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Zhai R, Fang B, Lai Y, Peng B, Bai H, Liu X, Li L, Huang W. Small-molecule fluorogenic probes for mitochondrial nanoscale imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:942-972. [PMID: 36514947 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00562j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are inextricably linked to the development of diseases and cell metabolism disorders. Super-resolution imaging (SRI) is crucial in enhancing our understanding of mitochondrial ultrafine structures and functions. In addition to high-precision instruments, super-resolution microscopy relies heavily on fluorescent materials with unique photophysical properties. Small-molecule fluorogenic probes (SMFPs) have excellent properties that make them ideal for mitochondrial SRI. This paper summarizes recent advances in the field of SMFPs, with a focus on the chemical and spectroscopic properties required for mitochondrial SRI. Finally, we discuss future challenges in this field, including the design principles of SMFPs and nanoscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxiu Zhai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Bin Fang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. .,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yaqi Lai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Hua Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Xiaowang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. .,The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. .,The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
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Strother JA. Reduction of spherical and chromatic aberration in axial-scanning optical systems with tunable lenses. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:3530-3552. [PMID: 34221677 PMCID: PMC8221928 DOI: 10.1364/boe.422936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Optical systems with integrated tunable lenses allow for rapid axial-scanning without mechanical translation of the components. However, changing the power of the tunable lens typically upsets aberration balancing across the system, introducing spherical and chromatic aberrations that limit the usable axial range. This study develops an analytical approximation for the tuning-induced spherical and axial chromatic aberration of a general optical system containing a tunable lens element. The resulting model indicates that systems can be simultaneously corrected for both tuning-induced spherical and chromatic aberrations by controlling the lateral magnification, coma, and pupil lateral color prior to the tunable surface. These insights are then used to design a realizable axial-scanning microscope system with a high numerical aperture and diffraction-limited performance over a wide field of view and deep axial range.
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Shi R, Li Y, Kong L. High-speed volumetric imaging in vivo based on structured illumination microscopy with interleaved reconstruction. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000513. [PMID: 33502121 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wide-field fluorescence microscopy (WFFM) is widely adopted in biomedical studies, due to its high imaging speed over large field-of-views. However, WFFM is susceptible to out-of-focus background. To overcome this problem, structured illumination microscopy (SIM) was proposed as a wide-field, optical-sectioning technique, which needs multiple raw images for image reconstruction and thus has a lower imaging speed. Here we propose SIM with interleaved reconstruction, to make SIM of lossless speed. We apply this method in volumetric imaging of neural network dynamics in brains of zebrafish larva in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjie Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Hinsdale TA, Malik BH, Cheng S, Benavides OR, Giger ML, Wright JM, Patel PB, Jo JA, Maitland KC. Enhanced detection of oral dysplasia by structured illumination fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4984. [PMID: 33654229 PMCID: PMC7925521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that structured illumination microscopy has the potential to enhance fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) as an early detection method for oral squamous cell carcinoma. FLIM can be used to monitor or detect changes in the fluorescence lifetime of metabolic cofactors (e.g. NADH and FAD) associated with the onset of carcinogenesis. However, out of focus fluorescence often interferes with this lifetime measurement. Structured illumination fluorescence lifetime imaging (SI-FLIM) addresses this by providing depth-resolved lifetime measurements, and applied to oral mucosa, can localize the collected signal to the epithelium. In this study, the hamster model of oral carcinogenesis was used to evaluate SI-FLIM in premalignant and malignant oral mucosa. Cheek pouches were imaged in vivo and correlated to histopathological diagnoses. The potential of NADH fluorescence signal and lifetime, as measured by widefield FLIM and SI-FLIM, to differentiate dysplasia (pre-malignancy) from normal tissue was evaluated. ROC analysis was carried out with the task of discriminating between normal tissue and mild dysplasia, when changes in fluorescence characteristics are localized to the epithelium only. The results demonstrate that SI-FLIM (AUC = 0.83) is a significantly better (p-value = 0.031) marker for mild dysplasia when compared to widefield FLIM (AUC = 0.63).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Hinsdale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
- Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bilal H Malik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
- QT Imaging, Inc, 3 Hamilton Landing, Suite 160, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Shuna Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Oscar R Benavides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | | | - John M Wright
- Department of Diagnostic Science, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, USA
| | - Paras B Patel
- Department of Diagnostic Science, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, USA
| | - Javier A Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, USA
| | - Kristen C Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA.
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Johnson C, Exell J, Kuo J, Welsher K. Continuous focal translation enhances rate of point-scan volumetric microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:36241-36258. [PMID: 31873407 PMCID: PMC7046036 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.036241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Two-Photon Laser-Scanning Microscopy is a powerful tool for exploring biological structure and function due to its ability to optically section through a sample with a tight focus. While it is possible to obtain 3D image stacks by moving a stage, this per-frame imaging process is time consuming. Here, we present a method for an easy-to-implement and inexpensive modification of an existing two-photon microscope to rapidly image in 3D using an electrically tunable lens to create a tessellating scan pattern which repeats with the volume rate. Using appropriate interpolating algorithms, the volumetric imaging rate can be increased by a factor up to four-fold. This capability provides the expansion of the two-photon microscope into the third dimension for faster volumetric imaging capable of visualizing dynamics on timescales not achievable by traditional stage-stack methods.
