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Qu J, Zhang H, Shi X, Li C, Jia D, Liu T, Su R. High Sensitivity Temperature Sensing of Long-Period Fiber Grating for the Ocean. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4768. [PMID: 37430682 DOI: 10.3390/s23104768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new temperature sensor with high sensitivity was achieved by four-layer Ge and B co-doped long-period fiber grating (LPFG) based on the mode coupling principle. By analyzing the mode conversion, the influence of the surrounding refractive index (SRI), the thickness and the refractive index of the film on the sensitivity of the sensor is studied. When 10 nm-thick titanium dioxide (TiO2) film is coated on the surface of the bare LPFG, the refractive index sensitivity of the sensor can be initially improved. Packaging PC452 UV-curable adhesive with a high-thermoluminescence coefficient for temperature sensitization can realize high-sensitivity temperature sensing and meet the requirements of ocean temperature detection. Finally, the effects of salt and protein attachment on the sensitivity are analyzed, which provides a reference for the subsequent application. The sensitivity of 3.8 nm/°C in the range of 5-30 °C was achieved for this new sensor, and the resolution is about 0.00026 °C, which is over 20 times higher than ordinary temperature sensors. This new sensor meets the accuracy and range of general ocean temperature measurements and could be used in various marine monitoring and environmental protection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technical Science, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technical Science, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technical Science, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Changchun National Extreme Precision Optics Co., Ltd., Changchun 130033, China
| | - Chuanxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dagong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technical Science, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tiegen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technical Science, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rongxin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Lin W, Hu J, Zhao F, Sun S, Liu Y, Liu S, Yu F, Mak PU, Pun SH, Shum PP, Vai MI, Shao L. Adaptive Fiber-Ring Lasers Based on Isopropanol Filled Microfiber Coupler for High-Sensitivity Temperature Sensing. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1697. [PMID: 36296050 PMCID: PMC9610885 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated a new method for temperature measurement inside a fiber ring laser (FRL) cavity. Different from traditional FRL temperature sensing system which need additional filter working as a sensor, a micro-fiber coupler (MFC) was designed as a beam splitter, filter, and temperature sensor. In addition, isopropanol, a liquid with very high photothermal coefficient, is selectively filled in the MFC in order to improve the sensitivity of the system on temperature. In the dynamic range of 20-40 °C, we obtained a good temperature sensitivity of -1.29 nm/°C, with linear fitting up to 0.998. Benefiting from the advantages of laser sensing, the acquired laser has a 3 - dB bandwidth of less than 0.2 nm and a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of up to 40 dB. The proposed sensor has a low cost and high sensitivity, which is expected to be used in biomedical health detection, real-time monitoring of ocean temperature, and other application scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Siming Sun
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuhui Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuaiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Feihong Yu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Peng-Un Mak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Sio-Hang Pun
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Perry-Ping Shum
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mang-I Vai
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Liyang Shao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518005, China
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Lu J, Yu Y, Qin S, Li M, Bian Q, Lu Y, Hu X, Yang J, Meng Z, Zhang Z. High-performance temperature and pressure dual-parameter sensor based on a polymer-coated tapered optical fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:9714-9726. [PMID: 35299391 DOI: 10.1364/oe.452355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Based on the polymer encapsulation method, a compact structure and high-sensitivity temperature and pressure dual parametric sensor was developed in this paper by wrapping an optical microfiber coupler (OMC) in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Benefiting from the stable chemical properties and good optical field control ability of PDMS, the sensor showed good stability and repeatability. The dependence of the sensor sensitivity on wavelength, temperature, and pressure was experimentally investigated. The results showed that the temperature and pressure sensitivity could reach -2.283 nm/°C and 3.301 nm/Mpa in the C-band range. To overcome the cross-sensitivity of sensor temperature and pressure, a sensitivity matrix was established to realize dual-parameter simultaneous demodulation. In addition, the pressure repeatability of the sensor was tested. Based on this, the sensitivity matrix was further calibrated to reduce the error and improve the accuracy of demodulation. Finally, we also designed a protective shell for the sensor to meet the requirements of practical marine applications. Compared with other existing types of optical fiber sensors, this sensor has the advantages of simple fabrication, high sensitivity, and environmental adaptability, and has great potential for application in the field of marine environmental monitoring.
