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Shi L, Ming X, Ma K, Sun Q, Wang L, Zhao W, Zhang W. Routing to mid-infrared microcomb via near-infrared direct pump. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:20930-20940. [PMID: 37381205 DOI: 10.1364/oe.494515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (MIR) microcomb provides a new way into the "molecular fingerprint" region. However, it remains rather a challenge to realize the broadband mode-locked soliton microcomb, which is often limited by the performance of available MIR pump sources and coupling devices. Here, we propose an effective approach towards broadband MIR soliton microcombs generation via a direct pump in the near-infrared (NIR) region, through full utilization of the second- and third-order nonlinearities in a thin-film lithium niobate microresonator. The optical parametric oscillation process contributes to conversion from the pump at 1550 nm to the signal around 3100 nm, and the four-wave mixing effect promotes spectrum expansion and mode-locking process. While the second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation effects facilitate simultaneous emission of the NIR comb teeth. Both the continuous wave and pulse pump sources with relatively low power can support a MIR soliton with a bandwidth over 600 nm and a concomitant NIR microcomb with a bandwidth of 100 nm. This work can provide a promising solution for broadband MIR microcombs by breaking through the limitation of available MIR pump sources, and can deepen the understanding of the physical mechanism of the quadratic soliton assisted by the Kerr effect.
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2
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Laumer D, Salman S, Ma Y, Zawilski KT, Schunemann PG, Seidel M, Heyl CM, Hartl I. Sub-Hz relative linewidths from an interferometrically stabilized mid-infrared frequency comb. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:3055-3058. [PMID: 37262279 DOI: 10.1364/ol.491684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Frequency combs present a unique tool for high-precision and rapid molecular spectroscopy. Difference frequency generation (DFG) of near-infrared sources is a common approach to generate passively stabilized mid-infrared combs. However, only little attention has been paid so far to precisely measure the coherence properties of such sources. Here, we investigate these using a Raman-soliton based DFG source driven by an Yb:fiber frequency comb. A heterodyne beat between the second harmonic of the phase-locked DFG comb near 4 µm and a 2 µm Tm:fiber frequency comb locked to the same optical reference is performed. Using this method, we measure the relative phase noise power spectral density of both combs. This results in a sub-Hz relative linewidth between the DFG comb and the Tm:fiber comb. We also introduce a new pump/seed delay locking mechanism based on interferometry for long-term stable intensity noise suppression.
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3
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Battle RA, Chandran AM, Runcorn TH, Mussot A, Kudlinski A, Murray RT, Roy Taylor J. Mid-infrared difference-frequency generation directly pumped by a fiber four-wave mixing source. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:387-390. [PMID: 36638464 DOI: 10.1364/ol.476754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new, to the best of our knowledge, method of generating mid-infrared pulses by difference frequency mixing the Stokes pulse generated by four-wave mixing in a photonic crystal fiber with the remaining pump pulse. The Stokes pulses generated by four-wave mixing are inherently overlapped temporally and spatially with the pump pulse at the output of the fiber. Focusing this output into a nonlinear crystal phase matched for difference frequency generation between the pump and Stokes pulses results in a simple method of generating mid-infrared pulses. With a pump source at 1.064 µm, and a photonic crystal fiber engineered to generate Stokes pulses at approximately 1.65 µm, we generate 160 mW of mid-infrared light at approximately 3 µm through difference frequency generation.
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4
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Hoghooghi N, Xing S, Chang P, Lesko D, Lind A, Rieker G, Diddams S. Broadband 1-GHz mid-infrared frequency comb. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:264. [PMID: 36071054 PMCID: PMC9452668 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometers are invaluable tools for molecular fingerprinting and hyper-spectral imaging. Among the available spectroscopic approaches, GHz MIR dual-comb absorption spectrometers have the potential to simultaneously combine the high-speed, high spectral resolution, and broad optical bandwidth needed to accurately study complex, transient events in chemistry, combustion, and microscopy. However, such a spectrometer has not yet been demonstrated due to the lack of GHz MIR frequency combs with broad and full spectral coverage. Here, we introduce the first broadband MIR frequency comb laser platform at 1 GHz repetition rate that achieves spectral coverage from 3 to 13 µm. This frequency comb is based on a commercially available 1.56 µm mode-locked laser, robust all-fiber Er amplifiers and intra-pulse difference frequency generation (IP-DFG) of few-cycle pulses in χ(2) nonlinear crystals. When used in a dual comb spectroscopy (DCS) configuration, this source will simultaneously enable measurements with μs time resolution, 1 GHz (0.03 cm-1) spectral point spacing and a full bandwidth of >5 THz (>166 cm-1) anywhere within the MIR atmospheric windows. This represents a unique spectroscopic resource for characterizing fast and non-repetitive events that are currently inaccessible with other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Hoghooghi
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Sida Xing
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Peter Chang
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Daniel Lesko
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Alexander Lind
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Greg Rieker
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Scott Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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5
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Tong HT, Koumura A, Nakatani A, Nguyen HPT, Matsumoto M, Sakai G, Suzuki T, Ohishi Y. Chalcogenide all-solid hybrid microstructured optical fiber with polarization maintaining properties and its mid-infrared supercontinuum generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:25433-25449. [PMID: 36237074 DOI: 10.1364/oe.459745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a successful fabrication of a highly nonlinear chalcogenide all-solid hybrid microstructured optical fiber with polarization maintaining properties and a mid-infrared SC generation. Up to 4.5 × 10-4 at 10 µm of the fiber birefringence can be realized by employing a single As2Se3 core and two As2S5 rods horizontally aligned in the AsSe2 cladding. The fiber possesses a near-zero and flattened all-normal chromatic dispersion profile over the wavelength range from 5 to 10 µm. The polarization maintaining properties of the fiber is experimentally confirmed and a broadband supercontinuum spectrum from 2 to 10 µm in the mid-infrared window was experimentally demonstrated.
