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Carrasco D, Nieto-Pinero E, Alonso-Orts M, Serna R, San Juan JM, Nó ML, Jesenovec J, McCloy JS, Nogales E, Méndez B. Temperature-Dependent Anisotropic Refractive Index in β-Ga 2O 3: Application in Interferometric Thermometers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1126. [PMID: 36986020 PMCID: PMC10058191 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An accurate knowledge of the optical properties of β-Ga2O3 is key to developing the full potential of this oxide for photonics applications. In particular, the dependence of these properties on temperature is still being studied. Optical micro- and nanocavities are promising for a wide range of applications. They can be created within microwires and nanowires via distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR), i.e., periodic patterns of the refractive index in dielectric materials, acting as tunable mirrors. In this work, the effect of temperature on the anisotropic refractive index of β-Ga2O3n(λ,T) was analyzed with ellipsometry in a bulk crystal, and temperature-dependent dispersion relations were obtained, with them being fitted to Sellmeier formalism in the visible range. Micro-photoluminescence (μ-PL) spectroscopy of microcavities that developed within Cr-doped β-Ga2O3 nanowires shows the characteristic thermal shift of red-infrared Fabry-Perot optical resonances when excited with different laser powers. The origin of this shift is mainly related to the variation in the temperature of the refractive index. A comparison of these two experimental results was performed by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, considering the exact morphology of the wires and the temperature-dependent, anisotropic refractive index. The shifts caused by temperature variations observed by μ-PL are similar, though slightly larger than those obtained with FDTD when implementing the n(λ,T) obtained with ellipsometry. The thermo-optic coefficient was calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Carrasco
- Department Materials Physics, Faculty of Physics, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (M.A.-O.); (B.M.)
| | - Eva Nieto-Pinero
- Laser Processing Group, Instituto de Óptica (IO, CSIC), Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.N.-P.); (R.S.)
| | - Manuel Alonso-Orts
- Department Materials Physics, Faculty of Physics, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (M.A.-O.); (B.M.)
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Rosalía Serna
- Laser Processing Group, Instituto de Óptica (IO, CSIC), Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.N.-P.); (R.S.)
| | - Jose M. San Juan
- Department de Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; (J.M.S.J.); (M.L.N.)
| | - María L. Nó
- Department de Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; (J.M.S.J.); (M.L.N.)
| | - Jani Jesenovec
- Crystals and Semiconductors Group, Institute of Materials Research, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (J.J.); (J.S.M.)
| | - John S. McCloy
- Crystals and Semiconductors Group, Institute of Materials Research, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (J.J.); (J.S.M.)
| | - Emilio Nogales
- Department Materials Physics, Faculty of Physics, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (M.A.-O.); (B.M.)
| | - Bianchi Méndez
- Department Materials Physics, Faculty of Physics, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (M.A.-O.); (B.M.)
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2
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Jiang S, Wu WY, Ren F, Hsu CH, Zhang X, Gao P, Wuu DS, Huang CJ, Lien SY, Zhu W. Growth of GaN Thin Films Using Plasma Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition: Effect of Ammonia-Containing Plasma Power on Residual Oxygen Capture. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416204. [PMID: 36555844 PMCID: PMC9782612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the application of (In, Al, Ga)N materials in photovoltaic devices has attracted much attention. Like InGaN, it is a direct band gap material with high absorption at the band edge, suitable for high efficiency photovoltaic devices. Nonetheless, it is important to deposit high-quality GaN material as a foundation. Plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) combines the advantages of the ALD process with the use of plasma and is often used to deposit thin films with different needs. However, residual oxygen during growth has always been an unavoidable issue affecting the quality of the resulting film, especially in growing gallium nitride (GaN) films. In this study, the NH3-containing plasma was used to capture the oxygen absorbed on the growing surface to improve the quality of GaN films. By diagnosing the plasma, NH2, NH, and H radicals controlled by the plasma power has a strong influence not only on the oxygen content in growing GaN films but also on the growth rate, crystallinity, and surface roughness. The NH and NH2 radicals contribute to the growth of GaN films while the H radicals selectively dissociate Ga-OH bonds on the film surface and etch the grown films. At high plasma power, the GaN film with the lowest Ga-O bond ratio has a saturated growth rate, a better crystallinity, a rougher surface, and a lower bandgap. In addition, the deposition mechanism of GaN thin films prepared with a trimethylgallium metal source and NH3/Ar plasma PEALD involving oxygen participation or not is also discussed in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicong Jiang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Development and Application for Advanced Semiconductor Coating Technology, School of Opto-Electronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Wan-Yu Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-Y.W.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Fangbin Ren
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Development and Application for Advanced Semiconductor Coating Technology, School of Opto-Electronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Chia-Hsun Hsu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Development and Application for Advanced Semiconductor Coating Technology, School of Opto-Electronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Development and Application for Advanced Semiconductor Coating Technology, School of Opto-Electronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dong-Sing Wuu
