1
|
Abstract
In vivo flow cytometry (IVFC) was first designed to detect circulating cells in a mouse ear. It allows real-time monitoring of cells in peripheral blood with no need to draw blood. The IVFC field has made great progress during the last decade with the development of fluorescence, photoacoustic, and multiphoton microscopy. Moreover, the application of IVFC is no longer restricted to circulating cells. IVFC based on fluorescence and photoacoustic are most widely applied in biomedical research. Methods based on fluorescence are often used for object monitoring in superficial vessels, while methods based on photoacoustics have an advantage of label-free monitoring in deep vessels. In this chapter, we introduce technical points and key applications of IVFC. We focus on the principles, labeling strategies, sensitivity, and biomedical applications of the technology. In addition, we summarize this chapter and discuss important research directions of IVFC in the future.
Collapse
|
2
|
Pakdaman Zangabad R, Iskander-Rizk S, van der Meulen P, Meijlink B, Kooiman K, Wang T, van der Steen AFW, van Soest G. Photoacoustic flow velocity imaging based on complex field decorrelation. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 22:100256. [PMID: 33868919 PMCID: PMC8040274 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging can be used to monitor flowing blood inside the microvascular and capillary bed. Ultrasound speckle decorrelation based velocimetry imaging was previously shown to accurately estimate blood flow velocity in mouse brain (micro-)vasculature. Translating this method to photoacoustic imaging will allow simultaneous imaging of flow velocity and extracting functional parameters like blood oxygenation. In this study, we use a pulsed laser diode and a quantitative method based on normalized first order field autocorrelation function of PA field fluctuations to estimate flow velocities in an ink tube phantom and in the microvasculature of the chorioallantoic membrane of a chicken embryo. We demonstrate how the decorrelation time of signals acquired over frames are related to the flow speed and show that the PA flow analysis based on this approach is an angle independent flow velocity imaging method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Pakdaman Zangabad
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophinese Iskander-Rizk
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Meulen
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Meijlink
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klazina Kooiman
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tianshi Wang
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius F W van der Steen
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Imaging Science and Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gijs van Soest
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nolan J, Nedosekin DA, Galanzha EI, Zharov VP. Detection of Apoptotic Circulating Tumor Cells Using in vivo Fluorescence Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2018; 95:664-671. [PMID: 30508273 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most cancer patients die from metastatic disease as a result of a circulating tumor cell (CTC) spreading from a primary tumor through the blood circulation to distant organs. Many studies have demonstrated the tremendous potential of using CTC counts as prognostic markers of metastatic development and therapeutic efficacy. However, it is only the viable CTCs capable of surviving in the blood circulation that can create distant metastasis. To date, little progress has been made in understanding what proportion of CTCs is viable and what proportion is in an apoptotic state. Here, we introduce a novel approach toward in situ characterization of CTC apoptosis status using a multicolor in vivo flow cytometry platform with fluorescent detection for the real-time identification and enumeration of such cells directly in blood flow. The proof of concept was demonstrated with two-color fluorescence flow cytometry (FFC) using breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 expressing green fluorescein protein (GFP), staurosporine as an activator of apoptosis, Annexin-V apoptotic kit with orange dye color, and a mouse model. The future application of this new platform for real-time monitoring of antitumor drug efficiency is discussed. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Nolan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205.,Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Dmitry A Nedosekin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205.,Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Ekaterina I Galanzha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205.,Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Vladimir P Zharov
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205.,Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pang K, Xie C, Yang Z, Suo Y, Zhu X, Wei D, Weng X, Wei X, Gu Z. Monitoring circulating prostate cancer cells by in vivo flow cytometry assesses androgen deprivation therapy on metastasis. Cytometry A 2018; 93:517-524. [PMID: 29683554 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It remains controversial whether surgical castration prolongs survival rate and improves therapy prospects in patients suffering from prostate cancer. We used PC3 cell line to establish prostate tumor models. In vivo flow cytometry and ultrasonic imaging were used to monitor the process of prostate cancer growth, development and metastasis. We found out that the number of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in orthotopic tumor model was higher than that in subcutaneous tumor model. The CTC number in orthotopic tumor model was due to burst growth, while CTC number in subcutaneous tumor model showed a gradual increase with tumor size. After androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) through testicular extraction, we constructed GFP-PC3 subcutaneous tumor models and orthotopic tumor models. We found dramatically decreased CTC number, relieved symptoms caused by the tumor, and significantly prolonged survival time after testicular extraction in orthotopically transplanted prostate tumor model, while the carcinogenesis process and metastases were little influenced by ADT in subcutaneous tumor model. ADT treatment can restrict tumor growth, decrease the CTC number significantly and inhibit distant invasion through inhibition of tumor proliferation and tumor angiogenesis in orthotopical prostate tumor model. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Pang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chengying Xie