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6
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Roiz M, Vainio M. Versatile optical frequency combs based on multi-seeded femtosecond optical parametric generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:17789-17805. [PMID: 36221593 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes and demonstrates a versatile method for near- and mid-infrared optical frequency comb generation using multi-seeded femtosecond optical parametric generation. The method allows one to divide the repetition rate by an arbitrarily large integer factor, freely tune the offset frequency, and adjust the common phase offset of the comb modes. Since all possible degrees of freedom are adjustable, the proposed method manifests itself as versatile optical frequency synthesis.
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Frequency Down-Conversion of Optical Pulse to the Far Infrared and THz Frequency Ranges Due to the Cascading Process in a Medium with a Quadratic Nonlinear Response. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Difference-frequency generation is a well-known method of obtaining IR and THz radiation. It has many practical applications, such as sensing, optical metrology, diagnostics, detection and identification of substances, etc. One of the generation methods is based on the three-wave interaction in a medium with second-order nonlinear susceptibility. In this study, we investigated a special case of the frequency down-conversion into IR and THz ranges of the frequencies: the frequencies of interacting waves were multiple. We analyzed theoretically two cases of three-wave interactions: amplification of the infrared (or THz) radiation (incident weak intensity of a wave at this frequency) and a wave generation with the difference-frequency (incident zero-value intensity at this frequency). The amplification efficiency could achieve 75% and the maximal frequency conversion efficiency is about 25%. The computer simulation results made for the femtosecond pulse interaction in a crystal with the wavelength 4, 10, and 24 μm demonstrates applicability of such a scheme for the frequency down-conversion. This scheme of the THz radiation generation is a perspective tool for its application in the screening system for the detection and identification of substances.
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Modsching N, Drs J, Brochard P, Fischer J, Schilt S, Wittwer VJ, Südmeyer T. High-power dual-comb thin-disk laser oscillator for fast high-resolution spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:15104-15113. [PMID: 33985217 DOI: 10.1364/oe.424317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Free-running dual-comb systems based on a single laser cavity are an attractive next generation technology for a wide variety of applications. The high average power achievable by dual-comb thin-disk laser (TDL) oscillators make this technology especially attractive for spectroscopy and sensing applications in the molecular fingerprint region enabled by nonlinear frequency conversion. However, the high noise levels of TDL oscillators, e.g., induced by the turbulent water-cooling of the disk, are a severe challenge for spectroscopic applications. In this contribution, we confirm for the first time the suitability of dual-comb TDLs for high-resolution spectroscopy. Based on the novel concept of polarization splitting inside a TDL, our oscillator generates two asynchronous pulse trains of 240-fs pulse duration at 6-W and 8-W average power per pulse train and ∼97-MHz repetition rate at a central wavelength of 1030 nm. In the first detailed noise investigation of such a system, we identify the repetition frequency as the dominant noise term and show that ∼85% of the frequency noise of the comb lines of both pulse trains is correlated (integrated from 200 Hz to 20 kHz). We detect the absorption spectrum of acetylene in free-running operation within a measurement time of 1 millisecond. Being highly suitable for nonlinear frequency conversion, we believe the here presented result is an important step towards simple yet powerful mid-infrared dual-comb systems for high-resolution spectroscopy.
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9
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Zhou L, Liu Y, Lou H, Di Y, Xie G, Zhu Z, Deng Z, Luo D, Gu C, Chen H, Li W. Octave mid-infrared optical frequency comb from Er:fiber-laser-pumped aperiodically poled Mg: LiNbO 3. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6458-6461. [PMID: 33258836 DOI: 10.1364/ol.410958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report an octave-spanning mid-infrared (MIR) comb generation with a difference frequency generation (DFG) approach optimized for aperiodically poled Mg:LiNbO3 and nonlinear spectral broadening. An Er:fiber comb is delivered to two branches and amplified in an Yb:fiber and an Er:fiber amplifier, respectively. We demonstrate that the two-branch DFG can yield the spectrum tuned over an octave in a fan-out periodically poled lithium niobate. Thus, we obtain an optimized poling period profile and design the aperiodically poled Mg:LiNbO3. The results demonstrate that broadband combs can be generated in the MIR atmospheric window.
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Huang WH, Zhao Y, Kusama S, Kumaki F, Luo CW, Fuji T. Generation of sub-half-cycle 10 µm pulses through filamentation at kilohertz repetition rates. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:36527-36543. [PMID: 33379745 DOI: 10.1364/oe.408342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We have experimentally demonstrated the generation of sub-half-cycle phase-stable pulses with the carrier wavelength of 10.2 µm through two-color filamentation in nitrogen. The carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of the MIR pulse is passively stabilized and controlled by the attosecond time delay between the two-color input pulses. The duration of the MIR pulse is 13.7 fs, which corresponds to 0.402 cycles. The absolute value of the CEP of the generated sub-half-cycle pulse is consistent with a simple four-wave difference frequency generation model. We have also found that the 10 kHz repetition rate of the light source causes the fluctuation of the pulse energy on a few hundred millisecond time scale.
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11
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Yang H, Zhang S, Zhao H, Ge J. Phase-coherent asynchronous optical sampling system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:37040-37048. [PMID: 33379785 DOI: 10.1364/oe.405074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mutual phase coherence is the utmost crucial factor in an asynchronous optical sampling system. The enhancement is commonly achieved by phase-locking dual femtosecond lasers to a shared narrow-linewidth cavity-stabilized laser. Here we report such a system with a low residual optical phase jitter at a level of 0.04 rad in a Fourier frequency band from 1 Hz to 5 MHz around 1.55 µm, corresponding to a timing jitter of 30 as. The residual phase jitter reaches 1 rad at a Fourier frequency between 0.06 Hz and 0.1 Hz, from which the phase-coherence time is inferred to be at least 10 s. The multi-heterodyne beats experimentally reveal a hardware-limited phase coherence time of ∼8.155 s throughout the direct lasing spectral band.
