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Khalid R, Kim J, Mahmood N, Cabrera H, Mehmood MQ, Danner A, Zubair M, Rho J. Fluid-Infiltrated Metalens-Driven Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for Optical Wireless Communications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2406690. [PMID: 39340831 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202406690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
A reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), a leading-edge technology, represents a new paradigm for adaptive control of electromagnetic waves between a source and a user. While RIS technology has proven effective in manipulating radio frequency waves using passive elements such as diodes and MEMS, its application in the optical domain is challenging. The main difficulty lies in meeting key performance indicators, with the most critical being accurate and self-adjusting positioning. This work presents an alternative RIS design methodology driven by an all-silicon structure and fluid infiltration, to achieve real-time control of focal length toward a designated user, thereby enabling secure data transmission. To validate the concept, both numerical simulations and experimental investigations of the RIS design methodology are conducted to demonstrate the performance of fluid-infiltrated metalens-driven RIS for this application. When combined with different fluids, the resulting ultra-compact RIS exhibits exceptional varifocal abilities, ranging from 0.4 to 0.5 mm, thereby confirming the adaptive tuning capabilities of the design. This may significantly enhance the modulation of optical waves and promote the development of RIS-based applications in wireless communications and secure data-transmission integrated photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramna Khalid
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
- SZCU-ITU Joint International MetaCenter for Advanced Photonics and Electronics, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Jaekyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- SZCU-ITU Joint International MetaCenter for Advanced Photonics and Electronics, Suzhou City University, Suzhou, 215104, China
| | - Humberto Cabrera
- MLab, STI Unit, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, 34151, Italy
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
- SZCU-ITU Joint International MetaCenter for Advanced Photonics and Electronics, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Aaron Danner
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
- SZCU-ITU Joint International MetaCenter for Advanced Photonics and Electronics, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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Xu ZH, Xu S, Qian C, Xu W, Ren H, Su W, Chen QD, Chen H, Sun HB. Chimera metasurface for multiterrain invisibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309096120. [PMID: 38285934 PMCID: PMC10861904 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309096120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Invisibility, a fascinating ability of hiding objects within environments, has attracted broad interest for a long time. However, current invisibility technologies are still restricted to stationary environments and narrow band. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a Chimera metasurface for multiterrain invisibility by synthesizing the natural camouflage traits of various poikilotherms. The metasurface achieves chameleon-like broadband in situ tunable microwave reflection mimicry of realistic water surface, shoal, beach/desert, grassland, and frozen ground from 8 to 12 GHz freely via the circuit-topology-transited mode evolution, while remaining optically transparent as an invisible glass frog. Additionally, the mechanic-driven Chimera metasurface without active electrothermal effect, owning a bearded dragon-like thermal acclimation, can decrease the maximum thermal imaging difference to 3.1 °C in tested realistic terrains, which cannot be recognized by human eyes. Our work transitions camouflage technologies from the constrained scenario to ever-changing terrains and constitutes a big advance toward the new-generation reconfigurable electromagnetics with circuit-topology dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Su Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Chao Qian
- Zhejiang University-University of Ilinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua321099, China
| | - Wenya Xu
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou215123, China
| | - Hang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Wenming Su
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou215123, China
| | - Qi-Dai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Zhejiang University-University of Ilinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua321099, China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing100084, China
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3
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Wen E, Yang X, Sievenpiper DF. Real-data-driven real-time reconfigurable microwave reflective surface. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7736. [PMID: 38007465 PMCID: PMC10676374 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulating the electromagnetic (EM) scattering behavior from an arbitrary surface dynamically on arbitrary design goals is an ultimate ambition for many EM stealth and communication problems, yet it is nearly impossible to accomplish with conventional analysis and optimization techniques. Here we present a reconfigurable conformal metasurface prototype as well as a workflow that enables it to respond to multiple design targets on the reflection pattern with extremely low on-site computing power and time. The metasurface is driven by a sequential tandem neural network which is pre-trained using actual experimental data, avoiding any possible errors that may arise from calculation, simulation, or manufacturing tolerances. This platform empowers the surface to operate accurately in a complex environment including varying incident angle and operating frequency, or even with other scatterers present close to the surface. The proposed data-driven approach requires minimum amount of prior knowledge and human effort yet provides maximized versatility on the reflection control, stepping towards the end form of intelligent tunable EM surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erda Wen