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhangru Yang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.,Radiation Oncology Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanzhen Suo
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Dan Wei
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaofu Weng
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xunbin Wei
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Road, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhengqin Gu
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wei D, Pang K, Song Q, Suo Y, He H, Weng X, Gao X, Wei X. Noninvasive monitoring of nanoparticle clearance and aggregation in blood circulation by in vivo flow cytometry. J Control Release 2018; 278:66-73. [PMID: 29625160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been widely used in biomedical research as drug carriers or imaging agents for living animals. Blood circulation is crucial for the delivery of nanoparticles, which enter the bloodstream through injection, inhalation, or dermal exposure. However, the clearance kinetics of nanoparticles in blood circulation has been poorly studied, mainly because of the limitations of conventional detection methods, such as insufficient blood sample volumes or low spatial-temporal resolution. In addition, formation of nanoparticle aggregates is a key determinant for biocompatibility and drug delivery efficiency. Aggregation behavior of nanoparticles in blood is studied using dynamic light scattering in serum or serum protein solutions, which is still very different from in vivo condition. In this work, we monitored the dynamics of nanoparticle concentration and formation of nanoparticle aggregates in the bloodstream in live animals using in vivo flow cytometry (IVFC). The results indicated that nanoparticles in smaller size could stay longer in the bloodstream. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modification could prolong circulating time and reduce the formation of aggregates in the blood circulation. Our work shows that IVFC can be a powerful tool for pharmacokinetic studies of nanoparticles and other drug carriers, assessing cell-targeting efficiency, as well as potentially measuring cardiac output and hepatic function in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Kai Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qingxiang Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuanzhen Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, USA
| | - Hao He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaofu Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Xunbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Road, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khan ZS, Kamyabi N, Hussain F, Vanapalli SA. Passage times and friction due to flow of confined cancer cells, drops, and deformable particles in a microfluidic channel. CONVERGENT SCIENCE PHYSICAL ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1739/aa5f60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
7
|
In Vivo Flow Cytometry of Circulating Tumor-Associated Exosomes. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2016; 2016:1628057. [PMID: 27965916 PMCID: PMC5124641 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1628057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) demonstrated the potential as prognostic markers of metastatic development. However, the incurable metastasis can already be developed at the time of initial diagnosis with the existing CTC assays. Alternatively, tumor-associated particles (CTPs) including exosomes can be a more valuable prognostic marker because they can be released from the primary tumor long before CTCs and in larger amount. However, little progress has been made in high sensitivity detection of CTPs, especially in vivo. We show here that in vivo integrated photoacoustic (PA) and fluorescence flow cytometry (PAFFC) platform can provide the detection of melanoma and breast-cancer-associated single CTPs with endogenously expressed melanin and genetically engineered proteins or exogenous dyes as PA and fluorescent contrast agents. The two-beam, time-of-light PAFFC can measure the sizes of CTCs and CTPs and identify bulk and rolling CTCs and CTC clusters, with no influence on blood flow instability. This technique revealed a higher concentration of CTPs than CTCs at an early cancer stage. Because a single tumor cell can release many CTPs and in vivo PAFFC can examine the whole blood volume, PAFFC diagnostic platform has the potential to dramatically improve (up to 105-fold) the sensitivity of cancer diagnosis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cai C, Carey KA, Nedosekin DA, Menyaev YA, Sarimollaoglu M, Galanzha EI, Stumhofer JS, Zharov VP. In vivo photoacoustic flow cytometry for early malaria diagnosis. Cytometry A 2016; 89:531-42. [PMID: 27078044 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In vivo photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) has already demonstrated a great potential for the diagnosis of deadly diseases through ultrasensitive detection of rare disease-associated circulating markers in whole blood volume. Here, we demonstrate the first application of this powerful technique for early diagnosis of malaria through label-free detection of malaria parasite-produced hemozoin in infected red blood cells (iRBCs) as high-contrast PA agent. The existing malaria tests using blood smears can detect the disease at 0.001-0.1% of parasitemia. On the contrary, linear PAFC showed a potential for noninvasive malaria diagnosis at an extremely low level of parasitemia of 0.0000001%, which is ∼10(3) times better than the existing tests. Multicolor time-of-flight PAFC with high-pulse repetition rate lasers at wavelengths of 532, 671, and 820 nm demonstrated rapid spectral and spatial identification and quantitative enumeration of individual iRBCs. Integration of PAFC with fluorescence flow cytometry (FFC) provided real-time simultaneous detection of single iRBCs and parasites expressing green fluorescence proteins, respectively. A combination of linear and nonlinear nanobubble-based multicolor PAFC showed capability to real-time control therapy efficiency by counting of iRBCs before, during, and after treatment. Our results suggest that high-sensitivity, high-resolution ultrafast PAFC-FFC platform represents a powerful research tool to provide the insight on malaria progression through dynamic study of parasite-cell interactions directly in bloodstream, whereas portable hand-worn PAFC device could be broadly used in humans for early malaria diagnosis. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhong Cai