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12
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Nägele M, Steinle T, Mörz F, Linnenbank H, Steinmann A, Giessen H. Compact harmonic cavity optical parametric oscillator for optical parametric amplifier seeding. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:25000-25006. [PMID: 32907031 DOI: 10.1364/oe.399029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a broadly tunable highly efficient frequency conversion scheme, based on a low-threshold harmonic cavity optical parametric oscillator (OPO) followed by an idler-seeded power amplifier. By choosing the cavity length of the OPO equal to the 10th harmonic of its 41 MHz Yb:KGW solid-state pump laser, a very compact optical setup is achieved. A singly-resonant cavity without output coupler results in a low oscillation threshold of only 28-100 mW in the entire signal tuning range of 1.37-1.8 µm. The 2.4-4.15 µm idler radiation is coupled out at the 41 MHz pump frequency and employed to seed a post amplifier with nearly Watt-level output power. In addition, the seeder plus power amplifier concept results in clean signal and idler pulses at the fundamental repetition rate of 41 MHz with a time-bandwidth product below 0.4 and a relative intensity noise 10 dB lower compared to the solid-state pump laser.
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13
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Kowligy AS, Carlson DR, Hickstein DD, Timmers H, Lind AJ, Schunemann PG, Papp SB, Diddams SA. Mid-infrared frequency combs at 10 GHz. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3677-3680. [PMID: 32630928 DOI: 10.1364/ol.391651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate mid-infrared (MIR) frequency combs at 10 GHz repetition rate via intra-pulse difference-frequency generation (DFG) in quasi-phase-matched nonlinear media. Few-cycle pump pulses (≲15fs, 100 pJ) from a near-infrared electro-optic frequency comb are provided via nonlinear soliton-like compression in photonic-chip silicon-nitride waveguides. Subsequent intra-pulse DFG in periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides yields MIR frequency combs in the 3.1-4.8 µm region, while orientation-patterned gallium phosphide provides coverage across 7-11 µm. Cascaded second-order nonlinearities simultaneously provide access to the carrier-envelope-offset frequency of the pump source via in-line f-2f nonlinear interferometry. The high-repetition rate MIR frequency combs introduced here can be used for condensed phase spectroscopy and applications such as laser heterodyne radiometry.
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14
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Ycas G, Giorgetta FR, Friedlein JT, Herman D, Cossel KC, Baumann E, Newbury NR, Coddington I. Compact mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer for outdoor spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:14740-14752. [PMID: 32403509 DOI: 10.1364/oe.385860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the design of a robust, mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer operating in the 3.1-µm to 4-µm spectral window for future field applications. The design represents an improvement in system size, power consumption, and robustness relative to previous work while also providing a high spectral signal-to-noise ratio. We demonstrate a system quality factor of 2×106 and 30 hours of continuous operation over a 120-meter outdoor air path.
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Lind AJ, Kowligy A, Timmers H, Cruz FC, Nader N, Silfies MC, Allison TK, Diddams SA. Mid-Infrared Frequency Comb Generation and Spectroscopy with Few-Cycle Pulses and χ^{(2)} Nonlinear Optics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:133904. [PMID: 32302192 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.133904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mid-infrared atmospheric window of 3-5.5 μm holds valuable information regarding molecular composition and function for fundamental and applied spectroscopy. Using a robust, mode-locked fiber-laser source of <11 fs pulses in the near infrared, we explore quadratic (χ^{(2)}) nonlinear optical processes leading to frequency comb generation across this entire mid-infrared atmospheric window. With experiments and modeling, we demonstrate intrapulse difference frequency generation that yields few-cycle mid-infrared pulses in a single pass through periodically poled lithium niobate. Harmonic and cascaded χ^{(2)} nonlinearities further provide direct access to the carrier-envelope offset frequency of the near infrared driving pulse train. The high frequency stability of the mid-infrared frequency comb is exploited for spectroscopy of acetone and carbonyl sulfide with simultaneous bandwidths exceeding 11 THz and with spectral resolution as high as 0.003 cm^{-1}. The combination of low noise and broad spectral coverage enables detection of trace gases with concentrations in the part-per-billion range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Lind
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 2000 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Abijith Kowligy
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 2000 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Henry Timmers
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Flavio C Cruz
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Nima Nader
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Myles C Silfies
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Thomas K Allison
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Scott A Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 2000 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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16
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Gianella M, Nataraj A, Tuzson B, Jouy P, Kapsalidis F, Beck M, Mangold M, Hugi A, Faist J, Emmenegger L. High-resolution and gapless dual comb spectroscopy with current-tuned quantum cascade lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:6197-6208. [PMID: 32225874 DOI: 10.1364/oe.379790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present gapless, high-resolution absorption and dispersion spectra obtained with quantum cascade laser frequency combs covering 55 cm-1. Using phase-sensitive dual comb design, the comb lines are gradually swept over 10 GHz, corresponding to the free spectral range of the laser devices, by applying a current modulation. We show that with interleaving the spectral point spacing is reduced by more than four orders of magnitude over the full spectral span of the frequency comb. The potential of this technique for high-precision gas sensing is illustrated by measuring the low pressure (107 hPa) absorption and dispersion spectra of methane spanning the range of 1170 cm-1 - 1225 cm-1 with a resolution of 0.001 cm-1.
