1
|
Wu S, Xia H, Xu J, Sun X, Liu X. Manipulating Luminescence of Light Emitters by Photonic Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1803362. [PMID: 30251274 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of luminescence is essential because unwanted spontaneous-emission modes have a negative effect on the performance of luminescence-based photonic devices. Photonic crystals are promising materials for the control of light emission because of the variation in the local density of optical modes within them. They have been widely investigated for the manipulation of the emission intensity and lifetime of light emitters. Several groups have achieved greatly enhanced emission by depositing emitters on the surface of photonic crystals. Herein, the different modulating effects of photonic crystal dimensions, light-emitter positions, photonic crystal structure type, and the refractive index of photonic crystal building blocks are highlighted, with the aim of evaluating the fundamental principles that determine light propagation. The applications of using photonic crystals to manipulate spontaneous emission in light-emitting diodes and sensors are also reviewed. In addition, potential future challenges and improvements in this field are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2#, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2#, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiaoqian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2#, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Center for Functional Materials, NUS Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Triggs GJ, Fischer M, Stellinga D, Scullion MG, Evans GJO, Krauss TF. Spatial Resolution and Refractive Index Contrast of Resonant Photonic Crystal Surfaces for Biosensing. IEEE PHOTONICS JOURNAL 2015; 7:6801810. [PMID: 26356353 PMCID: PMC4561521 DOI: 10.1109/jphot.2015.2435699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
By depositing a resolution test pattern on top of a Si3N4 photonic crystal resonant surface, we have measured the dependence of spatial resolution on refractive index contrast Δn. Our experimental results and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations at different refractive index contrasts show that the spatial resolution of our device reduces with reduced contrast, which is an important consideration in biosensing, where the contrast may be of order 10-2. We also compare 1-D and 2-D gratings, taking into account different incidence polarizations, leading to a better understanding of the excitation and propagation of the resonant modes in these structures, as well as how this contributes to the spatial resolution. At Δn = 0.077, we observe resolutions of 2 and 6 μm parallel to and perpendicular to the grooves of a 1-D grating, respectively, and show that for polarized illumination of a 2-D grating, resolution remains asymmetrical. Illumination of a 2-D grating at 45° results in symmetric resolution. At very low index contrast, the resolution worsens dramatically, particularly for Δn < 0.01, where we observe a resolution exceeding 10 μm for our device. In addition, we measure a reduction in the resonance linewidth as the index contrast becomes lower, corresponding to a longer resonant mode propagation length in the structure and contributing to the change in spatial resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. J. Triggs
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO24 1UB, U.K
| | - M. Fischer
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO24 1UB, U.K
| | - D. Stellinga
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO24 1UB, U.K
| | - M. G. Scullion
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO24 1UB, U.K
| | - G. J. O. Evans
- Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, YO24 1UB, U.K
| | - T. F. Krauss
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO24 1UB, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A fluorescent one-dimensional photonic crystal for label-free biosensing based on BLOCH surface waves. SENSORS 2013; 13:2011-22. [PMID: 23385414 PMCID: PMC3649429 DOI: 10.3390/s130202011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) based on a planar stack of dielectric layers is used as an optical transducer for biosensing, upon the coupling of TE-polarized Bloch Surface Waves (BSW). The structure is tailored with a polymeric layer providing a chemical functionality facilitating the covalent binding of orienting proteins needed for a subsequent grafting of antibodies in an immunoassay detection scheme. The polymeric layer is impregnated with Cy3 dye, in such a way that the photonic structure can exhibit an emissive behavior. The BSW-coupled fluorescence shift is used as a means for detecting refractive index variations occurring at the 1DPC surface, according to a label-free concept. The proposed working principle is successfully demonstrated in real-time tracking of protein G covalent binding on the 1DPC surface within a fluidic cell.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaji T, Yamada T, Ito S, Miyasaka H, Ueda R, Inoue SI, Otomo A. Controlled Spontaneous Emission of Single Molecules in a Two-Dimensional Photonic Band Gap. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 135:106-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3115357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kaji
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2
Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yamada
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2
Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Syoji Ito
- Division of Frontier Materials
Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, and Center for Quantum
Materials Science under Extreme Conditions, Osaka University, 1-3 Macikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials
Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, and Center for Quantum
Materials Science under Extreme Conditions, Osaka University, 1-3 Macikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Rieko Ueda
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2
Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Inoue
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2
Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Akira Otomo