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205.,Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, 72079
| | - Kai A Carey
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Dmitry A Nedosekin
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Yulian A Menyaev
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Mustafa Sarimollaoglu
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Ekaterina I Galanzha
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Vladimir P Zharov
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
He G, Xu D, Qin H, Yang S, Xing D. In vivo cell characteristic extraction and identification by photoacoustic flow cytography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3748-3756. [PMID: 26504626 PMCID: PMC4605035 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present a photoacoustic flow cytography with fast cross-sectional (B-scan) imaging to precisely identify specific cells in vivo. The B-scan imaging speed of the system is up to 200 frame/s with a lateral resolution of 1.5 μm, which allows to dynamically image the flowing cells within the microvascular. The shape, size and photoacoustic intensity of the target cells are extracted from streaming images and integrated into a standard pattern to distinguish cell types. Circulating red blood cells and melanoma cells in blood vessels are simultaneously identified on melanoma-bearing mouse model. The results demonstrate that in vivo photoacoustic flow cytography can provide cells characteristics analysis and cell type's visual identification, which will be applied for noninvasively monitoring circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and analyzing hematologic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Dong Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Huan Qin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Sihua Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
van den Berg P, Daoudi K, Steenbergen W. Review of photoacoustic flow imaging: its current state and its promises. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2015; 3:89-99. [PMID: 26640771 PMCID: PMC4595496 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Flow imaging is an important method for quantification in many medical imaging modalities, with applications ranging from estimating wall shear rate to detecting angiogenesis. Modalities like ultrasound and optical coherence tomography both offer flow imaging capabilities, but suffer from low contrast to red blood cells and are sensitive to clutter artefacts. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a relatively new field, with a recent interest in flow imaging. The recent enthusiasm for PA flow imaging is due to its intrinsic contrast to haemoglobin, which offers a new spin on existing methods of flow imaging, and some unique approaches in addition. This review article will delve into the research on photoacoustic flow imaging, explain the principles behind the many techniques and comment on their individual advantages and disadvantages.
Collapse
|
11
|
Seo H, Hwang Y, Choe K, Kim P. In vivo quantitation of injected circulating tumor cells from great saphenous vein based on video-rate confocal microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:2158-67. [PMID: 26114035 PMCID: PMC4473750 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.002158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The number of circulating tumor cell (CTC) in the peripheral blood of cancer patients can be a valuable biomarker for cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring. In this study, we implemented a custom-design video-rate confocal microscopy system in capable of direct visualization of fast flowing CTC at great saphenous vein (GSV) of a live animal model in vivo. Continuous acquisition of video-rate images at GSV revealed the highly dynamic time-dependent changes in the number of intravenously injected circulating tumor cells. By extracting a calibration factor through the hemocytometric analysis of intravenously injected long-circulating red blood cells, we established a novel quantitation method for CTC in whole body blood in vivo.
Collapse
|
12
|
Proskurnin MA, Volkov DS, Gor’kova TA, Bendrysheva SN, Smirnova AP, Nedosekin DA. Advances in thermal lens spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
13
|
Sarimollaoglu M, Nedosekin DA, Menyaev YA, Juratli MA, Zharov VP. Nonlinear photoacoustic signal amplification from single targets in absorption background. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2014; 2:1-11. [PMID: 24921062 PMCID: PMC4048727 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) detection of single absorbing targets such as nanoparticles or cells can be limited by absorption background. We show here that this problem can be overcome by using the nonlinear photoacoustics based on the differences in PA signal dependences on the laser energy from targets and background. Among different nonlinear phenomena, we focused on laser generation of nanobubbles as more efficient PA signal amplifiers from strongly absorbing, highly localized targets in the presence of spatially homogenous absorption background generating linear signals only. This approach was demonstrated by using nonlinear PA flow cytometry platform for label-free detection of circulating melanoma cells in blood background in vitro and in vivo. Nonlinearly amplified PA signals from overheated melanin nanoclusters in melanoma cells became detectable above still linear blood background. Nonlinear nanobubble-based photoacoustics provide new opportunities to significantly (5-20-fold) increase PA contrast of single nanoparticles, cells, viruses and bacteria in complex biological environments.
