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Martin TJ, Seeman E. Bone Remodeling and Modeling: Cellular Targets for Antiresorptive and Anabolic Treatments, Including Approaches Through the Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)/PTH-Related Protein Pathway. Neurospine 2023; 20:1097-1109. [PMID: 38171279 PMCID: PMC10762382 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2346966.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone is continuously in a state of building and renewal, though the process of remodeling that takes place at many sites asynchronously throughout the skeleton, with bone formation and resorption equal at these sites (bone multicellular units). Remodeling takes place on bone surfaces, both on trabeculae and in the cortex, and serves the purposes of replacing old bone or that damaged by microfractures throughout the skeleton. The bone loss and consequent osteoporotic fractures that result from excess resorption over formation have mainly been prevented or treated by antiresorptive drugs that inhibit osteoclast formation and/or activity. Virtually all of the evidence leading to acceptance of antiresorptive drugs as treatment has depended upon their prevention of vertebral fractures. In recent decades, new prospects came of anabolic treatments that partly restore bone volume and microstructure restore bone that has been lost. The first of these was parathyroid hormone (PTH), shown by daily injection to increase markers of bone formation and prevent fractures. This field of interest enlarged with the discovery of PTH-related protein (PTHrP), so closely related in structure and action to PTH. The structural relationship between PTH and PTHrP is important in assessing their physiological and pharmacological roles, with the N-terminal domains of the 2 having virtually equal actions on target cells. Abaloparatide, a peptide analogue based on the structures of PTHrP and PTH, has been approved in some countries as a therapy for osteoporosis. Treatment through the PTH receptor activation pathway, and probably with any anabolic therapy, needs to be followed by antiresorptive treatment in order to maintain bone that has been restored. No matter how effective anabolic therapies for the skeleton become, it seems highly likely that there will be a continuing need for antiresorptive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas John Martin
- Department of Medicine and St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ego Seeman
- Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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2
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Shan C, Xia Y, Wu Z, Zhao J. HIF-1α and periodontitis: Novel insights linking host-environment interplay to periodontal phenotypes. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 184:50-78. [PMID: 37769974 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis, the sixth most prevalent epidemic disease globally, profoundly impacts oral aesthetics and masticatory functionality. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), an oxygen-dependent transcriptional activator, has emerged as a pivotal regulator in periodontal tissue and alveolar bone metabolism, exerts critical functions in angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, energy metabolism, and cell fate determination. Numerous essential phenotypes regulated by HIF are intricately associated with bone metabolism in periodontal tissues. Extensive investigations have highlighted the central role of HIF and its downstream target genes and pathways in the coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Within this concise perspective, we comprehensively review the cellular phenotypic alterations and microenvironmental dynamics linking HIF to periodontitis. We analyze current research on the HIF pathway, elucidating its impact on bone repair and regeneration, while unraveling the involved cellular and molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the potential application of targeted interventions aimed at HIF in the field of bone tissue regeneration engineering. This review expands our biological understanding of the intricate relationship between the HIF gene and bone angiogenesis in periodontitis and offers valuable insights for the development of innovative therapies to expedite bone repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shan
- Department of Dentistry, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Stomatology Hospital), Ürümqi, China
| | - YuNing Xia
- Department of Dentistry, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Stomatology Hospital), Ürümqi, China
| | - Zeyu Wu
- Department of Dentistry, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Stomatology Hospital), Ürümqi, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Dentistry, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Stomatology Hospital), Ürümqi, China; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Institute of Stomatology, Ürümqi, China.
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3
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Chen Z, Zhao H, Meng L, Yu S, Liu Z, Xue J. Microfibril-Associated Glycoprotein-2 Promoted Fracture Healing via Integrin αvβ3/PTK2/AKT Signaling. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100121. [PMID: 36934797 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fracture healing is a complex physiological process in which angiogenesis plays an essential role. Microfibril-associated glycoprotein-2 (MAGP2) has been reported to possess a proangiogenic activity via integrin αvβ3, yet its role in bone repair is unexplored. In this study, a critical-sized femoral defect (2 mm) was created in mice, followed by the delivery of an adenovirus-based MAGP2 overexpression vector or its negative control at the fracture site. At days 7, 14, 21, and 28 postfracture, bone fracture healing was evaluated by radiography, micro-computed tomography, and histopathologic analysis. Adenovirus-based MAGP2 overexpression vector-treated mice exhibited increased bone mineral density and bone volume fraction. MAGP2 overexpression contributed to an advanced stage of endochondral ossification and induced cartilage callus into the bony callus. Further analysis indicated that MAGP2 was associated with enhanced angiogenesis, as evidenced by marked MAGP2 and integrin αvβ3 costaining and increased endothelial cell markers such as endomucin and CD31 levls, as well as elevated phosphorylation of protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2) and AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT) in the callus. In vitro, recombinant human MAGP2 treatment enhanced the viability, migration, and tube formation ability of human microvascular endothelial cells, which was partially reversed by integrin αvβ3 inhibition or MK-2206, a specific AKT inhibitor. Inhibition of integrin αvβ3 abolished MAGP2-induced PTK2 and AKT activation. Taken together, our data provide the first evidence that MAGP2 promotes angiogenesis and bone formation by activating the integrin αvβ3/PTK2/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibin Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingshuai Meng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shengwei Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenning Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinqi Xue
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Puri T, Frost ML, Cook GJ, Blake GM. [ 18F] Sodium Fluoride PET Kinetic Parameters in Bone Imaging. Tomography 2021; 7:843-854. [PMID: 34941643 PMCID: PMC8708178 DOI: 10.3390/tomography7040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the significance of the kinetic parameters (k-values) obtained from the analysis of dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) scans using the Hawkins model describing the pharmacokinetics of sodium fluoride ([18F]NaF) to understand bone physiology. Dynamic [18F]NaF PET scans may be useful as an imaging biomarker in early phase clinical trials of novel drugs in development by permitting early detection of treatment-response signals that may help avoid late-stage attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuj Puri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK;
| | - Michelle L. Frost
- Institute of Cancer Research Clinical Trials & Statistics Unit (ICR-CTSU), Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK;
| | - Gary J. Cook
- Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK;
| | - Glen M. Blake
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-7762717295
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Li Z, Du T, Ruan C, Niu X. Bioinspired mineralized collagen scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1491-1511. [PMID: 33294729 PMCID: PMC7680706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful regeneration of large segmental bone defects remains a major challenge in clinical orthopedics, thus it is of important significance to fabricate a suitable alternative material to stimulate bone regeneration. Due to their excellent biocompatibility, sufficient mechanical strength, and similar structure and composition of natural bone, the mineralized collagen scaffolds (MCSs) have been increasingly used as bone substitutes via tissue engineering approaches. Herein, we thoroughly summarize the state of the art of MCSs as tissue-engineered scaffolds for acceleration of bone repair, including their fabrication methods, critical factors for osteogenesis regulation, current opportunities and challenges in the future. First, the current fabrication methods for MCSs, mainly including direct mineral composite, in-situ mineralization and 3D printing techniques, have been proposed to improve their biomimetic physical structures in this review. Meanwhile, three aspects of physical (mechanics and morphology), biological (cells and growth factors) and chemical (composition and cross-linking) cues are described as the critical factors for regulating the osteogenic feature of MCSs. Finally, the opportunities and challenges associated with MCSs as bone tissue-engineered scaffolds are also discussed to point out the future directions for building the next generation of MCSs that should be endowed with satisfactorily mimetic structures and appropriately biological characters for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Tianming Du
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Changshun Ruan
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Xufeng Niu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
- Research Institute of Beihang University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China
