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Caulfield C, Wu D, Miller IS, Byrne AT, Mac Aonghusa P, Zhuk S, Cinelli L, Bannone E, Marescaux J, Gioux S, Diana M, March TL, Vahrmeijer AL, Cahill R, O’Shea DF. BF 2-Azadipyrromethene Fluorophores for Intraoperative Vital Structure Identification. Molecules 2023; 28:2167. [PMID: 36903411 PMCID: PMC10004488 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of mono- and bis-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-substituted BF2-azadipyrromethene fluorophores have been synthesized with emissions in the near-infrared region (700-800 nm) for the purpose of fluorescence guided intraoperative imaging; chiefly ureter imaging. The Bis-PEGylation of fluorophores resulted in higher aqueous fluorescence quantum yields, with PEG chain lengths of 2.9 to 4.6 kDa being optimal. Fluorescence ureter identification was possible in a rodent model with the preference for renal excretion notable through comparative fluorescence intensities from the ureters, kidneys and liver. Ureteral identification was also successfully performed in a larger animal porcine model under abdominal surgical conditions. Three tested doses of 0.5, 0.25 and 0.1 mg/kg all successfully identified fluorescent ureters within 20 min of administration which was sustained up to 120 min. 3-D emission heat map imaging allowed the spatial and temporal changes in intensity due to the distinctive peristaltic waves of urine being transferred from the kidneys to the bladder to be identified. As the emission of these fluorophores could be spectrally distinguished from the clinically-used perfusion dye indocyanine green, it is envisaged that their combined use could be a step towards intraoperative colour coding of different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal Caulfield
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ian S. Miller
- Precision Cancer Medicine Group, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland
- National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre (NPIC), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Annette T. Byrne
- Precision Cancer Medicine Group, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland
- National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre (NPIC), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pól Mac Aonghusa
- IBM Research-Ireland, Damastown Industrial Estate, Mulhuddart, D02 PN40 Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Sergiy Zhuk
- IBM Research-Ireland, Damastown Industrial Estate, Mulhuddart, D02 PN40 Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Lorenzo Cinelli
- Research Institute against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, San Raffaele Hospital IRCCS, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Bannone
- Research Institute against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Surgery, Istituto Fondazione Poliambulanza, 25124 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Verona University, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Jacques Marescaux
- Research Institute against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvain Gioux
- ICube Lab, Photonics Instrumentation for Health, 67400 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michele Diana
- Research Institute against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), 67000 Strasbourg, France
- ICube Lab, Photonics Instrumentation for Health, 67400 Strasbourg, France
- Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, Nouvel Hospital Civil, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Taryn L. March
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ronan Cahill
- UCD Centre for Precision Surgery, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D02 PN40 Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Donal F. O’Shea
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland
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Du Le VN, Srinivasan VJ. Beyond diffuse correlations: deciphering random flow in time-of-flight resolved light dynamics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:11191-11214. [PMID: 32403635 PMCID: PMC7340374 DOI: 10.1364/oe.385202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) can assess blood flow index (BFI) of biological tissue with multiply scattered light. Though the main biological function of red blood cells (RBCs) is advection, in DWS/DCS, RBCs are assumed to undergo Brownian motion. To explain this discrepancy, we critically examine the cumulant approximation, a major assumption in DWS/DCS. We present a precise criterion for validity of the cumulant approximation, and in realistic tissue models, identify conditions that invalidate it. We show that, in physiologically relevant scenarios, the first cumulant term for random flow and second cumulant term for Brownian motion alone can cancel each other. In such circumstances, assuming pure Brownian motion of RBCs and the first cumulant approximation, a routine practice in DWS/DCS of BFI, can yield good agreement with data, but only because errors due to two incorrect assumptions cancel out. We conclude that correctly assessing random flow from scattered light dynamics requires going beyond the cumulant approximation and propose a more accurate model to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. N. Du Le
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vivek J. Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 96817, USA
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Hermsmeier M, Jeong S, Yamamoto A, Chen X, Nagavarapu U, Evans CL, Chan KF. Characterization of human cutaneous tissue autofluorescence: implications in topical drug delivery studies with fluorescence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:5400-5418. [PMID: 30460136 PMCID: PMC6238944 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In pharmacokinetic studies of topical drugs, fluorescence microscopy methods can enable the direct visualization and quantification of fluorescent drugs within the skin. One potential limitation of this approach, however, is the strong endogenous fluorescence of skin tissues that makes straightforward identification of specific drug molecules challenging. To study this effect and quantify endogenous skin fluorescence in the context of topical pharmacokinetics, an integrating sphere-based screening tool was designed to collect fluorescence yield data from human skin specimens. Such information could be utilized to select specific donors in the investigation of drug uptake and distribution. Results indicated human facial skin specimens from a group of more than 35 individuals exhibited an at least 6-fold difference in endogenous fluorescence. In visualizing drug distributions, the negative impact of autofluorescence could be exacerbated in cases where there are overlapping spatial distributions or spectral emission profiles between endogenous fluorophores and the exogenous fluorophore of interest. We demonstrated the feasibility of this approach in measuring the range of tissue endogenous fluorescence and selecting specimens for the study of drug pharmacokinetics with fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Hermsmeier
