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Grishin OV, Shushunova NA, Bratashov DN, Prikhozhdenko ES, Verkhovskii RA, Kozlova AA, Abdurashitov AS, Sindeeva OA, Karavaev AS, Kulminskiy DD, Shashkov EV, Inozemtseva OA, Tuchin VV. Effect of pulsed laser parameters on photoacoustic flow cytometry efficiency in vitro and in vivo. Cytometry A 2023; 103:868-880. [PMID: 37455600 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic flow cytometry is one of the most effective approaches to detect "alien" objects in the bloodstream, including circulating tumor cells, blood clots, parasites, and emboli. However, the possibility of detecting high-amplitude signals from these objects against the background of blood depends on the parameters of the laser pulse. So, the dependencies of photoacoustic signals amplitude and number on laser pulse energy (5-150 μJ), pulse length (1, 2, 5 ns), and pulse repetition rate (2, 5, 10 kHz) for the melanoma cells were investigated. First, the PA responses of a melanoma cell suspension in vitro were measured to directly assess the efficiency of converting laser light into an acoustic signal. After it, the same dependence with the developed murine model based on constant rate melanoma cell injection into the animal blood flow was tested. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments show that signal generation efficiency increases with laser pulse energy above 15 μJ. Shorter pulses, especially 1 ns, provide more efficient signal generation as well as higher pulse rates. A higher pulse rate also provides more efficient signal generation, but also leads to overheating of the skin. The results show the limits where the photoacoustic flow cytometry system can be effectively used for the detection of circulating tumor cells in undiluted blood both for in vitro experiments and for in vivo murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Grishin
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Arkady S Abdurashitov
- A.V. Zelmann Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A Sindeeva
- A.V. Zelmann Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly S Karavaev
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Laboratory of Nonlinear Dynamics Modeling, Saratov Branch of the Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
- Department of Innovative Cardiological Information Technology, Institute of Cardiological Research, Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Danil D Kulminskiy
- Laboratory of Nonlinear Dynamics Modeling, Saratov Branch of the Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
- Scientific Center for Information Technologies and Artificial Intelligence, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Shashkov
- Pico-Femtoseconds Laser Laboratory, Photoelectronics Department, Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Valery V Tuchin
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, FRC "Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Saratov, Russia
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, FRC "Fundamentals of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Moscow, Russia
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2
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Fridman L, Yelin D. Pinhole shifting for reducing speckle contrast in reflectance confocal microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5735-5738. [PMID: 37219316 DOI: 10.1364/ol.471545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The high speckle contrast in reflectance confocal microscopy is perhaps the most limiting factor on this imaging modality, particularly in high scattering samples such as biological tissues. In this Letter, we propose and numerically analyze a method for speckle reduction that uses simple lateral shifting of the confocal pinhole in several directions, which results in reduced speckle contrast and only a moderate penalty in both lateral and axial resolutions. By simulating free-space electromagnetic wave propagation through a high-numerical-aperture (NA) confocal imaging system, and assuming only single-scattering events, we characterize the 3D point-spread function (PSF) that results from full-aperture pinhole shifting. Simple summation of four different pinhole-shifted images resulted in a 36% reduction in speckle contrast, with reductions of only 17% and 60% in the lateral and axial resolutions, respectively. This method could be particularly useful in noninvasive microscopy for clinical diagnosis, where fluorescence labeling is impractical and high image quality is imperative for achieving accurate diagnosis.