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2
Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han JH, Sudheendra L, Kim HJ, Gee SJ, Hammock BD, Kennedy IM. Ultrasensitive on-chip immunoassays with a nanoparticle-assembled photonic crystal. ACS NANO 2012; 6:8570-82. [PMID: 22957818 PMCID: PMC3479307 DOI: 10.1021/nn301656c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic particle entrapment system (EPES) is employed to generate 2D array of nanoparticles coated with biological molecules (i.e., antibodies). Phase matching of the excitation and the emission in the 2D arrays with particles produces a highly enhanced fluorescence signal that was shown to improve the limit of detection in immunoassays. The phase matching is achieved when the particle are in the sub-100 nm range. A comparison between different size particles shows that the sensitivity of an immunoassay is extended to a range that is difficult to achieve with standard technology (e.g., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-ELISA). The effectiveness of this novel configuration of particle-in-a-well was demonstrated with an assay for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; breast cancer biomarker), with a detection limit as low as 10 attomolar (aM) in less than 10 μL of serum-based sample. The limit of detection of HER2 indicated far superior assay performance compared to the corresponding standard 96-well plate-based ELISA. The particle-based photonic platform reduces the reagent volume and the time for performing an assay in comparison to competing methods. The simplicity of operation and the level of sensitivity demonstrated here can be used for rapid and early stage detection of biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - L. Sudheendra
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Hee-Joo Kim
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Shirley J. Gee
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Ian M. Kennedy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cunningham BT, Zangar RC. Photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence for early breast cancer biomarker detection. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2012; 5:617-28. [PMID: 22736539 PMCID: PMC3844005 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystal surfaces offer a compelling platform for improving the sensitivity of surface-based fluorescent assays used in disease diagnostics. Through the complementary processes of photonic crystal enhanced excitation and enhanced extraction, a periodic dielectric-based nanostructured surface can simultaneously increase the electric field intensity experienced by surface-bound fluorophores and increase the collection efficiency of emitted fluorescent photons. Through the ability to inexpensively fabricate photonic crystal surfaces over substantial surface areas, they are amenable to single-use applications in biological sensing, such as disease biomarker detection in serum. In this review, we will describe the motivation for implementing high-sensitivity, multiplexed biomarker detection in the context of breast cancer diagnosis. We will summarize recent efforts to improve the detection limits of such assays though the use of photonic crystal surfaces. Reduction of detection limits is driven by low autofluorescent substrates for photonic crystal fabrication, and detection instruments that take advantage of their unique features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Cunningham
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chaudhery V, Lu M, Huang CS, Polans J, Tan R, Zangar RC, Cunningham BT. Line-scanning detection instrument for photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:2565-2567. [PMID: 22743456 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.002565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A laser line-scanning instrument was developed to optimize the near-field enhancement capability of a one-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) for excitation of surface-bound fluorophores. The excitation laser beam is shaped into an 8 μm × 1 mm line that is focused along the direction of the PC grating, while remaining collimated perpendicular to the grating. Such a beam configuration offers high excitation power density while simultaneously providing high resonant coupling efficiency from the laser to the PC surface. Using a panel of 21 immunofluorescence assays on the PC surface in a microarray format, the approach achieves an enhancement factor as high as 90-fold between on-resonance and off-resonance illumination. The instrument provides a capability for sensitive and inexpensive analysis of cancer biomarkers in clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Chaudhery
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ballarini M, Frascella F, De Leo N, Ricciardi S, Rivolo P, Mandracci P, Enrico E, Giorgis F, Michelotti F, Descrovi E. A polymer-based functional pattern on one-dimensional photonic crystals for photon sorting of fluorescence radiation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:6703-11. [PMID: 22418554 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.006703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work we introduce the use of a patterned polymer-based surface functionalization of a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) for controlling the emission direction of fluorescent proteins (ptA) via coupling to a set of two Bloch Surface Waves (BSW). Each BSW dispersion branch relates to a micrometric region on the patterned 1DPC, characterized by a well defined chemical characteristic. We report on the enhanced and spatially selective excitation of fluorescent ptA, and on the spatially-resolved detection of polarized emitted radiation coupled to specific BSW modes. As a result, we provide an optical multiplexing technique for the angular separation of fluorescence radiated from micrometric regions having different surface properties, even in the case the emitting labels are spectrally identical. This working principle can be advantageously extended to a multi-step nanometric relief structure for self-referencing biosensing or frequency-multiplexed fluorescence detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Ballarini
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|