Collapse
|
14
|
Galanzha EI, Zharov VP. Circulating Tumor Cell Detection and Capture by Photoacoustic Flow Cytometry in Vivo and ex Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1691-738. [PMID: 24335964 PMCID: PMC3875961 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5041691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs), existing assays still have low sensitivity (1-10 CTC/mL) due to the small volume of blood samples (5-10 mL). Consequently, they can miss up to 103-104 CTCs, resulting in the development of barely treatable metastasis. Here we analyze a new concept of in vivo CTC detection with enhanced sensitivity (up to 102-103 times) by the examination of the entire blood volume in vivo (5 L in adults). We focus on in vivo photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) of CTCs using label-free or targeted detection, photoswitchable nanoparticles with ultrasharp PA resonances, magnetic trapping with fiber-magnetic-PA probes, optical clearance, real-time spectral identification, nonlinear signal amplification, and the integration with PAFC in vitro. We demonstrate PAFC's capability to detect rare leukemia, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and bulk and stem breast CTCs and its clusters in preclinical animal models in blood, lymph, bone, and cerebrospinal fluid, as well as the release of CTCs from primary tumors triggered by palpation, biopsy or surgery, increasing the risk of metastasis. CTC lifetime as a balance between intravasation and extravasation rates was in the range of 0.5-4 h depending on a CTC metastatic potential. We introduced theranostics of CTCs as an integration of nanobubble-enhanced PA diagnosis, photothermal therapy, and feedback through CTC counting. In vivo data were verified with in vitro PAFC demonstrating a higher sensitivity (1 CTC/40 mL) and throughput (up to 10 mL/min) than conventional assays. Further developments include detection of circulating cancer-associated microparticles, and super-rsesolution PAFC beyond the diffraction and spectral limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; E-Mail:
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nedosekin DA, Juratli MA, Sarimollaoglu M, Moore CL, Rusch NJ, Smeltzer MS, Zharov VP, Galanzha EI. Photoacoustic and photothermal detection of circulating tumor cells, bacteria and nanoparticles in cerebrospinal fluid in vivo and ex vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:523-33. [PMID: 23681943 PMCID: PMC3954749 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Circulating cells, bacteria, proteins, microparticles, and DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are excellent biomarkers of many diseases, including cancer and infections. However, the sensitivity of existing methods is limited in their ability to detect rare CSF biomarkers at the treatable, early-stage of diseases. Here, we introduce novel CSF tests based on in vivo photoacoustic flow cytometry (PAFC) and ex vivo photothermal scanning cytometry. In the CSF of tumor-bearing mice, we molecularly detected in vivo circulating tumor cells (CTCs) before the development of breast cancer brain metastasis with 20-times higher sensitivity than with current assays. For the first time, we demonstrated assessing three pathways (i.e., blood, lymphatic, and CSF) of CTC dissemination, tracking nanoparticles in CSF in vivo and their imaging ex vivo. In label-free CSF samples, we counted leukocytes, erythrocytes, melanoma cells, and bacteria and imaged intracellular cytochromes, hemoglobin, melanin, and carotenoids, respectively. Taking into account the safety of PAFC, its translation for use in humans is expected to improve disease diagnosis beyond conventional detection limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Nedosekin
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Mazen A. Juratli
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Mustafa Sarimollaoglu
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Christopher L. Moore
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Nancy J. Rusch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Mark S. Smeltzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
- Correspondence to: Dr. Ekaterina I. Galanzha, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot #543, Little Rock, AR 72205, Phone: (501) 603-1213
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Song W, Liu W, Zhang HF. Laser-scanning Doppler photoacoustic microscopy based on temporal correlation. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2013; 102:203501. [PMID: 23825803 PMCID: PMC3676371 DOI: 10.1063/1.4807290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We present a methodology to measure absolute flow velocity using laser-scanning photoacoustic microscopy. To obtain the Doppler angle, the angle between ultrasonic detection axis and flow direction, we extracted the distances between the transducer and three adjacent scanning points along the flow and repeatedly applied the law of cosines. To measure flow velocity along the ultrasonic detection axis, we calculated the time shift between two consecutive photoacoustic waves at the same scanning point, then converted the time shift to velocity according to the sound velocity and time interval between two laser illuminations. We verified our method by imaging flow phantoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, People's Republic of China ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nedosekin DA, Sarimollaoglu M, Galanzha EI, Sawant R, Torchilin VP, Verkhusha VV, Ma J, Frank MH, Biris AS, Zharov VP. Synergy of photoacoustic and fluorescence flow cytometry of circulating cells with negative and positive contrasts. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:425-34. [PMID: 22903924 PMCID: PMC3521072 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In vivo photoacoustic (PA) and fluorescence flow cytometry were previously applied separately using pulsed and continuous wave lasers respectively, and positive contrast detection mode only. This paper introduces a real-time integration of both techniques with positive and negative contrast modes using only pulsed lasers. Various applications of this new tool are summarized, including detection of liposomes loaded with Alexa-660 dye, red blood cells labeled with Indocyanine Green, B16F10 melanoma cells co-expressing melanin and green fluorescent protein (GFP), C8161-GFP melanoma cells targeted by magnetic nanoparticles, MTLn3 adenocarcinoma cells expressing novel near-infrared iRFP protein, and quantum dot-carbon nanotube conjugates. Negative contrast flow cytometry provided label-free detection of low absorbing or weakly fluorescent cells in blood absorption and autofluorescence background, respectively. The use of pulsed laser for time-resolved discrimination of objects with long fluorescence lifetime (e.g., quantum dots) from shorter autofluorescence background (e.g., blood plasma) is also highlighted in this paper. The supplementary nature of PA and fluorescence detection increased the versatility of the integrated method for simultaneous detection of probes and cells having various absorbing and fluorescent properties, and provided verification of PA data using a more established fluorescence based technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Nedosekin
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kim JW, Galanzha EI, Zaharoff DA, Griffin RJ, Zharov VP. Nanotheranostics of circulating tumor cells, infections and other pathological features in vivo. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:813-30. [PMID: 23379366 DOI: 10.1021/mp300577s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many life-threatening diseases are disseminated through biological fluids, such as blood, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid. The migration of tumor cells through the vascular circulation is a mandatory step in metastasis, which is responsible for ∼90% of cancer-associated mortality. Circulating pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or blood clots lead to other serious conditions including bacteremia, sepsis, viremia, infarction, and stroke. Therefore, technologies capable of detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating bacterial cells (CBCs), circulating endothelial cells (CECs), circulating blood clots, cancer biomarkers such as microparticles and exosomes, which contain important microRNA signatures, and other abnormal features such as malaria parasites in biological fluids may facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of metastatic cancers, infections, and adverse cardiovascular events. Unfortunately, even in a disease setting, circulating abnormal cells are rare events that are easily obscured by the overwhelming background material in whole blood. Existing detection methods mostly rely on ex vivo analyses of limited volumes (a few milliliters) of blood samples. These small volumes limit the probability of detecting CTCs, CECs, CBCs and other rare phenomena. In vivo detection platforms capable of continuously monitoring the entire blood volume may substantially increase the probability of detecting circulating abnormal cells and, in particular, increase the opportunity to identify exceedingly rare and potentially dangerous subsets of these cells, such as circulating cancer stem cells (CCSCs). In addition, in vivo detection technologies capable of destroying and/or capturing circulating abnormal cells may inhibit disease progression. This review focuses on novel therapeutic and diagnostic (theranostic) platforms integrating in vivo real-time early diagnosis and nano-bubble based targeted therapy of CTCs, CECs, CBCs and other abnormal objects in circulation. This critical review particularly focuses on nanotechnology-based theranostic (nanotheranostic) approaches, especially in vivo photoacoustic (PA) and photothermal (PT) nanotheranostic platforms. We emphasize an urgent need for in vivo platforms composed of multifunctional contrast nanoagents, which utilize diverse modalities to realize a breakthrough for early detection and treatment of harmful diseases disseminated through the circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Kim