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Shi R, Jin C, Xie H, Zhang Y, Li X, Dai Q, Kong L. Multi-plane, wide-field fluorescent microscopy for biodynamic imaging in vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:6625-6635. [PMID: 31853421 PMCID: PMC6913411 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.006625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wide-field fluorescent microscopy (WFFM) is widely employed in biomedical studies, due to its inherent advantages in high-speed imaging of biological dynamics noninvasively and specifically. However, WFFM suffers from the loss of axial resolution and the poor resistance to light scattering in deep tissue imaging. Here we propose a novel WFFM which has the capability in optical sectioning and volumetric imaging. We perform speckle illumination with a digital-micromirror-device for optical sectioning and employ an electrically tunable lens for defocusing modulation so as to quickly switch the image planes. We demonstrate its applications in multi-plane, wide-field imaging of biological dynamics in both zebrafish brains and mouse brains in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Xie
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanlong Zhang
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qionghai Dai
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lingjie Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Philipp K, Lemke F, Scholz S, Wallrabe U, Wapler MC, Koukourakis N, Czarske JW. Diffraction-limited axial scanning in thick biological tissue with an aberration-correcting adaptive lens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9532. [PMID: 31267005 PMCID: PMC6606592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffraction-limited deep focusing into biological tissue is challenging due to aberrations that lead to a broadening of the focal spot. The diffraction limit can be restored by employing aberration correction for example with a deformable mirror. However, this results in a bulky setup due to the required beam folding. We propose a bi-actuator adaptive lens that simultaneously enables axial scanning and the correction of specimen-induced spherical aberrations with a compact setup. Using the bi-actuator lens in a confocal microscope, we show diffraction-limited axial scanning up to 340 μm deep inside a phantom specimen. The application of this technique to in vivo measurements of zebrafish embryos with reporter-gene-driven fluorescence in a thyroid gland reveals substructures of the thyroid follicles, indicating that the bi-actuator adaptive lens is a meaningful supplement to the existing adaptive optics toolset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Philipp
- Technische Universität Dresden, Laboratory for Measurement and Sensor System Technique, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Florian Lemke
- University of Freiburg, Laboratory for Microactuators, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholz
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Wallrabe
- University of Freiburg, Laboratory for Microactuators, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias C Wapler
- University of Freiburg, Laboratory for Microactuators, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nektarios Koukourakis
- Technische Universität Dresden, Laboratory for Measurement and Sensor System Technique, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen W Czarske
- Technische Universität Dresden, Laboratory for Measurement and Sensor System Technique, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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Lin CY, Lin WH, Chien JH, Tsai JC, Luo Y. In vivo volumetric fluorescence sectioning microscopy with mechanical-scan-free hybrid illumination imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3968-3978. [PMID: 27867708 PMCID: PMC5102523 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Optical sectioning microscopy in wide-field fashion has been widely used to obtain three-dimensional images of biological samples; however, it requires scanning in depth and considerable time to acquire multiple depth information of a volumetric sample. In this paper, in vivo optical sectioning microscopy with volumetric hybrid illumination, with no mechanical moving parts, is presented. The proposed system is configured such that the optical sectioning is provided by hybrid illumination using a digital micro-mirror device (DMD) for uniform and non-uniform pattern projection, while the depth of imaging planes is varied by using an electrically tunable-focus lens with invariant magnification and resolution. We present and characterize the design, implementation, and experimentally demonstrate the proposed system's ability through 3D imaging of in vivo Canenorhabditis elegans' growth cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yen Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsin Lin
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Hsuan Chien
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chang Tsai
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Yuan Luo
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan
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Philipp K, Smolarski A, Koukourakis N, Fischer A, Stürmer M, Wallrabe U, Czarske JW. Volumetric HiLo microscopy employing an electrically tunable lens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:15029-41. [PMID: 27410654 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.015029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrically tunable lenses exhibit strong potential for fast motion-free axial scanning in a variety of microscopes. However, they also lead to a degradation of the achievable resolution because of aberrations and misalignment between illumination and detection optics that are induced by the scan itself. Additionally, the typically nonlinear relation between actuation voltage and axial displacement leads to over- or under-sampled frame acquisition in most microscopic techniques because of their static depth-of-field. To overcome these limitations, we present an Adaptive-Lens-High-and-Low-frequency (AL-HiLo) microscope that enables volumetric measurements employing an electrically tunable lens. By using speckle-patterned illumination, we ensure stability against aberrations of the electrically tunable lens. Its depth-of-field can be adjusted a-posteriori and hence enables to create flexible scans, which compensates for irregular axial measurement positions. The adaptive HiLo microscope provides an axial scanning range of 1 mm with an axial resolution of about 4 μm and sub-micron lateral resolution over the full scanning range. Proof of concept measurements at home-built specimens as well as zebrafish embryos with reporter gene-driven fluorescence in the thyroid gland are shown.
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