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 54561, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jung Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung University Rd., Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Shui-Yang Lien
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Development and Application for Advanced Semiconductor Coating Technology, School of Opto-Electronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 51591, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-Y.W.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Wenzhang Zhu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Development and Application for Advanced Semiconductor Coating Technology, School of Opto-Electronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
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3
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Jin Z, Liu Y, Xia N, Guo X, Hong Z, Zhang H, Yang D. Wet Etching in β-Ga2O3 Bulk Single Crystal. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01499d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Beta-phase gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) bulk single crystal has received increasing attentions due to their fantastic performances and widespread use in power devices and solar-blind photodetectors. Wet etching has proved to...
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Bharath Sabarish V, Durairajan A, Graça M, Valente M, Gajendiran J, Rajasekhar B, Bhatt R, Bhaumik I, Karnal A, Sinha AK, Singh MN, Gokulraj S, Ramesh Kumar G. Exploration of Gamma irradiation effects on the structural, spectral characteristics, thermomechanical behaviour and optical constants in <011> oriented glycine-Di-Glycinium sulphate (TGS) single crystals. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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5
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Alonso-Orts M, Carrasco D, San Juan JM, Nó ML, de Andrés A, Nogales E, Méndez B. Wide Dynamic Range Thermometer Based on Luminescent Optical Cavities in Ga 2 O 3 :Cr Nanowires. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105355. [PMID: 34767304 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Remote temperature sensing at the micro- and nanoscale is key in fields such as photonics, electronics, energy, or biomedicine, with optical properties being one of the most used transducing mechanisms for such sensors. Ga2 O3 presents very high chemical and thermal stability, as well as high radiation resistance, becoming of great interest to be used under extreme conditions, for example, electrical and/or optical high-power devices and harsh environments. In this work, a luminescent and interferometric thermometer is proposed based on Fabry-Perot (FP) optical microcavities built on Cr-doped Ga2 O3 nanowires. It combines the optical features of the Cr3+ -related luminescence, greatly sensitive to temperature, and spatial confinement of light, which results in strong FP resonances within the Cr3+ broad band. While the chromium-related R lines energy shifts are adequate for low-temperature sensing, FP resonances extend the sensing range to high temperatures with excellent sensitivity. This thermometry system achieves micron-range spatial resolution, temperature precision of around 1 K, and a wide operational range, demonstrating to work at least in the 150-550 K temperature range. Besides, the temperature-dependent anisotropic refractive index and thermo-optic coefficient of this oxide have been further characterized by comparison to experimental, analytical, and finite-difference time-domain simulation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alonso-Orts
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Fac. CC Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Daniel Carrasco
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Fac. CC Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - José M San Juan
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo. 644, Bilbao, 48080, Spain
| | - María Luisa Nó
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo. 644, Bilbao, 48080, Spain
| | - Alicia de Andrés
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Emilio Nogales
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Fac. CC Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Bianchi Méndez
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Fac. CC Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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6
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Zhang N, Kislyakov IM, Xia C, Qi H, Wang J, Mohamed HF. Anisotropic luminescence and third-order electric susceptibility of Mg-doped gallium oxide under the half-bandgap edge. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:18587-18600. [PMID: 34154112 DOI: 10.1364/oe.427021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strong anisotropy of photoluminescence of a (100)-cut β-Ga2O3 and a Mg-doped β-Ga2O3 single crystals was found in UV and visible spectral range, the bands of which were attributed to different types of transitions in the samples. Green photoluminescence in the Mg-doped sample was enhanced approximately twice. A remarkable enhancement of two-photon absorption and self-focusing in β-Ga2O3 after doping was revealed by 340-fs laser Z-scanning at 515 nm. The absolute value of complex third order susceptibility χ(3) determined from the study increases by 19 times in [001] lattice direction. Saturable absorption and associated self-defocusing were found in the undoped crystal in the [010] direction, which was explained by the anisotropic excitation of F-centers on intrinsic oxygen defects. This effect falls out of resonance in the Mg-doped crystal. The χ(3) values which are provided by a decrease of bandgap in Mg-doped β-Ga2O3 are χ(3) [001] = 1.85·10-12 esu and χ(3) [010]=χ(3)yyyy = 0.92·10-12 esu. Our result is only one order of magnitude lower than the best characteristic in green demonstrated by a Mg-doped GaN, which encourages subsequent development of Mg-doped β-Ga2O3 as an effective nonlinear optical material in this region.
