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Peng DC, Cowie S, Moreau D, Addis DR. Can the prosocial benefits of episodic simulation transfer to different people and situational contexts? Cognition 2024; 244:105718. [PMID: 38219452 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has found that episodic simulation of events of helping others can effectively enhance intentions to help the same person involved and the identical situational context as the imagined scenarios. This 'prosocial simulation effect' is argued to reflect, at least in part, associative memory mechanisms whereby the simulation is reactivated when in the same situation as that imagined. However, to date, no study has examined systematically whether this 'prosocial simulation effect' can be transferred to response scenarios involving different people and/or situational contexts to the imagined scenarios, and if so, whether the degree of overlap with the imagined helping episode modulated the transfer effect. Across two experiments, we systematically varied the overlap of the simulated and response scenarios, both in terms of the persons in need and/or the situational contexts, and whether would influence the magnitude of prosocial simulation effect. Results from both experiments showed that the prosocial simulation effect can be transferred to response scenarios involving different people and situational contexts to the simulated scenarios. However, this finding was primarily driven by response scenarios that had a high degree of overlap to the simulated scenarios. The application of our findings to the practical implementation of simulation to promote prosociality in the real world is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Cheng Peng
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Cowie
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Donna Rose Addis
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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2
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Fitzgerald HN, Owen CK, Shook NJ. Fringe benefits: secondary transfer effects of lesbian, gay, and bisexual contact on transgender prejudice. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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3
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Husnu S, Paolini S, Berrigan A. Freely-chosen positive intergroup imagery causes improved outgroup emotions and encourages increased contact seeking immediately and at follow-up. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221147000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
In two ethnic contexts, we focus on volitional imagined contact as a potential method to increase individuals’ readiness to voluntarily initiate intergroup contact and engage in responses with implications for reconciliation. In Study 1, we used a quasi-experimental design to determine the causal role of volitional (vs. non-volitional) valenced imagined contact with a refugee on downstream processes. Irrespective of volition, positive visualizations led to more positive outgroup emotions, action tendencies, and contact seeking; however, manipulated volition amplified the differential impact of valenced contact on outgroup emotions: negative contact was more detrimental when freely chosen, than forced, whereas positive contact was equally beneficial irrespective of volition. Study 2 investigated factors driving individuals’ choices for positive (vs. negative) imagined contact in conflict-laden Cyprus and assessed immediate and longer-term consequences of such choices for interethnic contact seeking. In both studies, participants chose to engage in imagined contact of a valence that aligned with their prior contact histories consistent with an evaluative fit mechanism. Volitional valenced imagery predicted participants’ active and self-initiated contact seeking immediately and after a 2-week period. Hence, volitional intergroup imagery as a “mental contact script” prepares individuals for actual intergroup contact and behaviors with implications for intergroup reconciliation and cohesion.
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4
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Rupar M, Graf S, Voca S. Contact with former adversaries through mass‐media is linked to forgiveness after dyadic and multi‐ethnic conflicts. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Rupar
- Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic
- Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic
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5
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Henschel NT, Derksen C. The negative secondary transfer effect: Comparing proposed mediation theories. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221105822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The secondary transfer effect proposes that contact with an outgroup impacts attitudes towards another, secondary outgroup. For positive contact, three pathways have been identified for the effect: attitude generalization, multiculturalism, and ingroup reappraisal (deprovincialization hypothesis, operationalized here as national pride). Research on negative secondary transfer effects is still scarce. Using data from a German nationally representative survey, we investigated negative secondary transfer effects from foreigners to refugees. The three pathways were compared while considering positive and refugee contact. Negative and positive secondary transfer effects both occurred (partially) mediated via attitude generalization and multiculturalism but not via national pride. We conclude there might be a risk of generalizing prejudice from unrelated negative experiences via these two mechanisms. Research on forced migration and intergroup contact should further explore them with the ultimate goal of preventing negative secondary transfer effects. Longitudinal or experimental research is needed to address causality, ideally involving various outgroups.