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Seeherman HJ, Li XJ, Wozney JM. Activation of Bone Remodeling Compartments in BMP-2-Injected Knees Supports a Local Vascular Mechanism for Arthritis-Related Bone Changes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2021; 103:e8. [PMID: 33315697 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.20.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synovial membrane-derived factors are implicated in arthritis-related bone changes. The route that synovial factors use to access subchondral bone and the mechanisms responsible for these bone changes remain unclear. A safety study involving intra-articular injection of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)/calcium phosphate matrix (CPM) or CPM addresses these issues. METHODS Knee joints in 21 monkeys were injected with CPM or 1.5 or 4.5 mg/mL BMP-2/CPM and were evaluated at 1 and 8 weeks. Contralateral joints were injected with saline solution. Knee joints in 4 animals each were injected with 1.5 or 4.5 mg/mL BMP-2/CPM. Contralateral joints were injected with corresponding treatments at 8 weeks. Both joints were evaluated at 16 weeks. Harvested joints were evaluated grossly and with histomorphometry. Knee joints in 3 animals were injected with 125I-labeled BMP-2/CPM and evaluated with scintigraphy and autoradiography at 2 weeks to determine BMP-2 distribution. RESULTS All treatments induced transient synovitis and increased capsular vascularization, observed to anastomose with metaphyseal venous sinusoids, but did not damage articular cartilage. Both treatments induced unanticipated activation of vascular-associated trabecular bone remodeling compartments (BRCs) restricted to injected knees. Bone volume increased in BMP-2/CPM-injected knees at 8 and 16 weeks. Scintigraphy demonstrated metaphyseal 125I-labeled BMP-2 localization restricted to injected knees, confirming local rather than systemic BMP-2 release. Autoradiography demonstrated that BMP-2 diffusion through articular cartilage into the metaphysis was blocked by the tidemark. The lack of marrow activation or de novo bone formation, previously reported following metaphyseal BMP-2/CPM administration, confirmed BMP-2 and synovial-derived factors were not free in the marrow. The 125I-labeled BMP-2/CPM, observed within venous sinusoids of injected knees, confirmed the potential for capsular and metaphyseal venous portal communication. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies a synovitis-induced venous portal circulation between the joint capsule and the metaphysis as an alternative to systemic circulation and local diffusion for synovial membrane-derived factors to reach subchondral bone. This study also identifies vascular-associated BRCs as a mechanism for arthritis-associated subchondral bone changes and provides additional support for their role in physiological trabecular bone remodeling and/or modeling. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Inhibition of synovitis and accompanying abnormal vascularization may limit bone changes associated with arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Seeherman
- Orthopedic Research/Pharmaceutical Development Consultant, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - X Jian Li
- CBSET, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts
| | - John M Wozney
- Orthopedics and Pharmaceutical Development Consultant, Hudson, Massachusetts
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Delaisse JM, Andersen TL, Kristensen HB, Jensen PR, Andreasen CM, Søe K. Re-thinking the bone remodeling cycle mechanism and the origin of bone loss. Bone 2020; 141:115628. [PMID: 32919109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proper bone remodeling necessarily requires that osteoblasts reconstruct the bone that osteoclasts have resorbed. However, the cellular events connecting resorption to reconstruction have remained poorly known. The consequence is a fragmentary understanding of the remodeling cycle where only the resorption and formation steps are taken into account. New tools have recently made possible to elucidate how resorption shifts to formation, thereby allowing to comprehend the remodeling cycle as a whole. This new knowledge is reviewed herein. It shows how teams of osteoclasts and osteoblast lineage cells are progressively established and how they are subjected therein to reciprocal interactions. Contrary to the common view, osteoclasts and osteoprogenitors are intermingled on the eroded surfaces. The analysis of the resorption and cell population dynamics shows that osteoprogenitor cell expansion and resorption proceed as an integrated mechanism; that a threshold cell density of osteoprogenitors on the eroded surface is mandatory for onset of bone formation; that the cell initiating osteoprogenitor cell expansion is the osteoclast; and that the osteoclast therefore triggers putative osteoprogenitor reservoirs positioned at proximity of the eroded bone surface (bone lining cells, canopy cells, pericytes). The interplay between magnitude of resorption and rate of cell expansion governs how soon bone reconstruction is initiated and may determine uncoupling and permanent bone loss if a threshold cell density is not reached. The clinical perspectives opened by these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Delaisse
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Levin Andersen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Helene Bjoerg Kristensen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Lillebælt Hospital, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.
| | - Pia Rosgaard Jensen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Lillebælt Hospital, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.
| | - Christina Møller Andreasen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Kent Søe
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Wan L, Wu M, Sheth V, Shao H, Jang H, Bydder G, Du J. Evaluation of cortical bone perfusion using dynamic contrast enhanced ultrashort echo time imaging: a feasibility study. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019; 9:1383-1393. [PMID: 31559167 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2019.08.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been used to study perfusion in a wide variety of soft tissues including the bone marrow. Study of perfusion in hard tissues such as cortical bone has been much more limited because of the lack of detectable MR signal from them using conventional pulse sequences. However, two-dimensional (2D) ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequences detect signal from cortical bone and allow fast imaging of this tissue. In addition, adiabatic 2D inversion recovery UTE (IR-UTE) sequences can provide excellent signal suppression of soft tissues, such as muscle and marrow, and allow cortical bone to be seen with high contrast and reduced artefacts. We aimed to assess the feasibility of using 2D UTE and 2D IR-UTE sequences to perform DCE-MRI in the cortical bone of rabbits and human volunteers. Methods Cortical bone perfusion was studied in rabbits (n=12) and human volunteers (n=3) using 2D UTE and 2D IR-UTE sequences on a clinical 3T scanner. Dynamic data with an in-plane resolution of ~0.5×0.5 mm2, single slice thickness of 3 mm for rabbits and 10 mm for human volunteers, and temporal resolution of 23 s for 2D UTE imaging of rabbits, 28 s for 2D UTE imaging of human volunteers, and 60 s for 2D IR-UTE imaging of both the rabbits and human volunteers were acquired before and after the injection of a Gd contrast agent (Gd-BOPTA: Multihance; Bracco Imaging SpA, Milan, Italy). The dose was 0.06 mmol/kg for rabbits and 0.2 mmol/kg for human subjects. Kinetic analyses based on the Brix model, as well as simple calculations of maximum enhancement (ME) and enhancement slope (ES), were performed. Results The 12 rabbits showed a mean Ktrans of 0.36±0.07 min-1, Kep of 8.42±3.17 min-1, ME of 28.30±6.83, ES of 0.35±0.18 for the femur with the 2D UTE sequence, and a mean Ktrans of 0.45±0.10 min-1, Kep of 9.80±0.50 min-1, ME of 48.84±12.12, and ES of 0.69±0.27 for the femur with the 2D IR-UTE sequence. Lower ME and ES values were observed in the tibial midshaft of healthy human volunteers compared to rabbits. Conclusions These results show that 2D UTE and 2D IR-UTE sequences are capable of detecting dynamic contrast enhancement in cortical bone in both rabbits and healthy human volunteers. Clinical studies with these techniques are likely to be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidi Wan
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mei Wu
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vipul Sheth
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hongda Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Graeme Bydder
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Atkinson EG, Delgado‐Calle J. The Emerging Role of Osteocytes in Cancer in Bone. JBMR Plus 2019; 3:e10186. [PMID: 30918922 PMCID: PMC6419608 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the last decade have established the osteocyte, the most abundant cell in bone, as a dynamic and multifunctional cell capable of controlling bone homeostasis by regulating the function of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In addition, accumulating evidence demonstrates that osteocyte function is altered in several skeletal disorders, and targeting osteocytes and their derived factors improves skeletal health. Despite the remarkable progress in our understanding of osteocyte biology, there has been a paucity of information regarding the role of osteocytes in the progression of cancer in bone. Exciting, recent discoveries suggest that tumor cells communicate with osteocytes to generate a microenvironment that supports the growth and survival of cancer cells and stimulates bone destruction. This review features these novel findings and discussions regarding the impact of chemotherapy on osteocyte function and the potential of targeting osteocytes for the treatment of cancer in bone. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Atkinson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Jesús Delgado‐Calle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology/OncologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