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3
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Niu SY, Guo LZ, Li Y, Zhang Z, Wang TD, Liu KC, Li YJ, Tsao Y, Liu TM. Boundary-Preserved Deep Denoising of Stochastic Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Images. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE 2022; 10:1800812. [PMID: 36304843 PMCID: PMC9592049 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2022.3206488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the rapid growth of high-speed deep-tissue imaging in biomedical research, there is an urgent need to develop a robust and effective denoising method to retain morphological features for further texture analysis and segmentation. Conventional denoising filters and models can easily suppress the perturbative noise in high-contrast images; however, for low photon budget multiphoton images, a high detector gain will not only boost the signals but also bring significant background noise. In such a stochastic resonance imaging regime, subthreshold signals may be detectable with the help of noise, meaning that a denoising filter capable of removing noise without sacrificing important cellular features, such as cell boundaries, is desirable. METHOD We propose a convolutional neural network-based denoising autoencoder method - a fully convolutional deep denoising autoencoder (DDAE) - to improve the quality of three-photon fluorescence (3PF) and third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy images. RESULTS The average of 200 acquired images of a given location served as the low-noise answer for the DDAE training. Compared with other conventional denoising methods, our DDAE model shows a better signal-to-noise ratio (28.86 and 21.66 for 3PF and THG, respectively), structural similarity (0.89 and 0.70 for 3PF and THG, respectively), and preservation of the nuclear or cellular boundaries (F1-score of 0.662 and 0.736 for 3PF and THG, respectively). It shows that DDAE is a better trade-off approach between structural similarity and preserving signal regions. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study validate the effectiveness of the DDAE system in boundary-preserved image denoising. CLINICAL IMPACT The proposed deep denoising system can enhance the quality of microscopic images and effectively support clinical evaluation and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yong Niu
- Research Center for Information Technology Innovation (CITI)Academia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCA92093USA
| | - Lun-Zhang Guo
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, TaipaMacauChina
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, TaipaMacauChina
| | - Tzung-Dau Wang
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of CardiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineCollege of Medicine, National Taiwan University HospitalTaipei10002Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chun Liu
- Research Center for Information Technology Innovation (CITI)Academia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - You-Jin Li
- Research Center for Information Technology Innovation (CITI)Academia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Yu Tsao
- Research Center for Information Technology Innovation (CITI)Academia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
- Department of Electrical EngineeringChung Yuan Christian UniversityTaoyuan32023Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, TaipaMacauChina
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4
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Fridman L, Yelin D. Measuring the red blood cell shape in capillary flow using spectrally encoded flow cytometry. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:4583-4591. [PMID: 36187245 PMCID: PMC9484409 DOI: 10.1364/boe.464875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells in small capillaries exhibit a wide variety of deformations that reflect their true physiological conditions at these important locations. By applying a technique for the high-speed microscopy of flowing cells, termed spectrally encoded flow cytometry (SEFC), we image the light reflected from the red blood cells in human capillaries, and propose an analytical slipper-like model for the cell morphology that can reproduce the experimental in vivo images. The results of this work would be useful for studying the unique flow conditions in these vessels, and for extracting useful clinical parameters that reflect the true physiology of the blood cells in situ.
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McKay GN, Niemeier RC, Castro-González C, Durr NJ. Scattering oblique plane microscopy for in-vivo blood cell imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:2575-2585. [PMID: 34123489 PMCID: PMC8176791 DOI: 10.1364/boe.422993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Oblique plane microscopy (OPM) enables high speed, volumetric fluorescence imaging through a single-objective geometry. While these advantages have positioned OPM as a valuable tool to probe biological questions in animal models, its potential for in vivo human imaging is largely unexplored due to its typical use with exogenous fluorescent dyes. Here we introduce a scattering-contrast oblique plane microscope (sOPM) and demonstrate label-free imaging of blood cells flowing through human capillaries in vivo. The sOPM illuminates a capillary bed in the ventral tongue with an oblique light sheet, and images side- and back- scattered signal from blood cells. By synchronizing the sOPM with a conventional capillaroscope, we acquire paired widefield and axial images of blood cells flowing through a capillary loop. The widefield capillaroscope image provides absorption contrast and confirms the presence of red blood cells (RBCs), while the sOPM image may aid in determining whether optical absorption gaps (OAGs) between RBCs have cellular or acellular composition. Further, we demonstrate consequential differences between fluorescence and scattering versions of OPM by imaging the same polystyrene beads sequentially with each technique. Lastly, we substantiate in vivo observations by imaging isolated red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in vitro using 3D agar phantoms. These results demonstrate a promising new avenue towards in vivo blood analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N. McKay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ryan C. Niemeier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | | | - Nicholas J. Durr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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6
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Tackling the unknowns in understanding and management of hospital acquired anemia. Blood Rev 2021; 49:100830. [PMID: 33810899 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hospital acquired anemia (HAA) has been a recognized entity for nearly 50 years. Despite multiple hypotheses, a mechanistic understanding is lacking, and targeted interventions have not yet yielded significantly impactful results. Known risk factors include advanced age, multiple co-morbidities, low bone marrow reserve, admission to the intensive care unit, and frequent phlebotomy. However, confounding variables in many studies continues to complicate the identification of additional risk factors. Improved understanding of iron metabolism, erythropoiesis, and the erythroid iron restriction response in the last few decades, as well as the recent demonstration of poor outcomes correlating with increased transfusion have refocused attention on HAA. While retrospective database studies provide ample correlative data between 1) HAA and poor outcomes; 2) reduction of phlebotomy volume and decrease in transfusion requirement; and 3) over-transfusion and increased mortality, no causal link between reduced phlebotomy volume, decreased rates of HAA, and improved mortality or other relevant outcomes have been definitely established. Here, we review the current state of knowledge and provide a summary of potential directions to understand and mitigate HAA. There are at present no clear guidelines on whether and when to evaluate hospitalized patients for underlying causes of anemia. We thus provide a guide for clinicians in general practice toward identifying patients at the highest risk for HAA, decreasing blood loss through phlebotomy to the greatest degree feasible, and evaluating and treating reversible causes of anemia in a targeted population.