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Grigoryan L, Jones BH, Cohrs JC, Boehnke K, Easterbrook MJ. Differentiating Between Belief-Indicative and Status-Indicative Groups Improves Predictions of Intergroup Attitudes. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2022:1461672221092852. [PMID: 35596556 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221092852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ingroup bias is often treated as the default outcome of intergroup comparisons. We argue that the mechanisms of impression formation depend on what information people infer from groups. We differentiate between belief-indicative groups that are more informative of beliefs and affect attitudes through ingroup bias and status-indicative groups that are more informative of status and affect attitudes through a preference for higher status. In a cross-cultural factorial experiment (Ntotal = 1,281), we demonstrate that when information about targets' multiple group memberships is available, belief-indicative groups affect attitudes via ingroup bias, whereas status-indicative groups-via preference for higher status. These effects were moderated by social-structural context. In two follow-up studies (Ntotal = 451), we develop and validate a measure of belief- and status-indicativeness (BISI) of groups. BISI showed expected correlations with related constructs of entitativity and essentialism. Belief-indicativeness of groups was a better predictor of ingroup bias than entitativity and essentialism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Grigoryan
- Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.,Jacobs University Bremen, Germany.,University of Bremen, Germany
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7
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Kotzur PF, Stricker J, Fricke R, McPhetres J, Meyer B. How does team diversity relate to the willingness to collaborate with asylum seekers? It depends on the diversity dimensions investigated and boundary conditions. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266166. [PMID: 35344571 PMCID: PMC8959154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful integration of asylum seekers into the labor market is among the most pressing issues of refugee-receiving countries. We construe co-workers’ willingness to collaborate with asylum seekers as a crucial factor for integration and investigate its antecedents. Linking Allport’s contact theory with team diversity theories, we propose that a work team’s diversity affects team members’ willingness to collaborate with asylum seekers. We thus investigated the effects of different facets of objective (national, migration background, age, and gender) and perceived diversity in work teams on team members’ willingness to collaborate with asylum seekers. In doing so, we also tested whether asylum seekers’ status in the team hierarchy (superior vs. colleague), task interdependence, and pro-diversity team norms moderate these effects. Multi-level regression analyses based on 470 participants nested in 106 teams showed that, overall, team diversity played a small role in explaining the willingness to collaborate with asylum seekers. Age diversity was negatively associated with the willingness to collaborate with asylum seekers, especially when asylum seekers were considered to take a post as a superior rather than a colleague. In teams with high task interdependence, migration background diversity and willingness to collaborate with asylum seekers were positively associated. Pro-diversity norms did not moderate team diversity effects. Overall, our findings demonstrate that team diversity can have beneficial, harmful, and no substantial consequences for the willingness to work with asylum seekers, depending on the considered type of diversity and boundary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F. Kotzur
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Johannes Stricker
- Department of Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ramona Fricke
- Institute for Economics, Private University of Witten-Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | | | - Bertolt Meyer
- Institute for Psychology, Technical University Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
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8
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Bergh R, Brandt MJ. Generalized Prejudice: Lessons about social power, ideological conflict, and levels of abstraction. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2022.2040140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bergh
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Mark J. Brandt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University East Lansing United States
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9
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Ünver H, Çakal H, Güler M, Tropp LR. Support for rights of Syrian refugees in Turkey: The role of secondary transfer effects in intergroup contact. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meltem Güler
- Department of Psychology Cukurova University Adana Turkey
| | - Linda R. Tropp
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA
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10
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Vezzali L, Di Bernardo GA, Cocco VM, Stathi S, Capozza D. Reducing prejudice in the society at large: A review of the secondary transfer effect and directions for future research. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loris Vezzali
- Department of Education and Human Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Gian Antonio Di Bernardo
- Department of Education and Human Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | | | - Sofia Stathi
- School of Human Sciences University of Greenwich London UK
| | - Dora Capozza
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy and Applied Psychology University of Padova Padova Italy
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11