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Fornetti J, Welm AL, Stewart SA. Understanding the Bone in Cancer Metastasis. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:2099-2113. [PMID: 30476357 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bone is the third most common site of metastasis for a wide range of solid tumors including lung, breast, prostate, colorectal, thyroid, gynecologic, and melanoma, with 70% of metastatic prostate and breast cancer patients harboring bone metastasis.1 Unfortunately, once cancer spreads to the bone, it is rarely cured and is associated with a wide range of morbidities including pain, increased risk of fracture, and hypercalcemia. This fact has driven experts in the fields of bone and cancer biology to study the bone, and has revealed that there is a great deal that each can teach the other. The complexity of the bone was first described in 1889 when Stephen Paget proposed that tumor cells have a proclivity for certain organs, where they "seed" into a friendly "soil" and eventually grow into metastatic lesions. Dr. Paget went on to argue that although many study the "seed" it would be paramount to understand the "soil." Since this original work, significant advances have been made not only in understanding the cell-autonomous mechanisms that drive metastasis, but also alterations which drive changes to the "soil" that allow a tumor cell to thrive. Indeed, it is now clear that the "soil" in different metastatic sites is unique, and thus the mechanisms that allow tumor cells to remain in a dormant or growing state are specific to the organ in question. In the bone, our knowledge of the components that contribute to this fertile "soil" continues to expand, but our understanding of how they impact tumor growth in the bone remains in its infancy. Indeed, we now appreciate that the endosteal niche likely contributes to tumor cell dormancy, and that osteoclasts, osteocytes, and adipocytes can impact tumor cell growth. Here, we discuss the bone microenvironment and how it impacts cancer cell seeding, dormancy, and growth. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fornetti
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alana L Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sheila A Stewart
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Integrating Communication within the Cancer Environment (ICCE) Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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11
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Kelly RR, McDonald LT, Pellegrini VD, Cray JJ, Larue AC. Identification of circulating murine CD34 +OCN + cells. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:1371-1380. [PMID: 30340982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Previous studies identified a circulating human osteoblastic population that expressed osteocalcin (OCN), increased following fracture and pubertal growth, and formed mineralized colonies in vitro and bone in vivo. A subpopulation expressed CD34, a hematopoietic/endothelial marker. These findings led to our hypothesis that hematopoietic-derived CD34+OCN+ cells exist in the circulation of mice and are modulated after fracture. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to identify CD34+OCN+ cells in male B6.SJL-PtprcaPepcb/BoyJ and Vav-Cre/mTmG (VavR) mice. Non-stabilized tibial fractures were created by three-point bend. Fractures were longitudinally imaged by micro-computed tomography, and immunofluorescent staining was used to evaluate CD34+OCN+ cells within fracture callus. AMD3100 (10 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously for 3 days and the CD34+OCN+ population was evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS Circulating CD34+OCN+ cells were identified in mice and confirmed to be of hematopoietic origin (CD45+; Vav1+) using two mouse models. Both circulating and bone marrow-derived CD34+OCN+ cells peaked three weeks post-non-stabilized tibial fracture, suggesting association with cartilage callus transition to bone and early mineralization. Co-expression of CD34 and OCN in the fracture callus at two weeks post-fracture was observed. By three weeks, there was 2.1-fold increase in number of CD34+OCN+ cells, and these were observed throughout the fracture callus. AMD3100 altered CD34+OCN+ cell levels in peripheral blood and bone marrow. DISCUSSION Together, these data demonstrate a murine CD34+OCN+ circulating population that may be directly involved in fracture repair. Future studies will molecularly characterize CD34+OCN+ cells, determine mechanisms regulating their contribution, and examine if their number correlates with improved fracture healing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Kelly
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lindsay T McDonald
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Vincent D Pellegrini
- Department of Orthopedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - James J Cray
- Division of Anatomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amanda C Larue
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Paiva KBS, Granjeiro JM. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Bone Resorption, Remodeling, and Repair. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:203-303. [PMID: 28662823 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the major protease family responsible for the cleavage of the matrisome (global composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteome) and proteins unrelated to the ECM, generating bioactive molecules. These proteins drive ECM remodeling, in association with tissue-specific and cell-anchored inhibitors (TIMPs and RECK, respectively). In the bone, the ECM mediates cell adhesion, mechanotransduction, nucleation of mineralization, and the immobilization of growth factors to protect them from damage or degradation. Since the first description of an MMP in bone tissue, many other MMPs have been identified, as well as their inhibitors. Numerous functions have been assigned to these proteins, including osteoblast/osteocyte differentiation, bone formation, solubilization of the osteoid during bone resorption, osteoclast recruitment and migration, and as a coupling factor in bone remodeling under physiological conditions. In turn, a number of pathologies, associated with imbalanced bone remodeling, arise mainly from MMP overexpression and abnormalities of the ECM, leading to bone osteolysis or bone formation. In this review, we will discuss the functions of MMPs and their inhibitors in bone cells, during bone remodeling, pathological bone resorption (osteoporosis and bone metastasis), bone repair/regeneration, and emergent roles in bone bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiucia B S Paiva
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction (LabMec), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - José M Granjeiro
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (InMetro), Bioengineering Laboratory, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil; Fluminense Federal University, Dental School, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Evaluation of a vital staining protocol with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride for cancellous bone in a sheep model. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:131-135. [PMID: 28376370 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Decision making on the optimal surgical treatment of fractures often is hampered by the lack of a method for direct assessment of bone vitality. In various contexts, for example to determine the extents of cerebral insults or of myocardial infarctions in experimental studies, tetrazolium based staining procedures of vital cells are widely used. Here, we set out to test the applicability of tetrazolium based staining on bone samples. 8 brains and 26 femoral heads from sheep were used to prepare tissue slices, which were stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) at various times (1 to 12h) after explantation. Staining of tissue slices was quantified by densitometric image analysis. Spectrophotometry was used for quantification in cultured cells. TTC-staining of tissue slices indicated detectability of vital cells in slices from both tissues up to 4h after explantation. Staining intensity at later time-points was indistinguishable from the staining of untreated samples or sodium azide treated (necrotic cells) controls. We provide experimental evidence that the choice of the optimal surgical approach for the treatment of fractures involving cancellous bone could be aided by a simple staining procedure for vital bone. However, the described procedure depends on the availability of bone specimens (slices). Therefore, search for an improved stain directly applicable to the bone surface is needed.
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Pernelle K, Imbert L, Bosser C, Auregan JC, Cruel M, Ogier A, Jurdic P, Hoc T. Microscale mechanical and mineral heterogeneity of human cortical bone governs osteoclast activity. Bone 2017; 94:42-49. [PMID: 27725316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human cortical bone permanently remodels itself resulting in a haversian microstructure with heterogeneous mechanical and mineral properties. Remodeling is carried out by a subtle equilibrium between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone degradation by osteoclasts. The mechanisms regulating osteoclast activity were studied using easy access supports whose homogeneous microstructures differ from human bone microstructure. In the current study, we show that human osteoclasts resorb human cortical bone non-randomly with respect to this specific human bone microstructural heterogeneity. The characterization of this new resorption profile demonstrates that osteoclasts preferentially resorb particular osteons that have weak mechanical properties and mineral contents and that contain small hydroxyapatite crystals with a high carbonate content. Therefore, the influence of human bone microstructure heterogeneity on osteoclast activity could be a key parameter for osteoclast behaviour, for both in vitro and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pernelle
- LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon UMR5242, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - L Imbert
- LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France; Mineralized Tissues Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States
| | - C Bosser
- LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France
| | - J-C Auregan
- LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France; Département de l'Orthopédie pédiatrique, Necker-Hopital des enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris Descartes, 145 rue de Sèvres, 75014 Paris, France
| | - M Cruel
- LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France
| | - A Ogier
- LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France
| | - P Jurdic
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon UMR5242, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - T Hoc
- LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France.