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7
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Rahman MK, Riscob B, Bhatt R, Bhaumik I, Ganesamoorthy S, Vijayan N, Bhagavannarayana G, Karnal AK, Nair L. Investigations on Crystalline Perfection, Raman Spectra and Optical Characteristics of Transition Metal (Ru) Co-Doped Mg:LiNbO 3 Single Crystals. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10807-10815. [PMID: 34056235 PMCID: PMC8153738 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Congruent lithium niobate single crystals with a Ru:Mg co-dopant have been successfully grown using the Czochralski technique from the melt containing 0.02 mol % Ru with Mg of two varied concentrations (4.0 and 6.0 mol %). The effects of Ru and Mg co-doping on the crystalline quality were determined by high-resolution X-ray diffractometry, which confirmed that the crystalline quality is good and that the dopants are statistically distributed in the crystal. The Raman scattering analysis shows no change in the lattice vibration except a slight change in the peak width and intensity due to more asymmetry in the molecular charge, which leads to enhancement of the polarizability. The optical transmission spectra indicate that both the crystals have high optical transparency in the visible region, with a shift of the absorption edge toward shorter wavelengths, as compared to un-doped LN. The weak absorption band observed below 400 nm is attributed to Ru ions. The influence of co-doping in the electronic band gap energies is calculated by the Tauc relation. The refractive index is measured by using a prism coupler at two wavelengths (532 and 1064 nm). The calculated absorption coefficients and direct and indirect band gap energies for both the samples are found to be nearly the same within experimental error. A decrease in the birefringence is observed for the Ru:Mg(6 mol %) doped sample. The observed slight reduction in refractive indices with Ru:Mg co-doping is consistent with a rise in band gap energy, which is related to the change in absorption edge to the lower wavelength. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency is measured by the Kurtz and Perry powder method, and a decrease in SHG efficiency for Ru:Mg(6 mol %) is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B. Riscob
- Institute
for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
| | - Rajeev Bhatt
- Crystal
Growth and Instrumentation Section, Laser and Functional Materials
Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced
Technology, Indore 452013, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School
Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Indranil Bhaumik
- Crystal
Growth and Instrumentation Section, Laser and Functional Materials
Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced
Technology, Indore 452013, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School
Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sarveswaran Ganesamoorthy
- Materials
Science Group, IGCAR, Kalpakkam 603102, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School
Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Narayanasamy Vijayan
- CSIR-National
Physical Laboratory, In-House BND Group, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
| | | | - Ashwini Kumar Karnal
- Crystal
Growth and Instrumentation Section, Laser and Functional Materials
Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced
Technology, Indore 452013, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School
Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Lekha Nair
- Department
of Physics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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8
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Rafie Borujeny E, Sendetskyi O, Fleischauer MD, Cadien KC. Low Thermal Budget Heteroepitaxial Gallium Oxide Thin Films Enabled by Atomic Layer Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44225-44237. [PMID: 32865966 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the applicability of atomic layer deposition (ALD) in producing highly oriented crystalline gallium oxide films on foreign substrates at low thermal budgets. The effects of substrate, deposition temperature, and annealing process on formation of crystalline gallium oxide are discussed. The Ga2O3 films exhibited a strong preferred orientation on the c-plane sapphire substrate. The onset of formation of crystalline gallium oxide is determined, at which only two sets of planes, i.e., α-Ga2O3 (006) and β-Ga2O3 (4̅02), are present parallel to the surface. More specifically, this work reports, for the first time, that epitaxial gallium oxide films on sapphire start to form at deposition temperatures ≥ 190 °C by using an optimized plasma-enhanced ALD process such that α-Ga2O3 (006)∥α-Al2O3 (006) and β-Ga2O3 (2̅01)∥α-Al2O3 (006). Both α-Ga2O3 (006) and β-Ga2O3 (2̅01) planes are polar planes (i.e., consisting of only one type of atom, either Ga or O) and, therefore, favorable to form by ALD at such low deposition temperatures. Ellipsometry and van der Pauw measurements confirmed that the crystalline films have optical and electrical properties close to bulk gallium oxide. The film grown at 277 °C was determined to have superior properties among as-deposited films. Using TEM to locate α-Ga2O3 and β-Ga2O3 domains in the as-deposited crystalline films, we proposed a short annealing scheme to limit the development of α-Ga2O3 domains in the film and produce pure β-Ga2O3 films via an energy-efficient process. A pure β-Ga2O3 phase on sapphire with β-Ga2O3 (2̅01)∥α-Al2O3 (006) was successfully achieved by using the proposed process at the low annealing temperature of 550 °C preceded by the low deposition temperature of 190 °C. The results of this work enable epitaxial growth of gallium oxide thin films, with superior material properties offered by ALD, not only with potential applications as a high-performance material in reducing global energy consumption but also with an energy-efficient fabrication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Rafie Borujeny