- Department of ECE, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- Department of ECE, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Cai T, Zheng B, Lou J, Shen L, Yang Y, Tang S, Li E, Qian C, Chen H. Experimental Realization of a Superdispersion-Enabled Ultrabroadband Terahertz Cloak. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2205053. [PMID: 35926151 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Invisibility has been a topic of long-standing interest owing to the advent of metamaterials and transformation optics, but still faces open challenges after its tremendous development in recent decades. One of the big challenges is the narrow bandwidth, as the realization of an invisibility cloak is usually based on a metamaterial-an artificial composite material composed of subwavelength resonator structures that are always associated with dispersion. Different from previous works that have tried to eliminate the material dispersion to enhance the bandwidth of an invisibility cloak, here, it is found that by judiciously harnessing the material dispersion, the bandwidth of the cloak can still be significantly increased. Interestingly, the material dispersion does not violate the law of causality. As a proof of concept, an ultrabroadband terahertz (THz) carpet cloak is experimentally demonstrated through an array of superdispersive microparticles, rendering the target object invisible to detection by both time- and frequency-domain wideband systems. The work presents a feasible invisibility strategy that is closer to practical applications and may pave a brand-new way for the development of dispersion-dominated ultrabroadband metadevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cai
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Air and Missile Defend College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, P. R. China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, P. R. China
| | - Jing Lou
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Air and Missile Defend College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, P. R. China
| | - Lian Shen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yihao Yang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shiwei Tang
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Erping Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chao Qian
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, P. R. China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, P. R. China
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5
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Ali A, Mitra A, Aïssa B. Metamaterials and Metasurfaces: A Review from the Perspectives of Materials, Mechanisms and Advanced Metadevices. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1027. [PMID: 35335837 PMCID: PMC8953484 DOI: 10.3390/nano12061027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Throughout human history, the control of light, electricity and heat has evolved to become the cornerstone of various innovations and developments in electrical and electromagnetic technologies. Wireless communications, laser and computer technologies have all been achieved by altering the way light and other energy forms act naturally and how to manage them in a controlled manner. At the nanoscale, to control light and heat, matured nanostructure fabrication techniques have been developed in the last two decades, and a wide range of groundbreaking processes have been achieved. Photonic crystals, nanolithography, plasmonics phenomena and nanoparticle manipulation are the main areas where these techniques have been applied successfully and led to an emergent material sciences branch known as metamaterials. Metamaterials and functional material development strategies are focused on the structures of the matter itself, which has led to unconventional and unique electromagnetic properties through the manipulation of light-and in a more general picture the electromagnetic waves-in widespread manner. Metamaterial's nanostructures have precise shape, geometry, size, direction and arrangement. Such configurations are impacting the electromagnetic light waves to generate novel properties that are difficult or even impossible to obtain with natural materials. This review discusses these metamaterials and metasurfaces from the perspectives of materials, mechanisms and advanced metadevices in depth, with the aim to serve as a solid reference for future works in this exciting and rapidly emerging topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Ali
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
| | - Anirban Mitra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India;
| | - Brahim Aïssa
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
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6
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Xu HX, Hu G, Wang Y, Wang C, Wang M, Wang S, Huang Y, Genevet P, Huang W, Qiu CW. Polarization-insensitive 3D conformal-skin metasurface cloak. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:75. [PMID: 33833215 PMCID: PMC8032745 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic metasurface cloaks provide an alternative paradigm toward rendering arbitrarily shaped scatterers invisible. Most transformation-optics (TO) cloaks intrinsically need wavelength-scale volume/thickness, such that the incoming waves could have enough long paths to interact with structured meta-atoms in the cloak region and consequently restore the wavefront. Other challenges of TO cloaks include the polarization-dependent operation to avoid singular parameters of composite cloaking materials and limitations of canonical geometries, e.g., circular, elliptical, trapezoidal, and triangular shapes. Here, we report for the first time a conformal-skin metasurface carpet cloak, enabling to work under arbitrary states of polarization (SOP) at Poincaré sphere for the incident light and arbitrary conformal platform of the object to be cloaked. By exploiting the foundry three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques to fabricate judiciously designed meta-atoms on the external surface of a conformal object, the spatial distributions of intensity and polarization of its scattered lights can be reconstructed exactly the same as if the scattering wavefront were deflected from a flat ground at any SOP, concealing targets under polarization-scanning detections. Two conformal-skin carpet cloaks working for partial- and full-azimuth plane operation are respectively fabricated on trapezoid and pyramid platforms via 3D printing. Experimental results are in good agreement with numerical simulations and both demonstrate the polarization-insensitive cloaking within a desirable bandwidth. Our approach paves a deterministic and robust step forward to the realization of interfacial, free-form, and full-polarization cloaking for a realistic arbitrary-shape target in real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Xiu Xu
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China.