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17
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Catanese A, Rutledge J, Silfies MC, Li X, Timmers H, Kowligy AS, Lind A, Diddams SA, Allison TK. Mid-infrared frequency comb with 6.7 W average power based on difference frequency generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1248-1251. [PMID: 32108817 DOI: 10.1364/ol.385294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a high-power mid-infrared frequency comb with 100 MHz repetition rate and 100 fs pulse duration. Difference frequency generation is realized between two branches derived from an Er:fiber comb, amplified separately in Yb:fiber and Er:fiber amplifiers. Average powers of 6.7 W and 14.9 W are generated in the 2.9 µm idler and 1.6 µm signal, respectively. With high average power, excellent beam quality, and passive carrier-envelope phase stabilization, this light source is a promising platform for generating broadband frequency combs in the far infrared, visible, and deep ultraviolet.
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18
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Coherent Mid-IR Supercontinuum Generation using Tapered Chalcogenide Step-Index Optical Fiber: Experiment and modelling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2236. [PMID: 32042097 PMCID: PMC7010760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mid-infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum has increased a lot of scientific and technical interest because of its utility to figure out the molecular fingerprints. Current mid-infrared light sources including quantum cascade lasers, thermal-emitters, and synchrotron radiation are not suitable for various potential applications where we require coherent, portable and broadband light sources. During the current decade, several efforts have been put forwarded to extend the spectral range of the supercontinuum. However, the coherent mid-infrared supercontinuum spectrum in the mid-infrared region has been demonstrated rarely. Here, we demonstrate a coherent mid-infrared supercontinuum using a tapered chalcogenide fiber pumped at various wavelength ranging from 2 µm to 2.6 µm. Experimental observations show that the supercontinuum spectrum extending from ~1.6 µm to 3.7 µm can be achieved using a 3 cm long tapered chalcogenide step-index optical fiber pumped with femtosecond laser pulses at 2.6 µm. To the best of our knowledge, using short pump wavelengths at 2 µm to 2.6 µm in an all-normal dispersion engineered chalcogenide glass fiber, the coherent supercontinuum spectrum has been reported first time. Such coherent broadband light source has its key prominence for the various prospective applications in the fields of bio-medical, sensing, and multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy.
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Huang J, Rao Z, Xie F. Cascaded DFG via quasi-phase matching with Cherenkov-type PPLN for highly efficient terahertz generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:17199-17208. [PMID: 31252933 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.017199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) generation in a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal via cascaded difference-frequency generation based on Cherenkov-type quasi-phase matching (QPM) is proposed. Photon conversion efficiency is evaluated based on a promising structure that combines QPM and Cherenkov phase-matching with reduced wave-vector mismatch. Cascading processes contribute to photon conversion efficiency, and THz radiation with maximum photon conversion efficiency of 1154.2% in a 14-order cascaded Stokes process was obtained. Comparing the processes with and without Cherenkov-type radiation, with a 50-MW pump, power was boosted nearly 1.9 times for the former case. These results provide an experimental approach to high-energy THz-wave generation.
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Lu Q, Wang F, Wu D, Slivken S, Razeghi M. Room temperature terahertz semiconductor frequency comb. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2403. [PMID: 31160562 PMCID: PMC6546691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A terahertz (THz) frequency comb capable of high-resolution measurement will significantly advance THz technology application in spectroscopy, metrology and sensing. The recently developed cryogenic-cooled THz quantum cascade laser (QCL) comb has exhibited great potentials with high power and broadband spectrum. Here, we report a room temperature THz harmonic frequency comb in 2.2 to 3.3 THz based on difference-frequency generation from a mid-IR QCL. The THz comb is intracavity generated via down-converting a mid-IR comb with an integrated mid-IR single mode based on distributed-feedback grating without using external optical elements. The grating Bragg wavelength is largely detuned from the gain peak to suppress the grating dispersion and support the comb operation in the high gain spectral range. Multiheterodyne spectroscopy with multiple equally spaced lines by beating it with a reference Fabry-Pérot comb confirms the THz comb operation. This type of THz comb will find applications to room temperature chip-based THz spectroscopy. Terahertz frequency combs are highly desired for applications in precision measurements, sensing, spectroscopy and metrology. Here the authors demonstrate the room-temperature chip-based THz frequency comb using nonlinear frequency generation from a mid-infrared quantum cascade laser comb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyong Lu
- Center for Quantum Devices, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Feihu Wang
- Center for Quantum Devices, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Donghai Wu
- Center for Quantum Devices, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Steven Slivken
- Center for Quantum Devices, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Manijeh Razeghi
- Center for Quantum Devices, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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21
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Luo X, Tuan TH, Saini TS, Nguyen HPT, Suzuki T, Ohishi Y. Tunable and switchable all-fiber dual-wavelength mode locked laser based on Lyot filtering effect. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:14635-14647. [PMID: 31163908 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.014635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mode-locked fiber lasers that generate two frequency combs with different frequency intervals could find very important applications in low-complexity dual-comb metrology. We report a partially polarization-maintaining all-fiber dual-wavelength dual-comb mode locked laser. The polarization dependent loss of the wavelength division multiplexer combined with the polarization-maintaining fibers leads to the periodic Lyot filtering effect. Traditional single wavelength mode locking can be realized with the tunable central wavelength and spectral shape. By properly setting the state of the polarization controller, stable dual-wavelength asynchronized mode locked pulse trains with the repetition rate difference of hundreds of Hertz can be achieved. In this dual-wavelength mode locked fiber laser, the dispersion of the laser cavity leads to group velocity difference of the two mode locked pulse trains with different central wavelengths, which results in the generation of dual-comb output with the frequency difference of hundreds of Hertz. The central wavelengths of the dual-wavelength mode locked fiber laser are demonstrated to be tunable in a certain range as well. Meanwhile, a novel dual-wavelength soliton molecule mode locking is also demonstrated. Such compact all-fiber dual-wavelength dual-comb mode locked laser could find various practical applications that in need of dual-comb fiber laser system.