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 12th Floor - Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering (ICE), 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9
| | - Oles Sendetskyi
- National Research Council-Nanotechnology Research Centre, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2M9
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Michael D Fleischauer
- National Research Council-Nanotechnology Research Centre, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2M9
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Kenneth C Cadien
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 12th Floor - Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering (ICE), 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9
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Wang T, Ng SS. Multiple electromagnetically induced transparency-like effects of a metal nanostructure induced by a graphene grating deposited on a gallium oxide substrate. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:7918-7924. [PMID: 32976465 DOI: 10.1364/ao.400253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like effect can be generated in the metamaterial system, but most metamaterial systems are composed of complex and elaborated components (nanostructures) that cannot be removed or replaced easily. In this paper, a graphene grating is used to interact with random metal nanostructures (i.e., individual and connecting nanostructures) to induce the EIT-like effect through two destructive interference excitation pathways. Except for the new induced EIT-like mode, the overall original optical patterns (the shape and intensity of the transmission spectrum) remain unchanged as compared with the single metal nanostructure. Furthermore, due to the optical properties of graphene, the induced EIT-like effect was blueshifted as the Fermi energy of graphene increased. By depositing the graphene grating and the metal nanostructures on a gallium oxide substrate, the EIT-like effect was redshifted as the temperature of the environment increased. Through this study, the EIT-like effect induced by the graphene grating with a random metal nanostructure system was demonstrated by using a simple geometric system; further, the mechanism is easy and can be introduced to many different metamaterial systems to generate the EIT-like effect without changing other optical properties of the original metamaterial system. As such, this opens the door to broader applications for optical communication networks.
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10
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Möncke D, Ali S, Jonson B, Kamitsos EI. Anion polarizabilities in oxynitride glasses. Establishing a common optical basicity scale. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:9543-9560. [PMID: 32319995 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06930e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the work of John Duffy on optical basicity of oxyfluoride glasses, we apply here the concept of optical basicity to oxynitride systems. While in the original work of Duffy and Ingram the basicity of a medium could be probed by s2 ions like Pb2+, the low energy intrinsic absorption edge of nitride-containing systems does not allow the use of such probe ions. This study uses therefore experimental data on refractive index and density of alkaline earth and rare earth containing silicate oxynitride glasses, prepared by the authors or taken from the literature. In addition, literature reports on experimental or calculated refractive index, density and polarizability data are used to compare pure nitride systems, e.g. bulk or thin film materials that are either crystalline or glassy. We compare simple and complex nitride systems with their oxygen counterparts, by calculating their optical basicity using the chemical composition as well as the established relationship between optical basicity, Λ, and electronic polarizability in oxide systems. Our results on oxynitride systems are in good agreement with Duffy's previous work on oxyfluoride glasses and indicate that the optical basicity varies for the isoelectronic anions in nitrides, oxides and fluorides (N3-:O2-:F-) of a cation Mm+ as follows: Λ(MFm) = 1/2Λ(M2Om) = 1/3Λ(M3Nm). Using this relation for CaO, for which the optical basicity was set as unity by Duffy and Ingram, one has Λ(CaF2) = 0.50, Λ(CaO) = 1.00 and Λ(Ca3N2) = 1.50. The optical basicity of complex nitrides can therefore be calculated by the same method established for oxides using the equivalent fractions and the basicity of the constituent nitrides. The relationship between nitride polarizability αN and basicity Λ(nitride) was found to be linear, with Λ(nitride) = 0.39αN- 0.14 where αN is given in Å3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Möncke
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece.