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, China.
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yanzhao Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaohui Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingzhao Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongjun Huang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Chengdu, China
| | - Patrice Genevet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications (CRHEA), 06560, Valbonne, France.
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, China.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
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Zhang W, Zhang B, Fang X, Cheng K, Chen W, Wang Z, Hong D, Zhang M. Microfluid-based soft metasurface for tunable optical activity in THz wave. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:8786-8795. [PMID: 33820320 DOI: 10.1364/oe.420660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are usually planar structures and do not possess intrinsic chirality and therefore hardly generate optical activity. Here we realized a tunable optical activity in a terahertz wave through a microfluid-based soft metasurface. The meta-atom is a chiral structured microchannel made of soft polydimethylsiloxane and injected with the liquid metal Galinstan. A microfluid pressure system is bonded to the metasurface to reconfigure all meta-atoms simultaneously. By pumping glycerol liquid into the pressure system, the metasurface is deformed from a planar structure to a three dimensional one, which manifests intrinsic chirality for optical activity realization. By controlling the injected glycerol volume, a polarization rotation from 0°to 14° at 0.19 THz is demonstrated. The soft metasurface with tunable optical activity can be flexibly applied in various applications such as polarization microscopy, bio-detection and material analysis, etc.
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8
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Xu HX, Wang Y, Wang C, Wang M, Wang S, Ding F, Huang Y, Zhang X, Liu H, Ling X, Huang W. Deterministic Approach to Achieve Full-Polarization Cloak. RESEARCH 2021; 2021:6382172. [PMID: 33748763 PMCID: PMC7945686 DOI: 10.34133/2021/6382172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Achieving full-polarization (σ) invisibility on an arbitrary three-dimensional (3D) platform is a long-held knotty issue yet extremely promising in real-world stealth applications. However, state-of-the-art invisibility cloaks typically work under a specific polarization because the anisotropy and orientation-selective resonant nature of artificial materials made the σ-immune operation elusive and terribly challenging. Here, we report a deterministic approach to engineer a metasurface skin cloak working under an arbitrary polarization state by theoretically synergizing two cloaking phase patterns required, respectively, at spin-up (σ+) and spin-down (σ−) states. Therein, the wavefront of any light impinging on the cloak can be well preserved since it is a superposition of σ+ and σ− wave. To demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability, several proof-of-concept metasurface cloaks are designed to wrap over a 3D triangle platform at microwave frequency. Results show that our cloaks are essentially capable of restoring the amplitude and phase of reflected beams as if light was incident on a flat mirror or an arbitrarily predesigned shape under full polarization states with a desirable bandwidth of ~17.9%, conceiving or deceiving an arbitrary object placed inside. Our approach, deterministic and robust in terms of accurate theoretical design, reconciles the milestone dilemma in stealth discipline and opens up an avenue for the extreme capability of ultrathin 3D cloaking of an arbitrary shape, paving up the road for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Xiu Xu
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China.,Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.,College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Yanzhao Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Chaohui Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Mingzhao Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Fei Ding
- SDU Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Yongjun Huang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xiaokuan Zhang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Haiwen Liu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaohui Ling