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22
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Draper AD, Cole RK, Makowiecki AS, Mohr J, Zdanowicz A, Marchese A, Hoghooghi N, Rieker GB. Broadband dual-frequency comb spectroscopy in a rapid compression machine. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:10814-10825. [PMID: 31052935 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.010814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate fiber mode-locked dual-frequency comb spectroscopy for broadband, high-resolution measurements in a rapid compression machine (RCM). We apply an apodization technique to improve the short-term signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), which enables broadband spectroscopy at combustion-relevant timescales. We measure the absorption on 24345 individual wavelength elements (comb teeth) between 5967 and 6133 cm-1 at 704 µs time resolution during a 12 ms compression of a CH4-N2 mixture. We discuss the effect of the apodization technique on the absorption spectra, and apply an identical effect to the spectral model during fitting to recover the mixture temperature. The fitted temperature is compared against an adiabatic model, and found to be in good agreement with expected trends. This work demonstrates the potential of DCS to be used as an in situ diagnostic tool for broadband, high-resolution measurements in engine-like environments.
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23
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Grassani D, Tagkoudi E, Guo H, Herkommer C, Yang F, Kippenberg TJ, Brès CS. Mid infrared gas spectroscopy using efficient fiber laser driven photonic chip-based supercontinuum. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1553. [PMID: 30948726 PMCID: PMC6449389 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Directly accessing the middle infrared, the molecular functional group spectral region, via supercontinuum generation processes based on turn-key fiber lasers offers the undeniable advantage of simplicity and robustness. Recently, the assessment of the coherence of the mid-IR dispersive wave in silicon nitride (Si3N4) waveguides, pumped at telecom wavelength, established an important first step towards mid-IR frequency comb generation based on such compact systems. Yet, the spectral reach and efficiency still fall short for practical implementation. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that large cross-section Si3N4 waveguides pumped with 2 μm fs-fiber laser can reach the important spectroscopic spectral region in the 3-4 μm range, with up to 35% power conversion and milliwatt-level output powers. As a proof of principle, we use this source for detection of C2H2 by absorption spectroscopy. Such result makes these sources suitable candidate for compact, chip-integrated spectroscopic and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Grassani
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Photonic Systems Laboratory (PHOSL), STI-IEL, Station 11, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Eirini Tagkoudi
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Photonic Systems Laboratory (PHOSL), STI-IEL, Station 11, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Hairun Guo
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements (LPQM), SB-IPHYS, Station 3, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200343, China
| | - Clemens Herkommer
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements (LPQM), SB-IPHYS, Station 3, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Fan Yang
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Group for Fibre Optics (GFO), STI-IEL, Station 11, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements (LPQM), SB-IPHYS, Station 3, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Camille-Sophie Brès
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Photonic Systems Laboratory (PHOSL), STI-IEL, Station 11, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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24
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Kowligy AS, Hickstein DD, Lind A, Carlson DR, Timmers H, Nader N, Maser DL, Westly D, Srinivasan K, Papp SB, Diddams SA. Tunable mid-infrared generation via wide-band four-wave mixing in silicon nitride waveguides. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4220-4223. [PMID: 30160756 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate wide-band frequency down-conversion to the mid-infrared (MIR) using four-wave mixing (FWM) of near-infrared (NIR) femtosecond-duration pulses from an Er:fiber laser, corresponding to 100 THz spectral translation. Photonic-chip-based silicon nitride waveguides provide the FWM medium. Engineered dispersion in the nanophotonic geometry and the wide transparency range of silicon nitride enable large-detuning FWM phase-matching and results in tunable MIR from 2.6 to 3.6 μm on a single chip with 100-pJ-scale pump-pulse energies. Additionally, we observe up to 25 dB broadband parametric gain for NIR pulses when the FWM process is operated in a frequency up-conversion configuration. Our results demonstrate how integrated photonic circuits pumped with fiber lasers could realize multiple nonlinear optical phenomena on the same chip and lead to engineered synthesis of broadband, tunable, and coherent light across the NIR and MIR wavelength bands.
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25
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Henderson B, Khodabakhsh A, Metsälä M, Ventrillard I, Schmidt FM, Romanini D, Ritchie GAD, te Lintel Hekkert S, Briot R, Risby T, Marczin N, Harren FJM, Cristescu SM. Laser spectroscopy for breath analysis: towards clinical implementation. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2018; 124:161. [PMID: 30956412 PMCID: PMC6428385 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-018-7030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Detection and analysis of volatile compounds in exhaled breath represents an attractive tool for monitoring the metabolic status of a patient and disease diagnosis, since it is non-invasive and fast. Numerous studies have already demonstrated the benefit of breath analysis in clinical settings/applications and encouraged multidisciplinary research to reveal new insights regarding the origins, pathways, and pathophysiological roles of breath components. Many breath analysis methods are currently available to help explore these directions, ranging from mass spectrometry to laser-based spectroscopy and sensor arrays. This review presents an update of the current status of optical methods, using near and mid-infrared sources, for clinical breath gas analysis over the last decade and describes recent technological developments and their applications. The review includes: tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, cavity ring-down spectroscopy, integrated cavity output spectroscopy, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy, quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy, and optical frequency comb spectroscopy. A SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) is presented that describes the laser-based techniques within the clinical framework of breath research and their appealing features for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Henderson
- Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, IMM, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Khodabakhsh
- Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, IMM, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Metsälä
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Florian M. Schmidt
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniele Romanini
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Grant A. D. Ritchie
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
| | | | - Raphaël Briot
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, TIMC-IMAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Emergency Department and Mobile Intensive Care Unit, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Terence Risby
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nandor Marczin
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Frans J. M. Harren
- Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, IMM, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simona M. Cristescu
- Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, IMM, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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26
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Abstract
The development of a spectroscopy device on a chip that could realize real-time fingerprinting with label-free and high-throughput detection of trace molecules represents one of the big challenges in sensing. Dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) in the mid-infrared is a powerful technique offering high acquisition rates and signal-to-noise ratios through use of only a single detector with no moving parts. Here, we present a nanophotonic silicon-on-insulator platform designed for mid-infrared (mid-IR) DCS. A single continuous-wave low-power pump source generates two mutually coherent mode-locked frequency combs spanning from 2.6 to 4.1 μm in two silicon microresonators. A proof-of-principle experiment of vibrational absorption DCS in the liquid phase is achieved acquiring spectra of acetone spanning from 2900 to 3100 nm at 127-GHz (4.2-cm−1) resolution. These results represent a significant step towards a broadband, mid-IR spectroscopy instrument on a chip for liquid/condensed matter phase studies. Dual-comb spectroscopy is a powerful tool for realizing rapid spectroscopic measurements with high sensitivity and selectivity. Here, Yu et al. demonstrate silicon microresonator-based dual comb spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region, where strong vibrational resonances of many liquids exist.