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Earle M, Hoffarth MR, Prusaczyk E, MacInnis C, Hodson G. A multilevel analysis of LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) rights support across 77 countries: The role of contact and country laws. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 60:851-869. [PMID: 33372304 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although intergroup contact reduces prejudice generally, there are growing calls to examine contextual factors in conjunction with contact. Such an approach benefits from more sophisticated analytic approaches, such as multilevel modelling, that take both the individual (Level-1) and their environment (Level-2) into account. Using this approach, we go beyond attitudes to assess both individual and contextual predictors of support for gay/lesbian and transgender rights. Using a sample of participants across 77 countries, results revealed that personal gay/lesbian contact (Level-1) and living in a country with more gay/lesbian rights (Level-2) predicted greater support for gay/lesbian rights (n = 71,991). Likewise, transgender contact and living in a country with more transgender rights predicted more support for transgender rights (n = 70,056). Cross-level interactions are also presented and discussed. Overall, findings highlight the importance of both individual and contextual factors in predicting support for LGBT communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Earle
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Elvira Prusaczyk
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cara MacInnis
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gordon Hodson
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Abstract
Abstract. Imagined contact has been argued to reduce prejudice. Although extant research supports this argument, replication attempts have been unsuccessful. To resolve conflicting evidence from previous studies, this study examined the effect of imagined contact on explicit and implicit prejudice against Kurds and Syrians in Turkey. Using data from 335 Turkish undergraduate students, the moderating role of ethnic and national identification in the imagined contact effect was tested. Results indicated that imagined contact did not reduce prejudice, and in-group identification did not have a moderating effect, even after controlling for actual contact. These findings call for a theoretical refinement to the imagined contact hypothesis and emphasize the need for further research to advance our understanding of when imagined contact works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Firat
- Department of Psychology, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilge Ataca
- Department of Psychology, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Sparkman DJ. Multicultural Experiences and the Secondary Transfer Effect of Intercultural Attitudes. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. This research investigates whether multicultural experiences (MCEs) (1) improve attitudes toward primary outgroups, (2) improve attitudes toward secondary outgroups (the “secondary transfer effect”) – depending on the perceived similarity versus dissimilarity of the target group, and (3) affect ingroup reappraisal. The deprovincialization and attitude generalization hypotheses were also investigated as underlying mechanisms. A meta-analysis of effects across studies ( N = 633) revealed MCEs (1) improve primary attitudes ( r = .19), (2) improve, albeit more weakly, similar secondary attitudes ( r = .10), but have no significant effect on dissimilar secondary attitudes ( r = .07); (3) have no effect on ingroup reappraisal ( r = .04), and (4) only improve secondary attitudes through attitude generalization. Contributions, limitations, and emerging questions regarding deprovincialization are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Sparkman
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire, WI, USA
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Dixon J, Elcheroth G, Kerr P, Drury J, Al Bzour M, Subašić E, Durrheim K, Green EGT. It’s not just “us” versus “them”: Moving beyond binary perspectives on intergroup processes. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1738767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Dixon
- School of Psychology, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Guy Elcheroth
- Life Course and Social Inequality Research Center (LINES), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippa Kerr
- Higher Education and Human Development Research Programme, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - John Drury
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Mai Al Bzour
- University of Lausanne, Life Course and Social Inequality Research Center, Switzerland
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, University of Birzeit, Lebanon
| | - Emina Subašić
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Australia
| | - Kevin Durrheim
- School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Eva G. T. Green
- Life Course and Social Inequality Research Center (LINES), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Wallrich L, West K, Rutland A. Painting all foreigners with one brush? How the salience of muslims and refugees shapes judgements. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.5964/jspp.v8i1.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Attitudes towards foreigners are widely researched, most frequently in survey studies. However, in that context it is often unclear which attitude object respondents have in mind, and thus what their answers refer to. This paper uses a representative sample of 3,195 Germans who reported which groups they think of when thinking about foreigners living in Germany. We found that Germans disproportionately think of groups who are Muslim, and that such salience is associated with more negative attitudes towards “foreigners.” This holds true when controlling for attitudes towards Muslims; in fact, thinking of Muslim groups when thinking about foreigners moderates the relationship between anti-Muslim and anti-foreigner attitudes. The relationships were weaker when respondents think of Turks, a large and long-standing minority in Germany, suggesting an attenuation of the links through familiarity or intergroup contacts. No relationship was found between thinking of refugees and attitudes towards foreigners. Implications for research are discussed, particularly regarding the interpretation of self-reported attitudes towards foreigners and the study of populist strategies.