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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Jing X, Feng D, Tian Y, Li M, Chu C, Li C, He Y, Gan H, Hong Z. Design of two invisibility cloaks using transmissive and reflective metamaterial-based multilayer frame microstructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:35528-35539. [PMID: 33379666 DOI: 10.1364/oe.409137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin metamaterials provide new possibilities for the realization of cloaking devices because of their ability to control electromagnetic waves. However, applications of metamaterials in cloaking devices have been limited primarily to reflection-type carpet cloaks. Hence, a transmissive free-space cloak was developed using a multilayer frame structure, wherein highly transparent metamaterials were used to guide incident waves into propagating around an object. The cloaking effect was quantitatively verified using near-field and far-field distributions. Metamaterials allow for the cloaking shells of transmissive cloaks to be developed without spatially varying extreme parameters. Moreover, a transmissive invisible cloak with metamaterial-based mirrors was designed. The design principle of this cloak with a frame structure consists of four metamaterial-based mirrors and two metal mirrors. After covered with the designed metamaterials-based mirrors cloak, the outgoing electromagnetic wave is restored greatly as if the wave passes directly through the obstacle without distortion. This cloak used the metamaterials mirrors to adjust the reflected angle, so that the outgoing electromagnetic wave does not change direction, thereby achieving the cloaking effect.
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Cui TJ, Li L, Liu S, Ma Q, Zhang L, Wan X, Jiang WX, Cheng Q. Information Metamaterial Systems. iScience 2020; 23:101403. [PMID: 32777776 PMCID: PMC7415848 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamaterials have great capabilities and flexibilities in controlling electromagnetic (EM) waves because their subwavelength meta-atoms can be designed and tailored in desired ways. However, once the structure-only metamaterials (i.e., passive metamaterials) are fabricated, their functions will be fixed. To control the EM waves dynamically, active devices are integrated into the meta-atoms, yielding active metamaterials. Traditionally, the active metamaterials include tunable metamaterials and reconfigurable metamaterials, which have either small-range tunability or a few numbers of reconfigurability. Recently, a special kind of active metamaterials, digital coding and programmable metamaterials, have been presented, which can realize a large number of distinct functionalities and switch them in real time with the aid of field programmable gate array (FPGA). More importantly, the digital coding representations of metamaterials make it possible to bridge the digital world and physical world using the metamaterial platform and make the metamaterials process digital information directly, resulting in information metamaterials. In this review article, we firstly introduce the evolution of metamaterials and then present the concepts and basic principles of digital coding metamaterials and information metamaterials. With more details, we discuss a series of information metamaterial systems, including the programmable metamaterial systems, software metamaterial systems, intelligent metamaterial systems, and space-time-coding metamaterial systems. Finally, we introduce the current progress and predict the future trends of information metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Lianlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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11
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Yan R, Yang J, Yang Y, Tu X, Huang T, Ge MF, Liu Y, Song C. Cloaking object on an optofluidic chip: its theory and demonstration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:18283-18295. [PMID: 32680027 DOI: 10.1364/oe.394486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the design of metamaterial guided by transformation optics (TO) has emerged as an effective method to hide objects from optical detection, based on arranging a bended light beam to detour. However, this TO-based solution involves fabrication of material with complicated distribution of permittivity and permeability, and the device falls short of tunability after fabrication. In this work, we propose an optofluidic model employing the method of streamline tracing-based transformation optofluidics (STTOF) to hydrodynamically reconfigure light propagation in a given flow field for object-cloaking purposes. The proof-of-concept is demonstrated and tested on an optofluidic chip to validate our proposed theory. Experimental results show that our proposed STTOF method can be used to successfully detour the light path from the object under cloaking in a mathematically pre-defined manner.
