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van Loon T, Liang M, Delplace T, Maes B, Murai S, Zijlstra P, Gómez Rivas J. Refractive index sensing using quasi-bound states in the continuum in silicon metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:14289-14299. [PMID: 38859379 DOI: 10.1364/oe.514787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
This work presents a bulk refractive index sensor based on quasi-bound states in the continuum (BICs) induced by broken symmetries in metasurfaces. The symmetry is broken by detuning the size and position of silicon particles periodically arranged in an array, resulting in multiple quasi-BIC resonances. We investigate the sensing characteristics of each of the resonances by measuring the spectral shift in response to changes in the refractive index of the surrounding medium. In addition, we reveal the sensing range of the different resonances through simulations involving a layer of deviating refractive index of increasing thickness. Interestingly, the resonances show very different responses, which we describe via the analysis of the near-field. This work contributes to the development of highly sensitive and selective BIC-based sensors that can be used for a wide range of applications.
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Zhang C, Liu X, Hu J, Han H. Enhancing surface sensing performance of cascaded high contrast gratings using bound states in the continuum. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:6644-6657. [PMID: 38439363 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
We proposed the cascaded high contrast grating (CHCG) structure to enhance surface sensing capabilities through bound states in the continuum (BICs). Utilizing the finite element method (FEM) and rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA), we studied the dispersion relations, far-field contribution CHCGs, and near-field distributions of BICs corresponding to resonance peaks at different wavelengths. Results demonstrate the ability to precisely control symmetry-protected BIC (SP-BIC) and Friedrich-Wintgen BIC (FW-BIC) resonance peaks by altering incident angles and structural parameters, enhancing structure robustness and tunability. Significantly, modes 1 and 2 have demonstrated substantial enhancement in surface refractive index sensing, achieving highest sensitivities at 51 nm/RIU and the figure of merit reaching 490.8 RIU-1, indicating notable advancement in detecting subtle surface changes. In contrast, mode 3 has shown robust performance in bulk refractive index sensing, achieving a sensitivity of 602 nm/RIU and a figure of merit of 5189.65 RIU-1. These findings underscore the significant potential of the structure as a high-performance integrated sensor, particularly for precise environmental and biological monitoring in surface refractive index sensing.
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Cu DT, Wu HW, Chen HP, Su LC, Kuo CC. Exploiting Thin-Film Properties and Guided-Mode Resonance for Designing Ultrahigh-Figure-of-Merit Refractive Index Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:960. [PMID: 38339677 PMCID: PMC10856855 DOI: 10.3390/s24030960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Guided-mode resonance (GMR) gratings have emerged as a promising sensing technology, with a growing number of applications in diverse fields. This study aimed to identify the optimal design parameters of a simple-to-fabricate and high-performance one-dimensional GMR grating. The structural parameters of the GMR grating were optimized, and a high-refractive-index thin film was simulated on the grating surface, resulting in efficient confinement of the electric field energy within the waveguide. Numerical simulations demonstrated that the optimized GMR grating exhibited remarkable sensitivity (252 nm/RIU) and an extremely narrow full width at half maximum (2 × 10-4 nm), resulting in an ultra-high figure of merit (839,666) at an incident angle of 50°. This performance is several orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional GMR sensors. To broaden the scope of the study and to make it more relevant to practical applications, simulations were also conducted at incident angles of 60° and 70°. This holistic approach sought to develop a comprehensive understanding of the performance of the GMR-based sensor under diverse operational conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Thanh Cu
- Thin Film Technology Center, Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, 300, Chung Da Rd., Chung Li, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (D.T.C.); (H.-W.W.)
| | - Hong-Wei Wu
- Thin Film Technology Center, Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, 300, Chung Da Rd., Chung Li, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (D.T.C.); (H.-W.W.)
| | - Hung-Pin Chen
- National Applied Research Laboratories, Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, No. 20. R&D Rd. VI, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Chen Su
- General Education Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 243303, Taiwan;
- Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 243303, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Kuo
- Thin Film Technology Center, Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, 300, Chung Da Rd., Chung Li, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (D.T.C.); (H.-W.W.)