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Lissitsa S, Kushnirovich N. Is negative the new positive? Secondary transfer effect of exposure to LGBT portrayals in TV entertainment programs. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nonna Kushnirovich
- Department of Economics and Management Ruppin Academic Center Emek Hefer Israel
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17
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Auger B, Amiot CE. The impact of imagined contact in the realm of human-animal relations: Investigating a superordinate generalization effect involving both valued and devalued animals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Vezzali L, Di Bernardo GA, Birtel MD, Stathi S, Brambilla M. Outgroup morality perceptions mediate secondary transfer effects from direct and extended contact: Evidence from majority and minority group members. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430219879223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The secondary transfer effect (STE), defined as contact with a primary outgroup improving attitudes towards a secondary outgroup uninvolved in contact, has mainly been studied with reference to direct contact and considering attitude generalization as the main mediating mechanism. Using a majority (422 Italians) and minority (130 immigrants) adolescent sample from high schools in Italy, we examined outgroup morality perceptions as a new mediating mechanism, and tested for the first time whether the STE emerges for extended contact. Results revealed that the STE emerged for direct contact among the majority group and for extended contact among the minority group, and it was sequentially mediated by perceptions of morality towards the primary outgroup, and by attitudes towards the primary outgroup and perceptions of morality towards the secondary outgroup. The STE also emerged for direct contact among the minority group, with morality perceptions towards the secondary outgroup and attitudes towards the primary outgroup being parallel mediators. We discuss the theoretical implications of the findings, arguing that it is important to identify the conditions and underlying processes of the STE in order to reduce prejudice in the case of both majority and minority groups.
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Zingora T, Graf S. Marry who you love: Intergroup contact with gay people and another stigmatized minority is related to voting on the restriction of gay rights through threat. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Zingora
- Institute of Psychology Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic
- Institute of Psychology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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Vezzali L, Birtel MD, Di Bernardo GA, Stathi S, Crisp RJ, Cadamuro A, Visintin EP. Don’t hurt my outgroup friend: A multifaceted form of imagined contact promotes intentions to counteract bullying. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430219852404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research has shown that imagined intergroup contact can improve outgroup attitudes. The aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of a multifaceted form of imagined contact in counteracting bullying in school children, and additionally to test the underlying processes of this effect. Two hundred and fifteen Italian elementary school children took part in a 3-week intervention, where they were asked to imagine a scenario in which they become friends with an unknown disabled child, interact in various social settings, and react to forms of discrimination toward the newly acquired friend. After each session, they discussed collectively what they had imagined. The dependent measures were administered 1 week after the last session. Results revealed that inclusion of an outgroup member in the self mediated the effect of imagined contact on intentions to counteract social exclusion and bullying of disabled children, as well as helping intentions. Imagined contact also promoted greater willingness for outgroup contact via more positive outgroup attitudes and empathy. Our findings are important in delineating new forms of imagined contact, and understanding ways to promote behaviors that defend victims of social exclusion and bullying in school environments.
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Meleady R, Crisp RJ, Hodson G, Earle M. On the Generalization of Intergroup Contact: A Taxonomy of Transfer Effects. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721419848682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The contact hypothesis proposes that bringing groups together under favorable conditions can improve intergroup relations. It is now well established that intergroup contact can improve attitudes not only toward the out-group as a whole but also toward other, noncontacted groups ( secondary transfer effect). We review evidence of a further, higher-order generalization effect whereby intergroup contact also impacts more general cognitive processes outside of the intergroup context (i.e., tertiary transfer effects). We present a taxonomy of transfer effects that explains these generalization effects as distinct outcomes of the contact process yet contingent on the same component process, specifically, the assessment of the semantic distance between the target (e.g., contacted individual) and the frame (e.g., group prototype). This conceptualization provides an explanatory framework for uniting the disparate forms of transfer effect in the contact literature, clarifying why primary and secondary transfer effects are facilitated by low semantic distance and why contact is more cognitively demanding under conditions of high semantic distance, but with greater potential for cognitive growth.
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Zezelj I, Milošević-Đorđević J, Van Niekerk J, Pavlović Z. How to address the caveat of avoiding direct contact: Reducing prejudice towards gay and lesbian people in five Balkan countries. The Journal of Social Psychology 2019; 160:190-203. [PMID: 31116685 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2019.1611531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the Balkans, contact with gays and lesbians is typically hostile or avoided. Drawing from probability samples of young people from five Balkan countries (N = 1046), we examined whether it is possible to transfer the effects of contact with other marginalized outgroups (largest ethnic minority in every country, Roma, the extremely poor and physically disabled) to acceptance of gays and lesbians (secondary outgroup), and whether this relationship could be explained by attitude generalization and increased intergroup trust. Path analyses supported the secondary transfer effect: it confirmed that, while controlling for direct contact, contact with other marginalized groups was related to more acceptance of a secondary group; this relationship was mediated by trust. This was found across all primary groups in the combined samples, while the effect varied for different groups in country samples. The results add to the value of intergroup contact as a mean of prejudice-reduction.