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12
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Cappello B, Matekovits L. Harmonic analysis and reduction of the scattered field from electrically large cloaked metallic cylinders. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:3742-3750. [PMID: 32400501 DOI: 10.1364/ao.387246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an analysis of the spectral composition of the scattered field from coated metallic cylinders is performed, focusing particularly on the cloaking of electrically large structures. An expression of the scattering coefficients is derived, considering both a dielectric and a metasurface coating. Modeling the metasurface as a surface impedance boundary condition, the surface impedance, which annuls one harmonic of the scattered field, is formulated in a closed and compact form. Moreover, in the case of cylinders with radius comparable with the wavelength of interest, it is demonstrated that a reduction of the scattering is possible by using a homogeneous metasurface coating, which presents a positive surface reactance. In particular, a reduction of the scattering width of 4 dB is achieved for a cylinder radius of $ a = 0.917{\lambda _0} $a=0.917λ0.
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Abstract
An object illuminated by an electromagnetic wave can be actively cloaked using a surface conformal array of radiating sources to cancel out scattering. This method is promising as elementary antennas can be used as sources while its active nature can surpass passivity-based performance limitations. While this technique has been conceptually extended to accommodate complex geometries, experimental validation past simple uniform scatterers is lacking. To address this scarcity, the design and experimental demonstration of a low-profile, active cloak capable of concealing a complex, metallic, polygonal target is presented. This cloak is constructed with commercially available monopoles and enclosed within a parallel-plate waveguide-based apparatus to approximate a quasi-2D environment. Performance is then assessed when the target is illuminated at either frontal or oblique incidence by a 1.2 GHz cylindrical wave. Overall, the cloak reduces the target’s scattering cross-section by an average of 7.2 dB at frontal incidence and 8.6 dB at oblique incidence. These results demonstrate the feasibility of this kind of active cloaking for more complex scatterers containing flat surfaces and edges. Further analysis shows that the cloak possesses a functional bandwidth of 14% and can be reconfigured for single frequency operation over 0.8–1.8 GHz.
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Wang Q, Zhang XG, Tian HW, Jiang WX, Bao D, Jiang HL, Luo ZJ, Wu LT, Cui TJ. Millimeter‐Wave Digital Coding Metasurfaces Based on Nematic Liquid Crystals. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201900141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Xin Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Han Wei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Di Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Hao Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Zhang Jie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Li Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
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15
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Zhang Q, Liu C, Wan X, Zhang L, Liu S, Yang Y, Cui TJ. Machine‐Learning Designs of Anisotropic Digital Coding Metasurfaces. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Che Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Xiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Shuo Liu
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Yan Yang
- Centre of Intelligent Acoustics and Immersive Communications and School of Marine Science and TechnologyNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xian 710072 China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
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16
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Li M, Li S, Yu Y, Ni X, Chen R. Design of random and sparse metalens with matrix pencil method. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:24702-24711. [PMID: 30469583 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.024702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose a matrix pencil method for designing one- or two- dimensional (1D or 2D) metalenses with randomly distributed meta-atoms. In contrast to the standard random synthesis algorithm that only randomizes the position of the meta-atoms, the proposed method designs both the position and phase of each meta-atom rigorously. Several all-dielectric random metalenses, in both 1D and 2D operating at 220 GHz, are presented by using our proposed algorithm. Minimum reduction of focusing efficiency can be achieved with respect to a standard metalens with periodically arranged meta-atoms. In contrast to previously reported random metalenses, our random metalenses achieve much higher efficiency, while staying polarization-independent. This synthesis method will pave a way for future random-metasurface-based device designs, which could have more degrees of freedom to information multiplexing.
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Chen X, Gao J, Kang B. Achieving a tunable metasurface based on a structurally reconfigurable array using SMA. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:4300-4308. [PMID: 29475281 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.004300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a structurally reconfigurable metasurface which is made of shape memory alloys (SMA). It could change the morphology of the unit cells repeatedly as we expect in response to a thermal stimulus and realize a tuning range from 13.3GHz to 17.2GHz for both polarizations simultaneously. Equivalent circuit models describe the operational principle and design methodology, the physical mechanism is interpreted with the variation of surface current distribution on the structure. The experimental results coincide with the numerical simulations, making the all-metal metasurface an attractive choice for manipulating the electromagnetic wave in a wide range of spectrums with the merits of higher controllability for dynamic behavior and greater freedom for design and manufacturing.