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27
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Sotor J, Martynkien T, Schunemann PG, Mergo P, Rutkowski L, Soboń G. All-fiber mid-infrared source tunable from 6 to 9 μm based on difference frequency generation in OP-GaP crystal. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:11756-11763. [PMID: 29716094 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.011756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the first fully fiberized difference frequency generation (DFG) source, delivering a broadly tunable idler in the 6 to 9 μm spectral range, using an orientation-patterned gallium phosphide (OP-GaP) crystals with different quasi-phase matching periods (QPM). The mid-infrared radiation (MIR) is obtained via mixing of the output of a graphene-based Er-doped fiber laser at 1.55 μm with coherent frequency-shifted solitons at 1.9 μm generated in a highly nonlinear fiber using the same seed. The presented setup is the first truly all-fiber, all-polarization maintaining, alignment-free DFG source reported so far. Its application to laser spectroscopy was demonstrated by the absorption spectrum measurement of ν4 band of methane in 7.5 - 8.3 µm spectral range. The system simplicity and compactness paves the way for applications in field-deployable optical frequency comb spectroscopy systems for gas sensing.
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28
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Kowligy AS, Lind A, Hickstein DD, Carlson DR, Timmers H, Nader N, Cruz FC, Ycas G, Papp SB, Diddams SA. Mid-infrared frequency comb generation via cascaded quadratic nonlinearities in quasi-phase-matched waveguides. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:1678-1681. [PMID: 29652338 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.001678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a simple configuration for mid-infrared (MIR) frequency comb generation in quasi-phase-matched lithium niobate waveguides using the cascaded-χ(2) nonlinearity. With nanojoule-scale pulses from an Er:fiber laser, we observe octave-spanning supercontinuum in the near-infrared with dispersive wave generation in the 2.5-3 μm region and intrapulse difference frequency generation in the 4-5 μm region. By engineering the quasi-phase-matched grating profiles, tunable, narrowband MIR and broadband MIR spectra are both observed in this geometry. Finally, we perform numerical modeling using a nonlinear envelope equation, which shows good quantitative agreement with the experiment-and can be used to inform waveguide designs to tailor the MIR frequency combs. Our results identify a path to a simple single-branch approach to mid-infrared frequency comb generation in a compact platform using commercial Er:fiber technology.
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29
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Bagheri M, Frez C, Sterczewski LA, Gruidin I, Fradet M, Vurgaftman I, Canedy CL, Bewley WW, Merritt CD, Kim CS, Kim M, Meyer JR. Passively mode-locked interband cascade optical frequency combs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3322. [PMID: 29463807 PMCID: PMC5820280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their inception, optical frequency combs have transformed a broad range of technical and scientific disciplines, spanning time keeping to navigation. Recently, dual comb spectroscopy has emerged as an attractive alternative to traditional Fourier transform spectroscopy, since it offers higher measurement sensitivity in a fraction of the time. Midwave infrared (mid-IR) frequency combs are especially promising as an effective means for probing the strong fundamental absorption lines of numerous chemical and biological agents. Mid-IR combs have been realized via frequency down-conversion of a near-IR comb, by optical pumping of a micro-resonator, and beyond 7 μm by four-wave mixing in a quantum cascade laser. In this work, we demonstrate an electrically-driven frequency comb source that spans more than 1 THz of bandwidth centered near 3.6 μm. This is achieved by passively mode-locking an interband cascade laser (ICL) with gain and saturable absorber sections monolithically integrated on the same chip. The new source will significantly enhance the capabilities of mid-IR multi-heterodyne frequency comb spectroscopy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Bagheri
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA.
| | - Clifford Frez
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Lukasz A Sterczewski
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Ivan Gruidin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Mathieu Fradet
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Chul Soo Kim
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Mijin Kim
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc., Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Jerry R Meyer
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
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30
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Yu M, Okawachi Y, Griffith AG, Lipson M, Gaeta AL. Microresonator-based high-resolution gas spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:4442-4445. [PMID: 29088183 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the first demonstration of a microresonator-based tunable mode-locked frequency comb source. We achieve a mode-hop-free tuning range of 16 GHz by simultaneously tuning both the pump laser and the cavity resonance while keeping the system in a multi-soliton mode-locked state. The optical spectrum spans 2520-4125 cm-1 (2.425-3.970 μm) pumping at 3508 cm-1 (2.850 μm) in a silicon microresonator with a comb line spacing of 4.23 cm-1 (127 GHz). Our scanning technique can be used to increase the effective resolution of the microresonator-based comb spectroscopy. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we record the absorption spectrum of the rovibrational transitions of the υ3 and υ2+(υ4+υ5)+0 bands of acetylene. We measure absorption features as narrow as 0.21 cm-1 (6.4 GHz) full width at half-maximum at a frequency sampling step of 80 MHz.