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11
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Wei Y, Liu C, Zhang Y, Qi C, Li H, Wang T, Ma G, Liu Y, Dong S, Huo M. Modulation of electronic and optical properties by surface vacancies in low-dimensional β-Ga 2O 3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14745-14752. [PMID: 31218305 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02196e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Calculations using the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof screened hybrid functional reveal the detailed influence that surface vacancies have on the electronic and optical properties of low-dimensional (LD) β-Ga2O3. Vacancies manifest subtle changes to the electronic characteristics as oxygen states predominate the valence band at the surface. Dielectric functions at the surface are found to increase with vacancies and defects. A broad impact on optical properties, such as absorption coefficients, reflectivity, refractive indices, and electron loss, is seen with increased vacancy defects. Both visible and infrared regions show direct correlation with vacancies while there is a marked decrease in the deep ultraviolet (UV) region. These calculations on the β-Ga2O3 model system may guide the rational design of two-dimensional optical devices with minimized van der Waals forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, D-01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chaoming Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China and Research Center of Basic Space Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China.
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Research Center of Basic Space Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China.
| | - Chunhua Qi
- Research Center of Basic Space Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China.
| | - Heyi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Research Center of Basic Space Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China. and Institute of Microelectronics, Chinses Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Guoliang Ma
- Research Center of Basic Space Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Shangli Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Mingxue Huo
- Research Center of Basic Space Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China.
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12
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Banerjee S, Jiang X, Wang LW. Designing a porous-crystalline structure of β-Ga 2O 3: a potential approach to tune its opto-electronic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:9471-9479. [PMID: 29568831 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08565f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
β-Ga2O3 has drawn recent attention as a state-of-the-art electronic material due to its stability, optical transparency and appealing performance in power devices. However, it has also found a wider range of opto-electronic applications including photocatalysis, especially in its porous form. For such applications, a lower band gap must be obtained and an electron-hole spatial separation would be beneficial. Like many other metal oxides (e.g. Al2O3), Ga2O3 can also form various types of porous structure. In the present study, we investigate how its optical and electronic properties can be changed in a particular porous structure with stoichiometrically balanced and extended vacancy channels. We apply a set of first principles computational methods to investigate the formation and the structural, dynamic, and opto-electronic properties. We find that such an extended vacancy channel is mechanically stable and has relatively low formation energy. We also find that this results in a spatial separation of the electron and hole, forming a long-lived charge transfer state that has desirable characteristics for a photocatalyst. In addition, the electronic band gap reduces to the vis-region unlike the transparency in the pure β-Ga2O3 crystal. Thus, our systematic study is promising for the application of such a porous structure of β-Ga2O3 as a versatile electronic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swastika Banerjee
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Xiangwei Jiang
- Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lin-Wang Wang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Chen H, Fu H, Huang X, Montes JA, Yang TH, Baranowski I, Zhao Y. Characterizations of the nonlinear optical properties for (010) and (2¯01) beta-phase gallium oxide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:3938-3946. [PMID: 29475251 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.003938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report, for the first time, the characterizations on optical nonlinearities of beta-phase gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3), where both (010) β-Ga2O3 and (2¯01) β-Ga2O3 were examined for two-photon absorption coefficient, Kerr nonlinear refractive index, and their polarization dependence. The wavelength dependence of two-photo absorption coefficient and Kerr nonlinear refractive index were also estimated by a widely used analytical model. β-Ga2O3 exhibits a two photon absorption (TPA) coefficient of 1.2 cm/GW for (010) β-Ga2O3 and 0.6 cm/GW for (2¯01) β-Ga2O3. The Kerr nonlinear refractive index is -2.1 × 10-15 cm2/W for (010) β-Ga2O3 and -2.9 × 10-15 cm2/W for (2¯01) β-Ga2O3. In addition, β-Ga2O3 shows stronger in-plane nonlinear optical anisotropy on (2¯01) plane than on (010) plane. Compared with GaN, TPA coefficient of β-Ga2O3 is 20 times smaller, and the Kerr nonlinear refractive index of β-Ga2O3 is also found to be 4-5 times smaller. These results indicate that β-Ga2O3 have the potential for ultra-low loss waveguides and ultra-stable resonators and integrated photonics, especially in UV and visible wavelength spectral range.