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Kim B, Hariyani YS, Cho YH, Park C. Automated White Blood Cell Counting in Nailfold Capillary Using Deep Learning Segmentation and Video Stabilization. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E7101. [PMID: 33322435 PMCID: PMC7763965 DOI: 10.3390/s20247101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
White blood cells (WBCs) are essential components of the immune system in the human body. Various invasive and noninvasive methods to monitor the condition of the WBCs have been developed. Among them, a noninvasive method exploits an optical characteristic of WBCs in a nailfold capillary image, as they appear as visual gaps. This method is inexpensive and could possibly be implemented on a portable device. However, recent studies on this method use a manual or semimanual image segmentation, which depends on recognizable features and the intervention of experts, hindering its scalability and applicability. We address and solve this problem with proposing an automated method for detecting and counting WBCs that appear as visual gaps on nailfold capillary images. The proposed method consists of an automatic capillary segmentation method using deep learning, video stabilization, and WBC event detection algorithms. Performances of the three segmentation algorithms (manual, conventional, and deep learning) with/without video stabilization were benchmarks. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method improves the performance of the WBC event counting and outperforms conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeonghwi Kim
- Department of Computer Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (B.K.); (Y.-S.H.)
| | - Yuli-Sun Hariyani
- Department of Computer Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (B.K.); (Y.-S.H.)
- School of Applied Science, Telkom University, Bandung 40257, Indonesia
| | - Young-Ho Cho
- Department of Electrical Communication, Daelim University, Anyang-Si 13916, Korea
| | - Cheolsoo Park
- Department of Computer Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (B.K.); (Y.-S.H.)
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McKay GN, Mohan N, Durr NJ. Imaging human blood cells in vivo with oblique back-illumination capillaroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2373-2382. [PMID: 32499930 PMCID: PMC7249808 DOI: 10.1364/boe.389088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a non-invasive, label-free method of imaging blood cells flowing through human capillaries in vivo using oblique back-illumination capillaroscopy (OBC). Green light illumination allows simultaneous phase and absorption contrast, enhancing the ability to distinguish red and white blood cells. Single-sided illumination through the objective lens enables 200 Hz imaging with close illumination-detection separation and a simplified setup. Phase contrast is optimized when the illumination axis is offset from the detection axis by approximately 225 µm when imaging ∼80 µm deep in phantoms and human ventral tongue. We demonstrate high-speed imaging of individual red blood cells, white blood cells with sub-cellular detail, and platelets flowing through capillaries and vessels in human tongue. A custom pneumatic cap placed over the objective lens stabilizes the field of view, enabling longitudinal imaging of a single capillary for up to seven minutes. We present high-quality images of blood cells in individuals with Fitzpatrick skin phototypes II, IV, and VI, showing that the technique is robust to high peripheral melanin concentration. The signal quality, speed, simplicity, and robustness of this approach underscores its potential for non-invasive blood cell counting.
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9
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Bartosik PB, Fitzgerald JE, El Khatib M, Yaseen MA, Vinogradov SA, Niedre M. Prospects for the Use of Upconverting Nanoparticles as a Contrast Agent for Enumeration of Circulating Cells in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:1709-1719. [PMID: 32210561 PMCID: PMC7074808 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s243157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We recently developed a new fluorescence-based technique called "diffuse in vivo flow cytometry" (DiFC) for enumerating rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) directly in the bloodstream. Non-specific tissue autofluorescence is a persistent problem, as it creates a background which may obscure signals from weakly-labeled CTCs. Here we investigated the use of upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) as a contrast agent for DiFC, which in principle could significantly reduce the autofluorescence background and allow more sensitive detection of rare CTCs. METHODS We built a new UCNP-compatible DiFC instrument (U-DiFC), which uses a 980 nm laser and detects upconverted luminescence in the 520, 545 and 660 nm emission bands. We used NaYF4:Yb,Er UCNPs and several covalent and non-covalent surface modification strategies to improve their biocompatibility and cell uptake. We tested U-DiFC with multiple myeloma (MM) and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells in tissue-mimicking optical flow phantoms and in nude mice. RESULTS U-DiFC significantly reduced the background autofluorescence signals and motion artifacts from breathing in mice. Upconverted luminescence from NaYF4:Yb,Er microparticles (UμNP) and cells co-incubated with UCNPs were readily detectable with U-DiFC in phantoms, and from UCNPs in circulation in mice. However, we were unable to achieve reliable labeling of CTCs with UCNPs. Our data suggest that most (or all) of the measured U-DIFC signal in vitro and in vivo likely arose from unbound UCNPs or due to the uptake by non-CTC blood cells. CONCLUSION UCNPs have a number of properties that make them attractive contrast agents for high-sensitivity detection of CTCs in the bloodstream with U-DiFC and other intravital imaging methods. More work is needed to achieve reliable and specific labeling of CTCs with UCNPs and verify long-term retention and viability of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Bartosik
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mirna El Khatib
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad A Yaseen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Sergei A Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark Niedre
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Ba C, Shain WJ, Bifano TG, Mertz J. High-throughput label-free flow cytometry based on matched-filter compressive imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:6145-6153. [PMID: 31065419 PMCID: PMC6491006 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.006145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a fast label-free computational flow cytometer based on a strategy of compressive imaging. Scattered light from flowing objects is sub-divided into user-defined basis patterns by a deformable mirror and routed to different detectors associated with each pattern. The patterns can be optimized to be matched to the object features of interest, thus facilitating object identification and separation. Compared to conventional scanning flow cytometers, our technique provides increased information capacity without sacrificing flow velocity. Unique features of our matched-filter strategy are that it can simultaneously probe multiple objects throughout large fields of view with long depths of field. In our proof-of-concept demonstrations, we achieve throughputs of over 10,000 particles/s, working at flow velocities of over 1m/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ba