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Zhang D, Huang Y, Huang Z, Zhang R, Wang H, Huang D. FTY-720P Suppresses Osteoclast Formation by Regulating Expression of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2). Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:2187-94. [PMID: 27344392 PMCID: PMC4924886 DOI: 10.12659/msm.896690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoclast formation is closely related to the immune system. FTY720, a new immunosuppressive agent, has some functions in immune regulation. Its main active ingredients become FTY-720P in vivo by phosphorylation modification. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of FTY-720 with various concentrations on osteoclasts in vitro. Material/Methods RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived mononuclear phagocytes (BMMs) were treated with RANKL to obtain osteoclasts in vitro. To investigate the role of FTY-720 in osteoclast formation, trap enzyme staining was performed and the number of osteoclasts was counted. Bone slices were stained with methylene blue, we counted the number of lacunae after bone slices were placed into dishes together with osteoclasts, and we observed the effect and function of FTY-720 in osteoclasts induced by RAW264.7 cells and BMMs. Then, we used a protein array kit to explore the effects of FTY-720P on osteoclasts. Results The results of enzyme trap staining and F-actin staining experiments show that, with the increasing concentration of FTY-720P, the number of osteoclast induced by RAW264.7 cells and BMMs gradually decreased (P<0.05), especially when the FTY-720P concentration reached 1000 ng/ml, and the number of osteoclasts formed was the lowest (P<0.05). With bone lacuna toluidine blue staining, the results also show that, with the increasing concentration of FTY-720P, the number of bone lacuna gradually decreased (P<0.05), and the number of lacunae is lowest when the concentration reached 800 ng/ml. Finally, protein array results showed that IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, MMP-2, VEGF-C, GFR, basic FGF, MIP-2, and insulin proteins were regulated after FTY-720P treatment. Conclusions FTY-720P can suppress osteoclast formation and function, and FTY-720P induces a series of cytokine changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhang
- Section 2, Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yongjun Huang
- Department of Microsurgery and Orthopedic Trauma, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Zongwen Huang
- Section 2, Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Rongkai Zhang
- Section 2, Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Honggang Wang
- Department of Microsurgery and Orthopedic Trauma, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Dong Huang
- Department of Microsurgery and Orthopedic Trauma, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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Jia P, Chen H, Kang H, Qi J, Zhao P, Jiang M, Guo L, Zhou Q, Qian ND, Zhou HB, Xu YJ, Fan Y, Deng LF. Deferoxamine released from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) promotes healing of osteoporotic bone defect via enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2515-27. [PMID: 27227768 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics; San Xiang Road 1055, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu Province 215004 China
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese Western Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Rui Jin Er Road 197 Shanghai 200020 China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Ren Ji Hospital; Pu Jian Road 160 Shanghai 200120 China
| | - Hui Kang
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese Western Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Rui Jin Er Road 197 Shanghai 200020 China
| | - Jin Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese Western Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Rui Jin Er Road 197 Shanghai 200020 China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Nursing Department; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; San Xiang Road 1055 Suzhou Jiangsu Province China 215004
| | - Min Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese Western Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Rui Jin Er Road 197 Shanghai 200020 China
| | - Lei Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese Western Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Rui Jin Er Road 197 Shanghai 200020 China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese Western Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Rui Jin Er Road 197 Shanghai 200020 China
| | - Nian Dong Qian
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese Western Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Rui Jin Er Road 197 Shanghai 200020 China
| | - Han Bing Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese Western Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Rui Jin Er Road 197 Shanghai 200020 China
| | - You Jia Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics; San Xiang Road 1055, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu Province 215004 China
| | - Yongqian Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics; Huadong Hospital Affiliated Fudan University; Yan'an Western Road 221 Shanghai 200040 China
| | - Lian Fu Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese Western Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Rui Jin Er Road 197 Shanghai 200020 China
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18
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Abstract
During the past decade preclinical studies have defined many of the mechanisms used by tumours to hijack the skeleton and promote bone metastasis. This has led to the development and widespread clinical use of bone-targeted drugs to prevent skeletal-related events. This understanding has also identified a critical dependency between colonizing tumour cells and the cells of bone. This is particularly important when tumour cells first arrive in bone, adapt to their new microenvironment and enter a long-lived dormant state. In this Review, we discuss the role of different bone cell types in supporting disseminated tumour cell dormancy and reactivation, and highlight the new opportunities this provides for targeting the bone microenvironment to control dormancy and bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Croucher
- Division of Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Michelle M McDonald
- Division of Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - T John Martin
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
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19
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Shear-mediated crystallization from amorphous calcium phosphate to bone apatite. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 54:131-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Hinshaw WB, Quin LD. Recognition of the Causative Agent of “Phossy Jaw” and “Fragile Femur” in Fumes Arising from White Phosphorus. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2015.1071818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Banks Hinshaw
- Markle & Hinshaw Gynecology and Harris Regional Hospital, 7190 Ellijay Road, Franklin, North Carolina, USA
| | - Louis DuBose Quin
- Department of Chemistry (emeritus), Duke University, 66 Davisson Drive, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Xiong J, Piemontese M, Onal M, Campbell J, Goellner JJ, Dusevich V, Bonewald L, Manolagas SC, O’Brien CA. Osteocytes, not Osteoblasts or Lining Cells, are the Main Source of the RANKL Required for Osteoclast Formation in Remodeling Bone. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138189. [PMID: 26393791 PMCID: PMC4578942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), encoded by the Tnfsf11 gene, is essential for osteoclastogenesis and previous studies have shown that deletion of the Tnfsf11 gene using a Dmp1-Cre transgene reduces osteoclast formation in cancellous bone by more than 70%. However, the Dmp1-Cre transgene used in those studies leads to recombination in osteocytes, osteoblasts, and lining cells making it unclear whether one or more of these cell types produce the RANKL required for osteoclast formation in cancellous bone. Because osteoblasts, osteocytes, and lining cells have distinct locations and functions, distinguishing which of these cell types are sources of RANKL is essential for understanding the orchestration of bone remodeling. To distinguish between these possibilities, we have now created transgenic mice expressing the Cre recombinase under the control of regulatory elements of the Sost gene, which is expressed in osteocytes but not osteoblasts or lining cells in murine bone. Activity of the Sost-Cre transgene in osteocytes, but not osteoblast or lining cells, was confirmed by crossing Sost-Cre transgenic mice with tdTomato and R26R Cre-reporter mice, which express tdTomato fluorescent protein or LacZ, respectively, only in cells expressing the Cre recombinase or their descendants. Deletion of the Tnfsf11 gene in Sost-Cre mice led to a threefold decrease in osteoclast number in cancellous bone and increased cancellous bone mass, mimicking the skeletal phenotype of mice in which the Tnfsf11 gene was deleted using the Dmp1-Cre transgene. These results demonstrate that osteocytes, not osteoblasts or lining cells, are the main source of the RANKL required for osteoclast formation in remodeling cancellous bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Xiong
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- The Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Marilina Piemontese
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- The Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Melda Onal
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- The Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Josh Campbell
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- The Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Joseph J. Goellner
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- The Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Dusevich
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lynda Bonewald
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stavros C. Manolagas
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- The Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Charles A. O’Brien
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- The Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the increased knowledge of osteocyte biology, the contribution of this most abundant bone cell to the development and progression of multiple myeloma in bone is practically unexplored. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple myeloma bone disease is characterized by exacerbated bone resorption and the presence of osteolytic lesions that do not heal because of a concomitant reduction in bone formation. Osteocytes produce molecules that regulate both bone formation and resorption. Recent findings suggest that the life span of osteocytes is compromised in multiple myeloma patients with bone lesions. In addition, multiple myeloma cells affect the transcriptional profile of osteocytes by upregulating the production of pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines, stimulating osteoclast formation and activity. Further, patients with active multiple myeloma have elevated circulating levels of sclerostin, a potent inhibitor of bone formation which is specifically expressed by osteocytes in bone. SUMMARY Understanding the contribution of osteocytes to the mechanisms underlying the skeletal consequences of multiple myeloma bone disease has the potential to provide important new therapeutic strategies that specifically target multiple myeloma-osteocyte interactions.
