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Dayaram A, Seeber PA, Greenwood AD. Environmental Detection and Potential Transmission of Equine Herpesviruses. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040423. [PMID: 33916280 PMCID: PMC8066653 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesviruses (EHV) are a major health concern for domestic and wild equids and represent one of the most economically important disease agents of horses. Most known EHVs are transmitted directly between individuals as a result of direct exposure to exudates and aerosols. However, accumulating evidence suggests that environmental transmission may play a role including air, water, and fomites. Here, we reviewed studies on environmental stability and transmission of EHVs, which may influence viral dynamics and the use of environmental samples for monitoring EHV shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Dayaram
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany; (A.D.); (P.A.S.)
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter A. Seeber
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany; (A.D.); (P.A.S.)
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alex D. Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany; (A.D.); (P.A.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-5168255
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Sakaguchi K, Kim K, Langohr I, Wise AG, Maes RK, Pirie G, Yanai T, Haridy M, Gaschen L, Del Piero F. Zebra-borne neurotropic equid herpesvirus 1 meningoencephalitis in a Thomson’s gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii). J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:548-556. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638717707000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of a case of meningoencephalitis in a Thomson’s gazelle ( Eudorcas thomsonii) naturally infected with zebra-borne equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and the implications for the molecular detection of zebra-borne EHV-1. A 4-y-old female Thomson’s gazelle was submitted for postmortem examination; no gross abnormalities were noted except for meningeal congestion. Microscopic evaluation demonstrated multifocal nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis with intranuclear eosinophilic and amphophilic inclusion bodies and EHV-9 antigen in neurons. PCR demonstrated the presence of a herpesvirus with a nucleotide sequence 99–100% identical to the corresponding sequences of zebra-borne EHV-1 and of EHV-9 strains. To determine whether EHV-1 or EHV-9 was involved, a PCR with a specific primer set for EHV-9 ORF59/60 was used. The sequence was identical to that of 3 recognized zebra-borne EHV-1 strains and 91% similar to that of EHV-9. This isolate was designated as strain LM2014. The partial glycoprotein G ( gG) gene sequence of LM2014 was also identical to the sequence of 2 zebra-borne EHV-1 strains (T-529 isolated from an onager, 94-137 from a Thomson’s gazelle). The histologic lesions of encephalitis and antigen localization in this gazelle indicate prominent viral neurotropism, and lesions were very similar to those seen in EHV-1– and EHV-9–infected non-equid species. Histologic lesions caused by EHV-9 and zebra-borne EHV-1 are therefore indistinguishable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Sakaguchi
- Louisiana State University, Department of Pathobiology, Baton Rouge, LA (Sakaguchi, Kim, Langohr, Gaschen, Del Piero)
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Wise, Maes)
- Baton Rouge Zoo, Baton Rouge, LA (Pirie)
- Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Yanai, Haridy)
- South Valley University, Qena, Egypt (Haridy)
| | - Kenneth Kim
- Louisiana State University, Department of Pathobiology, Baton Rouge, LA (Sakaguchi, Kim, Langohr, Gaschen, Del Piero)
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Wise, Maes)
- Baton Rouge Zoo, Baton Rouge, LA (Pirie)
- Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Yanai, Haridy)
- South Valley University, Qena, Egypt (Haridy)
| | - Ingeborg Langohr
- Louisiana State University, Department of Pathobiology, Baton Rouge, LA (Sakaguchi, Kim, Langohr, Gaschen, Del Piero)
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Wise, Maes)
- Baton Rouge Zoo, Baton Rouge, LA (Pirie)
- Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Yanai, Haridy)
- South Valley University, Qena, Egypt (Haridy)
| | - Annabel G. Wise
- Louisiana State University, Department of Pathobiology, Baton Rouge, LA (Sakaguchi, Kim, Langohr, Gaschen, Del Piero)
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Wise, Maes)
- Baton Rouge Zoo, Baton Rouge, LA (Pirie)
- Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Yanai, Haridy)
- South Valley University, Qena, Egypt (Haridy)
| | - Roger K. Maes
- Louisiana State University, Department of Pathobiology, Baton Rouge, LA (Sakaguchi, Kim, Langohr, Gaschen, Del Piero)
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Wise, Maes)
- Baton Rouge Zoo, Baton Rouge, LA (Pirie)
- Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Yanai, Haridy)
- South Valley University, Qena, Egypt (Haridy)
| | - Gordon Pirie
- Louisiana State University, Department of Pathobiology, Baton Rouge, LA (Sakaguchi, Kim, Langohr, Gaschen, Del Piero)
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Wise, Maes)
- Baton Rouge Zoo, Baton Rouge, LA (Pirie)
- Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Yanai, Haridy)
- South Valley University, Qena, Egypt (Haridy)
| | - Tokuma Yanai
- Louisiana State University, Department of Pathobiology, Baton Rouge, LA (Sakaguchi, Kim, Langohr, Gaschen, Del Piero)
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Wise, Maes)
- Baton Rouge Zoo, Baton Rouge, LA (Pirie)
- Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Yanai, Haridy)
- South Valley University, Qena, Egypt (Haridy)
| | - Mohie Haridy
- Louisiana State University, Department of Pathobiology, Baton Rouge, LA (Sakaguchi, Kim, Langohr, Gaschen, Del Piero)
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Wise, Maes)
- Baton Rouge Zoo, Baton Rouge, LA (Pirie)
- Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Yanai, Haridy)
- South Valley University, Qena, Egypt (Haridy)
| | - Lorrie Gaschen
- Louisiana State University, Department of Pathobiology, Baton Rouge, LA (Sakaguchi, Kim, Langohr, Gaschen, Del Piero)
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Wise, Maes)
- Baton Rouge Zoo, Baton Rouge, LA (Pirie)
- Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Yanai, Haridy)
- South Valley University, Qena, Egypt (Haridy)
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Louisiana State University, Department of Pathobiology, Baton Rouge, LA (Sakaguchi, Kim, Langohr, Gaschen, Del Piero)
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Wise, Maes)
- Baton Rouge Zoo, Baton Rouge, LA (Pirie)
- Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Yanai, Haridy)
- South Valley University, Qena, Egypt (Haridy)
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Balasuriya UBR, Crossley BM, Timoney PJ. A review of traditional and contemporary assays for direct and indirect detection of Equid herpesvirus 1 in clinical samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:673-87. [PMID: 26472746 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715605558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is one of the most economically important equine viral pathogens. Its clinical manifestations in horses vary from acute upper respiratory tract disease, abortion, or neonatal death, to neurological disease termed equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy, which may lead to paralysis and a fatal outcome. Successful identification of EHV-1 infection in horses depends on a variety of factors such as suitable case selection with emphasis on timing of sample collection, selection of appropriate sample(s) based on the clinical manifestations, application of relevant diagnostic technique(s) and/or test(s), and careful evaluation and interpretation of laboratory results. Several traditional serologic and virus isolation assays have been described; however, these assays have inherent limitations that prevent rapid and reliable detection of EHV-1. The advent of molecular biologic techniques has revolutionized the diagnosis of infectious diseases in humans and animal species. Specifically, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays have allowed detection of nucleic acid in clinical specimens precisely and rapidly as compared to the traditional methods that detect the agent or antigen, or agent-specific antibodies in serum. The new molecular methods, especially real-time PCR, can be a very useful means of EHV-1 detection and identification. Veterinarians involved in equine practice must be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of various real-time PCR assays, interpretation of viral genetic marker(s), and latency in order to provide the best standard of care for their equine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Balasuriya, Timoney)California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - Beate M Crossley
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Balasuriya, Timoney)California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - Peter J Timoney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Balasuriya, Timoney)California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Crossley)
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Kanitz FA, Cargnelutti JF, Anziliero D, Gonçalves KV, Masuda EK, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Respiratory and neurological disease in rabbits experimentally infected with equid herpesvirus 1. Microb Pathog 2015; 87:45-50. [PMID: 26187161 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen of horses worldwide, associated with respiratory, reproductive and/or neurological disease. A mouse model for EHV-1 infection has been established but fails to reproduce some important aspects of the viral pathogenesis. Then, we investigated the susceptibility of rabbits to EHV-1 aiming at proposing this species as an alternative model for EHV-1 infection. Weanling rabbits inoculated intranasal with EHV-1 Kentucky D (10(7) TCID50/animal) shed virus in nasal secretions up to day 8-10 post-inoculation (pi), presented viremia up to day 14 pi and seroconverted to EHV-1 (virus neutralizing titers 4 to 64). Most rabbits (75%) developed respiratory disease, characterized by serous to hemorrhagic nasal discharge and mild to severe dyspnea. Some animals (20%) presented neurological signs as circling, bruxism and opisthotonus. Six animals died during acute disease (days 3-6); infectious virus and/or viral DNA were detected in the lungs, trigeminal ganglia (TG), olfactory bulbs (OBs) and cerebral cortex/brain (CC). Histological examination showed necrohemorrhagic, multifocal to coalescent bronchointerstitial pneumonia and diffuse alveolar edema. In two rabbits euthanized at day 50 pi, latent EHV-1 DNA was detected in the OBs. Dexamethasone administration at day 50 pi resulted in virus reactivation, demonstrated by virus shedding, viremia, clinical signs, and increase in VN titers and/or by detection of virus DNA in lungs, OBs, TGs and/or CC. These results demonstrate that rabbits are susceptible to EHV-1 infection and develop respiratory and neurological signs upon experimental inoculation. Thus, rabbits may be used to study selected aspects of EHV-1 biology and pathogenesis, extending and complementing the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio A Kanitz
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 20, sala 4200, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil; 9(a) Supervisão Regional da Secretaria da Agricultura e Pecuária do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Mário Santo Dani, 100, Osório, RS, CEP 95520-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Cargnelutti
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 20, sala 4200, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Deniz Anziliero
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 20, sala 4200, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil; Escola de Medicina, Faculdade Meridional - IMED, Senador Pinheiro, 304, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP 99070-220, Brazil
| | - Kelley V Gonçalves
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 20, sala 4200, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo K Masuda
- Axys Análises Laboratório Veterinário e Consultoria Diagnóstica, Rua Pedro Chaves Barcelos, 475, Bairro Montserrat, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90450-010, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 20, sala 4200, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 20, sala 4200, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
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