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Yi Y, Jiang Y, Zhao H, Brambilla G, Fan Y, Wang P. High-Performance Ultrafast Humidity Sensor Based on Microknot Resonator-Assisted Mach-Zehnder for Monitoring Human Breath. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3404-3410. [PMID: 33050692 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the dynamic humidity requires sensors with fast response and anti-electromagnetic interference, especially for human respiration. Here, an ultrafast fiber-optic breath sensor based on the humidity-sensitive characteristics of gelatin film is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensor consists of a microknot resonator superimposed on a Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometer produced by a tapered single-mode fiber, which has an ultrafast response (84 ms) and recovery time (29 ms) and a large dynamic transmission range. The humidity in dynamic ambient causes changes in the refractive index of gelatin coating, which could trigger spectral intensity transients that can be explicitly distinguished between the two states. The sensing principle is analyzed using the traditional transfer-matrix analysis method. The influence of coating thickness on the sensor's trigger threshold is further investigated. Experiments on monitoring breath patterns indicate that the proposed breath sensor has high repeatability, reliability, and validity, which enable many other potential applications such as food processing, health monitoring, and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Yi
- Key Laboratory of In-fiber Integrated Optics of the Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yuxuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of In-fiber Integrated Optics of the Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of In-fiber Integrated Optics of the Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Gilberto Brambilla
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Yaxian Fan
- Academy of Marine Information Technology, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of In-fiber Integrated Optics of the Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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State-of-the-Art Optical Microfiber Coupler Sensors for Physical and Biochemical Sensing Applications. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10110179. [PMID: 33218037 PMCID: PMC7698761 DOI: 10.3390/bios10110179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An optical fiber coupler is a simple and fundamental component for fiber optic technologies that works by reducing the fiber diameter to hundred nanometers or several micrometers. The microfiber coupler (MFC) has regained interest in optical fiber sensing in recent years. The subwavelength diameter rationales vast refractive index (RI) contrast between microfiber “core” and surrounding “cladding”, a large portion of energy transmits in the form of an evanescent wave over the fiber surface that determines the MFC ultrasensitive to local environmental changes. Consequently, MFC has the potential to develop as a sensor. With the merits of easy fabrication, low cost and compact size, numerous researches have been carried out on different microfiber coupler configurations for various sensing applications, such as refractive index (RI), temperature, humidity, magnetic field, gas, biomolecule, and so on. In this manuscript, the fabrication and operation principle of an MFC are elaborated and recent advances of MFC-based sensors for scientific and technological applications are comprehensively reviewed.
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Micro-/Nanofiber Optics: Merging Photonics and Material Science on Nanoscale for Advanced Sensing Technology. iScience 2019; 23:100810. [PMID: 31931430 PMCID: PMC6957875 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-/nanofibers (MNFs) are optical fibers with diameters close to or below the wavelength of the guided light. These tiny fibers can offer engineerable waveguiding properties including optical confinement, fractional evanescent fields, and surface intensity, which is very attractive to optical sensing on the micro-/nano scale. In this review, we first introduce the basics of MNF optics and MNF optical sensors from physical and chemical to biological applications and review the progress and current status of this field. Then, we review and discuss hybrid MNF structures for advanced optical sensing by merging MNFs with functional structures including chemical indicators, quantum dots, dye molecules, plasmonic nanoparticles, 2-D materials, and optofluidic chips. Thirdly, we introduce the emerging trends in developing MNF-based advanced sensing technology for ultrasensitive, active, and wearable sensors and discuss the future prospects and challenges in this exciting research field. Finally, we end the review with a brief conclusion.
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Wu Y, Yan D, Chen NK, Grattan KTV, Rahman BMA, Li X, Tian Z, Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhang X, Xi L, Zhang H. High sensitivity micro-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometric temperature sensors with a high index ring layer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:34247-34257. [PMID: 31878476 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.034247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the high index ring layer (HIRL) in a tapered fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) on the interference observed, and thus on its potential applications in temperature sensing, has been investigated. The MZI was comprised of a tapered Ring Core Fiber (RCF), spliced between two single mode fibers (SMF). Since part of core mode from the SMF was converted into cladding modes in the RCF, due to the mismatch in the cores between the RCF and SMF, the residual power enters and then propagates along the center of the RCF (silica). The difference in phase between the radiation travelling along these different paths is separated by the HIRL to generate an interference effect. Compared with fiber interferometers based on core and cladding mode interference, the thin fiber HIRL is capable of separating the high order cladding modes and the silica core mode, under grazing incident conditions. Therefore, the optical path difference (OPD) and the sensitivity are both substantially improved over what is seen in conventional devices, showing their potential for interferometric temperature sensor applications. The optimum temperature sensitivity obtained was 186.6 pm/°C, which is ∼ 11.7 times higher than has been reported previously.
