribute to our understanding of the aetiology of INMI, in particular within the framework of memory theory, and present testable hypotheses for future research on successful INMI coping strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J. Williamson
- Hochschule Luzern – Musik, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Luzern, Switzerland
- Department of Music, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Lassi A. Liikkanen
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Kelly Jakubowski
- Psychology Department, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Stewart
- Psychology Department, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Perham N, Currie H. Does listening to preferred music improve reading comprehension performance? APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Perham
- Department of Applied Psychology; Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff UK
| | - Harriet Currie
- Department of Applied Psychology; Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
This study investigated gamers' auditory experiences as after effects of playing. This was done by classifying, quantifying, and analysing 192 experiences from 155 gamers collected from online videogame forums. The gamers' experiences were classified as: (i) involuntary auditory imagery (e.g., hearing the music, sounds or voices from the game), (ii) inner speech (e.g., completing phrases in the mind), (iii) auditory misperceptions (e.g., confusing real life sounds with videogame sounds), and (iv) multisensorial auditory experiences (e.g., hearing music while involuntary moving the fingers). Gamers heard auditory cues from the game in their heads, in their ears, but also coming from external sources. Occasionally, the vividness of the sound evoked thoughts and emotions that resulted in behaviours and copying strategies. The psychosocial implications of the gamers' auditory experiences are discussed. This study contributes to the understanding of the effects of auditory features in videogames, and to the phenomenology of non-volitional auditory experiences.
Collapse
|
40
|
Kumar S, Sedley W, Barnes GR, Teki S, Friston KJ, Griffiths TD. A brain basis for musical hallucinations. Cortex 2013; 52:86-97. [PMID: 24445167 PMCID: PMC3969291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The physiological basis for musical hallucinations (MH) is not understood. One obstacle to understanding has been the lack of a method to manipulate the intensity of hallucination during the course of experiment. Residual inhibition, transient suppression of a phantom percept after the offset of a masking stimulus, has been used in the study of tinnitus. We report here a human subject whose MH were residually inhibited by short periods of music. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) allowed us to examine variation in the underlying oscillatory brain activity in different states. Source-space analysis capable of single-subject inference defined left-lateralised power increases, associated with stronger hallucinations, in the gamma band in left anterior superior temporal gyrus, and in the beta band in motor cortex and posteromedial cortex. The data indicate that these areas form a crucial network in the generation of MH, and are consistent with a model in which MH are generated by persistent reciprocal communication in a predictive coding hierarchy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbinder Kumar
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, London, UK.
| | - William Sedley
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Sundeep Teki
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, London, UK
| | | | - Timothy D Griffiths
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Liikkanen LA, Raaska K. Treatment of anxiety from musical obsessions with a cognitive behaviour therapy tool. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2013-201064. [PMID: 24214156 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-201064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Musical obsessions and hallucinations are disturbing experiences of repeating internal music. Antipsychotic medication can sometimes reduce these symptoms but can also trigger or augment them. We report the case of a female patient with schizophrenia with drug-resistant obsessive musical hallucinations. The patient volunteered to participate in a 9-month pilot study to follow the development of the condition using an involuntary music and mood inventory. The patient perceived benefits from the intervention, including reduced anxiety, increased feeling of being in control and understanding the condition better. Findings from this case study suggest that cognitive therapy can be a useful complementary method of care for persons with musical obsessions. The presented tool requires further investigations among those with this rare condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lassi A Liikkanen
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Beaty RE, Burgin CJ, Nusbaum EC, Kwapil TR, Hodges DA, Silvia PJ. Music to the inner ears: exploring individual differences in musical imagery. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22:1163-73. [PMID: 24021845 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In two studies, we explored the frequency and phenomenology of musical imagery. Study 1 used retrospective reports of musical imagery to assess the contribution of individual differences to imagery characteristics. Study 2 used an experience sampling design to assess the phenomenology of musical imagery over the course of one week in a sample of musicians and non-musicians. Both studies found episodes of musical imagery to be common and positive: people rarely wanted such experiences to end and often heard music that was personally meaningful. Several variables predicted musical imagery, including personality, musical preferences, and positive mood. Musicians tended to hear musical imagery more often, but they reported less frequent episodes of deliberately-generated imagery. Taken together, the present research provides new insights into individual differences in musical imagery, and it supports the emerging view that such experiences are common, positive, and more voluntary than previously recognized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger E Beaty
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hyman IE, Burland NK, Duskin HM, Cook MC, Roy CM, McGrath JC, Roundhill RF. Going Gaga: Investigating, Creating, and Manipulating the Song Stuck in My Head. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ira E. Hyman
- Psychology Department; Western Washington University; Bellingham; USA
| | - Naomi K. Burland
- Psychology Department; Western Washington University; Bellingham; USA
| | | | - Megan C. Cook
- Psychology Department; Western Washington University; Bellingham; USA
| | - Christina M. Roy
- Psychology Department; Western Washington University; Bellingham; USA
| | - Jessie C. McGrath
- Psychology Department; Western Washington University; Bellingham; USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Worth R, Williamson V. Music to Our Ears: Interview with Victoria Williamson. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v8i2.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
45
|
Elua I, Laws KR, Kvavilashvili L. From mind-pops to hallucinations? A study of involuntary semantic memories in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2012; 196:165-70. [PMID: 22424894 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Involuntary semantic memories or mind-pops consist of isolated fragments of one's semantic knowledge (e.g., a word or a sentence, proper name, image or a melody) that come to mind unexpectedly, without any deliberate attempt to recall them. They can be experienced as alien and uncontrollable, and may share some phenomenological similarities with hallucinations. The aim of the present study was to investigate the nature and frequency of mind-pops in people with schizophrenia (N=37), as well as clinically depressed (N=31) and non-clinical controls (N=31). Results showed that schizophrenia patients reported experiencing mind-pops more frequently than both depressed and non-clinical controls. Schizophrenia patients also reported a wider range of different types of mind-pops than non-clinical controls. The depressed group did not differ from non-clinical controls in the frequency and range of mind-pops, indicating that mind-pops are not characteristic of clinical populations in general, but may be particularly prevalent in patients with schizophrenia. The possible implications of this finding to current models of auditory verbal hallucinations are discussed and the need for future research in this area is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ia Elua
- University of Hertfordshire, Herts, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|