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18
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Liu S, Cui TJ, Xu Q, Bao D, Du L, Wan X, Tang WX, Ouyang C, Zhou XY, Yuan H, Ma HF, Jiang WX, Han J, Zhang W, Cheng Q. Anisotropic coding metamaterials and their powerful manipulation of differently polarized terahertz waves. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16076. [PMID: 30167164 PMCID: PMC6059931 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials based on effective media can be used to produce a number of unusual physical properties (for example, negative refraction and invisibility cloaking) because they can be tailored with effective medium parameters that do not occur in nature. Recently, the use of coding metamaterials has been suggested for the control of electromagnetic waves through the design of coding sequences using digital elements '0' and '1,' which possess opposite phase responses. Here we propose the concept of an anisotropic coding metamaterial in which the coding behaviors in different directions are dependent on the polarization status of the electromagnetic waves. We experimentally demonstrate an ultrathin and flexible polarization-controlled anisotropic coding metasurface that functions in the terahertz regime using specially designed coding elements. By encoding the elements with elaborately designed coding sequences (both 1-bit and 2-bit sequences), the x- and y-polarized waves can be anomalously reflected or independently diffused in three dimensions. The simulated far-field scattering patterns and near-field distributions are presented to illustrate the dual-functional performance of the encoded metasurface, and the results are consistent with the measured results. We further demonstrate the ability of the anisotropic coding metasurfaces to generate a beam splitter and realize simultaneous anomalous reflections and polarization conversions, thus providing powerful control of differently polarized electromagnetic waves. The proposed method enables versatile beam behaviors under orthogonal polarizations using a single metasurface and has the potential for use in the development of interesting terahertz devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Quan Xu
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Di Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Liangliang Du
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wen Xuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Chunmei Ouyang
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiao Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Jiangsu Xuantu Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Jiangsu Xuantu Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Hui Feng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jiaguang Han
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Weili Zhang
- Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, Chengdu 610054, China
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, Chengdu 610054, China
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Vitiello A, Moccia M, Papari GP, D'Alterio G, Vitiello R, Galdi V, Andreone A. Waveguide Characterization of S-Band Microwave Mantle Cloaks for Dielectric and Conducting Objects. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19716. [PMID: 26803985 PMCID: PMC4726170 DOI: 10.1038/srep19716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the experimental characterization of mantle cloaks designed so as to minimize the electromagnetic scattering of moderately-sized dielectric and conducting cylinders at S-band microwave frequencies. Our experimental setup is based on a parallel-plate waveguide system, which emulates a two-dimensional plane-wave scattering scenario, and allows the collection of near-field maps as well as more quantitative assessments in terms of global scattering observables (e.g., total scattering width). Our results, in fairly good agreement with full-wave numerical simulations, provide a further illustration of the mantle- cloak mechanism, including its frequency-sensitivity, and confirm its effectiveness both in restoring the near-field impinging wavefront around the scatterer, and in significantly reducing the overall scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Vitiello
- CNR-SPIN and Department of Physics, University of Naples "Federico II", I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Moccia
- Waves Group, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Papari
- CNR-SPIN and Department of Physics, University of Naples "Federico II", I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Galdi
- Waves Group, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonello Andreone
- CNR-SPIN and Department of Physics, University of Naples "Federico II", I-80125 Naples, Italy
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A Near Zero Refractive Index Metamaterial for Electromagnetic Invisibility Cloaking Operation. MATERIALS 2015; 8:4790-4804. [PMID: 28793472 PMCID: PMC5455491 DOI: 10.3390/ma8084790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The paper reveals the design of a unit cell of a metamaterial that shows more than 2 GHz wideband near zero refractive index (NZRI) property in the C-band region of microwave spectra. The two arms of the unit cell were splitted in such a way that forms a near-pi-shape structure on epoxy resin fiber (FR-4) substrate material. The reflection and transmission characteristics of the unit cell were achieved by utilizing finite integration technique based simulation software. Measured results were presented, which complied well with simulated results. The unit cell was then applied to build a single layer rectangular-shaped cloak that operates in the C-band region where a metal cylinder was perfectly hidden electromagnetically by reducing the scattering width below zero. Moreover, the unit cell shows NZRI property there. The experimental result for the cloak operation was presented in terms of S-parameters as well. In addition, the same metamaterial shell was also adopted for designing an eye-shaped and triangular-shaped cloak structure to cloak the same object, and cloaking operation is achieved in the C-band, as well with slightly better cloaking performance. The novel design, NZRI property, and single layer C-band cloaking operation has made the design a promising one in the electromagnetic paradigm.