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Hu J, Guan H, Liu X, Ren D, Zhao J. High-performance gas sensor with symmetry-protected quasi-bound states in the continuum. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:36228-36235. [PMID: 38017777 DOI: 10.1364/oe.501032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance optical sensor with a vertical cavity structure comprising high-contrast gratings (HCGs) and a distributed Bragg reflector was designed. The structure has two peaks with different mechanisms, among which the first peak is formed by breaking the symmetry of the structure and coupling between the incident wave and the symmetric protection mode. The joint action of the HCG resonance and Fabry-Perot resonance formed a second peak. Moreover, changing the structural parameters, such as the grating width, period, and cavity length, can tune the spectral reflection dips. The sensitivity of the designed structure was as high as 674 nm/RIU, and the corresponding figure of merit was approximately 34741. The presented gas sensor provides a method for applying a vertical cavity structure to the sensing domain.
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Razmjooei N, Magnusson R. Band Dynamics of Multimode Resonant Nanophotonic Lattices with Adjustable Liquid Interfaces. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2350. [PMID: 37630935 PMCID: PMC10459018 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Subwavelength resonant lattices offer a wide range of fascinating spectral phenomena under broadside illumination. The resonance mechanism relies on the generation of lateral Bloch modes that are phase matched to evanescent diffraction orders. The spectral properties and the total number of resonance states are governed by the structure of leaky modes and the mode count. This study investigates the effect of interface modifications on the band dynamics and bound-state transitions in guided-mode resonant lattices. We provide photonic lattices comprising rectangular Si3N4 rods with a liquid film with an adjustable boundary. The band structures and band flips are examined through numerical simulations using the rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) method and analyzing the zero-order spectral reflectance as a function of the incident angle. The band structures and band flips are examined through numerical simulations, and the influences of the refractive index and the thickness of the oil layer on the band dynamics are investigated. The results reveal distinct resonance linewidths corresponding to different refractive indices of the oil layer. Furthermore, the effect of the oil thickness on the band dynamics is explored, demonstrating precise control over the number of propagating modes within the lattice structure. Theoretical simulations and experimental results are presented for a subwavelength silicon-nitride lattice combined with a liquid film featuring an adjustable boundary. The presence of a relatively thick liquid waveguiding region enables the emergence of additional modes, including the first four transverse-electric (TE) leaky modes, which produce observable resonance signatures. Through experimental manipulation of the basic lattice's duty cycle, the four bands undergo quantifiable band transitions and closures. The experimental results obtained within the 1400-1600 nm spectral range exhibit reasonable agreement with the numerical analysis. These findings underscore the significant role played by the interface in shaping the band dynamics of the lattice structure, providing valuable insights into the design and optimization of photonic lattices with adjustable interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Magnusson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA;
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Qian L, Gu T, Xu S, Zhang X, Wang K. Guided-mode resonance sensors with ultrahigh bulk sensitivity and figure of merit assisted by a metallic layer and structural symmetry-breaking. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:1844-1857. [PMID: 36785210 DOI: 10.1364/oe.479110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We propose a refractive index sensor with both high bulk sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM) that engages the guided-mode resonance (GMR) effect with the assistance of a metallic layer and structural symmetry-breaking in the grating layer. Owing to the existence of the metallic layer, the electric field at resonance can be reflected to the sensing environment, and enhanced bulk sensitivity is realized. Meanwhile, the full width at half maximum of the GMR mode can be decreased by increasing the asymmetrical degree of the grating, thus obtaining a high FOM which benefits the sensing resolution. A bulk refractive index sensitivity of 1076.7 nm/RIU and an FOM up to 35889 RIU-1 are achieved simultaneously. Other structural parameters such as the refractive index and fill factor of the grating are systematically discussed to optimize the sensing performance. The proposed GMR sensor with both high bulk sensitivity and FOM value has potential uses in applications with more stringent sensing requirements.