- BioPharmX, Inc., 1505 Adams Drive Suite D, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sinyoung Jeong
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- BioPharmX, Inc., 1505 Adams Drive Suite D, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- BioPharmX, Inc., 1505 Adams Drive Suite D, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Usha Nagavarapu
- BioPharmX, Inc., 1505 Adams Drive Suite D, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Conor L. Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kin F. Chan
- BioPharmX, Inc., 1505 Adams Drive Suite D, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Quad-mode functional and molecular photoacoustic microscopy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11123. [PMID: 30042404 PMCID: PMC6057954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A conventional photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) system typically has to make tradeoffs between its spatial resolution and penetration depth, by choosing a fixed configuration of optical excitation and acoustic detection. The single-scale imaging capability of PAM may limit its applications in biomedical studies. Here, we report a quad-mode photoacoustic microscopy (QM-PAM) system with four complementary spatial resolutions and maximum penetration depths. For this we first developed a ring-shaped focused ultrasound transducer that has two independent elements with respective central frequencies at 20 MHz and 40 MHz, providing complementary acoustically-determined spatial resolutions and penetration depths. To accommodate the dual-element ultrasound transducer, we implemented two optical excitation modes to provide tightly- and weakly-focused light illumination. The dual-element acoustic detection combined with the two optical focusing modes can thus provide four imaging scales in a single imaging device, with consistent contrast mechanisms and co-registered field of views. We have demonstrated the multiscale morphological, functional, and molecular imaging capability of QM-PAM in the mouse head, leg and ear in vivo. We expect the high scale flexibility of QM-PAM will enable broad applications in preclinical studies.
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Li M, Lan B, Liu W, Xia J, Yao J. Internal-illumination photoacoustic computed tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-4. [PMID: 29573255 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.3.030506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) system using a customized optical fiber with a cylindrical diffuser to internally illuminate deep targets. The traditional external light illumination in PACT usually limits the penetration depth to a few centimeters from the tissue surface, mainly due to strong optical attenuation along the light propagation path from the outside in. By contrast, internal light illumination, with external ultrasound detection, can potentially detect much deeper targets. Different from previous internal illumination PACT implementations using forward-looking optical fibers, our internal-illumination PACT system uses a customized optical fiber with a 3-cm-long conoid needle diffuser attached to the fiber tip, which can homogeneously illuminate the surrounding space and substantially enlarge the field of view. We characterized the internal illumination distribution and PACT system performance. We performed tissue phantom and in vivo animal studies to further demonstrate the superior imaging depth using internal illumination over external illumination. We imaged a 7.5-cm-deep leaf target embedded in optically scattering medium and the beating heart of a mouse overlaid with 3.7-cm-thick chicken tissue. Our results have collectively demonstrated that the internal light illumination combined with external ultrasound detection might be a useful strategy to improve the penetration depth of PACT in imaging deep organs of large animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mucong Li
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Bangxin Lan
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jun Xia
- University at Buffalo North Campus, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Junjie Yao
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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John P, Vasa NJ, Unni SN, Rao SR. Glucose sensing in oral mucosa simulating phantom using differential absorption based frequency domain low-coherence interferometry. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:8257-8265. [PMID: 29047692 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.008257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The superluminescent diode based differential absorption frequency domain low-coherence interferometry (FD-DALCI) technique is proposed and demonstrated for sensing physiological concentrations of glucose (0-250 mg/dl) in oral mucosa simulating phantoms (intralipid of concentrations 0.25-0.50%) with wavelengths at 1589 and 1310 nm. The proposed technique allows simultaneous measurements of refractive index based spectral shift and estimation of physiological concentration of glucose in intralipid with scattering characteristics using the differential absorption approach. The sensitivity of the glucose concentration obtained by spectral shift measurement was ≈0.016 nm/(mg/dl), irrespective of the intralipid concentration. The resolution of the glucose level was estimated to be ≈15 mg/dl in 0.25% intralipid and ≈19 mg/dl in 0.5% intralipid using the FD-DALCI technique.