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Chim SM, Kuek V, Chow ST, Lim BS, Tickner J, Zhao J, Chung R, Su YW, Zhang G, Erber W, Xian CJ, Rosen V, Xu J. EGFL7 is expressed in bone microenvironment and promotes angiogenesis via ERK, STAT3, and integrin signaling cascades. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:82-94. [PMID: 24909139 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in bone formation, remodeling, and fracture healing. The regulation of angiogenesis in the bone microenvironment is highly complex and orchestrated by intercellular communication between bone cells and endothelial cells. Here, we report that EGF-like domain 7 (EGFL7), a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeat protein superfamily is expressed in both the osteoclast and osteoblast lineages, and promotes endothelial cell activities. Addition of exogenous recombinant EGFL7 potentiates SVEC (simian virus 40-transformed mouse microvascular endothelial cell line) cell migration and tube-like structure formation in vitro. Moreover, recombinant EGFL7 promotes angiogenesis featuring web-like structures in ex vivo fetal mouse metatarsal angiogenesis assay. We show that recombinant EGFL7 induces phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in SVEC cells. Inhibition of ERK1/2 and STAT3 signaling impairs EGFL7-induced endothelial cell migration, and angiogenesis in fetal mouse metatarsal explants. Bioinformatic analyses indicate that EGFL7 contains a conserved RGD/QGD motif and EGFL7-induced endothelial cell migration is significantly reduced in the presence of RGD peptides. Moreover, EGFL7 gene expression is significantly upregulated during growth plate injury repair. Together, these results demonstrate that EGFL7 expressed by bone cells regulates endothelial cell activities through integrin-mediated signaling. This study highlights the important role that EGFL7, like EGFL6, expressed in bone microenvironment plays in the regulation of angiogenesis in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shek Man Chim
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Wang H, Zhao S, Zhou J, Shen Y, Huang W, Zhang C, Rahaman MN, Wang D. Evaluation of borate bioactive glass scaffolds as a controlled delivery system for copper ions in stimulating osteogenesis and angiogenesis in bone healing. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:8547-8557. [PMID: 32262213 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01355g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible synthetic scaffolds with enhanced osteogenic and angiogenic capacity are of great interest for the repair of large (critical size) bone defects. In this study, we investigated an approach based on the controlled delivery of copper (Cu) ions from borate bioactive glass scaffolds for stimulating angiogenesis and osteogenesis in a rodent calvarial defect model. Borate glass scaffolds (pore size = 200-400 μm) doped with varying amounts of Cu (0-3.0 wt% CuO) were created using a polymer foam replication technique. When immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) in vitro, the scaffolds released Cu ions into the medium at a rate that was dependent on the amount of Cu in the glass and simultaneously converted to hydroxyapatite (HA). At the concentrations used, the Cu in the glass was not cytotoxic to human bone marrow derived stem cells (hBMSCs) cultured on the scaffolds and the alkaline phosphatase activity of the hBMSCs increased with increasing Cu in the glass. When implanted in rat calvarial defects for 8 weeks, the scaffolds doped with 3 wt% CuO showed a significantly better capacity to stimulate angiogenesis and regenerate bone when compared to the undoped glass scaffolds. Together, these results indicate that the controlled delivery of Cu ions from borate bioactive glass implants is a promising approach in healing bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 2001804, China.
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25
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Wurnig MC, Calcagni M, Kenkel D, Vich M, Weiger M, Andreisek G, Wehrli FW, Boss A. Characterization of trabecular bone density with ultra-short echo-time MRI at 1.5, 3.0 and 7.0 T--comparison with micro-computed tomography. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:1159-66. [PMID: 25088271 PMCID: PMC5730971 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to test the potential of ultra-short echo-time (UTE) MRI at 1.5, 3.0 and 7.0 T for depiction of trabecular bone structure (of the wrist bones), to evaluate whether T2* relaxation times of bone water and parametric maps of T2* of trabecular bone could be obtained at all three field strengths, and to compare the T2* relaxation times with structural parameters obtained from micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) as a reference standard. Ex vivo carpal bones of six wrists were excised en bloc and underwent MRI at 1.5, 3.0 and 7.0 T in a whole-body MR imager using the head coil. A three-dimensional radial fat-suppressed UTE sequence was applied with subsequent acquisitions, with six different echo times TE of 150, 300, 600, 1200, 3500 and 7000 µs. The T2* relaxation time and pixel-wise computed T2* parametric maps were compared with a micro-computed-tomography reference standard providing trabecular bone structural parameters including porosity (defined as the bone-free fraction within a region of interest), trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, trabecular number and fractal dimension (Dk). T2* relaxation curves and parametric maps could be computed from datasets acquired at all field strengths. Mean T2* relaxation times of trabecular bone were 4580 ± 1040 µs at 1.5 T, 2420 ± 560 µs at 3.0 T and 1220 ± 300 µs at 7.0 T, when averaged over all carpal bones. A positive correlation of T2* with trabecular bone porosity and trabecular separation, and a negative correlation of T2* relaxation time with trabecular thickness, trabecular number and fractal dimension, was detected (p < 0.01 for all field strengths and micro-CT parameters). We conclude that UTE MRI may be useful to characterize the structure of trabecular bone, comparable to micro-CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz C. Wurnig
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence to: M. C. Wurnig, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Maurizio Calcagni
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Kenkel
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Weiger
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Andreisek
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix W. Wehrli
- Laboratory for Structural NMR Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andreas Boss
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Maclean SJ, Black SM, Cunningham CA. The developing juvenile ischium: macro-radiographic insights. Clin Anat 2014; 27:906-14. [PMID: 24639178 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of the human pelvis as a weight-bearing structure, there is a paucity of literature that discusses the development of the juvenile innominate from a biomechanical perspective. This study aims to add to the limited body of literature pertaining to this topic through the qualitative analysis of the gross architecture of the human ischium during the juvenile period. Macro-radiographs of 55 human ischia ranging from 28 intra-uterine weeks to 14 years of age were examined using intensity-gradient color mapping to highlight changes in gross structural morphology with increasing age. A clear pattern of maturation was observed in the juvenile ischium with increasing age. The acetabular component and ramus of the ischium consistently displayed low bone intensity in the postnatal skeletal material. Conversely the posterior body of the ischium, and in particular the ischial spine and lesser sciatic notch, exhibited increasing bone intensity which first arose at 1-2 years of age and became more expansive in older cohorts. The intensity patterns observed within the developing juvenile ischium are indicative of the potential factors influencing the maturation of this skeletal element. While the low intensity acetabular fossa indicates a lack of significant biomechanical interactions, the posterior increase in bone intensity may be related to the load-bearing nature of the posterior ischium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Maclean
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, College of Arts, Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH
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Prisby RD. Bone marrow blood vessel ossification and "microvascular dead space" in rat and human long bone. Bone 2014; 64:195-203. [PMID: 24680721 PMCID: PMC4051408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe calcification of the bone microvascular network was observed in rats, whereby the bone marrow blood vessels appeared ossified. This study sought to characterize the magnitude of ossification in relation to patent blood vessels and adipocyte content in femoral diaphyses. Additionally, this study confirmed the presence of ossified vessels in patients with arteriosclerotic vascular disease and peripheral vascular disease and cellulitis. Young (4-6 month; n=8) and old (22-24 month; n=8) male Fischer-344 rats were perfused with barium sulfate to visualize patent bone marrow blood vessels. Femoral shafts were processed for bone histomorphometry to quantify ossified (Goldner's Trichrome) and calcified (Alizarin Red) vessels. Adipocyte content was also determined. Additional femora (n=5/age group) were scanned via μCT to quantify microvascular ossification. Bone marrow blood vessels from the rats and the human patients were also isolated and examined via microscopy. Ossified vessels (rats and humans) had osteocyte lacunae on the vessel surfaces and "normal" vessels were transitioning into bone. The volume of ossified vessels was 4800% higher (p<0.05) in the old vs. young rats. Calcified and ossified vessel volumes per tissue volume and calcified vessel volume per patent vessel volume were augmented (p<0.05) 262%, 375% and 263%, respectively, in the old vs. young rats. Ossified and patent vessel number was higher (171%) and lower (40%), respectively, in the old vs. young rats. Finally, adipocyte volume per patent vessel volume was higher (86%) with age. This study is the first to report ossification of bone marrow blood vessels in rats and humans. Ossification presumably results in "microvascular dead space" in regard to loss of patency and vasomotor function as opposed to necrosis. Progression of bone microvascular ossification may provide the common link associated with age-related changes in bone and bone marrow. The clinical implications may be evident in the difficulties treating bone disease in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda D Prisby
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA.