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31
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Bai Y, Zhang D, Li C, Liu C, Cheng JX. Bond-Selective Imaging of Cells by Mid-Infrared Photothermal Microscopy in High Wavenumber Region. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:10249-10255. [PMID: 29035533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using a visible beam to probe the thermal effect induced by infrared absorption, mid-infrared photothermal (MIP) microscopy allows bond-selective chemical imaging at submicron spatial resolution. Current MIP microscopes cannot reach the high wavenumber region due to the limited tunability of the existing quantum cascade laser source. We extend the spectral range of MIP microscopy by difference frequency generation (DFG) from two chirped femtosecond pulses. Flexible wavelength tuning in both C-D and C-H regions was achieved with mid-infrared power up to 22.1 mW and spectral width of 29.3 cm-1. Distribution of fatty acid in live human lung cancer cells was revealed by MIP imaging of the C-D bond at 2192 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeran Bai
- National Laboratory on High Power Laser and Physics , Shanghai 201800, China.,Key Laboratory of High Power Laser and Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Photonics Center, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Delong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Photonics Center, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Cheng Liu
- National Laboratory on High Power Laser and Physics , Shanghai 201800, China.,Key Laboratory of High Power Laser and Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Photonics Center, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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32
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Lee KF, Hensley CJ, Schunemann PG, Fermann ME. Midinfrared frequency comb by difference frequency of erbium and thulium fiber lasers in orientation-patterned gallium phosphide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:17411-17416. [PMID: 28789233 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.017411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We generate over 60 mW of pulses with wavelengths from 6 to 11 micrometers by difference frequency mixing between erbium and thulium fiber amplifiers in orientation-patterned GaP with a photon conversion efficiency of 0.2. By stabilizing the repetition rate of the shared oscillator and adding a frequency shifter to one arm, the output becomes a frequency comb with tunable carrier envelope offset.
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33
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Kara O, Zhang Z, Gardiner T, Reid DT. Dual-comb mid-infrared spectroscopy with free-running oscillators and absolute optical calibration from a radio-frequency reference. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:16072-16082. [PMID: 28789115 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.016072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
By using free-running independent femtosecond OPOs with a repetition-rate difference of 500 Hz we demonstrate methane absorption spectroscopy with spectral coverage simultaneously spanning the methane P, Q and R branches and with a resolution of 0.5 cm-1. Absolute optical frequency calibration with an accuracy of 0.25 cm-1 (0.27 nm) is achieved from simultaneous repetition-rate and carrier-envelope-offset frequency measurements, without the need for any optical reference. The calibration technique allows registration and averaging of consecutively acquired dual-comb spectra, leading to a high quality and low-noise absorbance measurement in good agreement with the HITRAN database.
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34
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Soboń G, Martynkien T, Mergo P, Rutkowski L, Foltynowicz A. High-power frequency comb source tunable from 2.7 to 4.2 μm based on difference frequency generation pumped by an Yb-doped fiber laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1748-1751. [PMID: 28454151 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a broadband mid-infrared (MIR) frequency comb source based on difference frequency generation (DFG) in periodically poled lithium niobate crystal. MIR radiation is obtained via mixing of the output of a 125 MHz repetition rate Yb-doped fiber laser with Raman-shifted solitons generated from the same source in a highly nonlinear fiber. The resulting idler is tunable in the range of 2.7-4.2 μm, with average output power reaching 237 mW and pulses as short as 115 fs. The coherence of the MIR comb is confirmed by spectral interferometry and heterodyne beat measurements. Applicability of the developed DFG source for laser spectroscopy is demonstrated by measuring absorption spectrum of acetylene at 3.0-3.1 μm.
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35
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Hu C, Yue W, Chen T, Jiang P, Wu B, Shen Y. Watt-level mid-infrared radiation via self-seeded difference-frequency generation from a pre-chirp managed femtosecond Yb-fiber amplifier. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:1574-1578. [PMID: 28234361 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.001574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We obtained over 1 W average power at ∼3550 nm wavelength via self-seeded difference-frequency generation (DFG) through a 5 cm long periodically poled MgO-doped lithium niobate crystal. The pump and signal sources are derived from the identical pre-chirp managed femtosecond Yb-fiber amplifier with sub-100-fs pulse duration and 84 MHz repetition rate for simple synchronization. This result is believed to be among the highest-average-power, femtosecond mid-infrared radiation obtained via DFG.
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36
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Cossel KC, Waxman EM, Finneran IA, Blake GA, Ye J, Newbury NR. Gas-phase broadband spectroscopy using active sources: progress, status, and applications. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. B, OPTICAL PHYSICS 2017; 34:104-129. [PMID: 28630530 PMCID: PMC5473295 DOI: 10.1364/josab.34.000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Broadband spectroscopy is an invaluable tool for measuring multiple gas-phase species simultaneously. In this work we review basic techniques, implementations, and current applications for broadband spectroscopy. We discuss components of broad-band spectroscopy including light sources, absorption cells, and detection methods and then discuss specific combinations of these components in commonly-used techniques. We finish this review by discussing potential future advances in techniques and applications of broad-band spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Cossel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Eleanor M. Waxman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Ian A. Finneran
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Geoffrey A. Blake
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nathan R. Newbury
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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37
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Steinle T, Mörz F, Steinmann A, Giessen H. Ultra-stable high average power femtosecond laser system tunable from 1.33 to 20 μm. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:4863-4866. [PMID: 27805636 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.004863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A highly stable 350 fs laser system with a gap-free tunability from 1.33 to 2.0 μm and 2.13 to 20 μm is demonstrated. Nanojoule-level pulse energy is achieved in the mid-infrared at a 43 MHz repetition rate. The system utilizes a post-amplified fiber-feedback optical parametric oscillator followed by difference frequency generation between the signal and idler. No locking or synchronization electronics are required to achieve outstanding free-running output power and spectral stability of the whole system. Ultra-low intensity noise, close to the pump laser's noise figure, enables shot-noise limited measurements.