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215,
USA
| | - William J. Shain
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215,
USA
| | - Thomas G. Bifano
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215,
USA
| | - Jerome Mertz
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215,
USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215,
USA
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11
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Qiao W, Chen Z, Zhou W, Xing D. All-optical photoacoustic Doppler transverse blood flow imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:2442-2445. [PMID: 29856399 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.002442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The method of measuring blood flow in photoacoustic microscopy usually relies on ultrasonic transducers in contact fashion, which is not favored in many applications, such as wound areas, burns, and anabrosis. Here we present a noncontact photoacoustic velocity measurement method to quantitatively map transverse blood flow based on the photoacoustic Doppler (PAD) bandwidth broadening method with an all-optical photoacoustic microscopy system. It is validated that the PAD bandwidth broadening is proportional to the transverse flow within a certain range. The transverse flow speed ranging from 0 to 5.5 mm/s, as well as sectional flow images, was obtained in the blood-mimicking flow phantoms. Furthermore, the blood flow image of the mouse ear demonstrates that the all-optical photoacoustic Doppler method can acquire the information of blood flow in vivo, which could significantly broaden the scope of applications for obtaining the blood flow velocity of the microvasculature in biomedicine.
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12
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Bourquard A, Pablo-Trinidad A, Butterworth I, Sánchez-Ferro Á, Cerrato C, Humala K, Fabra Urdiola M, Del Rio C, Valles B, Tucker-Schwartz JM, Lee ES, Vakoc BJ, Padera TP, Ledesma-Carbayo MJ, Chen YB, Hochberg EP, Gray ML, Castro-González C. Non-invasive detection of severe neutropenia in chemotherapy patients by optical imaging of nailfold microcirculation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5301. [PMID: 29593221 PMCID: PMC5871877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
White-blood-cell (WBC) assessment is employed for innumerable clinical procedures as one indicator of immune status. Currently, WBC determinations are obtained by clinical laboratory analysis of whole blood samples. Both the extraction of blood and its analysis limit the accessibility and frequency of the measurement. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of a non-invasive device to perform point-of-care WBC analysis without the need for blood draws, focusing on a chemotherapy setting where patients’ neutrophils—the most common type of WBC—become very low. In particular, we built a portable optical prototype, and used it to collect 22 microcirculatory-video datasets from 11 chemotherapy patients. Based on these videos, we identified moving optical absorption gaps in the flow of red cells, using them as proxies to WBC movement through nailfold capillaries. We then showed that counting these gaps allows discriminating cases of severe neutropenia (<500 neutrophils per µL), associated with increased risks of life-threatening infections, from non-neutropenic cases (>1,500 neutrophils per µL). This result suggests that the integration of optical imaging, consumer electronics, and data analysis can make non-invasive screening for severe neutropenia accessible to patients. More generally, this work provides a first step towards a long-term objective of non-invasive WBC counting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Bourquard
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Biomedical Image Technologies, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Pablo-Trinidad
- Biomedical Image Technologies, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ian Butterworth
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Álvaro Sánchez-Ferro
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Centro Integral en Neurociencias HM CINAC, HM Hospitales, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Cerrato
- Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karem Humala
- Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Candice Del Rio
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Betsy Valles
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason M Tucker-Schwartz
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Lee
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Vakoc
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy P Padera
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - María J Ledesma-Carbayo
- Biomedical Image Technologies, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yi-Bin Chen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ephraim P Hochberg
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martha L Gray
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carlos Castro-González
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Biomedical Image Technologies, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Hartmann C, Patil R, Lin CP, Niedre M. Fluorescence detection, enumeration and characterization of single circulating cells in vivo: technology, applications and future prospects. Phys Med Biol 2017; 63:01TR01. [PMID: 29240559 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa98f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There are many diseases and biological processes that involve circulating cells in the bloodstream, such as cancer metastasis, immunology, reproductive medicine, and stem cell therapies. This has driven significant interest in new technologies for the study of circulating cells in small animal research models and clinically. Most currently used methods require drawing and enriching blood samples from the body, but these suffer from a number of limitations. In contrast, 'in vivo flow cytometry' (IVFC) refers to set of technologies that allow study of cells directly in the bloodstream of the organism in vivo. In recent years the IVFC field has grown significantly and new techniques have been developed, including fluorescence microscopy, multi-photon, photo-acoustic, and diffuse fluorescence IVFC. In this paper we review recent technical advances in IVFC, with emphasis on instrumentation, contrast mechanisms, and detection sensitivity. We also describe key applications in biomedical research, including cancer research and immunology. Last, we discuss future directions for IVFC, as well as prospects for broader adoption by the biomedical research community and translation to humans clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hartmann
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America. Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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14