- Bio/Nano Technology Laboratory, Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Brunker J, Beard P. Pulsed photoacoustic Doppler flowmetry using time-domain cross-correlation: accuracy, resolution and scalability. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 132:1780-91. [PMID: 22978905 DOI: 10.1121/1.4739458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of making spatially resolved measurements of blood velocity using a pulsed photoacoustic Doppler technique in acoustic resolution mode has been investigated. Doppler time shifts were quantified via cross-correlation of photoacoustic waveform pairs generated within a blood-simulating phantom using pairs of light pulses. The phantom comprised micron-scale absorbers imprinted on an acetate sheet and moved at known velocities. The photoacoustic waves were detected using PZT ultrasound transducers operating at center frequencies of 20 MHz, 5 MHz and 3.5 MHz; measurements of velocity and resolution were calculated from the mean cross-correlation function of 25 waveform pairs. Velocities in the range ±0.15 to ±1.5 ms(-1) were quantified with accuracies as low as 1%. The transducer focal beam width determines a maximum measurable velocity |V(max)| beyond which correlation is lost due to absorbers moving out of the focal beam between the two laser pulses. Below |V(max)| a measurement resolution of <4% of the measured velocity was achieved. Resolution and |V(max)| can be scaled to much lower velocities such as those encountered in microvasculature (< 50 mms(-1)). The advantage of pulsed rather than continuous-wave excitation is that spatially resolved velocity measurements can be made, offering the prospect of mapping flow within the microcirculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Brunker
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Galanzha EI, Zharov VP. Photoacoustic flow cytometry. Methods 2012; 57:280-96. [PMID: 22749928 PMCID: PMC4799719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional flow cytometry using scattering and fluorescent detection methods has been a fundamental tool of biological discoveries for many years. Invasive extraction of cells from a living organism, however, may lead to changes in cell properties and prevents the long-term study of cells in their native environment. Here, we summarize recent advances of new generation flow cytometry for in vivo noninvasive label-free or targeted detection of cells in blood, lymph, bone, cerebral and plant vasculatures using photoacoustic (PA) detection techniques, multispectral high-pulse-repetition-rate lasers, tunable ultrasharp (up to 0.8 nm) rainbow plasmonic nanoprobes, positive and negative PA contrasts, in vivo magnetic enrichment, time-of-flight cell velocity measurement, PA spectral analysis, and integration of PA, photothermal (PT), fluorescent, and Raman methods. Unique applications of this tool are reviewed with a focus on ultrasensitive detection of normal blood cells at different functional states (e.g., apoptotic and necrotic) and rare abnormal cells including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cancer stem cells, pathogens, clots, sickle cells as well as pharmokinetics of nanoparticles, dyes, microbubbles and drug nanocarriers. Using this tool we discovered that palpation, biopsy, or surgery can enhance CTC release from primary tumors, increasing the risk of metastasis. The novel fluctuation flow cytometry provided the opportunity for the dynamic study of blood rheology including red blood cell aggregation and clot formation in different medical conditions (e.g., blood disorders, cancer, or surgery). Theranostics, as a combination of PA diagnosis and PT nanobubble-amplified multiplex therapy, was used for eradication of CTCs, purging of infected blood, and thrombolysis of clots using PA guidance to control therapy efficiency. In vivo flow cytometry using a portable fiber-based devices can provide a breakthrough platform for early diagnosis of cancer, infection and cardiovascular disorders with a potential to inhibit, if not prevent, metastasis, sepsis, and strokes or heart attack by well-timed personalized therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tuchin VV, Tárnok A, Zharov VP. In vivo flow cytometry: a horizon of opportunities. Cytometry A 2011; 79:737-45. [PMID: 21915991 PMCID: PMC3663136 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.21143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) has been a fundamental tool of biological discovery for many years. Invasive extraction of cells from a living organism, however, may lead to changes in cell properties and prevents studying cells in their native environment. These problems can be overcome by use of in vivo FCM, which provides detection and imaging of circulating normal and abnormal cells directly in blood or lymph flow. The goal of this review is to provide a brief history, features, and challenges of this new generation of FCM methods and instruments. Spectrum of possibilities of in vivo FCM in biological science (e.g., cell metabolism, immune function, or apoptosis) and medical fields (e.g., cancer, infection, and cardiovascular disorder) including integrated photoacoustic-photothermal theranostics of circulating abnormal cells are discussed with focus on recent advances of this new platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valery V. Tuchin
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, 410012 Russia
- Institute of Precise Mechanics and Control, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov 410028, Russia
- University of Oulu, Oulu, FI-90014 Finland
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, G04289 Germany
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205 USA
| |
Collapse
|