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23
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Birtel MD, Di Bernardo GA, Stathi S, Crisp RJ, Cadamuro A, Vezzali L. Imagining contact reduces prejudice in preschool children. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle D. Birtel
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Counselling University of Greenwich London United Kingdom
| | | | - Sofia Stathi
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Counselling University of Greenwich London United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Crisp
- Department of Psychology Durham University Durham United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Cadamuro
- Department of Education and Humanities University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - Loris Vezzali
- Department of Education and Humanities University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
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Jolley D, Meleady R, Douglas KM. Exposure to intergroup conspiracy theories promotes prejudice which spreads across groups. Br J Psychol 2019; 111:17-35. [PMID: 30868563 PMCID: PMC7004178 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This research experimentally examined the effects of exposure to intergroup conspiracy theories on prejudice and discrimination. Study 1 (N = 166) demonstrated that exposure to conspiracy theories concerning immigrants to Britain from the European Union (vs. anti‐conspiracy material or a control) exacerbated prejudice towards this group. Study 2 (N = 173) found the same effect in a different intergroup context – exposure to conspiracy theories about Jewish people (vs. anti‐conspiracy material or a control) increased prejudice towards this group and reduced participants’ willingness to vote for a Jewish political candidate. Finally, Study 3 (N = 114) demonstrated that exposure to conspiracy theories about Jewish people not only increased prejudice towards this group but was indirectly associated with increased prejudice towards a number of secondary outgroups (e.g., Asians, Arabs, Americans, Irish, Australians). The current research suggests that conspiracy theories may have potentially damaging and widespread consequences for intergroup relations.
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Paolini S, Harwood J, Hewstone M, Neumann DL. Seeking and avoiding intergroup contact: Future frontiers of research on building social integration. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Paolini
- School of Psychology The University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Jake Harwood
- Department of Communication University of Arizona Tucson Arizona
| | - Miles Hewstone
- School of Psychology The University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - David L. Neumann
- School of Applied Psychology Griffith University Southport Queensland Australia
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Rittenour C, Kromka S, Pitts S, Thorwart M, Vickers J, Whyte K. Communication Surrounding Estrangement: Stereotypes, Attitudes, and (Non)Accommodation Strategies. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 8:bs8100096. [PMID: 30347834 PMCID: PMC6210180 DOI: 10.3390/bs8100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To address Americans’ general attitudes and behavioral intentions toward adult children who are estranged from their parents, the current study employed online survey data from 151 Americans recruited through Amazon MTurk. Their responses revealed negative stereotypes (e.g., childish, ungrateful) and positive stereotypes (e.g., independent, strong) of the adult child who is estranged, as well as negative assessments of the parent who is estranged. Generally, participants perceived the adult children as more competent than warm. Compared to other participants in this sample, those participants who were estrangers or estrangees themselves held more positive attitudes overall, including more positive perceptions of estranged children’s warmth and competence. In response to open-ended survey questions asking participants how they would communicate with someone they knew to be estranged, common responses were avoidance of family-related topics, (heightened) physical distance, and accommodation to the needs of the person who is estranged. Implications are discussed surrounding the lack of warmth associated with those experiencing estrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rittenour
- Department of Communication Studies, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Stephen Kromka
- Department of Communication Studies, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Sara Pitts
- Department of Communication Studies, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Margaret Thorwart
- Department of Communication Studies, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Janelle Vickers
- Department of Communication Studies, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Kaitlyn Whyte
- Department of Communication Studies, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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(Pre)occupations: A data-driven model of jobs and its consequences for categorization and evaluation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Hoffarth MR, Hodson G. When intergroup contact is uncommon and bias is strong: the case of anti-transgender bias. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2018.1470107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gordon Hodson
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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29
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Meleady R, Forder L. When contact goes wrong: Negative intergroup contact promotes generalized outgroup avoidance. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430218761568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper broadens our understanding of the consequences of negative intergroup contact. Study 1 reports cross-sectional evidence that negative contact with European immigrants in Britain is not only associated with increased prejudice, but also the avoidance of future contact with this group. Studies 2A and 2B provided an experimental replication in a different intergroup context. A negative encounter with an outgroup member, but not an ingroup member, was found to reduce intentions to engage in contact with the outgroup in the future. Study 3 went on to demonstrate that the effect of negative contact on outgroup avoidance is not limited to the contacted outgroup, but is indirectly associated with reduced intentions to engage with other, secondary outgroups—an effect we refer to as avoidance generalization effect. Negative contact was also associated with lower general contact self-efficacy. Together, findings suggest that negative contact is damaging not just because it increases prejudice but also because it compromises future engagement with diversity.