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Winer MM, Zeidan A, Yeheskely-Hayon D, Golan L, Minai L, Dann EJ, Yelin D. In vivo noninvasive microscopy of human leucocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13031. [PMID: 29026161 PMCID: PMC5638923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucocytes play a key role in our immune system, protecting the body against infections using a wide range of biological mechanisms. Effective imaging and identification of leucocytes within the blood stream in patients is challenging, however, because of their low volume fraction in the blood, the high tissue scattering and the rapid blood flow. Spectrally encoded flow cytometry (SEFC) has recently been demonstrated effective for label-free high-resolution in vivo imaging of blood cells using an optical probe that does not require mechanical scanning. Here, we use SEFC to noninvasively image leucocytes at different imaging depths within small vessels in human volunteers, and identify visual differences in cell brightness and nuclei shapes, that would help distinguish between the two most abundant leucocyte types. The observed differences match the in vitro characteristics of isolated granulocytes and mononuclear cells. The results prove the potential of the system for conducting differential leucocyte count and as an effective research tool for studying the function and distribution of leucocytes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan M Winer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Adel Zeidan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Lior Golan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Limor Minai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eldad J Dann
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Blood Bank and Aphaeresis unit, Rambam Medical Centre, and the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dvir Yelin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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15
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Ossowski P, Wojtkowski M, Munro PRT. Classification of biological micro-objects using optical coherence tomography: in silico study. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3606-3626. [PMID: 28856039 PMCID: PMC5560829 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a technique for differentiating between biological micro-objects using a rigorous, full-wave model of OCT image formation. We model an existing experimental prototype which uses OCT to interrogate a microfluidic chip containing the blood cells. A full-wave model is required since the technique uses light back-scattered by a scattering substrate, rather than by the cells directly. The light back-scattered by the substrate is perturbed upon propagation through the cells, which flow between the substrate and imaging system's objective lens. We present the key elements of the 3D, Maxwell equation-based computational model, the key findings of the computational study and a comparison with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Ossowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Maciej Wojtkowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter RT Munro
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Malet Place, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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16
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Kviatkovsky I, Zeidan A, Yeheskely-Hayon D, Shabad EL, Dann EJ, Yelin D. Measuring sickle cell morphology during blood flow. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:1996-2003. [PMID: 28663878 PMCID: PMC5480593 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.001996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During a sickle cell crisis in sickle cell anemia patients, deoxygenated red blood cells may change their mechanical properties and block small blood vessels, causing pain, local tissue damage, and possibly organ failure. Measuring the structural and morphological changes in sickle cells is important for understanding the factors contributing to vessel blockage and for developing an effective treatment. In this work, we image blood cells from sickle cell anemia patients using spectrally encoded flow cytometry, and analyze the interference patterns between reflections from the cell membranes. Using a numerical simulation for calculating the interference pattern obtained from a model of a red blood cell, we propose an analytical expression for the three-dimensional shape of characteristic sickle cells and compare our results to a previously suggested model. Our imaging approach offers new means for analyzing the morphology of sickle cells, and could be useful for studying their unique physiological and biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Kviatkovsky
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | - Adel Zeidan
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Eveline L Shabad
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eldad J Dann
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion -ITI Haifa, Israel
| | - Dvir Yelin
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - IIT, Haifa, Israel
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17
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Yang W, Li A, Suo Y, Lu FK, Xie XS. Simultaneous two-color stimulated Raman scattering microscopy by adding a fiber amplifier to a 2 ps OPO-based SRS microscope. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:523-526. [PMID: 28146518 PMCID: PMC6743724 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a label-free chemical imaging technique. Two-color imaging is often necessary to determine the distribution of chemical species in SRS microscopy. Current multi-color SRS imaging methods involve complicated instrumentation or longer data acquisition time or are limited to transmission imaging. In this Letter, we show that by adding a simple fiber amplifier to a 2 ps laser source and optical-parametric-oscillator-based SRS setup, one can achieve simultaneous two-color or frequency modulation SRS microscopy. The fiber amplifier can generate a wavelength tunable laser of ±10 nm around the Stokes laser wavelength at 1031 nm with average power greater than 200 mW. In vivo and ex vivo lipid-protein imaging of mouse brain and skin is demonstrated. To further demonstrate the potential of this technique in high-speed in vivo imaging, white blood cells in a blood stream are imaged in a live mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Current address: Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yuanzhen Suo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Fa-Ke Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - X. Sunney Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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18
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Imaging Cytometry of Human Leukocytes with Third Harmonic Generation Microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37210. [PMID: 27845443 PMCID: PMC5109028 DOI: 10.1038/srep37210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on third-harmonic-generation (THG) microscopy and a k-means clustering algorithm, we developed a label-free imaging cytometry method to differentiate and determine the types of human leukocytes. According to the size and average intensity of cells in THG images, in a two-dimensional scatter plot, the neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes in peripheral blood samples from healthy volunteers were clustered into three differentiable groups. Using these features in THG images, we could count the number of each of the three leukocyte types both in vitro and in vivo. The THG imaging-based counting results agreed well with conventional blood count results. In the future, we believe that the combination of this THG microscopy-based imaging cytometry approach with advanced texture analysis of sub-cellular features can differentiate and count more types of blood cells with smaller quantities of blood.