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Correlation between Absence of Bone Remodeling Compartment Canopies, Reversal Phase Arrest, and Deficient Bone Formation in Post-Menopausal Osteoporosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1142-1151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Martin TJ. Bone biology and anabolic therapies for bone: current status and future prospects. J Bone Metab 2014; 21:8-20. [PMID: 24707463 PMCID: PMC3970295 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2014.21.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is continuously remodelled at many sites asynchronously throughout the skeleton, with bone formation and resorption balanced at these sites to retain bone structure. Negative balance resulting in bone loss and osteoporosis, with consequent fractures, has mainly been prevented or treated by anti-resorptive drugs that inhibit osteoclast formation and/or activity, with new prospects now of anabolic treatments that restore bone that has been lost. The anabolic effectiveness of parathyroid hormone has been established, and an exciting new prospect is presented of neutralising antibody against the osteocyte protein, sclerostin. The cellular actions of these two anabolic treatments differ, and the mechanisms will need to be kept in mind in devising their best use. On present evidence it seems likely that treatment with either of these anabolic agents will need to be followed by anti-resorptive treatment in order to maintain bone that has been restored. No matter how effective anabolic therapies for the skeleton become, it seems highly likely that there will be a continuing need for safe, effective anti-resorptive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T John Martin
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Marenzana M, Arnett TR. The Key Role of the Blood Supply to Bone. Bone Res 2013; 1:203-15. [PMID: 26273504 DOI: 10.4248/br201303001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the vascular supply for bone is well-known to orthopaedists but is still rather overlooked within the wider field of skeletal research. Blood supplies oxygen, nutrients and regulatory factors to tissues, as well as removing metabolic waste products such as carbon dioxide and acid. Bone receives up to about 10% of cardiac output, and this blood supply permits a much higher degree of cellularity, remodelling and repair than is possible in cartilage, which is avascular. The blood supply to bone is delivered to the endosteal cavity by nutrient arteries, then flows through marrow sinusoids before exiting via numerous small vessels that ramify through the cortex. The marrow cavity affords a range of vascular niches that are thought to regulate the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic and stromal cells, in part via gradients of oxygen tension. The quality of vascular supply to bone tends to decline with age and may be compromised in common pathological settings, including diabetes, anaemias, chronic airway diseases and immobility, as well as by tumours. Reductions in vascular supply are associated with bone loss. This may be due in part to the direct effects of hypoxia, which blocks osteoblast function and bone formation but causes reciprocal increases in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Common regulatory factors such as parathyroid hormone or nitrates, both of which are potent vasodilators, might exert their osteogenic effects on bone via the vasculature. These observations suggest that the bone vasculature will be a fruitful area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Marenzana
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford , UK
| | - Timothy R Arnett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London , UK
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Percival CJ, Richtsmeier JT. Angiogenesis and intramembranous osteogenesis. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:909-22. [PMID: 23737393 PMCID: PMC3803110 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is likely critical for the process of intramembranous osteogenesis; however, the developmental relationship between blood vessels and bone mineralization is not well studied within intramembranous bones. Given its importance, changes in angiogenesis regulation are likely to contribute to evolutionarily and medically relevant craniofacial variation. RESULTS We summarize what is known about the association between angiogenesis and intramembranous osteogenesis, supplementing with information from the better-studied processes of endochondral ossification and distraction osteogenesis. Based on this review, we introduce a model of angiogenesis during early intramembranous osteogenesis as well as a series of null hypotheses to be tested. CONCLUSIONS This model can serve as a basis of future research on the spatio-temporal association and regulatory interactions of mesenchymal, vascular, and bone cells, which will be required to illuminate the potential effects of angiogenesis dysregulation on craniofacial skeletal phenotypes.
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Chim SM, Tickner J, Chow ST, Kuek V, Guo B, Zhang G, Rosen V, Erber W, Xu J. Angiogenic factors in bone local environment. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:297-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Du J, Bydder GM. Qualitative and quantitative ultrashort-TE MRI of cortical bone. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:489-506. [PMID: 23280581 PMCID: PMC4206448 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis causes over 1.5 million fractures per year, costing about $15 billion annually in the USA. Current guidelines utilize bone mineral density (BMD) to assess fracture risk; however, BMD alone only accounts for 30-50% of fractures. The other two major components of bone, organic matrix and water, contribute significantly to bone mechanical properties, but cannot be assessed with conventional imaging techniques in spite of the fact that they make up about 57% of cortical bone by volume. Conventional clinical MRI usually detects signals from water in tissues without difficulty, but cannot detect the water bound to the organic matrix, or the free water in the microscopic pores of the Haversian and the lacunar-canalicular system of cortical bone, because of their very short apparent transverse relaxation times (T2 *). In recent years, a new class of sequences, ultrashort-TE (UTE) sequences, with nominal TEs of less than 100 µs, which are much shorter than the TEs available with conventional sequences, have received increasing interest. These sequences can detect water signals from within cortical bone and provide an opportunity to study disease of this tissue in a new way. This review summarizes the recent developments in qualitative UTE imaging (techniques and contrast mechanisms to produce bone images with high contrast) and quantitative UTE imaging (techniques to quantify the MR properties, including T1 , T2 * and the magnetization transfer ratio, and tissue properties, including bone perfusion, as well as total, bound and free water content) of cortical bone in vitro and in vivo. The limitations of the current techniques for clinical applications and future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103-8226, USA.
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Puri T, Frost ML, Curran KM, Siddique M, Moore AEB, Cook GJR, Marsden PK, Fogelman I, Blake GM. Differences in regional bone metabolism at the spine and hip: a quantitative study using (18)F-fluoride positron emission tomography. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:633-9. [PMID: 22581294 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-2006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY This study showed that regional bone blood flow and (18)F-fluoride bone plasma clearance measured by positron emission tomography are three times lower at the hip than the lumbar spine. INTRODUCTION Measurements of effective bone plasma flow (K (1)), bone plasma clearance (K ( i )) and standardised uptake values (SUV) using (18)F-fluoride positron emission tomography ((18)F-PET) provide a useful means of studying regional bone metabolism at different sites in the skeleton. This study compares the regional (18)F-fluoride kinetics and SUV at the hip and lumbar spine (LS). METHODS Twelve healthy postmenopausal women with no history of metabolic bone disease apart from two with untreated osteoporosis were recruited. Each subject underwent 60-min dynamic (18)F-PET scans at the LS and proximal femur two weeks apart. K (1), K ( i ) and SUV were measured at the LS (mean of L(1)-L(4)), femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH) and femoral shaft (FS). Differences between sites were assessed using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test with a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Values of K (1), K ( i ) and SUV at the FN, TH and FS were three times lower than at the LS (p = 0.003). Amongst the proximal femur sites, K ( i ) and SUV were lower at the FS compared with the FN and TH, and SUV was lower at the TH compared with the FN (all p < 0.05). The volume of distribution was lower at the TH and FS compared with the LS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The lower values of K (1), K ( i ) and SUV at the hip suggest that lower bone blood flow in the proximal femur is an important factor explaining the principal reason for the differences in bone fluoride kinetics between the LS and hip sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Puri
- King's College London, PET Imaging Centre, Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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Cunningham CA, Black SM. The vascular collar of the ilium- Three-dimensional evaluation of the dominant nutrient foramen. Clin Anat 2013; 26:502-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Co-culture with endothelial progenitor cells promotes survival, migration, and differentiation of osteoclast precursors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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New insights into adhesion signaling in bone formation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 305:1-68. [PMID: 23890379 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407695-2.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mineralized tissues that are protective scaffolds in the most primitive species have evolved and acquired more specific functions in modern animals. These are as diverse as support in locomotion, ion homeostasis, and precise hormonal regulation. Bone formation is tightly controlled by a balance between anabolism, in which osteoblasts are the main players, and catabolism mediated by the osteoclasts. The bone matrix is deposited in a cyclic fashion during homeostasis and integrates several environmental cues. These include diffusible elements that would include estrogen or growth factors and physicochemical parameters such as bone matrix composition, stiffness, and mechanical stress. Therefore, the microenvironment is of paramount importance for controlling this delicate equilibrium. Here, we provide an overview of the most recent data highlighting the role of cell-adhesion molecules during bone formation. Due to the very large scope of the topic, we focus mainly on the role of the integrin receptor family during osteogenesis. Bone phenotypes of some deficient mice as well as diseases of human bones involving cell adhesion during this process are discussed in the context of bone physiology.