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30
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Vezzali L, Di Bernardo GA, Stathi S, Cadamuro A, Lášticová B, Andraščiková S. Secondary transfer effect among children: The role of social dominance orientation and outgroup attitudes. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 57:547-566. [PMID: 29476537 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research has provided evidence that the effects of intergroup contact on prejudice reduction are not limited to the outgroup one has contact with (primary outgroup). Rather, they extend to secondary outgroups uninvolved in the contact situation (secondary transfer effect; Pettigrew, 2009, Social Psychology, 40, 55). We aimed to provide the first empirical evidence for the emergence of the secondary transfer effect among children. Majority (Italian) and minority (with an immigrant background) elementary schoolchildren were administered a questionnaire including measures of contact with the primary outgroup (minority children for the majority, majority children for the minority), prejudice towards the primary outgroup and towards a dissimilar secondary outgroup (disabled children), and social dominance orientation. Results revealed that among the majority group, contact with the primary outgroup had indirect associations with reduced prejudice towards the secondary outgroup. Specifically, we found evidence for sequential mediation by social dominance orientation and prejudice towards the primary outgroup. No secondary transfer effects emerged among minority group members. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of the findings, arguing for the importance of identifying the core processes driving the secondary transfer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Lášticová
- Institute for research in Social Communication, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia
| | - Simona Andraščiková
- Institute for research in Social Communication, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia.,Faculty of Education, Trnava University in Trnava, Slovakia
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31
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Merritt S, Gardner C, Huber K, Wexler B, Banister C, Staley A. Imagine Me and You, I Do: Effects of imagined intergroup contact on anti-fat bias in the context of job interviews. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Merritt
- Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Missouri - St. Louis
| | | | - Kelli Huber
- Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Missouri - St. Louis
| | - Breanna Wexler
- Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Missouri - St. Louis
| | | | - Amy Staley
- Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Missouri - St. Louis
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32
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Mevissen FEF, Kok G, Watzeels A, van Duin G, Bos AER. Systematic Development of a Dutch School-Based Sexual Prejudice Reduction Program: an Intervention Mapping Approach. SEXUALITY RESEARCH & SOCIAL POLICY : JOURNAL OF NSRC : SR & SP 2017; 15:433-451. [PMID: 30416605 PMCID: PMC6208781 DOI: 10.1007/s13178-017-0301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Experiences of sexual prejudice threaten the quality of life and psychological well-being of sexual minority youth. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of how we developed a theory- and evidence-based sexual prejudice reduction program suitable for the Dutch high school context, guided by the intervention mapping approach (IM). In line with IM, six steps were followed: an initial needs assessment in which empirical, theoretical, and new data were gathered to acquire a thorough understanding of the problem (step 1); the formulation of program objectives for both students and teachers (step 2); the selection of theory-based methods and applications (step 3); program development (step 4); the provision of an adoption and implementation plan (step 5); and the development of an evaluation plan (step 6). In conclusion, developing a sexual prejudice reduction program for schools is a challenging but feasible process. IM is an effective tool for the systematic (theory- and evidence-driven) development of such a program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraukje E. F. Mevissen
- Department of Applied Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Postbox 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjo Kok
- Department of Applied Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Postbox 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anita Watzeels
- Rotterdam-Rijnmond Public Health Service, Schiedamsedijk 95, 3011 EN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gee van Duin
- Department of Educational Science and Teacher Training College, University of Amsterdam, Postbox 19268, 1000 GG Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan E. R. Bos
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Postbox 2960, 6401 DL Heerlen, the Netherlands
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Meleady R, Crisp RJ. Take it to the top: Imagined interactions with leaders elevates organizational identification. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Can Facebook Aid Sustainability? An Investigation of Empathy Expression within the Humans of New York Blog. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9061005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This qualitative study offers a novel exploration of the links between social media, virtual intergroup contact, and empathy by examining how empathy is expressed through interactions on a popular social media blog. Global leaders are encouraging individuals to engage in behaviors and support policies that provide basic social foundations. It is difficult to motivate people to undertake such actions. However, research shows that empathy intensifies motivation to help others. It can cause individuals to see the world from the perspective of stigmatized group members and increase positive feelings. Social media offers a new pathway for virtual intergroup contact, providing opportunities to increase conversation about disadvantaged others and empathy. We examined expressions of empathy within a popular blog, Humans of New York (HONY), and engaged in purposeful case selection by focusing on (1) events where specific prosocial action was taken corresponding to interactions on the HONY blog and (2) presentation of people in countries other than the United States. Nine overarching themes; (1) perspective taking, (2) fantasy, (3) empathic concern, (4) personal distress, (5) relatability, (6) prosocial action, (7) community appreciation, (8) anti-empathy, and (9) rejection of anti-empathy, exemplify how the HONY community expresses and shares empathic thoughts and feelings.