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19
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Zeidan A, Golan L, Yelin D. In vitro hematocrit measurement using spectrally encoded flow cytometry. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:4327-4334. [PMID: 27867734 PMCID: PMC5102548 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.004327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Measuring key physiological parameters of small blood samples extracted from patients could be useful for real-time clinical diagnosis at the point of care. An important parameter required from all blood tests is the blood hematocrit, a measure of the fractional volume occupied by the red cells within the blood. In this work, we present a method for in vitro evaluation of hematocrit based on the data acquired using spectrally encoded flow cytometry. Analysis of the reflectance confocal images of blood within a flow chamber resulted in an error as low as 1.7% in the measured hematocrit. The technique could be used as part of an in vitro diagnostic system that measures important blood parameters at the point of care.
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20
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Bourquard A, Butterworth I, Sanchez-Ferro A, Giancardo L, Soenksen L, Cerrato C, Flores R, Castro-Gonzalez C. Analysis of white blood cell dynamics in nailfold capillaries. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:7470-3. [PMID: 26738019 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7320119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Based on video data acquired with low-cost, portable microscopy equipment, we introduce a semi-automatic method to count visual gaps in the blood flow as a proxy for white blood cells (WBC) passing through nailfold capillaries. Following minimal user interaction and a pre-processing stage, our method consists in the spatio-temporal segmentation and analysis of capillary profiles. Besides the mere count information, it also estimates the speed associated with every WBC event. The accuracy of our algorithm is validated through the analysis of two capillaries acquired from one healthy subject. Results are compared with manual counts from four human raters and confronted with related physiological data reported in literature.
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21
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Brunker J, Beard P. Velocity measurements in whole blood using acoustic resolution photoacoustic Doppler. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2789-806. [PMID: 27446707 PMCID: PMC4948631 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic resolution photoacoustic Doppler velocimetry promises to overcome the spatial resolution and depth penetration limitations of current blood flow measuring methods. Despite successful implementation using blood-mimicking fluids, measurements in blood have proved challenging, thus preventing in vivo application. A common explanation for this difficulty is that whole blood is insufficiently heterogeneous relative to detector frequencies of tens of MHz compatible with deep tissue photoacoustic measurements. Through rigorous experimental measurements we provide new insight that refutes this assertion. We show for the first time that, by careful choice of the detector frequency and field-of-view, and by employing novel signal processing methods, it is possible to make velocity measurements in whole blood using transducers with frequencies in the tens of MHz range. These findings have important implications for the prospects of making deep tissue measurements of blood flow relevant to the study of microcirculatory abnormalities associated with cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Brunker
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Paul Beard
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK;
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22
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Hu S, Yao J, Liu M, Luo AP, Luo ZC, Xu WC. Gain-guided soliton fiber laser with high-quality rectangle spectrum for ultrafast time-stretch microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:10786-10796. [PMID: 27409899 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.010786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast time-stretch microscopy has been proposed to enhance the temporal resolution of a microscopy system. The optical source is a key component for ultrafast time-stretch microscopy system. Herein, we reported on the gain-guided soliton fiber laser with high-quality rectangle spectrum for ultrafast time-stretch microscopy. By virtue of the excellent characteristics of the gain-guided soliton, the output power and the 3-dB bandwidth of the stable mode-locked soliton could be up to 3 mW and 33.7 nm with a high-quality rectangle shape, respectively. With the proposed robust optical source, the ultrafast time-stretch microscopy with the 49.6 μm resolution and a scan rate of 11 MHz was achieved without the external optical amplification. The obtained results demonstrated that the gain-guided soliton fiber laser could be used as an alternative high-quality optical source for ultrafast time-stretch microscopy and will introduce some applications in fields such as biology, chemical, and optical sensing.