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Pascaud P, Bareille R, Bourget C, Amédée J, Rey C, Sarda S. Interaction between a bisphosphonate, tiludronate and nanocrystalline apatite: in vitro viability and proliferation of HOP and HBMSC cells. Biomed Mater 2012; 7:054108. [PMID: 22972389 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/7/5/054108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline apatites (NCA) are the inorganic components of mineralized tissues and they have been recently proposed as biomaterials for drug delivery systems. Bisphosphonates (BPs) are currently the reference drugs used to treat diseases involving bone disorders such as osteoporosis. Nevertheless, the interaction phenomena between BP molecules and apatite nanocrystals of bone are not well understood. Therefore, the adsorption characteristics have been examined and cellular activity of tiludronate molecules on NCA as models of bone mineral has been investigated. Adsorption experiments of tiludronate onto NCA were carried out and revealed a Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm. The uptake of tiludronate molecules is associated with a release of phosphate ions, indicating that the main reaction is an ion exchange process involving surface anions. The results evidence the strong affinity of BP molecules for the apatitic surface. The interactions of NCA-tiludronate associations with human osteoprogenitor cells and human bone marrow stromal cells do not reveal any cytotoxicity and evidence the activity of adsorbed tiludronate molecules. Moreover, an evolution of the physico-chemical characteristics of the apatitic substrate during biological study was observed, highlighting the existence of dynamic interactions. This work contributes to clarifying the reaction mechanisms between BPs and biomimetic apatites.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pascaud
- CIRIMAT Carnot Institute, Université de Toulouse,CNRS/INPT/UPS, ENSIACET, 4 Allée Emile Monso, BP 44362, 31030 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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Aarvold A, Smith JO, Tayton ER, Edwards CJ, Fowler DJ, Gent ED, Oreffo ROC. The role of osteoblast cells in the pathogenesis of unicameral bone cysts. J Child Orthop 2012; 6:339-46. [PMID: 23904902 PMCID: PMC3425701 DOI: 10.1007/s11832-012-0419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathogenesis of unicameral bone cysts (UBCs) remains largely unknown. Osteoclasts have been implicated, but the role of osteoblastic cells has, to date, not been explored. This study investigated the pathophysiology of UBCs by examining the interactions between the cyst fluid and human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) and the effect of the fluid on osteogenesis. METHODS Fluid was aspirated from two UBCs and analysed for protein, electrolyte and cytokine levels. Graded concentrations of the fluid were used as culture media for hBMSCs to determine the effects of the fluid on hBMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. The fibrocellular lining was analysed histologically and by electron microscopy. RESULTS Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining of hBMSCs that were cultured in cyst fluid demonstrated increased cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation compared to basal media controls. Biochemical analysis of these hBMSCs compared to basal controls confirmed a marked increase in DNA content (as a marker of proliferation) and ALP activity (as a marker of osteogenic differentiation) which was highly significant (p < 0.001). Osteoclasts were demonstrated in abundance in the cyst lining. The cyst fluid cytokine profile revealed levels of the pro-osteoclast cytokines IL-6, MIP-1α and MCP-1 that were 19×, 31× and 35× greater than those in reference serum. CONCLUSIONS Cyst fluid promoted osteoblastic growth and differentiation. Despite appearing paradoxical that the cyst fluid promoted osteogenesis, osteoblastic cells are required for osteoclastogenesis through RANKL signalling. Three key cytokines in this pathway (IL-6, MIP-1α, MCP-1) were highly elevated in cyst fluid. These findings may hold the key to the pathogenesis of UBCs, with implications for treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Aarvold
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK ,Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - James O. Smith
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Edward R. Tayton
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Caroline J. Edwards
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Darren J. Fowler
- Department of Paediatric Pathology, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Edward D. Gent
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Richard O. C. Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
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Temmerman OPP, Raijmakers PGHM, Kloet R, Teule GJJ, Heyligers IC, Lammertsma AA. In vivo measurements of blood flow and bone metabolism in osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Int 2012; 33:959-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-012-2478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Berruti A, Cook R, Saad F, Buttigliero C, Lipton A, Tampellini M, Lee KA, Coleman RE, Smith MR. Prognostic role of serum parathyroid hormone levels in advanced prostate cancer patients undergoing zoledronic acid administration. Oncologist 2012; 17:645-52. [PMID: 22523198 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary hyperparathyroidism is frequent in prostate cancer patients with bone metastases, and this condition is worsened by the administration of potent bisphosphonates. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) elevation can impair the efficacy of these drugs in terms of survival. METHODS The prognostic role of elevated serum PTH levels at baseline and after 3 months of zoledronic acid administration was assessed prospectively in 643 bone metastatic prostate cancer patients enrolled in a prospective randomized, placebo-controlled study. RESULTS On multivariate analysis, after adjusting for major prognostic factors and bone turnover markers, elevated baseline serum PTH level was negatively associated with overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.448; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.045-2.006; p < .03) in zoledronic acid-treated patients but not in placebo-treated patients. In patients with normal baseline PTH levels, there was a trend but insignificant association between zoledronic acid administration and a better survival outcome than with placebo (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.65-1.01; p = .065), whereas a trend in the opposite direction was observed in patients with elevated PTH levels (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.87-2.39; p = .151); interaction test, p = .040. Elevated serum PTH level after 3 months of zoledronic acid treatment was not significantly associated with survival outcome. CONCLUSIONS Secondary hyperparathyroidism has a negative prognostic impact in metastatic prostate cancer patients undergoing zoledronic acid administration. Counteracting elevated PTH levels by adequate doses of vitamin D may improve the efficacy of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Berruti
- Medical Oncology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi, Orbassano, Italy.
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Salvianolic acid B prevents bone loss in prednisone-treated rats through stimulation of osteogenesis and bone marrow angiogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34647. [PMID: 22493705 PMCID: PMC3321026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) induced osteoporosis (GIO) is caused by the long-term use of GC for treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The GC related disruption of bone marrow microcirculation and increased adipogenesis contribute to GIO development. However, neither currently available anti-osteoporosis agent is completely addressed to microcirculation and bone marrow adipogenesis. Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is a polyphenolic compound from a Chinese herbal medicine, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Sal B on osteoblast bone formation, angiogenesis and adipogenesis-associated GIO by performing marrow adipogenesis and microcirculation dilation and bone histomorphometry analyses. (1) In vivo study: Bone loss in GC treated rats was confirmed by significantly decreased BMD, bone strength, cancellous bone mass and architecture, osteoblast distribution, bone formation, marrow microvessel density and diameter along with down-regulation of marrow BMPs expression and increased adipogenesis. Daily treatment with Sal B (40 mg/kg/d) for 12 weeks in GC male rats prevented GC-induced cancellous bone loss and increased adipogenesis while increasing cancellous bone formation rate with improved local microcirculation by capillary dilation. Treatment with Sal B at a higher dose (80 mg/kg/d) not only prevented GC-induced osteopenia, but also increased cancellous bone mass and thickness, associated with increase of marrow BMPs expression, inhibited adipogenesis and further increased microvessel diameters. (2) In vitro study: In concentration from 10−6 mol/L to 10−7 mol/L, Sal B stimulated bone marrow stromal cell (MSC) differentiation to osteoblast and increased osteoblast activities, decreased GC associated adipogenic differentiation by down-regulation of PPARγ mRNA expression, increased Runx2 mRNA expression without osteoblast inducement, and, furthermore, Sal B decreased Dickkopf-1 and increased β-catenin mRNA expression with or without adipocyte inducement in MSC. We conclude that Sal B prevented bone loss in GC-treated rats through stimulation of osteogenesis, bone marrow angiogenesis and inhibition of adipogenesis.