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35
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Meeusen C, Barlow FK, Sibley CG. Generalized and specific components of prejudice: The decomposition of intergroup context effects. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecil Meeusen
- Centre for Sociological Research; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Fiona Kate Barlow
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute Queensland; Griffith University; Queensland Australia
- School of Psychology; The University of Queensland
| | - Chris G. Sibley
- School of Psychology; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
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36
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Sparkman DJ, Eidelman S, Blanchar JC. Multicultural experiences reduce prejudice through personality shifts in Openness to Experience. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Sparkman
- Department of Psychological Science; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas USA
| | - Scott Eidelman
- Department of Psychological Science; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas USA
| | - John C. Blanchar
- Department of Psychological Science; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas USA
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37
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McIntyre K, Paolini S, Hewstone M. Changing people’s views of outgroups through individual-to-group generalisation: meta-analytic reviews and theoretical considerations. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2016.1201893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie McIntyre
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Stefania Paolini
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Miles Hewstone
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3UD, United Kingdom
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38
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West K, Greenland K. Beware of “reducing prejudice”: imagined contact may backfire if applied with a prevention focus. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keon West
- Department of Psychology; Goldsmiths, University of London
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39
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Ioannou M, Hewstone M, Al Ramiah A. Inducing similarities and differences in imagined contact: A mutual intergroup differentiation approach. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430215612221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the prejudice-reducing effects of imagined contact we investigated a novel form of imagined contact (“balanced similarity”) which emphasized both similarities and differences between the ingroup(er) and the outgroup(er). Experiment 1 compared balanced similarity with conditions inducing only differences or only similarities. “Balanced similarity” led to more positive outgroup attitudes; its differences with the “high similarity” condition were mediated by reduced distinctiveness threat, whereas its differences with the “low” similarity condition were mediated by higher perceived intergroup similarity. Experiment 2 compared the “balanced similarity” imagined contact scenario with the “standard” (positive) imagined contact scenario (Crisp, Stathi, Turner, & Husnu, 2008), and found that both conditions promoted equally favourable attitudes that were significantly more positive than in the control condition. However, only the “balanced similarity” imagined contact condition differed from the control condition on intergroup anxiety and contact self-efficacy. The “balanced similarity” condition also had an indirect effect (via self-efficacy) on positive action tendencies towards the outgroup. We discuss the utility of “balanced similarity” imagined contact, especially where contact is limited and conflict is present.