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Gao F, Gao Z, Shi X, Yang Z, Lin X, Zhang B. Dispersion-tunable designer-plasmonic resonator with enhanced high-order resonances. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:6896-6902. [PMID: 25836909 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.006896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate an approach to efficiently tune the dispersion of a designer-plasmonic resonator, or a plasmonic 'meta-atom', by incorporating an extra ground plane underneath. We demonstrate that this ground plane is able to enhance resonances, and the enhancing effect can render those higher-order azimuthal modes, being absent in previously reported designer-plasmonic resonators, experimentally observable. After incorporating the ground plane, all resonance modes are red shifted with their Q factors enhanced. By increasing the separation from the planar resonator to the underneath ground plane, all enhanced modes are blue shifted with Q factors decreased slightly, whose trend is opposite to increasing the thickness of a dielectric substrate of a common meta-atom without a ground. These results may find potential applications in tunable designer-plasmonic sensors and plasmonic metamaterial designs.
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Chen S, Fan F, Wang X, Wu P, Zhang H, Chang S. Terahertz isolator based on nonreciprocal magneto-metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:1015-1024. [PMID: 25835861 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A magneto-metasurface with nonreciprocal terahertz (THz) transmission has been proposed to form a THz isolator. Importantly, we have discussed the two necessary conditions for THz nonreciprocal transmission in the metasurface: (1) There should be magneto-optical responses for THz waves in the metasurface; (2) The transmission system of the metasurface needs to be asymmetric for forward and backward waves. These two conditions lead to the time reversal symmetry breaking of system, and the magnetoplasmon mode splitting and nonreciprocal resonance enhancement can be observed in the asymmetry magneto-metasurface. Moreover, the isolation dependences and tunability on the external magnetic field and temperature have also been investigated, which shows that the best operating state with a high isolation can be designed. The numerical simulations show a maximum isolation of 43 dB and a 10 dB operating bandwidth of 20 GHz under an external magnetic field of 0.3 T, and the insertion loss is smaller than 1.79 dB. This low-loss, high isolation, easy coupling THz isolator has broadly potentials for THz application systems.
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Liu S, Zhang HC, Xu HX, Cui TJ. Nonideal ultrathin mantle cloak for electrically large conducting cylinders. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2014; 31:2075-2082. [PMID: 25401449 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.31.002075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on the concept of the scattering cancellation technique, we propose a nonideal ultrathin mantle cloak that can efficiently suppress the total scattering cross sections of an electrically large conducting cylinder (over one free-space wavelength). The cloaking mechanism is investigated in depth based on the Mie scattering theory and is simultaneously interpreted from the perspective of far-field bistatic scattering and near-field distributions. We remark that, unlike the perfect transformation-optics-based cloak, this nonideal cloaking technique is mainly designed to minimize simultaneously several scattering multipoles of a relatively large geometry around considerably broad bandwidth. Numerical simulations and experimental results show that the antiscattering ability of the metasurface gives rise to excellent total scattering reduction of the electrically large cylinder and remarkable electric-field restoration around the cloak. The outstanding cloaking performance together with the good features of and ultralow profile, flexibility, and easy fabrication predict promising applications in the microwave frequencies.
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