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Jensen PR, Andersen TL, Søe K, Hauge EM, Bollerslev J, Amling M, Barvencik F, Delaissé JM. Premature loss of bone remodeling compartment canopies is associated with deficient bone formation: a study of healthy individuals and patients with Cushing's syndrome. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:770-80. [PMID: 22162180 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A remarkable property of bone remodeling is that osteoblasts form bone matrix exactly where and when osteoclasts have removed it. The bone remodeling compartment (BRC) canopies that cover bone surfaces undergoing remodeling were proposed to be critical players in this mechanism. Here, we provide support to this hypothesis by analyzing the changes in prevalence of BRC canopies during the progress of the remodeling cycle in a cohort of healthy individuals and in patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS), and by relating these changes in prevalence with the extent of bone forming surfaces. Both cohorts showed almost 100% canopy coverage above resorbing osteoclasts, and only about 76% above bone forming surfaces. This indicates that BRC canopies are invariably associated with the early stage of the remodeling cycle, but may disappear later. Interestingly, in control and two-thirds of the CS patients, a significant decline in canopy coverage occurred only once bone formation was initiated, but in the remaining third of the CS patients the prevalence of canopies already decreased before bone formation. This canopy loss before initiation of bone formation coincided with significantly less bone-forming surface compared with canopy loss at a later stage. These observations support a model where bone restitution is compromised in the absence of BRC canopies, and apparently does not start when the BRC canopy is lost before initiation of the bone formation step. This model is discussed in the context of possible biological roles of BRC canopies. It suggests that BRC canopies could be privileged targets for treating patients suffering from a negative bone formation-resorption balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Rosgaard Jensen
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology (KCB), Vejle/Lillebaelt Hospital, IRS, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
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Kular J, Tickner J, Chim SM, Xu J. An overview of the regulation of bone remodelling at the cellular level. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:863-73. [PMID: 22465238 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the current literature on the regulation of bone remodelling at the cellular level. DESIGN AND METHODS The cellular activities of the cells in the basic multicellular unit (BMU) were evaluated. RESULTS Bone remodelling requires an intimate cross-talk between osteoclasts and osteoblasts and is tightly coordinated by regulatory proteins that interact through complex autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. Osteocytes, bone lining cells, osteomacs, and vascular endothelial cells also regulate bone remodelling in the BMU via cell signalling networks of ligand-receptor complexes. In addition, through secreted and membrane-bound factors in the bone microenvironment, T and B lymphocytes mediate bone homeostasis in osteoimmunology. CONCLUSIONS Osteoporosis and other bone diseases occur because multicellular communication within the BMU is disrupted. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of bone remodelling and the discovery of novel paracrine or coupling factors, such as RANKL, sclerostin, EGFL6 and semaphorin 4D, will lay the foundation for drug development against bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasreen Kular
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
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Abstract
The idea that osteoblasts, or their progenitors, support osteoclast formation by expressing the cytokine receptor activator of NFkB ligand (RANKL) is a widely held tenet of skeletal biology. Two recent studies provide evidence that osteocytes, and not osteoblasts or their progenitors, are the major source of RANKL driving osteoclast formation in cancellous bone. The goal of this review is to highlight the results of these new studies and discuss their implications for our understanding of bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Xiong
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Harada S, Mizoguchi T, Kobayashi Y, Nakamichi Y, Takeda S, Sakai S, Takahashi F, Saito H, Yasuda H, Udagawa N, Suda T, Takahashi N. Daily administration of eldecalcitol (ED-71), an active vitamin D analog, increases bone mineral density by suppressing RANKL expression in mouse trabecular bone. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:461-73. [PMID: 22052469 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Eldecalcitol (ED-71) is a new vitamin D₃ derivative recently approved for the treatment of osteoporosis in Japan. Previous studies have shown that the daily administration of ED-71 increases bone mineral density (BMD) by suppressing bone resorption in various animal models. In this study, we examined how ED-71 suppresses bone resorption in vivo, by analyzing bone histomorphometry and ex vivo osteoclastogenesis assays. Daily administration of ED-71 (50 ng/kg body weight) to 8-week-old male mice for 2 and 4 weeks increased BMD in the femoral metaphysis without causing hypercalcemia. Bone and serum analyses revealed that ED-71 inhibited bone resorption and formation, indicating that the increase in BMD is the result of the suppression of bone resorption. This suppression was associated with a decrease in the number of osteoclasts in trabecular bone. We previously identified cell cycle-arrested receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK)-positive bone marrow cells as quiescent osteoclast precursors (QOPs) in vivo. Daily administration of ED-71 affected neither the number of RANK-positive cells in vivo nor the number of osteoclasts formed from QOPs in ex vivo cultures. In contrast, ED-71 suppressed the expression of RANK ligand (RANKL) mRNA in femurs. Immunohistochemical experiments also showed that the perimeter of the RANKL-positive cell surface around the trabecular bone was significantly reduced in ED-71-treated mice than in the control mice. ED-71 administration also increased BMD in 12-week-old ovariectomized mice, through the suppression of RANKL expression in the trabecular bone. These results suggest that the daily administration of ED-71 increases BMD by suppressing RANKL expression in trabecular bone in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Harada
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri-shi, Nagano, Japan
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Santini D, Pantano F, Vincenzi B, Tonini G, Bertoldo F. The role of bone microenvironment, vitamin D and calcium. Recent Results Cancer Res 2012; 192:33-64. [PMID: 22307369 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21892-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Starting first from Paget's "seed and soil" to the latest hypothesis about metastatic process involving the concept of a premetastatic niche, a large amount of data suggested the idea that metastatization is a multistep coordinated process with a high degree of efficiency. A specific subpopulation of cells with tumor-initiating and migratory capacity can selectively migrate toward sites that are able to promote survival, and/or proliferation of metastatic tumor cells through a microenvironment modification. Bone plays a pivotal role in this process, acting not only as a preferential site for cancer cells' homing and proliferation, due to a complex interplay between different cellular phenotypes such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts, but also as a source of bone marrow precursors that are able to facilitate the metastatic process in extra-skeletal disease. Moreover, bone microenvironment has the unique capacity to retain cancer stem cells in a quiescent status, acting as a reservoir that is able to cause a metastatic spread also many years after the resection of the primary tumor. To add a further level of complexity, these mechanisms are strictly regulated through the signalling through several soluble factors including PTH, vitamin D or calcium concentration. Understanding this complexity represents a major challenge in anti-cancer research and a mandatory step towards the development of new drugs potentially able not only to reduce the consequences of bone lesions but also to target the metastatization process from the "bone pre-neoplastic niche" to "visceral pre-neoplastic niches".
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Santini
- University Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome, Italy.
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Pereira AC, Souza PPC, Souza JAC, Silva TA, Batista AC, Ribeiro-Rotta RF. Histomorphometrical and molecular evaluation of endosseous dental implants sites in humans: correlation with clinical and radiographic aspects. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011; 24:414-21. [PMID: 22092653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the correlations between clinical-radiographical aspects and histomorphometric-molecular parameters of endosseous dental implant sites in humans. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study sample consisted of bone implant sites from the jawbones of 32 volunteers, which were classified according to two different systems: (1) based only on periapical and panoramic images (PP); (2) as proposed by Lekholm & Zarb (L&Z). Bone biopsies were removed using trephine during the first drilling for implant placement. Samples were stained with haematoxylin-eosin (HE), and histomorphometric analysis was performed to obtain the following parameters: trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number, bone volume density (BV/TV), bone specific surface (BS/BV), bone surface density and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp). In addition, immunohistochemistry analysis was performed on bone tissue samples for the proteins, Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and Osteocalcin (OC). Also, the determination of the relative levels of gene expression was performed using Reverse transcription-real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS PP and L&Z classification systems revealed a moderate correlation with BV/TV, BS/BV, Tb.Th and Tb.Sp. L&Z's system identified differences among bone types when BV/TV, BS/BV, Tb.Th and Tb.Sp were compared. A weak correlation between PP/L&Z classifications and the expression of bone metabolism regulators (RANK, RANKL, OPG e OC) was found. The analysis of mRNA expression showed no difference between the bone types evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PP and L&Z subjective bone-type classification systems are related to histomorphometric aspects. These data may contribute to the validation of these classifications. Bone remodelling regulatory molecules do not seem to influence morphological aspects of the jawbone .
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Ding WG, Liu JB, Wei ZX. Spinal cord injury causes more damage to fracture healing of later phase than ovariectomy in young mice. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 53:142-8. [PMID: 21966971 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2011.614365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of spinal cord injury (SCI) and ovariectomy (OVX) on femoral fracture healing of later phase in young mice. Sixty young female C57 mice were randomized into three groups: SCI, OVX, and age-matched intact control. The femoral fracture was generated at 3 weeks after SCI or OVX. At 1 month after fracture, the femoral fracture area was evaluated through the healing status using radiograph; bone mineral density using dual X-ray absorptometry; callus formation and mineralization and neovascularization in callus using micro-computed tomography; biomechanical analysis using testing machine; and histology analysis by staining with hematoxylin-eosin stain. SCI mice showed lower bone mineral density in the femoral callus as compared with OVX mice. Callus geometric microstructural parameters of the femora in SCI mice were significantly lower than OVX mice. SCI induced significant changes of biomechanical parameters in the femoral fracture healing area. The callus formation and callus neovascularization in SCI mice were significantly lower than in OVX mice. SCI induces more deterioration of fracture healing in the femoral diaphysis than OVX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ge Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Changzhou, PR China
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Mecanismos de interacción osteoblasto-osteoclasto. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 7 Suppl 2:S1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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