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Luo M, Zhou Y, Zhao X, Li Y, Guo Z, Yang X, Zhang M, Wang Y, Wu X. Label-Free Bound-States-in-the-Continuum Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1120. [PMID: 36551087 PMCID: PMC9775062 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bound states in the continuum (BICs) have attracted considerable attentions for biological and chemical sensing due to their infinite quality (Q)-factors in theory. Such high-Q devices with enhanced light-matter interaction ability are very sensitive to the local refractive index changes, opening a new horizon for advanced biosensing. In this review, we focus on the latest developments of label-free optical biosensors governed by BICs. These BICs biosensors are summarized from the perspective of constituent materials (i.e., dielectric, metal, and hybrid) and structures (i.e., grating, metasurfaces, and photonic crystals). Finally, the current challenges are discussed and an outlook is also presented for BICs inspired biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhihe Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xi Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Laser Device Technology, China North Industries Group Corporation Limited, Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 640041, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Laser Device Technology, China North Industries Group Corporation Limited, Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 640041, China
| | - You Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Laser Device Technology, China North Industries Group Corporation Limited, Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 640041, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Shi C, Hu J, Liu X, Liang J, Zhao J, Han H, Zhu Q. Double-layer symmetric gratings with bound states in the continuum for dual-band high- Q optical sensing. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:1408-1417. [PMID: 36483638 PMCID: PMC9704010 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we theoretically demonstrate that a double-layer symmetric gratings (DLSG) resonator consisting of a low-refractive-index layer sandwiched between two high-contrast gratings (HCG) layers, can host dual-band high-quality (Q) factor resonance. We find that the artificial bound states in the continuum (BIC) and Fabry-Pérot BIC (FP-BIC) can be induced by optimizing structural parameters of DLSG. Interestingly, the artificial BIC is governed by the spacing between the two rectangular dielectric gratings, while the FP-BIC is achieved by controlling the cavity length of the structure. Further, the two types of BIC can be converted into quasi-BIC (QBIC) by either changing the spacing between adjacent gratings or changing the distance between the upper and lower gratings. The simulation results show that the dual-band high-performance sensor is achieved with the highest sensitivity of 453 nm/RIU and a maximum figure of merit (FOM) of 9808. Such dual-band high-Q resonator is expected to have promising applications in multi-wavelength sensing and nonlinear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoying Shi
- School of Mathematics and Physics Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056038, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Hu
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056038, P. R. China
| | - Xiuhong Liu
- School of Mathematics and Physics Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056038, P. R. China
| | - Junfang Liang
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056038, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056038, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Han
- School of Mathematics and Physics Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056038, P. R. China
| | - Qiaofen Zhu
- School of Mathematics and Physics Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056038, P. R. China
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Taheri A, Shokooh-Saremi M. Generalized homogenization method for subwavelength periodic lattices. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:42712-42727. [PMID: 36366719 DOI: 10.1364/oe.473746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Periodic photonic lattices based on Guided-Mode Resonance (GMR) enable the manipulation of the incident light, making them essential components in a plethora of optical elements including filters, sensors, lasers, and polarizers. The GMR is regarded as a resonance phenomenon in the resonant-subwavelength regime of periodic lattices. We present a method that homogenizes these periodic structures in the subwavelength regime and provides an appropriate analytical interpretation of the resonance effect. Here, we propose a technique based on utilizing the dispersion relation for homogenization, which can be applied to multi-part period lattices under oblique incidence. The effect of asymmetry and emergence of the odd/even modes, not considered in previous methods, will also be taken into account and discussed. As a result of this analytical procedure, resonance lines are obtained, which are useful in designing optical elements such as wideband/narrowband reflectors and polarizers.
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