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Zhang Z, Yako M, Ju K, Kawai N, Chaisakul P, Tsuchizawa T, Hikita M, Yamada K, Ishikawa Y, Wada K. A new material platform of Si photonics for implementing architecture of dense wavelength division multiplexing on Si bulk wafer. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2017; 18:283-293. [PMID: 28567174 PMCID: PMC5439400 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2017.1301193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new materials group to implement dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) in Si photonics is proposed. A large thermo-optic (TO) coefficient of Si malfunctions multiplexer/demultiplexer (MUX/DEMUX) on a chip under thermal fluctuation, and thus DWDM implementation, has been one of the most challenging targets in Si photonics. The present study specifies an optical materials group for DWDM by a systematic survey of their TO coefficients and refractive indices. The group is classified as mid-index contrast optics (MiDex) materials, and non-stoichiometric silicon nitride (SiNx) is chosen to demonstrate its significant thermal stability. The TO coefficient of non-stoichiometric SiNx is precisely measured in the temperature range 24-76 °C using the SiNx rings prepared by two methods: chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD). The CVD-SiNx ring reveals nearly the same TO coefficient reported for stoichiometric CVD-Si3N4, while the value for the PVD-SiNx ring is slightly higher. Both SiNx rings lock their resonance frequencies within 100 GHz in this temperature range. Since CVD-SiNx needs a high temperature annealing to reduce N-H bond absorption, it is concluded that PVD-SiNx is suited as a MiDex material introduced in the CMOS back-end-of-line. Further stabilization is required, considering the crosstalk between two channels; a 'silicone' polymer is employed to compensate for the temperature fluctuation using its negative TO coefficient, called athermalization. This demonstrates that the resonance of these SiNx rings is locked within 50 GHz at the same temperature range in the wavelength range 1460-1620 nm (the so-called S, C, and L bands in optical fiber communication networks). A further survey on the MiDex materials strongly suggests that Al2O3, Ga2O3 Ta2O5, HfO2 and their alloys should provide even more stable platforms for DWDM implementation in MiDex photonics. It is discussed that the MiDex photonics will find various applications such as medical and environmental sensing and in-vehicle data-communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhang
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Motoki Yako
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Kan Ju
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kawai
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | | | - Tai Tsuchizawa
- Nanophotonics Center and NTT Device Technology Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Atsugi, Japan
| | | | - Koji Yamada
- Nanophotonics Center and NTT Device Technology Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Ishikawa
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Wada
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Soharab M, Bhaumik I, Bhatt R, Saxena A, Karnal AK, Gupta PK. Effect of Yb doping on the refractive index and thermo-optic coefficient of YVO 4 single crystals. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:1682-1688. [PMID: 28234377 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.001682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Single crystals of YVO4 with different doping concentrations of Yb (1.5, 3.0, 8.0, and 15.0 at. %) and with good crystalline quality (FWHM ∼43-55 arc sec of rocking curve) were grown by the optical floating zone technique. Refractive index measurements were carried out at four wavelengths as a function of temperature. The measurements show that as the doping concentration of Yb is increased, the refractive index varies marginally for ne whereas there is a significant change in the value of no. The thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) was found to be positive with a value ∼10-5/°C, which is 1 order higher than that for the undoped YVO4 crystal. The thermo-optic coefficient is higher for ne compared to that of no. Also, a set of relations describing the wavelength dependence of the thermo-optic coefficient were established that are useful for calculating the thermo-optic coefficient at any temperature in the range 30°C-150°C and at any wavelength in the range 532-1551 nm.