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Du Le VN, Provias J, Murty N, Patterson MS, Nie Z, Hayward JE, Farrell TJ, McMillan W, Zhang W, Fang Q. Dual-modality optical biopsy of glioblastomas multiforme with diffuse reflectance and fluorescence: ex vivo retrieval of optical properties. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:27002. [PMID: 28157245 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.2.027002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Glioma itself accounts for 80% of all malignant primary brain tumors, and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) accounts for 55% of such tumors. Diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy have the potential to discriminate healthy tissues from abnormal tissues and therefore are promising noninvasive methods for improving the accuracy of brain tissue resection. Optical properties were retrieved using an experimentally evaluated inverse solution. On average, the scattering coefficient is 2.4 times higher in GBM than in low grade glioma (LGG), and the absorption coefficient is 48% higher. In addition, the ratio of fluorescence to diffuse reflectance at the emission peak of 460 nm is 2.6 times higher for LGG while reflectance at 650 nm is 2.7 times higher for GBM. The results reported also show that the combination of diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy could achieve sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 90% in discriminating GBM from LGG during ex vivo measurements of 22 sites from seven glioma specimens. Therefore, the current technique might be a promising tool for aiding neurosurgeons in determining the extent of surgical resection of glioma and, thus, improving intraoperative tumor identification for guiding surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Nguyen Du Le
- McMaster University, Radiation Sciences Graduate Program, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Provias
- McMaster University, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naresh Murty
- McMaster University, Department of Surgery, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Zhaojun Nie
- McMaster University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph E Hayward
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadafMcMaster University, School of Interdisciplinary Science, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas J Farrell
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadafMcMaster University, School of Interdisciplinary Science, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - William McMillan
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadagMcMaster University, Department of Oncology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyin Fang
- McMaster University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaiMcMaster University, Department of Engineering Physics, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Du Le VN, Patterson MS, Farrell TJ, Hayward JE, Fang Q. Experimental recovery of intrinsic fluorescence and fluorophore concentration in the presence of hemoglobin: spectral effect of scattering and absorption on fluorescence. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:127003. [PMID: 26720881 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.127003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to recover the intrinsic fluorescence of biological fluorophores is crucial to accurately identify the fluorophores and quantify their concentrations in the media. Although some studies have successfully retrieved the fluorescence spectral shape of known fluorophores, the techniques usually came with heavy computation costs and did not apply for strongly absorptive media, and the intrinsic fluorescence intensity and fluorophore concentration were not recovered. In this communication, an experimental approach was presented to recover intrinsic fluorescence and concentration of fluorescein in the presence of hemoglobin (Hb). The results indicated that the method was efficient in recovering the intrinsic fluorescence peak and fluorophore concentration with an error of 3% and 10%, respectively. The results also suggested that chromophores with irregular absorption spectra (e.g., Hb) have more profound effects on fluorescence spectral shape than chromophores with monotonic absorption and scattering spectra (e.g., black India ink and polystyrene microspheres).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Nguyen Du Le
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Michael S Patterson
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, CanadabJuravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Thomas J Farrell
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, CanadabJuravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Joseph E Hayward
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, CanadabJuravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Qiyin Fang
- McMaster University, Department of Engineering Physics, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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