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40
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Intergroup contact in computer-mediated communication: The interplay of a stereotype-disconfirming behavior and a lasting group identity on reducing prejudiced perceptions. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Pettigrew TF. In Pursuit of Three Theories: Authoritarianism, Relative Deprivation, and Intergroup Contact. Annu Rev Psychol 2015; 67:1-21. [PMID: 26361053 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Throughout my career, I have pursued three theories related to intergroup prejudice--each with a different mentor. Each theory and its supporting research help us to understand prejudice and ways to ameliorate the problem. This autobiographical review article summarizes some of the advances in these three areas during the past six decades. For authoritarianism, the article advocates removing political content from its measurement, linking it with threat and dismissive-avoidant attachment, and studying how authoritarians avoid intergroup contact. Increased work on relative deprivation made possible an extensive meta-analysis that shows the theory, when appropriately measured, has far broader effects than previously thought. Increased research attention to intergroup contact similarly made possible a meta-analysis that established the pervasive effectiveness of intergroup contact to reduce prejudice under a wide range of conditions. The article closes by demonstrating how the three theories relate to each other and contribute to our understanding of prejudice and its reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Pettigrew
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064;
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42
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Paterson JL, Turner RN, Conner MT. Extended contact through cross-group romantic relationships. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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West K, Turner R, Levita L. Applying imagined contact to improve physiological responses in anticipation of intergroup interactions and the perceived quality of these interactions. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keon West
- Department of Psychology; Goldsmiths, University of London
| | | | - Liat Levita
- Department of Psychology; University of Sheffield
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44
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Lemmer G, Wagner U. Can we really reduce ethnic prejudice outside the lab? A meta-analysis of direct and indirect contact interventions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Lemmer
- Department of Psychology; Philipps-University Marburg; Germany
| | - Ulrich Wagner
- Department of Psychology and Center of Conflict Studies; Philipps-University Marburg; Germany
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45
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Bouman T, van Zomeren M, Otten S. When threats foreign turn domestic: Two ways for distant realistic intergroup threats to carry over into local intolerance. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 54:581-600. [DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Bouman
- Department of Social Psychology; University of Groningen; the Netherlands
| | | | - Sabine Otten
- Department of Social Psychology; University of Groningen; the Netherlands
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46
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Glaser T, Dickel N, Liersch B, Rees J, Süssenbach P, Bohner G. Lateral Attitude Change. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2014; 19:257-76. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868314546489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The authors propose a framework distinguishing two types of lateral attitude change (LAC): (a) generalization effects, where attitude change toward a focal object transfers to related objects, and (b) displacement effects, where only related attitudes change but the focal attitude does not change. They bring together examples of LAC from various domains of research, outline the conditions and underlying processes of each type of LAC, and develop a theoretical framework that enables researchers to study LAC more systematically in the future. Compared with established theories of attitude change, the LAC framework focuses on lateral instead of focal attitude change and encompasses both generalization and displacement. Novel predictions and designs for studying LAC are presented.
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Vezzali L, Stathi S, Giovannini D, Capozza D, Trifiletti E. The greatest magic of Harry Potter: Reducing prejudice. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Paolini S, Harwood J, Rubin M, Husnu S, Joyce N, Hewstone M. Positive and extensive intergroup contact in the past buffers against the disproportionate impact of negative contact in the present. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shenel Husnu
- Eastern Mediterranean University; North Cyprus Cyprus
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49
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Stathi S, Cameron L, Hartley B, Bradford S. Imagined contact as a prejudice-reduction intervention in schools: the underlying role of similarity and attitudes. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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50
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Miles E, Crisp RJ. A meta-analytic test of the imagined contact hypothesis. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430213510573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Imagined intergroup contact (Crisp & Turner, 2009) is a new indirect contact strategy for promoting tolerance and more positive intergroup relations. Despite its relatively recent inception, there have now been over 70 studies showing that imagining a positive interaction with an outgroup member can reduce prejudice and encourage positive intergroup behavior. With this meta-analysis, we provide the first quantitative review of imagined contact effects on four key measures of intergroup bias: attitudes, emotions, intentions, and behavior. We also test for moderators arising from both group and study design characteristics. The analysis found that imagined contact resulted in significantly reduced intergroup bias across all four dependent variables (overall d+ = 0.35). The effect was significant for both published and unpublished studies, and emerged across a broad range of target outgroups and contexts. The effect was equally strong for explicit and implicit attitude measures, but was stronger on behavioral intentions than on attitudes, supporting the direct link between imagery and action proposedly underlying mental simulation effects. Most design characteristics had no significant impact, including valence of the imagined interaction, type of control condition, and time spent imagining contact. However, the more participants were instructed to elaborate on the context within which the imagined interaction took place, the stronger the effect. The imagined contact effect was also stronger for children than for adults, supporting the proposition that imagined contact is a potentially key component of educational strategies aiming to promote positive social change.
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