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Li X, Qian C, Shen R, Xiao H, Zhao W, Ye S. Fluorescence fiber optic temperature sensor based on fused upconversion luminescent nanoparticles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:30753-30761. [PMID: 30469967 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.030753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new type of fluorescence fiber optic temperature sensor based on the detection of fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) is proposed. Benefited from the temperature-dependent characteristic of upconversion luminescence (UCL), it can be applied in fiber optic temperature sensors. Rare earth doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+ are embedded in a multi-mode quartz fiber through the technology of fiber fusion as the sensing unit of temperature sensors. A 980 nm laser is used to stimulate UCL in a temperature range from 40 °C to 100 °C. Experimental validation and spectral analysis are carried out to confirm the rationality of sensors' design. Results show that FIR changes with the temperature in Boltzmann distribution law. The sensitivity of the temperature sensors can reach the value between 0.0087 and 0.0144 K-1.
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Logvinova A, Shahal S, Fridman M, Linzon Y. Fused Microknot Optical Resonators in Folded Photonic Tapers for in-Liquid Durable Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E1352. [PMID: 29701724 PMCID: PMC5982400 DOI: 10.3390/s18051352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Optical microknot fibers (OMFs) serve as localized devices, where photonic resonances (PRs) enable self-interfering elements sensitive to their environment. However, typical fragility and drifting of the knot severely limit the performance and durability of microknots as sensors in aqueous settings. Herein we present the fabrication, electrical fusing, preparation, and persistent detection of volatile liquids in multiple wetting⁻dewetting cycles of volatile compounds and quantify the persistent phase shifts with a simple model relating to the ambient liquid, enabling durable in-liquid sensing employing OMF PRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Logvinova
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Shir Shahal
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | - Moti Fridman
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | - Yoav Linzon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Micro/Nanofibre Optical Sensors: Challenges and Prospects. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18030903. [PMID: 30720780 PMCID: PMC5876663 DOI: 10.3390/s18030903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanofibres (MNFs) are optical fibres with diameters close to or below the vacuum wavelength of visible or near-infrared light. Due to its wavelength- or sub-wavelength scale diameter and relatively large index contrast between the core and cladding, an MNF can offer engineerable waveguiding properties including optical confinement, fractional evanescent fields and surface intensity, which is very attractive to optical sensing on the micro and nanometer scale. In particular, the waveguided low-loss tightly confined large fractional evanescent fields, enabled by atomic level surface roughness and extraordinary geometric and material uniformity in a glass MNF, is one of its most prominent merits in realizing optical sensing with high sensitivity and great versatility. Meanwhile, the mesoporous matrix and small diameter of a polymer MNF, make it an excellent host fibre for functional materials for fast-response optical sensing. In this tutorial, we first introduce the basics of MNF optics and MNF optical sensors, and review the progress and current status of this field. Then, we discuss challenges and prospects of MNF sensors to some extent, with several clues for future studies. Finally, we conclude with a brief outlook for MNF optical sensors.
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A Review of Microfiber-Based Temperature Sensors. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020461. [PMID: 29401718 PMCID: PMC5855437 DOI: 10.3390/s18020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical microfiber-based temperature sensors have been proposed for many applications in a variety of industrial uses, including biomedical, geological, automotive, and defense applications. This increasing demand for these micrometric devices is attributed to their large dynamic range, high sensitivity, fast-response, compactness and robustness. Additionally, they can perform in-situ measurements remotely and in harsh environments. This paper presents an overview of optical microfibers, with a focus on their applications in temperature sensing. This review broadly divides microfiber-based temperature sensors into two categories: resonant and non-resonant microfiber sensors. While the former includes microfiber loop, knot and coil resonators, the latter comprises sensors based on functionally coated/doped microfibers, microfiber couplers, optical gratings and interferometers. In the conclusions, a summary of reported performances is presented.
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