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23
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Galanzha EI, Viegas MG, Malinsky TI, Melerzanov AV, Juratli MA, Sarimollaoglu M, Nedosekin DA, Zharov VP. In vivo acoustic and photoacoustic focusing of circulating cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21531. [PMID: 26979811 PMCID: PMC4793240 DOI: 10.1038/srep21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo flow cytometry using vessels as natural tubes with native cell flows has revolutionized the study of rare circulating tumor cells in a complex blood background. However, the presence of many blood cells in the detection volume makes it difficult to count each cell in this volume. We introduce method for manipulation of circulating cells in vivo with the use of gradient acoustic forces induced by ultrasound and photoacoustic waves. In a murine model, we demonstrated cell trapping, redirecting and focusing in blood and lymph flow into a tight stream, noninvasive wall-free transportation of blood, and the potential for photoacoustic detection of sickle cells without labeling and of leukocytes targeted by functionalized nanoparticles. Integration of cell focusing with intravital imaging methods may provide a versatile biological tool for single-cell analysis in circulation, with a focus on in vivo needleless blood tests, and preclinical studies of human diseases in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina I Galanzha
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Mark G Viegas
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Taras I Malinsky
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia, 107005
| | | | - Mazen A Juratli
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Mustafa Sarimollaoglu
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Dmitry A Nedosekin
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Vladimir P Zharov
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, Arkansas 72205.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
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24
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Zeidan A, Yelin D. Reflectance confocal microscopy of red blood cells: simulation and experiment. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:4335-43. [PMID: 26600999 PMCID: PMC4646543 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.004335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the morphology of red blood cells is important for clinical diagnosis, providing valuable indications on a patient's health. In this work, we have simulated the appearance of normal red blood cells under a reflectance confocal microscope and discovered unique relations between the morphological parameters and the resulting characteristic interference patterns of the cell. The simulation results showed good agreement with in vitro reflectance confocal images of red blood cells, acquired using spectrally encoded flow cytometry that imaged the cells in a linear flow without artificial staining. By matching the simulated patterns to confocal images of the cells, this method could be used for measuring cell morphology in three dimensions and for studying their physiology.
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25
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Ossowski P, Raiter-Smiljanic A, Szkulmowska A, Bukowska D, Wiese M, Derzsi L, Eljaszewicz A, Garstecki P, Wojtkowski M. Differentiation of morphotic elements in human blood using optical coherence tomography and a microfluidic setup. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:27724-38. [PMID: 26480435 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.027724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel optical method for the detection and differentiation between erythrocytes and leukocytes that uses amplitude and phase information provided by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Biological cells can introduce significant phase modulation with substantial scattering anisotropy and dominant forward-scattered light. Such physical properties may favor the use of a trans-illumination imaging technique. However, an epi-illumination mode may be more practical and robust in many applications. This study describes a new way of measuring the phase modulation introduced by flowing microobjects. The novel part of this invention is that it uses the backscattered signal from the substrate located below the flowing/moving objects. The identification of cells is based on phase-sensitive OCT signals. To differentiate single cells, a custom-designed microfluidic device with a highly scattering substrate is introduced. The microchannels are molded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mixed with titanium dioxide (TiO2) to ensure high scattering properties. The statistical parameters of the measured signal depend on the cells' features, such as their size, shape, and internal structure.
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26
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Burnett JL, Carns JL, Richards-Kortum R. In vivo microscopy of hemozoin: towards a needle free diagnostic for malaria. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3462-74. [PMID: 26417515 PMCID: PMC4574671 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Clinical diagnosis of malaria suffers from poor specificity leading to overtreatment with antimalarial medications. Alternatives, like blood smear microscopy or antigen-based tests, require a blood sample. We investigate in vivo microscopy as a needle-free malaria diagnostic. Two optical signatures, birefringence and absorbance, of the endogenous malaria by-product hemozoin were evaluated as in vivo optical biomarkers. Hemozoin birefringence was difficult to detect in highly scattering tissue; however, hemozoin absorbance was observed in increasingly complex biological environments and detectable over a clinically-relevant range of parasitemia in vivo in a P. yoelii-infected mouse model of malaria.