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38
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Krzempek K, Abramski K. Dissipative soliton resonance mode-locked double clad Er:Yb laser at different values of anomalous dispersion. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:22379-22386. [PMID: 27828309 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.022379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Emission of an all-fiber, Dissipative Soliton Resonance (DSR) mode-locked, Double-Clad (DC), Erbium-Ytterbium (Er:Yb) laser configuration is investigated under several different values of large anomalous dispersion. The laser was mode-locked by means of Nonlinear Amplifying Loop Mirror (NALM) in a Figure-8 (F8) resonator configuration. The boundaries of anomalous dispersion in which the laser operated in purely DSR regime was experimentally verified by changing the length of passive SMF28 fiber spliced into the NALM. The influence of 6 different values of dispersion (-1.061 ps2 to -10.7 ps2) on the pulse properties is presented and discussed.
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Iwakuni K, Okubo S, Tadanaga O, Inaba H, Onae A, Hong FL, Sasada H. Generation of a frequency comb spanning more than 3.6 octaves from ultraviolet to mid infrared. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3980-3983. [PMID: 27607952 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have observed an ultra-broadband frequency comb with a wavelength range of at least 0.35 to 4.4 μm in a ridge-waveguide-type periodically poled lithium niobate device. The PPLN waveguide is pumped by a 1.0-2.4 μm wide frequency comb with an average power of 120 mW generated using an erbium-based mode-locked fiber laser and a following highly nonlinear fiber. The coherence of the extended comb is confirmed in both the visible (around 633 nm) and the mid-infrared regions.
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Li X, Reber MAR, Corder C, Chen Y, Zhao P, Allison TK. High-power ultrafast Yb:fiber laser frequency combs using commercially available components and basic fiber tools. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:093114. [PMID: 27782582 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed description of the design, construction, and performance of high-power ultrafast Yb:fiber laser frequency combs in operation in our laboratory. We discuss two such laser systems: an 87 MHz, 9 W, 85 fs laser operating at 1060 nm and an 87 MHz, 80 W, 155 fs laser operating at 1035 nm. Both are constructed using low-cost, commercially available components, and can be assembled using only basic tools for cleaving and splicing single-mode fibers. We describe practical methods for achieving and characterizing low-noise single-pulse operation and long-term stability from Yb:fiber oscillators based on nonlinear polarization evolution. Stabilization of the combs using a variety of transducers, including a new method for tuning the carrier-envelope offset frequency, is discussed. High average power is achieved through chirped-pulse amplification in simple fiber amplifiers based on double-clad photonic crystal fibers. We describe the use of these combs in several applications, including ultrasensitive femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy and cavity-enhanced high-order harmonic generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Li
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | | | | | - Yuning Chen
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
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Jerez B, Martín-Mateos P, Prior E, de Dios C, Acedo P. Dual optical frequency comb architecture with capabilities from visible to mid-infrared. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:14986-14994. [PMID: 27410649 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.014986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a new approach to dual comb generation based on well-known optical techniques (Gain-Switching and Optical Injection Locking) is presented. The architecture can be implemented using virtually every kind of continuous-wave semiconductor laser source (DFB, VCSEL, QCL) and without the necessity of electro-optic modulators. This way, a frequency-agile and adaptive dual-comb architecture is provided with potential implementation capabilities from mid-infrared to near ultraviolet. With a RF comb comprising around 70 teeth, the system is validated in the 1.5 μm region measuring the absorption feature of H13CN at 1538.523 nm with a minimum integration time of 10 μs.
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Smolski VO, Yang H, Gorelov SD, Schunemann PG, Vodopyanov KL. Coherence properties of a 2.6-7.5 μm frequency comb produced as a subharmonic of a Tm-fiber laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:1388-91. [PMID: 27192243 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We study the temporal coherence of an ultrabroadband frequency comb produced in a degenerate GaAs optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped by a stabilized Tm-fiber comb, by observing multiheterodyne beats in the RF domain. We infer that in such a regime the OPO automatically produces a stable frequency comb that is phase and frequency locked to the pump. By varying intracavity dispersion, we achieve a comb spanning 2.6-7.5 μm at a -20 dB level. Low pump threshold (down to 7 mW), high average power (up to 73 mW), broad spectral coverage, flat spectrum, and high coherence make this comb a source suitable for various applications, foremost dual-comb molecular spectroscopy.
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Vainio M, Halonen L. Mid-infrared optical parametric oscillators and frequency combs for molecular spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4266-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07052j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Review of mid-infrared optical parametric oscillators and frequency combs for high-resolution spectroscopy, including applications in trace gas detection and fundamental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Vainio
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd
| | - L. Halonen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
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Abstract
Dual-comb spectroscopy is an emerging new spectroscopic tool that exploits the frequency resolution, frequency accuracy, broad bandwidth, and brightness of frequency combs for ultrahigh-resolution, high-sensitivity broadband spectroscopy. By using two coherent frequency combs, dual-comb spectroscopy allows a sample's spectral response to be measured on a comb tooth-by-tooth basis rapidly and without the size constraints or instrument response limitations of conventional spectrometers. This review describes dual-comb spectroscopy and summarizes the current state of the art. As frequency comb technology progresses, dual-comb spectroscopy will continue to mature and could surpass conventional broadband spectroscopy for a wide range of laboratory and field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- IAN CODDINGTON
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - NATHAN NEWBURY
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - WILLIAM SWANN
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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