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Control of Intrinsic Defects in Lithium Niobate Single Crystal for Optoelectronic Applications. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Silambarasan A, Rajesh P, Bhatt R, Bhaumik I, Maurya KK, Karnal AK, Ramasamy P, Gupta PK. Investigation on the structural, linear/nonlinear optical and electrical characteristics of Cd- and Mn-doped polar lithium sulfate monohydrate crystals. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02424j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Doped LSMH single crystals exhibited good transmittance percentage, lower birefringence, enhanced SHG efficiency and good piezoelectric response compared to undoped LSMH crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Silambarasan
- Research Centre
- Department of Physics
- SSN College of Engineering
- Kalavakkam-603110
- India
| | - P. Rajesh
- Research Centre
- Department of Physics
- SSN College of Engineering
- Kalavakkam-603110
- India
| | - Rajeev Bhatt
- Melt Crystal Growth Laboratory
- Laser Materials Section
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology
- Indore-452013
- India
| | - Indranil Bhaumik
- Melt Crystal Growth Laboratory
- Laser Materials Section
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology
- Indore-452013
- India
| | - K. K. Maurya
- Crystal Growth and X-ray Analysis
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi-110012
- India
| | - A. K. Karnal
- Melt Crystal Growth Laboratory
- Laser Materials Section
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology
- Indore-452013
- India
| | - P. Ramasamy
- Research Centre
- Department of Physics
- SSN College of Engineering
- Kalavakkam-603110
- India
| | - P. K. Gupta
- Melt Crystal Growth Laboratory
- Laser Materials Section
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology
- Indore-452013
- India
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Bryushinin MA, Sokolov IA, Pisarev RV, Balbashov AM. Space-and-time current spectroscopy of a β-Ga₂O₃ crystal. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:32736-32746. [PMID: 26699063 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.032736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the excitation of the non-steady-state photoelectro-motive force in a monoclinic gallium oxide crystal. The crystal grown in an oxygen atmosphere is insulating and highly transparent for a visible light, nevertheless, the formation of dynamic space-charge gratings and observation of the photo-EMF signal is achieved under the laser illumination with wavelength λ = 532 nm. The induced ac current is studied for the cases of zero and non-zero external electric fields, which imply the non-resonant and resonant mechanisms of space-charge recording. The dependencies of the signal amplitude versus the frequency of phase modulation, light intensity, spatial frequency, light polarization and value of the external dc electric field are measured. The material demonstrates the anisotropy along the [100] and [010] directions, namely, there is a weak difference of the transport parameters and a pronounced polarization dependence of the signal. The photoconductivity and diffusion length of electrons are estimated for the chosen light wavelength.
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Riscob B, Bhaumik I, Ganesamoorthy S, Bhatt R, Vijayan N, Karnal AK, Wahab MA, Bhagavannarayana G. Effect of Mg doping on the growth aspects, crystalline perfection, and optical and thermal properties of congruent LiNbO3single crystals. J Appl Crystallogr 2013. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889813025065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mg-doped congruent lithium niobate single crystals were grown by the Czochralski technique. High-quality single crystals were grown using a novel seeding technique in a resistive heating furnace. Analysis of crystalline perfection carried out by a multi-crystal X-ray diffractometer revealed that the grown crystals do not contain any structural grain boundaries but do contain point defects. The transmission characteristics showed an enhancement of band gap with an increase in Mg concentration. Conoscopy patterns revealed that the grown crystals are homogeneous and the incorporation of Mg into the lattice does not affect the optical sign (negative uniaxial) of the crystal. The refractive index measurements carried out using a prism coupler showed an increase in the optical birefringence (Δn), while the refractive index was found to decrease with the increase in doping concentration. Further, thermal conductivity was found to decrease with Mg incorporation in the lattice owing to phonon scattering from the Mg ions and, as a consequence, at high concentrations (>4 mol%) crack formation occurred. However, optimization of growth conditions reveals that a slower pulling rate leads to crack-free lithium niobate crystals even at 6 mol% Mg doping.
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