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27
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Pégard NC, Toth ML, Driscoll M, Fleischer JW. Flow-scanning optical tomography. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:4447-50. [PMID: 25256716 PMCID: PMC5859944 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00701h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a 3D tomography technique for in vivo observation of microscopic samples. The method combines flow in a microfluidic channel, illumination through a slit aperture, and a Fourier lens for simultaneous acquisition of multiple perspective angles in the phase-space domain. The technique is non-invasive and naturally robust to parasitic sample motion. 3D absorption is retrieved using standard back-projection algorithms, here a limited-domain inverse radon transform. Simultaneously, 3D differential phase contrast images are obtained by computational refocusing and comparison of complementary illumination angles. We implement the technique on a modified glass slide which can be mounted directly on existing optical microscopes. We demonstrate both amplitude and phase tomography on live, freely swimming C. elegans nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C Pégard
- Princeton University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Olden Street, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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28
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Elhanan T, Yelin D. Measuring blood velocity using correlative spectrally encoded flow cytometry. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:4424-4426. [PMID: 25078193 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.004424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally encoded flow cytometry (SEFC) is a promising technique for imaging blood in the microcirculation. Yet, the dependency of one of the axes of the image on time prevents effective quantification of essential clinical parameters. Here, we address this challenge by splitting the optical path in an SEFC system into two parallel imaging lines, followed by straightforward data analysis for recovering the flow speed from the multiplexed data. The method is demonstrated by measuring the flow velocity of latex beads and blood cells in vitro. The system allows real-time velocity measurements of up to 11.7 mm/s at high spatial resolution, and could be integrated into existing SEFC systems for effectively measuring blood parameters in small capillary vessels.
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29
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Barteneva NS, Ketman K, Fasler-Kan E, Potashnikova D, Vorobjev IA. Cell sorting in cancer research--diminishing degree of cell heterogeneity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:105-22. [PMID: 23481260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence of intratumor heterogeneity and its augmentation due to selective pressure of microenvironment and recent achievements in cancer therapeutics lead to the need to investigate and track the tumor subclonal structure. Cell sorting of heterogeneous subpopulations of tumor and tumor-associated cells has been a long established strategy in cancer research. Advancement in lasers, computer technology and optics has led to a new generation of flow cytometers and cell sorters capable of high-speed processing of single cell suspensions. Over the last several years cell sorting was used in combination with molecular biological methods, imaging and proteomics to characterize primary and metastatic cancer cell populations, minimal residual disease and single tumor cells. It was the principal method for identification and characterization of cancer stem cells. Analysis of single cancer cells may improve early detection of tumors, monitoring of circulating tumor cells, evaluation of intratumor heterogeneity and chemotherapeutic treatments. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of major cell sorting applications and approaches with new prospective developments such as microfluidics and microchip technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Barteneva
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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30
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Golan L, Yeheskely-Hayon D, Minai L, Yelin D. High-speed interferometric spectrally encoded flow cytometry. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:5154-6. [PMID: 23258036 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.005154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally encoded flow cytometry (SEFC) is a promising technique for noninvasive in vivo microscopy of blood cells. Here, we introduce a novel SEFC system for label-free confocal imaging of blood cells flowing at velocities of up to 10 mm/s within 65 μm-diameter vessels. The new system employs interferometric Fourier-domain detection and a high-speed wavelength-swept source, allowing 100 kHz line rate, sufficient for sampling the rapidly flowing cells 80 μm below the tissue surface. The large data sets obtained by this technique would improve diagnosis accuracy, reduce imaging time, and open new possibilities for noninvasive monitoring of blood in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Golan
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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31
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Chen CK, Liu TM. Imaging morphodynamics of human blood cells in vivo with video-rate third harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2860-5. [PMID: 23162724 PMCID: PMC3493243 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
With a video-rate third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy system, we imaged the micro-circulation beneath the human skin without labeling. Not only the speed of circulation but also the morpho-hydrodynamics of blood cells can be analyzed. Lacking of nuclei, red blood cells (RBCs) shows typical parachute-like and hollow-core morphology under THG microscopy. Quite different from RBCs, every now and then, round and granule rich blood cells with strong THG contrast appear in circulation. The corresponding volume densities in blood, evaluated from their frequencies of appearance and the velocity of circulation, fall within the physiological range of human white blood cell counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Kuo Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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32
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Tsai CK, Chen YS, Wu PC, Hsieh TY, Liu HW, Yeh CY, Lin WL, Chia JS, Liu TM. Imaging granularity of leukocytes with third harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2234-43. [PMID: 23024916 PMCID: PMC3447564 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Using third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy, we demonstrate that granularity differences of leukocytes can be revealed without a label. Excited by a 1230 nm femtosecond laser, THG signals were generated at a significantly higher level in neutrophils than other mononuclear cells, whereas signals in agranular lymphocytes were one order of magnitude smaller. Interestingly, the characteristic THG features can also be observed in vivo to track the newly recruited leukocytes following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. These results suggest that label-free THG imaging may provide timely tracking of leukocyte movement without disturbing the normal cellular or physiological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kun Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shing Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yuan Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Han-Wen Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Yueh Yeh
- Graduate Institute of immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 10048, Taiwan
| | - Win-Li Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jean-San Chia
- Graduate Institute of immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 10048, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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